NOTES

PART I

1. Deborah Bird Rose, Dingo Makes Us Human: Life and Land in an Aboriginal Australian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

CHAPTER ONE

1. The Bradshaw INORA Newsletter #42: “Chauvet Cave: Results of the Interdisciplinary Studies,” 2006; Paul Mellars, “A New Radiocarbon Revolution and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Eurasia,” Nature 439 (February 23, 2006): 931–35

2. Deborah Bird Rose, Dingo Makes Us Human: Life and Land in an Aboriginal Australian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

3. John Paul Scott and John L. Fuller, Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965); John Paul Scott, “The Evolution of Social Behavior in Dogs and Wolves,” American Zoologist 7, no. 2 (1967): 373–81; Konrad Lorenz, Man Meets Dog (Baltimore: Penguin, 1964).

4. Carles Vilà et al., “Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog,” Science 276 53/9 (June 13, 1997): 1687–89.

5. Jun-Feng Pang et al., “mtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than 1630 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves,” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26, no.12 (2009): 2849-64.

6. Ibid.

7. George Caitlin, North American Indians, 2 volumes (Philadelphia: Leary, Stuart and Company, 1911), vol. 1, 258.

CHAPTER TWO

1. Raymond Coppinger and Lorna Coppinger, Dogs: A Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior, and Evolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

2. Dmitry K. Belyaev, “Destabilizing Selection as a Factor in Domestication,” Journal of Heredity 70, no. 5 (1979): 301–8. Lyudmila Trut, Irina Oskina, and Anastasiya Kharlamova, “Animal Evolution During Domestication: The Domesticated Fox as a Model,” Bioessays 31, no. 3 (March 2009): 339–60.

3. Susan J. Crockford, Rhythms of Life: Thyroid Hormones and the Origin of Species (Bloomington: Trafford Publishing, 2006).

4. L. Boitani, F. Francisci, P. Ciucci, and G. Anddreoli, “Population Biology and Ecology of Feral Dogs in Central Italy,“ in The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour, and Interactions with People, James Serpell, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 218–44.

5. Svetlana S. Gogoleva et al., “Kind Granddaughters of Angry Grandmothers: The Effect of Domestication on Vocalization in Cross-bred Silver Foxes,” Behavioural Processes 81, no. 3 (July 2009): 369–75.

6. Jerome W. Woolpy and Benson E. Ginsburg, “Wolf Socialization: A Study of Temperament in a Wild Species,” American Zoologist 7, no. 2 (May 1967): 357–63.

CHAPTER THREE

1. The Grateful Dead. Truckin’, by Robert Hunter and Jerry Garcia (1973).

2. Abi Tamim Vanak and Matthew E. Gomper, “Dietary Niche Separation Between Sympatric Free-Ranging Domestic Dogs and Indian Foxes in Central India,” Journal of Mammalogy 90, no. 5 (2009): 1058–65. J. E. Echegaray and C. Vilà, “Noninvasive Monitoring of Wolves at the Edge of Distribution and the Cost of Their Conservation,” Animal Conservation (2009): 1–5.

3. Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2001–2002 (Houghton: Michigan Institute of Technology, 2002).

4. Dawn N. Irion et al., “Genetic Variation Analysis of the Bali Street Dog Using Microsatellites,” BMC Genetics 6, no. 6 (February 8, 2005).

5. Ibid.

PART II

1. Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Guy E. Moulton, ed., 13 volumes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), vol. 4, 60.

CHAPTER FOUR

1. Wang Xiaoming et al., “Phylogeny, Classification, and Evolutionary Ecology of Canidae,” in Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, C. Sillero-Zubiri, M. Hoffmann, and D. W. Macdonald, eds. (Geneva: IUCN, 2004).

2. Dinesh K. Sharma et al., “Ancient Wolf Lineages in India,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B (Suppl.) 271 (2004): S51–S4.

