Notes

Introduction

Martin Luther King Jr. and James Melvin Washington, A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986), 316.

1. Matt Apuzzo, “Justice Dept., Criticizing Philadelphia Police, Finds Shootings by Officers Are Common,” New York Times, March 23, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/24/us/justice-dept-criticizing-philadelphia-police-finds-shootings-by-officers-are-common.html.

2. Ibid.

3. Damien Cave, “Officer Darren Wilson’s Grand Jury Testimony in Ferguson, Mo., Shooting,” New York Times, November 25, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/11/25/us/darren-wilson-testimony-ferguson-shooting.html.

4. Krishnadev Calamur, “Ferguson Documents: Officer Darren Wilson’s Testimony,” NPR.org, November 25, 2014, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/25/366519644/ferguson-docs-officer-darren-wilsons-testimony.

5. Maya Rhodan, “Read the Full Text of Obama’s Speech in Selma,” TIME, March 7, 2015, http://time.com/3736357/barack-obama-selma-speech-transcript/.

6. David G. Savage, “Supreme Court Strikes Down Key Section of Voting Rights Act,” Los Angeles Times, June 25, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/25/news/la-pn-supreme-court-voting-rights-ruling-20130625.

7. Barack Obama, speech delivered in Philadelphia, March 18, 2008, transcript in New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/18/us/politics/18text-obama.html.

8. Alyssa Davis and Lawrence Mishel, “CEO Pay Continues to Rise as Typical Workers Are Paid Less,” Economic Policy Institute, June 12, 2014, http://www.epi.org/publication/ceo-pay-continues-to-rise/.

9. Antonio Moore, “The Decadent Veil: Black America’s Wealth Illusion,” Huffington Post, October 5, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/antonio-moore/the-decadent-veil-black-income-inequality_b_5646472.html.

10. Pew Research Center and National Public Radio, Optimism about Black Progress Declines (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2007), http://pewsocialtrends.org/assets/pdf/Race.pdf.

11. Ibid.

12. Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York: Random House, 1967), 5–7.

13. Kerner Commission and Tom Wicker, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968), 10.

14. Pew Research Center and NPR, Optimism about Black Progress Declines.

15. Patricia Cohen, “For Recent Black College Graduates, a Tougher Road to Employment,” New York Times, December 24, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/business/for-recent-black-college-graduates-a-tougher-road-to-employment.html.

16. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, “Poverty Rate by Race/Ethnicity,” accessed March 20, 2015, http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/poverty-rate-by-raceethnicity/.

17. Jennifer G. Hickey, “Race Gap: Blacks Fall Further Behind Under Obama,” Newsmax, January 8, 2014, http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/obama-blacks-poverty-education/2014/01/08/id/545866/.

18. Matthew Desmond, “Evictions: A Hidden Scourge for Black Women,” Washington Post, June 16, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/06/16/evictions-hurt-black-women-as-much-as-incarceration-hurts-black-men/.

19. Tami Luhby, “5 Disturbing Stats on Black-White Financial Inequality,” CNNMoney, August 21, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/21/news/economy/black-white-inequality/index.html.

20. Tim Grant, “Study Finds Median Wealth for Single Black Women at $5,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 9, 2010, http://www.post-gazette.com/business/businessnews/2010/03/09/Study-finds-median-wealth-for-single-black-women-at-5/stories/201003090163.

21. Kimbriell Kelly and John Sullivan, “In Fairwood, Dreams of Black Wealth Foundered Amid the Mortgage Meltdown,” Washington Post, January 25, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/01/25/in-fairwood-dreams-of-black-wealth-foundered-amid-the-mortgage-meltdown/.

22. Nathalie Baptiste, “Staggering Loss of Black Wealth Due to Subprime Scandal Continues Unabated,” American Prospect, October 13, 2014, http://prospect.org/article/staggering-loss-black-wealth-due-subprime-scandal-continues-unabated.

23. Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign, “#CERD Shadow Report Fact Sheet,” August 13, 2014, http://chicagoantieviction.org/2014/08/cerd-shadow-report-fact-sheet.html.

24. Laura Gottesdiener, “The Great Eviction: Black America and the Toll of the Foreclosure Crisis,” Mother Jones, August 1, 2013, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/08/black-america-foreclosure-crisis.

25. Byron Tau, “Obama: ‘I’m Not the President of Black America,’” Politico, August 7, 2012, http://www.politico.com/politico44/2012/08/obama-im-not-the-president-of-black-america-131351.html.

26. Nia-Malika Henderson, “Cousin Pookie Is Back! And Yes, He Is Still Sitting on the Couch,” Washington Post, October 20, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/10/20/cousin-pookie-is-back-and-yes-he-is-still-sitting-on-the-couch/.

27. Sam Frizell, “Obama: Ferguson Exposed ‘Gulf of Mistrust’ Between Cops and Communities,” TIME, September 28, 2014, http://time.com/3441544/obama-ferguson-gulf-of-mistrust/.

28. Holly Yan, “Ezell Ford: Autopsy of Unarmed Black Man Shot by Police Shows Key Details,” CNN, December 30, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/30/justice/ezell-ford-police-shooting-autopsy/index.html.

29. Brandon Blackwell, “Cleveland Woman with Mental Illness Died after Police Used Takedown Move, Brother Says,” Cleveland.com, November 14, 2014, http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2014/11/cleveland_woman_with_mental_il_1.html.

30. Associated Press, “Police Pushed, Cuffed Tamir Rice’s Sister after Boy’s Shooting, Video Shows,” Los Angeles Times, January 8, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-tamir-rice-video-20150108-story.html.

31. Radley Balko, “The DOJ’s Jaw-Dropping Report about the Cleveland Police Department,” Washington Post, December 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/12/05/the-dojs-jaw-dropping-report-about-the-cleveland-police-department/.

32. Martha Biondi, “From Hope to Disposability,” In These Times, August 19, 2013, http://inthesetimes.com/article/15438/from_hope_to_disposability_50_years_after_march_on_washington.

33. Kevin Johnson, “Holder: Change Laws to Let Ex-Convicts Vote,” USA Today, February 11, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/11/holder-voting-rights-ex-felons/5377119/.

Chapter One

Lyndon B. Johnson, speech delivered at Howard University, June 4, 1965,” http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp; Barack Obama, speech delivered at Morehouse College, May 19, 2013, http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local/prepared-text-for-president-obamas-speech-at-moreh/nXwk2/.

1. Twitchy, “Goldie Taylor Lectures Nicholas Kristof for Suggesting Protesters Focus Less on Michael Brown,” January 23, 2015, http://twitchy.com/2015/01/23/goldie-taylor-lectures-nicholas-kristof-for-suggesting-protesters-focus-less-on-michael-brown/.

2. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, chapter 14 (Paris: 1785), http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/JEFFERSON/ch14.html.

3. Barbara J. Fields, “Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America,” New Left Review 181, no. 1 (1990): 95–118.

4. Karen Fields and Barbara J. Fields, Racecraft: The Soul of Inequality in American Life (London: Verso, 2012), 134.

5. US Congress, et al., The ISIS Threat: The Rise of the Islamic State and Their Dangerous Potential (Providence, RI: Providence Research, 2014).

6. Frank Main, “Treasure Trove of Memos Shows Emanuel’s Politics in White House,” Chicago Sun-Times, June 20, 2014, http://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/7/71/163978/treasure-trove-of-memos-shows-emanuels-politics-in-white-house.

7. Rahm Emanuel, interviewed by Scott Pelley, “Emanuel: Chicago’s Escalating Crime about ‘Values,’” CBS News, July 10, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/emanuel-chicagos-escalating-crime-about-values/.

8. ABC7 Chicago, “Obama Addresses Chicago Violence in Message to Students,” August 14, 2012, http://abc7chicago.com/archive/8773637/.

9. Hal Dardick and Kristen Mack, “Emanuel Admits He Erred on Details of Protest Rule Changes,” Chicago Tribune, October 4, 2012, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-10-4/news/ct-met-emanuel-protesters-20120104_1_mayor-rahm-emanuel-protest-leader-nato.

10. Terry Blounte, “Foote: Lynch Sending Wrong Message to Kids,” ESPN.com, February 3, 2015, http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/12272608/arizona-cardinals-linebacker-larry-foote-says-marshawn-lynch-seattle-seahawks-sending-wrong-message-kids.

11. Jonathan Chait, “Barack Obama vs. the Culture of Poverty,” Daily Intelligencer, March 28, 2014, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/03/barack-obama-vs-the-culture-of-poverty.html.

12. Institute on Assets and Social Policy, “The Roots of the Widening Racial Wealth Gap,” report, quoted in Jamelle Bouie, “The Crisis in Black Homeownership,” Slate, July 24, 2014, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/07/black_homeownership_how_the_recession_turned_owners_into_renters_and_obliterated.html.

13. Cohen, “For Recent Black College Graduates, a Tougher Road to Employment.”

14. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Black Pathology and the Closing of the Progressive Mind,” Atlantic, March 21, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/black-pathology-and-the-closing-of-the-progressive-mind/284523/.

15. Quoted in Ronald Reagan, “We Will Be a City upon a Hill,” speech delivered to the first Conservative Political Action Conference, January 25, 1974, http://reagan2020.us/speeches/City_Upon_A_Hill.asp.

16. Quoted in Greg Jaffe, “Obama’s New Patriotism,” June 3, 2015, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/06/03/obama-and-american-exceptionalism/.

17. Michael Dobbs and John M. Goshko, “Albright’s Personal Odyssey Shaped Foreign Policy Beliefs,” Washington Post, December 6, 1996, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/albright120696.htm.

18. Reagan, “We Will Be a City upon a Hill.”

19. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Other People’s Pathologies,” Atlantic, March 30, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/other-peoples-pathologies/359841/.

20. Quoted in Jim Cullen, The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea That Shaped a Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

21. Hal Draper, “Who’s Going to Be the Lesser-Evil in 1968?” Independent Socialist (January–February 1967), Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1967/01/lesser.htm.

22. Franklin D. Roosevelt, speech delivered in Chicago, October 14, 1936, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15185.

23. David M. P. Freund, Colored Property: State Policy and White Racial Politics in Suburban America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

24. David Harvey, Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution (London: Verso Books, 2012).

25. Freund, Colored Property, Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 1940–1960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Beryl Satter, Family Properties: Race, Real Estate, and the Exploitation of Black Urban America (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009); Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Kenneth L. Kusmer and Joe William Trotter, African American Urban History since World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Gregory Squires, ed., Unequal Partnerships: The Political Economy of Urban Redevelopment in Postwar America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989).

26. Arnold R. Hirsch and Raymond A. Mohl, Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993); Squires, Unequal Partnerships; Gregory D. Squires, Capital and Communities in Black and White: The Intersections of Race, Class, and Uneven Development (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994).

27. N. D. B. Connolly, A World More Concrete: Real Estate and the Remaking of Jim Crow South Florida (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014).

28. Penny M. von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).

29. Quoted in Leon F. Litwack, How Free Is Free? The Long Death of Jim Crow (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 82.

30. Ibid., 83.

31. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, 65.

32. Lyndon B. Johnson, remarks to the US Chamber of Commerce, April 27, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26193#axzz2h3amO72U.

33. Alexander von Hoffman, “The Lost History of Urban Renewal,” Journal of Urbanism 1, no. 3 (November 1, 2008): 281–301.

34. Landon R. Y. Storrs, The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), 2.

35. Ibid., 3–4.

36. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990 (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1991), 28.

37. Ibid., 31; Von Eschen, Race against Empire; Nikhil Pal Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).

38. Karen Ferguson, Top Down: The Ford Foundation, Black Power, and the Reinvention of Racial Liberalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).

39. Quoted in Alice O’Connor, Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 117.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid., 117–18.