3. Bienvenido Martinez-Navarro et al., “The Large Carnivores from ‘Ubeidiya’ (Early Pleistocene, Israel): Biochronological and Biogeographical Implications,” Journal of Human Evolution 56, no. 5 (May 2009): 514–24.

CHAPTER FIVE

1. Adam Brumm et al., “Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by One Million Years Ago,” Nature 464 (2010): 748–57. Johannes Krause et al., “The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia,” Nature 464 (2010): 894–97.

2. Marta Arzarella et al., “Evidence of Earliest Human Occurrence in Europe: The Site at Pirro Nord (Southern Italy),” Naturwissenschaften 94, no. 2 (2007): 107–12. Joan Madurell-Malapeira, David M. Alba, and Salvador Moyà-Solà, “Carnivora from the Late Early Pleistocene of Cal Guardiola (Terrassa Vallès-Penedès Basin, Catalonia, Spain),” Journal of Paleontology 83, no. 6 (2009): 969–74. Paul Palmqvist et al., “Tracing the Ecophysiology of Ungulates and Predator-Prey Relationships in an Early Pleistocene Large Mammal Community,” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266. nos. 1–2 (August, 2008): 95–111.

3. Helmut Hemmer, “Out of Africa: A Paleoecological Scenario of Man and His Carnivorous Competitors in the European Pleistocene,” ERAUL 92 (2000): 99–106.

4. M. Sotnikova et al., “Dispersal of Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Caninae) Across Eurasia During the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene,” Quarternary International 212, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 86–97.

5. J. R. Blasco, “Who Was the First? An Experimental Application of Carnivore and Hominid Overlapping Marks at the Pleistocene Archaeological Sites,” C. R. Palevol 8, no. 6 (September 2009): 574–92.

CHAPTER SIX

1. Wolfgang Schleidt and Michael G. Shalter, “Co-evolution of Humans and Canids: An Alternate View of Dog Domestication: Homo Homini Lupus,” Cognition and Evolution 9, no. 1 (2003): 57–72.

2. Mary C. Stiner, “Comparative Ecology and Taphonomy of Spotted Hyenas, Humans, and Wolves in Pleistocene Italy,” Revue de Paleobiologic Geneve 23, no. 2 (December 2004): 771–85. Paul Palmqvist et al., “Tracing the Ecophysiology of Ungulates and Predator-Prey Relationships in an Early Pleistocene Large Mammal Community,” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266, nos. 1–2 (August 2008): 95–111.

3. Alois Musil, The Manners and Customs of the Rwala Bedouin (New York: American Geographical Society, 1928).

4. Jiang Rong, Wolf Totem (New York and London: Penguin Press, 2008).

5. Nira Alperson-Afil et al., “Spatial Organization of Hominin Activities at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel,” Science 326, no. 5960 (2009): 1677–79.

6. Brigitte M. Holt and Vincenzo Formicola, “Hunters of the Ice Age: The Biology of Upper Paleolithic People,” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 137, Suppl. no. 47 (2008): S70–S99.

7. Ronald Nowak, “The Original Status of Dogs in Eastern North America,” Southeastern Naturalist 1, no. 2 (June 2002): 95–130.

8. Dennis A. Etler, “The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution in Asia,” Annual Review Anthropology 25 (October, 1996): 275–301.

9. Konrad Lorenz, Man Meets Dog (Baltimore: Penguin, 1964). Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2001–2002 (Houghton: Michigan Institute of Technology, 2002).

CHAPTER SEVEN

1. Helen Pringle, “Primitive Humans Conquered Sea, Surprising Finds Suggest,” National Geographic Daily News (February 17, 2010): http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100217-crete-primitive-humans-mariners-seafarers-mediterranean-sea. Accessed November 28, 2010.

2. Wolfgang Schleidt and Michael G. Shalter, “Co-evolution of Humans and Canids: An Alternate View of Dog Domestication: Homo Homini Lupus,” Cognition and Evolution 9, no. 1 (2003): 57–72. Maryléne Patou-Mathis, “Neanderthal Subsistence Behaviours in Europe,” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10 (2000): 379–95.

3. Sankar Subramanian et al., “High Mitogenomic Evolutionary Rates and Time Dependency,” Trends in Genetics 25, no. 11 (October 15, 2009): 482–86. Carles Vilà et al., “Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog,” Science 276, no. 5319 (June 13, 1997): 1687–89.

4. Schleidt and Shalter, “Co-Evolution of Humans and Canids.” M. Sotnikova et al., “Dispersal of Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Caninae) Across Eurasia During the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene,” Quarternary International 212 (February 2010): 86–97. Vilà, “Multiple and Ancient Origins.” Alan R. Templeton, “Out of Africa Again and Again,” Nature 416 (2002): 45–51.

5. Valerius Geist, “Neanderthal the Hunter,” Natural History 90, no. 1 (January 1981): 26–36.

6. Preston T. Miracle et al., “Last Glacial Climate, ‘Refugia,’ and Faunal Change in Southcentral Europe: Mammalian Assemblages from Veternica, Velika Pécina, and Vindija Caves (Croatia),” Quaternary International 212, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 137–48.

7. Richard E. Green et al., “A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome,” Science 328 (2010): 710–22.

8. That would put the time and place for the first miscegenation of eighty thousand years ago, when Neanderthals retreating south ahead of glaciers ended up in the Levant, the old world’s premier mixing ground, near the Sea of Galilee, where some might have found shelter in caves occupied by Homo sapiens.

PART III

CHAPTER EIGHT

1. Mietje Germonpré et al., “Fossil Dogs and Wolves from Paleolithic Sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: Osteometry, Ancient DNA and Stable Isotopes,” Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 2 (February 2008): 473–90.

2. Pat Shipman, “The Woof at the Door.” American Scientist, vol. 97, no. 4 (July–August 2009): 286.

3. Germonpré, Journal of Archeological Science, 2008.

4. Jun-Feng Pang et al., “mtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than 1630 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves,” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26, no. 12 (2009): 2849-64; available as Savolainen-236-manuscript doc.

5. Bridget von Holdt et al., “Genome-wide SNP and Haplotype Analyses Reveal a Rich History Underlying Dog Domestication,” Nature 464 (April 8, 2010): 898–902.

6. Nathan B. Sutter et al., “A Single IGF1 Allele Is a Major Determinant of Small Size in Dogs,” Science 316, no. 5821 (April 6, 2007): 112–15.

7. Tovi M. Anderson, et al., “Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves,” Science Express. www.scienceexpress.org/5February2009/page2/10.1126/Science1165448. Accessed February 5, 2009.

8. Adam Powell et al., “Late Pleistocene Demography and the Appearance of Modern Behavior,” Science 324, no. 5932 (June 5, 2009): 1298–1301. Chris Stringer, “Coasting out of Africa,” Nature 405 (May 4, 2000): 24–27.

9. Powell, “Late Pleistocene Demography.” Ofer Bar-Yosef, “The Upper Paleolithic Revolution,” Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (October 2002): 363–93.

10. A. Clark Arcadi, “Species Resilience in Pleistocene Hominids That Traveled Far and Ate Widely: An Analogy to the Wolflike Canids,” Journal of Human Evolution 51, no. 4 (October 2006): 383–94. Wolfgang Schleidt and Michael G. Shalter, “Co-evolution of Humans and Canids: An Alternate View of Dog Domestication: Homo Homini Lupus,” Cognition and Evolution 9, no. 1 (2003): 57–72.

11. Sufiak Mohsen, “The Quest for Order Among Awlad Ali of the Western Desert of Egypt” (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1971), 170–72. H.R.P. Dickson, The Arab of the Desert: A Glimpse into Badawin Life in Kuwait and Sau’di Arabia (New York: George Allen & Unwin, 1951).