42. Ibid., 122.

43. Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” speech delivered at the March on Washington, DC, August 28, 1963, http://www.ushistory.org/documents/i-have-a-dream.htm.

44. Martha Biondi, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 1.

45. Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Grove Press, 1965), online edition, 67, http://www.epubsbook.com/2015/4318_67.html.

46. Malcolm X, speech at the founding rally of the Organization of Afro-American Unity, New York, June 28, 1964, http://www.blackpast.org/1964-malcolm-x-s-speech-founding-rally-organization-afro-american-unity.

47. Jack M. Bloom, Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 204.

48. Gerald Horne, The Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Boston: Da Capo Press, 1997).

49. Johnson, remarks to Chamber of Commerce.

50. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, Office of Policy Planning and Research, 1965), http://www.blackpast.org/primary/moynihan-report-1965.

51. Kenneth Bancroft Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 15.

52. Felicia Ann Kornbluh, The Battle for Welfare Rights: Politics and Poverty in Modern America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 17–18.

53. William J. Novak, “The Myth of the ‘Weak’ American State,” American Historical Review 113, no. 3 (2008): 752.

54. Kornbluh, Battle for Welfare Rights, 41.

55. “President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Commencement Address at Howard University: ‘To Fulfill These Rights,’ June 4, 1965,” accessed June 9, 2015, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp.

56. “Negroes, Whites Agree on Riot Victims,” Boston Globe, August 15, 1967.

57. Martin Luther King Jr., The Essential Martin Luther King, Jr.: “I Have a Dream” and Other Great Writings (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013).

58. Philip Sheldon Foner, ed., The Black Panthers Speak (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014), 51.

59. Colette Gaiter, “Visualizing a Revolution: Emory Douglas and the Black Panther Newspaper,” AIGA website, June 8, 2005, http://www.aiga.org/visualizing-a-revolution-emory-douglas-and-the-black-panther-new/.

60. New York Times editorial, “The Race Problem: Why the Riots, What to Do?” August 6, 1967, http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/08/06/issue.html.

61. “Negroes, Whites Agree”; Louis Harris, “Races Agree on Ghetto Abolition and Need for WPA-Type Projects,” Washington Post, August 14, 1967.

62. Kerner Commission and Tom Wicker, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968).

63. Stan Karp, “Challenging Corporate Ed Reform,” Rethinking Schools (Spring 2012), http://www.rethinkingschools.org//cmshandler.asp?archive/26_03/26_03_karp.shtml.

64. Nia-Malika Henderson, “What President Obama Gets Wrong about ‘Acting White,’” Washington Post, July 24, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2014/07/24/what-president-obama-gets-wrong-about-acting-white/.

65. Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on ‘My Brother’s Keeper’ Initiative,” Whitehouse.gov, February 27, 2014, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/02/27/remarks-president-my-brothers-keeper-initiative.

66. US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, 2015), 77, http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo55760.

Chapter Two

Naomi Murakawa, The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 7.

1. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006), 27.

2. Josh Levin, “The Real Story of Linda Taylor, America’s Original Welfare Queen,” Slate, December 19, 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2013/12/linda_taylor_welfare_queen_ronald_reagan_made_her_a_notorious_american_villain.html.

3. Rick Perlstein, The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 662.

4. Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on Economic Mobility,” speech delivered December 4, 2013, Washington, DC, Whitehouse.gov, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/04/remarks-president-economic-mobility.

5. Rick Perlstein, “Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy,” Nation, November 13, 2012, http://www.thenation.com/article/170841/exclusive-lee-atwaters-infamous-1981-interview-southern-strategy.

6. Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008), 277.

7. New York Times, “Haldeman Diary Shows Nixon Was Wary of Blacks and Jews,” May 18, 1994, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/18/us/haldeman-diary-shows-nixon-was-wary-of-blacks-and-jews.html.

8. Martin Luther King Jr. and James Melvin Washington, A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Harper & Row, 1986).

9. Quoted in Michael and Paul M. Hirsch, eds., Markets on Trial: The Economic Sociology of the U.S. Financial Crisis: Part A (Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2010), 151.

10. Retrospectz, “Niggermation at Eldon,” March 3, 2011, https://retrospectz.wordpress.com/2011/03/03/niggermation-at-eldon/.

11. Dan Georgakas and Marvin Surkin, Detroit: I Do Mind Dying (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1998), 88.

12. Michael K. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2007), 497–512.

13. Christian Parenti, Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (London: Verso, 2001), 34.

14. Megan Behrent, “The Source of Union Power,” Socialist Worker, December 19, 2012, http://socialistworker.org/2012/12/19/source-of-union-power.

15. TIME, “Nation: The Enduring Mail Mess,” March 30, 1970, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942204,00.html.

16. Lee Sustar, “Black Power in the Workplace,” Diversity Now, February 22, 2013, http://diversitynowbyegloballearning.blogspot.com/2013/02/black-power-in-workplace.html.

17. Ibid.

18. Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 125.

19. Ibid., 121.

20. George Melloan, “Thoughts on Student Rioting Abroad,” Wall Street Journal, April 19, 1968.

21. Beth Mintz and Michael Schwartz, The Power Structure of American Business (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).

22. Leonard Solomon Silk and David Vogel, Ethics and Profits: The Crisis of Confidence in American Business (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 71.

23. Ibid., 48.

24. Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, End Times: The Death of the Fourth Estate (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2007).

25. Silk and Vogel, Ethics and Profits, 64.

26. Richard M. Nixon, “Statement about Federal Policies Relative to Equal Housing Opportunity,” speech delivered June 11, 1971, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3042.

27. Ibid.

28. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Home Ownership for Lower Income Families: A Report on the Racial and Ethnic Impact of the Section 235 Program (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1971).

29. Murakawa, First Civil Right.

30. Christian Parenti, “The ‘New’ Criminal Justice System,” Defending Justice, 2005, http://www.publiceye.org/defendingjustice/overview/parenti_repression.html.

31. US Department of Justice, Title I: The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Public Law 90–351, https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OSEC/library/legislative_histories/1615.pdf.

32. Ibid.

33. Heather Ann Thompson, “Why Mass Incarceration Matters: Rethinking Crisis, Decline, and Transformation in Postwar American History,” Journal of American History 97, no. 3 (2010): 731.

34. Parenti, Lockdown America, 12–13.

35. Ibid., 13.

36. Ibid., 19.

37. Devah Pager, Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 17.

38. Heather Ann Thompson, “The Lingering Injustice of Attica,” New York Times, September 8, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/opinion/the-lingering-injustice-of-attica.html.

39. Thompson, “Why Mass Incarceration Matters,” 708.

40. J. Kohler-Hausmann, “‘The Attila the Hun Law’: New York’s Rockefeller Drug Laws and the Making of a Punitive State,” Journal of Social History 44, no. 1 (2010): 71–95.

41. Madison Gray, “A Brief History of New York’s Rockefeller Drug Laws,” TIME, April 2, 2009, http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1888864,00.html.

42. Ibid.

43. United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners, 1925–1981 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1982), 2.

44. Manning Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015), 125–26.

45. Richard M. Nixon, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard M. Nixon, 1973 (Washington, DC: National Archives, 1975), 164.

46. Crisis editorial, “Mr. Nixon’s Optimism,” Crisis 80, no. 5 (1973): 149.

47. Joy Darrow, “Ghetto Housing’s Future,” Chicago Daily Defender, January 23, 1973.

48. Quoted in Crisis editorial, “Mr. Nixon’s Optimism.”

49. Alice O’Connor, “The Privatized City: The Manhattan Institute, the Urban Crisis, and the Conservative Counterrevolution in New York,” Journal of Urban History 34, no. 2 (2008): 339.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

Chapter Three

Manning Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015), 186; Amiri Baraka, Tales of the Out and the Gone (New York: Akashic Books, 2009), 31.

1. Conor Friedersdorf, “Freddie Gray Is Only the Latest Apparent Victim of Baltimore Police Violence,” Atlantic, April 22, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/04/the-brutality-of-police-culture-in-baltimore/391158/.

2. Sabrina Toppa, “The Baltimore Riots Cost an Estimated $9 Million in Damages,” TIME, May 14, 2015, http://time.com/3858181/baltimore-riots-damages-businesses-homes-freddie-gray/.

3. Oliver Laughland, “Baltimore Unrest: 49 Children Were Arrested and Detained During Protests,” Guardian, May 7, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/07/baltimore-children-arrests-freddie-gray-protests.

4. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Jess Bidgood, “Mistrial Declared in Case of Officer Charged in Freddie Gray’s Death,” New York Times, December 16, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/us/freddie-gray-baltimore-police-trial.html?_r=0.

5. Quoted in David Jackson, “Obama Stands By the Term ‘Thugs,’ White House Says,” USA Today, April 29, 2015, http://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2015/04/29/obama-white-house-baltimore-stephanie-rawlings-blake/26585143/.

6. Quoted in Yvonne Wenger and Luke Broadwater, “Mayor Calls on Black Men to Do More to Stop Violence,” Baltimore Sun, March 9, 2015, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-baltimore-state-of-city-20150309-story.html.

7. CBS Chicago, “Cook County Commissioner Wants Shooters Charged as Domestic Terrorists,” May 26, 2015, http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2015/05/26/cook-county-commissioner-wants-shooters-charged-as-domestic-terrorists/.

8. Kevin Rector, “Baltimore Prosecutor Asked Police to Target Area Where Freddie Gray Was Arrested,” Baltimore Sun, June 9, 2015, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/crime/blog/bs-md-ci-mosby-email-20150609-story.html.

9. Ibid.

10. Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 266.

11. Michael K. Brown, et al., Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003), 74.

12. Thomas J. Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North (New York: Random House, 2008), 505.

13. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 103.

14. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990 (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1991), 148.

15. Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America, 42.

16. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 148.

17. Ibid., 149.

18. Carmen DeNavas-Walt, et al., Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States, 2010 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2011), http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf.

19. Eugene Robinson, Disintegration: The Splintering of Black America (New York: Anchor, 2011), 91.

20. Simeon Book, “Can Negroes Become Big City Mayors?” Ebony (March 1966), 30.

21. The Black Power Mixtape 1967–1975. DVD. Directed by Göran Hugo Olsson. MPI Home Video, 2011.

22. B. J. Mason, “A Shift to the Middle,” Ebony (August 1973), 82.

23. Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York: Random House, 1967).

24. Bayard Rustin, “From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement,” Commentary (1965).

25. Grace Lee Boggs and James Boggs, “The City Is the Black Man’s Land,” Monthly Review (April 1966), http://docslide.us/documents/the-city-is-the-black-mans-land.html.

26. Ibid., 42.

27. Martin Luther King Jr. and James Melvin Washington, A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986), 319.

28. Robert E. Weems, Business in Black and White: American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs in the Twentieth Century (New York: NYU Press, 2009), 115.

29. Richard M. Nixon, “Bridges to Human Dignity,” speech delivered on NBC Radio, April 25, 1968, box 5, 1968, Press Releases and Nixon Speeches, RNC records.

30. Booker, “Can Negroes Become Big City Mayors?”

31. Leonard N. Moore, Carl B. Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power (Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 56.

32. Ibid., 55.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., 58.

35. Quoted in ibid., 63.

36. Quoted in Lee Sustar, “Carving a Niche in the System,” Socialist Worker, March 15, 2013, http://socialistworker.org/2013/03/15/a-niche-in-the-system.

37. Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).

38. Huey P. Newton, “The Black Panthers,” Ebony (August 1969), 110.

39. King and Washington, Testament of Hope.

40. Fairness.com, “Congressional Black Caucus,” updated 2011, http://www.fairness.com/resources/relation?relation_id=45475.