CHAPTER NINE

1. Taryn Roberts et al., “Human Induced Rotation and Reorganization of the Brain of Domestic Dogs.” PLoS One 5:7 (2010).

2. W. K. Lamb, ed., The Journals and Letters of Sir Alexander Mackenzie (London and New York: Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1970).

3. Deborah Bird Rose, Dingo Makes Us Human: Life and Land in an Aboriginal Australian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

4. Bridget von Holdt, et al. “Genome-wide SNP and Haplotype Analyses Reveal a Rich History Underlying Dog Domestication,” Nature 464 (April 8, 2010): 898–902.

5. Wei Wang and Ewen F. Kirkness, “Short Interspersed Elements (SINEs) Are a Major Source of Canine Genomic Diversity,” Genome Research 15, no. 12 (December, 2005): 1798–808.

6. Arion D. Wallach et al., “More Than Mere Numbers: The Impact of Lethal Control on the Social Stability of a Top-Order Predator,” PLoS One 4, no. 9 (September 2, 2009): 6861. Andrew P. Hendry et al., “Human Influences on Rates of Phenotypic Change in Wild Animal Populations,” Molecular Ecology 17, no. 1 (January 2008): 20–29. Melinda A. Zeder et al., “The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago,” Science 287, no. 5461 (March 24, 2000): 2254–57.

7. Jerome H. Woolpy and Benson E. Ginsburg, “Wolf Socialization: A Study of Temperament in a Wild Species,” American Zoologist 7, no. 2 (May 1967): 357–63.

8. John C. Fentress, “Observations on the Behavioral Development of a Hand-Reared Male Timber Wolf,” American Zoologist 7, no. 2 (1967): 339–51. Eric Zimen, “Ontogeny of Approach and Flight Behavior Toward Humans in Wolves, Poodles and Wolf-Poodle Hybrids,” in Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research, Harry Frank, ed. (Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk Publisher, 1981). Mark Rowlands, The Philosopher and the Wolf: Lessons from the Wild on Love, Death, and Happiness (New York: Pegasus Books, 2009). N. A. Iljin, “Wolf-Dog Genetics,” Journal of Genetics 42, no. 3 (1941): 359–414. Jiang Rong, Wolf Totem (New York and London: Penguin Press, 2008). John Paul Scott, “The Evolution of Social Behavior in Dogs and Wolves,” American Zoologist 7, no, 2 (1967): 373–81. Woolpy and Ginsburg, “Wolf Socialization.”

9. Zimen, “Ontogeny of Approach and Flight Behavior.”

CHAPTER TEN

1. Rebecca M. Todd and Adam K. Anderson, “Six Degrees of Separation: The Amygdala Regulates Social Behavior and Perception,” Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 10 (October 2009): 1217–18.

2. Lorna Coppinger and Raymond Coppinger, “Livestock-Guarding Dogs That Wear Sheep’s Clothing,” Smithsonian 13 (April 1982): 65–73.

3. Mark Derr, Dog’s Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997).

4. “Trained Female Wolf Excels in Vienna Police Trials,” The New York Times (April 30, 1933). “Garden Dog Show Lists Timber Wolf,” The New York Times (February 9, 1939).

5. Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore, eds., Man the Hunter (Chicago: Alden, 1968).

6. Merryl Ann Parker, Bringing the Dingo Home: Discursive Representations of the Dingo by Aboriginal, Colonial and Contemporary Australians. (Ph.D. thesis, University of Tasmania, April 2006).

7. Paul Palmqvist et al., “Tracing the Ecophysiology of Ungulates and Predator-Prey Relationships in an Early Pleistocene Large Mammal Community,” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266, no. 1–2 (August 2008): 95–111. Preston T. Miracle et al., “Last Glacial Climate, ‘Refugia,’ and Faunal Change in Southcentral Europe: Mammalian Assemblages from Veternica, Velika Pécina, and Vindija Caves (Croatia),” Quaternary International 212, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 137–48. Mary C. Stiner, “Comparative Ecology and Taphonomy of Spotted Hyenas, Humans, and Wolves in Pleistocene Italy,” Revue de Paleobiologic Geneve 23, no. 2 (December 2004): 771–85.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

1. L. E. Stager, “Ashkelon’s Dog Cemetery,” Near Eastern Archaeology 68, nos. 1–2 (March–June 2005): 14–15. Darcy Morey, “Burying Key Evidence: The Social Bond Between Dogs and People,” Journal of Archaeological Science 33, no. 2 (February 2006): 158–75.