41. John Conyers Jr., “Politics and the Black Revolution,” Ebony (August 1969), 165.

42. Ibid.

43. Alex Poinsett, “The Black Caucus: Five Years Later,” Ebony (June 1973), 64.

44. Quoted in Congressional Black Caucus, The Black Leadership Family Plan for the Unity, Survival, and Progress of Black People (Washington, DC: Congressional Black Caucus, 1982), 1.

45. Lee Sustar, “The National Black Political Convention,” Socialist Worker, March 22, 2013, http://socialistworker.org/2013/03/22/the-national-black-political-convention.

46. Lance Selfa, The Democrats: A Critical History, updated ed. (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012), 63–84.

47. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Betsy Leondar-Wright, “Black Job Loss Déjà Vu,” Dollars & Sense, May 4, 2004, http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2004/0504leondar.html.

48. Leondar-Wright, “Black Job Loss.”

49. Isaiah J. Poole, “Uncle Sam’s Pink Slip,” Black Enterprise, December 1981, 29.

50. Economist editorial, “Not So Colour-Blind,” December 3, 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/15019840.

51. Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America, 172.

52. Fredrick C. Harris, The Price of the Ticket: Barack Obama and the Rise and Decline of Black Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 144–51.

53. Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America, 171–72.

54. Ibid., 171.

55. Claude Lewis, “Where Are Civil-Rights Leaders?” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 24, 1989, http://articles.philly.com/1989-07-24/news/26133979_1_civil-rights-leaders-civil-rights-black-leaders.

56. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 170.

57. Ibid., 171.

58. Victor Perlo, “Carter’s Economic Prescription: Bitter Medicine for the People,” Public Affairs 58, no. 1 (1979): 1–9.

59. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 172.

60. D. L. Chandler, “Little Known Black History Fact: 1980 Miami Riots,” Black America Web, July 11, 2014, http://blackamericaweb.com/2014/07/11/little-known-black-history-fact-1980-miami-riots/2/.

61. Harris, Price of the Ticket, 144.

62. Ibid.

63. Ronald W. Walters, African American Leadership (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999); Congressional Black Caucus, Black Leadership Family Plan.

64. Ibid.

65. Congressional Black Caucus, Black Leadership Family Plan, iii.

66. Walters, African American Leadership, 167.

67. Congressional Black Caucus, Black Leadership Family Plan, viii.

68. Adolph Reed Jr., Stirrings in the Jug; Black Politics in the Post-Segregation Era (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 106–9.

69. Ibid., 55.

70. Nathan Bomey and John Gallagher, “How Detroit Went Broke: The Answers May Surprise You—and Don’t Blame Coleman Young,” Detroit Free Press, September 15, 2013, http://archive.freep.com/interactive/article/20130915/NEWS01/130801004/Detroit-Bankruptcy-history-1950-debt-pension-revenue.

71. Howard Gillette Jr., Camden after the Fall: Decline and Renewal in a Post-Industrial City (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 111.

72. Quoted in Ibid., 112.

73. Mike Davis, The Year Left 2: An American Socialist Yearbook (London: Verso, 1987), 4.

74. Juan Gonzalez, Linn Washington, and Mumia Abu-Jamal, Democracy Now!, interview, May 13, 2015, http://www.democracynow.org/2015/5/13/move_bombing_at_30_barbaric_1985.

75. On the votes, see “Bill Summary & Status 99th Congress (1985–1986) H.R. 5484,” http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d099:HR05484; Teka Lark-Fleming, “The Role Black Politicians Play in Systematically Murdering Black People,” Medium, September 22, 2014, https://medium.com/@blkgrrrl/the-role-politicians-play-in-systematically-murdering-black-people-7f7340cace43#.vo141dofk. On sentencing, see U.S. Department of Justice, “Federal Cocaine Offenses: An Analysis of Crack and Powder Penalties,” 2002, 10–11.

76. William J. Clinton, “The Freedom to Die,” speech delivered in Memphis, Tennessee, November 13, 1993, http://www.blackpast.org/1993-william-j-clinton-freedom-die.

77. Quoted in Bob Herbert, “In America; A Sea Change on Crime,” New York Times, December 12, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/12/opinion/in-america-a-sea-change-on-crime.html.

78. Jill Lawrence, “Growth Splinters Black Lawmakers—Views Clash as Caucus Doubles in a Decade,” Seattle Times, July 27, 1994, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940727&slug=1922486.

79. Karen Hosler, “Black Caucus Yields on Crime Bill,” Baltimore Sun, August 18, 1994, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-08-18/news/1994230118_1_black-caucus-crime-bill-clinton.

80. Quoted in Dara Lind, “Bill Clinton Apologized for His 1994 Crime Bill, but He Still Doesn’t Get Why It Was Bad,” Vox, July 15, 2015, http://www.vox.com/2015/5/7/8565345/1994-crime-bill.

81. Eric Lipton and Eric Lichtblau, “In Black Caucus, a Fund-Raising Powerhouse,” New York Times, February 14, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/us/politics/14cbc.html.

82. Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, “CBCF Announces $1 Million Grant from Walmart,” June 9, 2015, http://www.cbcfinc.org/2015-archive/815-cbcf-announces-1-million-grant-from-walmart.html.

83. Jonathan D. Salant, “Corporations Donate to Groups on Both Sides of Voter-ID,” Bloomberg Business, April 19, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-04-19/corporations-donate-to-groups-on-both-sides-of-voter-id.

84. Quoted in Lauren French, “Black Caucus Stumps Where Obama Can’t,” Politico, August 23, 2014, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/black-caucus-barack-obama-110285_Page2.html.

85. Andra Gillespie, The New Black Politician: Cory Booker, Newark, and Post-Racial America (New York: NYU Press, 2012), 9–45.

86. Cathy J. Cohen, Democracy Remixed: Black Youth and the Future of American Politics (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 202–32.

87. Jelani Cobb, “Cory Booker: The Dilemma of the New Black Politician,” New Yorker, May 22, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/cory-booker-the-dilemma-of-the-new-black-politician.

88. Robinson, Disintegration, 140.

89. Ibid., 160.

90. Natalie Moore, “Why Are There Fewer Black Teachers in CPS?” WBEZ, July 15, 2015, http://www.wbez.org/news/why-are-there-fewer-black-teachers-cps-112385.

91. Adeshina Emmanuel, “Chicago’s Black Unemployment Rate Higher Than Other Large Metro Areas,” Chicago Reporter, November 16, 2014, http://chicagoreporter.com/chicagos-black-unemployment-rate-higher-other-large-metro-areas/.

92. Fran Spielman, “Black Caucus Going to Bat for Rahm Emanuel in Wilson Courtship,” Chicago Sun-Times, March 5, 2015, http://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/7/71/416630/black-caucus-going-bat-rahm-emanuel-wilson-courtship.

93. Ibid.

94. Matt Sledge, “Chicago’s Black Population Dwindles, Census Numbers Show,” Huffington Post, August 4, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/04/chicago-black-population_n_917848.html.

95. Quoted in Mick Dumke, “Why Aldermen Are Mum about Chicago’s Violence: They’re Not Sure What to Say,” Chicago Reader, June 3, 2014, http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2014/06/03/why-aldermen-are-mum-about-chicagos-violence-theyre-not-sure-what-to-say.

96. Manning Marable, Black Liberation in Conservative America (Boston: South End Press, 1997), 151.

Chapter Four

Amy Goodman, “The American Dream: Living to 18,” Truthdig, May 6, 2015, http://www.truthdig.com/report/print/the_american_dream_living_to_18_20150506.

1. Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Doubleday, 2008).

2. “The Black Code of St. Landry’s Parish,” US Congress, Senate Executive Document No. 2 (Washington, DC, 1865), 93–94, http://www.history.vt.edu/shifflet/blackcode.htm.

3. Ibid.

4. George Rutherglen, Civil Rights in the Shadow of Slavery: The Constitution, Common Law, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

5. Albert D. Oliphant, The Evolution of the Penal System of South Carolina from 1866 to 1916 (Columbia, SC: State Co., 1916), 5–9.

6. Ibid.

7. “Convict Lease System,” Digital History, n.d., ID 3179, accessed May 28, 2015, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3179.

8. Khalil Gibran Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 3.

9. David M. Oshinsky, Worse Than Slavery (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 97.

10. Ibid.

11. Evelyn Higginbotham Brooks, “African-American Women’s History and the Metalanguage of Race,” Signs 17, no. 2 (1992): 271.

12. Muhammad, Condemnation of Blackness, 4.

13. Dorothy E. Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Vintage, 1999).

14. Elaine Lewinnek, The Working Man’s Reward: Chicago’s Early Suburbs and the Roots of American Sprawl (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 153.

15. William M. Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1970); Charles L. Lumpkins, American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008).

16. Rose Helper, Racial Policies and Practices of Real Estate Brokers (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969).

17. Kevin Boyle, Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age (New York: Macmillan, 2007), 24.

18. Ibid., 111.

19. Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness, 258–59.

20. Ibid.

21. Tuttle, Race Riot, 4–10.

22. Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 1940–1960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 65.

23. Leon F. Litwack, How Free Is Free? The Long Death of Jim Crow (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 84.

24. Ibid., 85.

25. “The Race Problem: Why the Riots? What to Do?” New York Times editorial, August 6, 1967.

26. Kerner Commission and Tom Wicker, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968).

27. James Baldwin, “A Report from Occupied Territory,” Nation, July 11, 1966, http://www.thenation.com/article/159618/report-occupied-territory.

28. New York Times, “81% in a Poll See Law Breakdown: 84% Feel Strong President Would Help, Harris Says,” September 10, 1968.

29. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1967), 111.

30. Christian Parenti, Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (London: Verso, 2001), 15.

31. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice,” speech delivered to Congress, March 8, 1965, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26800.

32. Naomi Murakawa, “The Origins of the Carceral Crisis: Racial Order as Law and Order in Postwar American Politics,” in Race and American Political Development, edited by Joseph E. Lowndes, Julie Novkov, and Dorian Tod Warren (New York: Routledge, 2008), 238.

33. David Alan Sklansky, “Not Your Father’s Police Department: Making Sense of the New Demographics of Law Enforcement,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 96, no. 3 (2006): 1224.

34. Ibid.

35. Yamiche Alcindor and Nick Penzenstadler, “Police Redouble Efforts to Recruit Diverse Officers,” USA TODAY, January 21, 2015, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/01/21/police-redoubling-efforts-to-recruit-diverse-officers/21574081.

36. Lisa Bloom, “When Will the U.S. Stop Mass Incarceration?” CNN, July 3, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/03/opinion/bloom-prison-spending/index.html.

37. Ed Vulliamy, “Nixon’s ‘War on Drugs’ Began 40 Years Ago, and the Battle Is Still Raging,” Guardian, July 24, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/24/war-on-drugs-40-years.

38. Ezra Klein and Evan Soltas, “Wonkbook: 11 Facts about America’s Prison Population,” Washington Post, August 13, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2013/08/13/wonkbook-11-facts-about-americas-prison-population.

39. University of Chicago Crime Lab, “Incarceration,” n.d., accessed June 3, 2015, https://crimelab.uchicago.edu/page/incarceration.

40. Ibid.

41. Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York: HarperPerennial, 1991).

42. R. Shankar Nair, “Willie’s Got a Lesson for Washington,” Chicago Tribune, February 16, 1995, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-02-16/news/9502160082_1_reagan-revolution-middle-class-wealth.

43. Kevin Phillips, Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich (New York: Broadway Books, 2003), xvi.

44. Peter Applebome, “The 1992 Campaign: Death Penalty; Arkansas Execution Raises Questions on Governor’s Politics,” January 25, 1992, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/25/us/1992-campaign-death-penalty-arkansas-execution-raises-questions-governor-s.html.

45. Ed Pilkington, “Bill Clinton: Mass Incarceration on My Watch ‘Put Too Many People in Prison,’” Guardian, April 28, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/28/bill-clinton-calls-for-end-mass-incarceration.