2. Peter U. Clark et al., “The Last Glacial Maximum,” Science 325, no. 5941 (August 7, 2009): 710–14.

3. Miroljub Milenkovic “Skull Variation in Dinaric-Balkan and Carpathian Gray Wolf Populations Revealed by Geometric Morphometric Approaches,” Journal of Mammalogy 91, no. 2 (2010): 376–86.

4. Nathan B. Sutter et al., “A Single IGF1 Allele Is a Major Determinant of Small Size in Dogs,” Science 316, no. 5821 (April 6, 2007): 112–15.

5. Dawn N. Irion et al., “Genetic Variation Analysis of the Bali Street Dog Using Microsatellites,” BMC Genetics 6, no. 6 (February 8, 2005). Bridget von Holdt, et al., “Genome-wide SNP and Haplotype Analyses Reveal a Rich History Underlying Dog Domestication,” Nature 464 (April 8, 2010): 898–902.

6. Mohanad Alhabi, personal communication (May 19, 2007).

CHAPTER TWELVE

1. Juliet Clutton-Brock, “Origins of the Dog: Domestication and Early History,” in The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour, and Interactions with People, James Serpell, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 8–20. Raymond Coppinger and Richard Schneider, “Evolution of Working Dogs,” in The Domestic Dog, 21–47.

2. Stephen Jay Gould, “Mickey Mouse Meets Konrad Lorenz,” Natural History 88, no. 5 (May 1979): 30–36. John Hunter, “Observations Tending to Show That the Wolf, Jackal and Dog Are All the Same Species,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 77 (1787): 253–66.

3. Coppinger and Schneider, “Evolution of Working Dogs.” Lyudmila Trut, Irina Oskina, and Anastasiya Kharlamova, “Animal Evolution During Domestication: The Domesticated Fox as a Model,” Bioessays 31, no. 3 (March 2009): 339–60.

4. Mark Derr, A Dog’s History of America: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered, and Settled a Continent (New York: North Point Press, 2004).

5. Abby Grace Drake and Christian Peter Klingenberg, “The Pace of Morphological Change: Historical Transformation in the Skull Shape in St. Bernard Dogs,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, B: Biological Science 275, no. 1630 (2008): 71–76.

6. V. I. Bazaliiskiy and N. A. Savelyev, “The Wolf of Baikal: The ‘Lokomotiv’ Early Neolithic Cemetery in Siberia (Russia),” Antiquity 77, no. 295 (March 1, 2003): 20–30.

7. Melinda A. Zeder et al., “The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago,” Science 287, no. 5461 (March 24, 2000): 2254–57.

8. Brigitte M. Holt and Vincenzo Formicola, “Hunters of the Ice Age: The Biology of Upper Paleolithic People,” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 137, Suppl. no. 47 (2008): S70–S99.

9. Nathan B. Sutter et al., “A Single IGF1 Allele Is a Major Determinant of Small Size in Dogs,” Science 316, no. 5821 (April 6, 2007): 112–15.

10. A. R. Boyko et al., “A Simple Genetic Architecture Underlies Morphological Variation in Dogs,” PLoS Biology 8, no. 8 (August 2010). Paul Jones et al., “Single-Nucleotide-Polymorphism-Based Association Mapping of Dog Stereotypes,” Genetics 179 (June 2008): 1033–44.

11. Sutter, “A Single IGF1 Allele.” Jones, “Single-Nucleotide-Polymorphism-Based Association.”

12. Sutter, “A Single IGF1 Allele.” H. Parker et al., “An Expressed Fgf4 Retrogene Is Associated with Breed-Defining Chondrodysplasia in Domestic Dogs,” Sciencexpress (July 2009): 4.

13. Lorna Coppinger and Raymond Coppinger, “Livestock-Guarding Dogs That Wear Sheep’s Clothing,” Smithsonian 13 (April 1982): 65–73. Lorna Coppinger and Raymond Coppinger, “So Firm a Friendship,” Natural History 89, no. 3 (March 1980): 12–26.

14. S. K. Pal, “Parental Care in Free-Ranging Dogs, Canis familiaris,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 90, no. 1 (2005): 31–47.

15. Leigh Dayton, “Tracing the Road Down Under,” Science 302, no. 5645 (October 24, 2003): 555–56.

16. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Macmillan, 1899). Melissa M. Gray et al., “Linkage Disequilibrium and Demographic History of Wild and Domestic Canids,” Genetics 181, no. 4 (April 2009): 1493–505. Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al., “Genome Sequencing, Comparative Analysis, and Haplotype Structure of the Domestic Dog,” Nature 438 (December 2008): 803-19.

17. Bruce Fogle, The Encyclopedia of the Dog, (New York: Dorling Kindersley, 1995).

18. Monique A. R. Udell et al., “What did domestication do to dogs? A new account of dogs’ sensitivity to human actions,” Biological Reviews 85 (2010): 327-45.

19. Mark Derr, Dog’s Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997).

20. Miho Nagasawa and Mitsuaki Ohta, “The Influence of Dog Ownership in Childhood on the Sociability of Elderly Japanese Men,” Animal Science Journal 81, no. 3 (June 2010): 377–83.

PART IV

1. W. G. Sebald, “A Day and Night, Chalk and Cheese: On the Pictures of Jan Peter Tripp,” in Unrecounted, Michael Hamburger, trans. (New York: New Directions Books, 2009), 85–102.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

1. M. V. Sablin and G. A. Khlopachev, “The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi I,” Current Anthropology 43, no. 5 (2002): 795–99.

2. Mietje Germonpré et al., “Fossil Dogs and Wolves from Paleolithic Sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: Osteometry, Ancient DNA and Stable Isotopes,” Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 2 (February 2008): 473–90.

3. Frederick Zeuner, A History of Domesticated Animals (New York: Harper and Row, 1963).

4. Juliet Clutton-Brock, “Origins of the Dog: Domestication and Early History,” in The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour, and Interactions with People, James Serpell, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 8–20.

5. Ibid.

6. Evren Koban et al., “Genetic Relationship Between Kangal, Akbash and Other Dog Populations,” Discrete Applied Mathematics 157, no. 10 (May 2009): 2335–40.

7. Ted Goebel et al., “The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas,” Science 319, no. 5869 (March 14, 2008): 1497–502. Connie J. Kolman et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Mongolian Populations and Implications for the Origin of New World Founders,” Genetics 142, no. 4 (April 1996): 1321–34.

8. David Gordon White, Myths of the Dog-Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991). Mark Derr, A Dog’s History of American: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered, and Settled a Continent (New York: North Point Press, 2004).

9. Yuichi Tanabe, “Phylogenetic Studies of Dogs with Emphasis on Japanese and Asian Breeds,” Proceedings of the Japanese Academy of Sciences, series B 82, no. 10 (2006): 375–87.

10. Mary E. Prendergast et al., “Resource Intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: A View from Southern China,” Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 4 (2009): 1027–37.