46. Radley Balko, “Have Police Departments Become More Militarized Since 9/11?” Huffington Post, September 12, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/12/police-militarization-9-11-september-11_n_955508.html.

47. Ibid.

48. Associated Press, “Little Restraint in Military Giveaways,” National Public Radio, July 31, 2013, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=207340981.

49. Joseph D. McNamara, “50 Shots,” Wall Street Journal, November 29, 2006.

50. Erica Goode, “Incarceration Rates for Blacks Dropped, Report Shows,” New York Times, February 28, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/28/us/incarceration-rates-for-blacks-dropped-report-shows.html.

51. Mark Berman, “The Breaking Point for Ferguson,” Washington Post, August 12, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/08/12/the-breaking-point-for-ferguson/.

52. Brad Heath, “Racial Gap in U.S. Arrest Rates: ‘Staggering Disparity,’” USA Today, November 18, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/11/18/ferguson-black-arrest-rates/19043207/.

53. USA Today, “Compare Arrest Rates,” interactive map, n.d., accessed January 11, 2015, http://www.gannett-cdn.com/experiments/usatoday/2014/11/arrests-interactive/.

54. Inimai M. Chettiar, “Locking More People Up Is Counterproductive,” Atlantic, February 11, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/the-many-causes-of-americas-decline-in-crime/385364/.

55. Ibid.

56. Jeremy Gorner and Hal Dardick, “No Back Pay for OT in First Year of New Chicago Police Contract,” Chicago Tribune, September 5, 2014, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/politics/chi-no-back-pay-on-cop-overtime-in-new-chicago-police-contract-20140905-story.html.

57. Laura Sullivan, “Mentally Ill Are Often Locked Up in Jails That Can’t Help,” National Public Radio, January 20, 2014, http://www.npr.org/2014/01/20/263461940/mentally-ill-inmates-often-locked-up-in-jails-that-cant-help.

58. Kelley Bouchard, “Across Nation, Unsettling Acceptance When Mentally Ill in Crisis Are Killed,” Portland Press Herald, December 9, 2012, http://www.pressherald.com/2012/12/09/shoot-across-nation-a-grim-acceptance-when-mentally-ill-shot-down/.

59. Scott Keyes, “It Is Illegal for Homeless People to Sit on the Sidewalk in More than Half of U.S. Cities,” Think Progress, July 16, 2014, http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/07/16/3460553/homeless-criminalization-report/.

60. United States, Bureau of Justice Assistance, and Police Executive Research Forum, CompStat: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies, 2013, https://www.bja.gov/Publications/PERF-Compstat.pdf.

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid., 27.

63. Daniel Bergner, “Is Stop-and-Frisk Worth It?” Atlantic, April 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/03/is-stop-and-frisk-worth-it/358644/.

64. Ibid.

65. Marina Carver, “NYPD Officers Say They Had Stop-and-Frisk Quotas,” CNN, March 22, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/justice/new-york-stop-and-frisk-trial/index.html.

66. James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety,” Atlantic, March 1982, https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/politics/crime/windows.htm.

67. Joseph Goldstein, “Kelly Intended Frisks to Instill Fear, Senator Testifies,” New York Times, April 1, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/nyregion/kelly-intended-frisks-to-instill-fear-senator-testifies.html.

68. Jason Meisner, “Chicago Sued over Police Department’s Alleged Stop-and-Frisk Practices,” Chicago Tribune, April 21, 2015, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-stop-and-frisk-lawsuit-met-20150421-story.html.

69. John H. Richardson, “Michael Brown Sr. and the Agony of the Black Father in America,” Esquire, January 5, 2015, http://www.esquire.com/features/michael-brown-father-interview-0115.

70. Campbell Robertson, Shaila Dewan, and Matt Apuzzo, “Ferguson Became Symbol, but Bias Knows No Border,” New York Times, March 7, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/us/ferguson-became-symbol-but-bias-knows-no-border.html.

71. Radley Balko, “How Municipalities in St. Louis County, Mo., Profit from Poverty,” Washington Post, September 3, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/09/03/how-st-louis-county-missouri-profits-from-poverty/.

72. Dewan and Apuzzo, “Ferguson Became Symbol.”

73. Alain Sherter, “As Economy Flails, Debtors’ Prisons Thrive,” CBS News, April 5, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/as-economy-flails-debtors-prisons-thrive/.

74. Joseph Shapiro, “As Court Fees Rise, the Poor Are Paying the Price,” National Public Radio, May 19, 2014, http://www.npr.org/2014/05/19/312158516/increasing-court-fees-punish-the-poor.

75. Ibid.

76. Quoted in ibid.

77. Sherter, “As Economy Flails.”

78. Jyoti Thottam, “In Texas, Courts Turn Truancy Cases into Cash,” Al Jazeera America, May 21, 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/21/in-texas-courts-turn-truancy-cases-into-cash.html.

79. Carla Murphy, “NYPD Officers Do Less; City’s Young Black Men Exhale,” Colorlines, January 9, 2015, http://www.colorlines.com/articles/nypd-officers-do-less-citys-young-black-men-exhale.

80. Radley Balko, “U.S. Cities Pay Out Millions to Settle Police Lawsuits,” Washington Post, October 1, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/10/01/u-s-cities-pay-out-millions-to-settle-police-lawsuits/.

81. Jonah Newman, “Chicago Police Misconduct Payouts Topped $50 Million in 2014,” Chicago Reporter, February 25, 2015, http://chicagoreporter.com/chicago-police-misconduct-payouts-topped-50-million-in-2014/.

82. David Schaper, “Chicago Creates Reparations Fund for Victims of Police Torture,” National Public Radio, May 6, 2015, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/05/06/404545064/chicago-set-to-create-reparation-fund-for-victims-of-police-torture.

83. Joel Rubin, “Federal Judge Lifts LAPD Consent Decree,” Los Angeles Times, May 16, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/16/local/la-me-lapd-consent-decree-20130517.