11. Tamar Dayan, “Early Domestic Dogs of the Near East,” Journal of Archaeological Science 21 (1994): 633–40.

12. Juliet Clutton-Brock and N. Noe-Nygaard, “New Osteological and C-Isotope Evidence of Mesolithic Dogs: Companions to Hunters and Fishers at Star Carr, Seamer Carr and Kongemoae,” Journal of Archaeological Science 17 (1990): 643–653. Clutton-Brock, “Origins of the Dog.” Preston T. Miracle et al., “Last Glacial Climate, ‘Refugia,’ and Faunal Change in Southcentral Europe: Mammalian Assemblages from Veternica, Velika Pécina, and Vindija Caves (Croatia),” Quaternary International 212, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 137–48.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

1. Jennifer Leonard et al., “Ancient DNA Evidence for Old World Origin on New World Dogs,” Science 298, no. 5589 (November 22, 2002): 1613–16. Paul S. Martin, “Pleistocene Overkill,” Natural History 76, no. 12 (December 1967): 32–38.

2. Ted Goebel et al., “The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas,” Science 319, no. 5869 (March 22, 2008): 1497–502.

3. Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle (London: P. F. Collier and Son, 1839).

4. Alana Cordy-Collins, “An Unshaggy Dog Story,” Natural History 103, no. 2 (February 1994): 34–41. Glover M. Allen, “Dogs of the American Aborigines,” Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 63, no. 9 (March 1920): 439 cf.

5. Marion Schwartz, A History of Dogs in the Early Americas, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997). Christine P. White et al., “Isotopic Evidence for Maya Patterns of Deer and Dog Use at Preclassic Colha,” Journal of Archaeological Science 28, no. 1 (January 2001): 89–107. Mark Derr, A Dog’s History of America: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered, and Settled a Continent (New York: North Point Press, 2004).

6. Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Guy E. Moulton, ed., 13 volumes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), vol. 4, 54.

7. Samuel A. Hearne, A Journey from Prince of Wale’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean: Undertaken by Order of the Hudson’s Bay Company for the Discovery of Copper Mines, a North West Passage, &c., in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969).

8. Glover M. Allen, “Dogs of the American Aborigines.”

9. Danny N. Walker and George C. Frison, “Studies on Amerindian Dogs, 3: Prehistoric Wolf/Dog Hybrids from the Northwestern Plains,” Journal of Archaeological Science 9, no. 2 (June 1982): 125–72.

10. Maximilian, Prince of Wied. Travels in the Interior of North America, Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Hannibal Evans Lloyd, trans. (Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clarke Company, 1905).

11. Mark Derr, A Dog’s History of America: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conqured and Settled a Continent (New York, Worth Point Press, 2004).

12. C.F.C. Klütsch et al., “Regional Occurrence, High Frequency but Low Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup d1 Suggests a Recent Dog-Wolf Hybridization in Scandinavia,” Animal Genetics (2010).

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

1. Priscilla S. Turnbull and Charles A. Reed, “The Fauna from the Terminal Pleistocene of Palegawra Cave,” Fieldiana Anthropology 63, no. 3 (June 1974): 81–145.

2. Wolfgang Haak et al., “Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites,” Science 310, no. 5750 (November 11, 2005): 1016–18.

3. Zhang Chi and Hsiao-chun Hung, “The Neolithic of Southern China—Origin, Development, and Dispersal,” Asian Perspective 47, no. 2 (Fall 2008): 299–329.

4. David Rindos, The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984).

5. Alan K. Outram et al., “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking,” Science 323, no. 5919 (March 6, 2009): 1332–35.

6. Loukas Barton et al., “Agricultural Origins and the Isotopic Identity of Domestication in Northern China,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 14 (April 7, 2009): 5523–28.

7. Ibid.

8. Dinesh K. Sharma et al., “Ancient Wolf Lineages in India,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B (Suppl.) 271 (2004): S1–S4.

9. Abi Tamim Vanak and Matthew E. Gomper, “Dietary Niche Separation Between Sympatric Free-Ranging Domestic Dogs and Indian Foxes in Central India,” Journal of Mammalogy 90, no. 5 (2009): 1058–65.

10. Ibid.

PART V

1. Mark Derr, adaptation, Homer, The Odyssey

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

1. Confucius, The Book of Rites, volume 4 of The Sacred Books of China, volume 24 of The Sacred Books of the East, James Legge, trans. (1885). www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/liki/index. Accessed November 4, 2010.

2. Nobuo Shigehara, “Morphological Study of the Ancient Dogs from Three Neolithic Sites,” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8, no. 1 (January–February 1998): 11–22. Yuichi Tanabe, “Phylogenetic Studies of Dogs with Emphasis on Japanese and Asian Breeds,” Proceedings of the Japanese Academy of Sciences, series B 82, no. 10 (2006): 375–87.

3. A. Higham et al., “An Analysis of Prehistoric Canid Remains from Thailand,” Journal of Archaeological Science 7, no.2 (June 1980): 149–65.

4. Ibid.

5. L. E. Stager, “Ashkelon’s Dog Cemetery,” Near Eastern Archaeology 68, nos. 1–2 (March–June 2005): 14–15.

6. M. Zedda et al., “Ancient Pompeian Dogs—Morphological and Morphometric Evidence for Different Canine Populations,” Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 35, no. 5 (October 2006): 319–24.

7. L. Junius Moderatus Columella, L. Junius Moderatus Columella of Husbandry: in Twelve Books and His Book Concerning Trees, 13 vols. (London: A. Milla5, 1745). Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Journal of a Tour into the Interior of Missouri and Arkansaw, from Potosi, or Mine a Burton, in Missouri Territory, in a South-West Direction, Toward the Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1818 and 1819, (London: Richard Phillips and Company, 1821).

8. Adam R. Boyko et al., “Complex Population Structure in African Village Dogs and Its Implications for Inferring Dog Domestication History,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 33 (August 18, 2009): 13903–8.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

1. Chao-chou Ts’ung-shen, sped2work.tripod.com/chao-chou.html. Accessed October 26, 2010.

2. Mark Derr, Dog’s Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997).

3. John Manwood, A Treatise and Discourse of the Lawes of the Forrest, (London and New York: Garland, 1978; reprint of 1598 edition).

4. Catherine Smith, “Dogs, Cats and Horses in the Scottish Medieval Town,” Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Scotland 128 (1998): 859–85.

5. A. Zinoviev, “Study of Medieval Dogs from Novgorod, Russia (X–XIV century),” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. Published online in Wiley Interscience, 2010. www.interscience.wiley.com.

6. Johannes Caius, A Treatise of Englishe Dogges, 1576 (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum: reprint New York: Da Capo Press, 1969).

7. Ibid.

8. Mark Derr, A Dog’s History of America: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered, and Settled a Continent (New York: North Point Press, 2004).

9. Ibid.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

1. Mark Derr, A Dog’s History of America: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered, and Settled a Continent (New York: North Point Press, 2004). Mark Derr, The Frontiersman: The Real Life and the Many Legends of Davy Crockett (New York: William Morrow, 1993).

2. Mark Derr, Dog’s Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997). Derr, A Dog’s History of America.

3. Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).

4. Charles Dawson Shanly. “New York Dogs,” The Atlantic Monthly, May 1872.

5. Lieutenant-Colonel Edwin Hanleville Richardson, Forty Years with Dogs (Philadelphia: David McKay, n.d.)

6. Derr, A Dog’s History of America.

7. Mellisa M. Gray et al., “Linkage Disequilibrium and Demographic History of Wild and Domestic Canids,” Genetics 181, no. 4 (April 2009): 1493–505.

8. Kenth Svartberg, “Breed-typical Behaviour in Dogs: Historical Remnants or Recent Constructs,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96, nos. 3–4 (February 2006): 293–313.

9. Derr, A Dog’s History of America.

10. Brian Hare and Michael Tomasello, “Human-like Social Skills in Dogs.” Trends Incognitive Sciences 9 (2005): 439-44. József Topal et al., “Differential Sensitivity to Human Communication is Dogs, Wolves, and Human Infants.” Science 325 (2009): 1260-71.