84. Balko, “U.S. Cities Pay Out Millions.”

85. Dana DiFilippo and David Gambacorta, “Civil-Rights Lawsuits against Police Spiked in 2013,” Philadelphia Daily News, May 30, 2014, http://articles.philly.com/2014-05-30/news/50185668_1_settlements-chief-deputy-city-solicitor-police-department.

86. Tom McCarthy, “Police Killed More Than Twice as Many People as Reported by US Government,” Guardian, March 4, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/04/police-killed-people-fbi-data-justifiable-homicides.

87. Ibid.

88. Jamiles Lartey, “By the Numbers: US Police Kill More in Days than Other Countries Do in Years,” Guardian, June 9, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/09/the-counted-police-killings-us-vs-other-countries; Matt Agorist, “Police in the US Kill Citizens at Over 70 Times the Rate of Other First-World Nations,” Freethought Project, January 8, 2015, http://thefreethoughtproject.com/police-kill-citizens-70-times-rate-first-world-nations/.

89. Rob Barry and Coulter Jones, “Hundreds of Police Killings Are Uncounted in Federal Stats,” Wall Street Journal, December 3, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/hundreds-of-police-killings-are-uncounted-in-federal-statistics-1417577504.

90. Ryan Gabrielson, Ryann Grochowski Jones, and Eric Sagara, “Deadly Force, in Black and White,” ProPublica, October 10, 2014, http://www.propublica.org/article/deadly-force-in-black-and-white.

91. Rebecca Leber, “Police Officers Are More Likely to Shoot Black Men, Studies Suggest,” New Republic, August 12, 2014, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/119060/michael-brown-studies-show-racial-bias-police-shootings.

92. Ryan Gabrielson and Ryann Grochowski Jones, “Answering the Critics of Our Deadly Force Story,” ProPublica, December 24, 2014, http://www.propublica.org/article/answering-the-critics-of-our-deadly-force-story.

93. David Jackson, “Obama Task Force Urges Independent Probes of Police Killings,” USA Today, March 2, 2015, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/03/02/obama-task-force-on-21st-century-policing-ferguson/24258019/.

94. David A. Graham, “Walter Scott Shooting: Statistics on North Charleston Police Stops, Police Homicides, and Officer Convictions,” Atlantic, April 8, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2015/04/the-shockingly-familiar-killing-of-walter-scott/390006/.

95. Guardian, “The Counted: People Killed by Police in the United States in 2015,” interactive database, June 1, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-police-killings-us-database.

96. Jeff Brady, “Obama: Camden, N.J., Police a Model for Improving Community Relations,” National Public Radio, May 22, 2015, http://www.npr.org/2015/05/22/408824877/obama-camden-n-j-police-a-model-for-improving-community-relations.

97. Kate Zernike, “Camden Turns Around with New Police Force,” New York Times, August 31, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/nyregion/camden-turns-around-with-new-police-force.html.

98. American Civil Liberties Union, “Policing in Camden Has Improved, but Concerns Remain,” press release, May 18, 2015, https://www.aclu-nj.org/news/2015/05/18/policing-camden-has-improved-concerns-remain.

99. Ibid.

Chapter Five

Tef Poe, “Dear Mr. President: A Letter from Tef Poe,” Riverfront Times, December 1, 2014, http://www.riverfronttimes.com/musicblog/2014/12/01/dear-mr-president-a-letter-from-tef-poe.

1. Ibid.

2. Daniel Schorr, “A New, ‘Post-Racial’ Political Era in America,” National Public Radio, January 28, 2008, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18489466.

3. Barack Obama, “New Hampshire Primary Speech,” New York Times, January 8, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/08/us/politics/08text-obama.html.

4. David Corn, “‘Black and More Than Black’: Obama’s Daring and Unique Speech on Race,” Mother Jones, March 18, 2008, http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2008/03/black-and-more-black-obamas-daring-and-unique-speech-race.

5. Barack Obama, speech delivered in Philadelphia, PA, March 18, 2008, transcript in New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/18/us/politics/18text-obama.html.

6. Cathy J. Cohen, Democracy Remixed: Black Youth and the Future of American Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 118.

7. Ibid., 110.

8. Danny Glover and Harry Belafonte, “Belafonte and Glover Speak Out on Katrina,” AlterNet, September 22, 2005, http://www.alternet.org/story/25862/belafonte_%26_glover_speak_out_on_katrina.

9. Cohen, Democracy Remixed, 159.

10. Khari Mosley, “Vote for Hope,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 2, 2008, http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2008/11/02/Vote-for-hope/stories/200811020185.

11. Dan Martin, “Impassioned Words from Jay-Z in Support of Obama,” Guardian, November 5, 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/05/jayz-falloutboy.

12. Ibid.

13. US Census Bureau, “Voter Turnout Increases by 5 Million in 2008 Presidential Election,” press release, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/voting/cb09-110.html.

14. Ibid.

15. Mary McGuirt, “2008 Was Year of the Young Black Voter,” ABC News, July 21, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/politics/story?id=8140030&page=1; Cohen, Democracy Remixed, 172.

16. Allison Samuels, “Black Voters Turn Out in Big Numbers for Obama,” Daily Beast, November 6, 2012, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/11/06/black-voters-turn-out-in-big-numbers-for-obama.html.

17. “Most Blacks Say MLK’s Vision Fulfilled, Poll Finds,” CNN.com, January 19, 2009, http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/19/king.poll/.

18. Ellis Cose, “Meet the New Optimists,” Newsweek, May 15, 2011, http://www.newsweek.com/meet-new-optimists-67535.

19. Ibid.

20. James Verini, “Is There an ‘Obama Effect’ on Crime?” Slate, October 5, 2001, http://slate.com/articles/news-and-politics/crime/2011/10/the_obama_effect_a_surprising_new_theory_for_the_continuing_crim.single.html.

21. “Obama Effect? Blacks Optimistic in Spite of Economic Struggles,” McClatchy DC, February 26, 2009, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2009/02/26/62912_obama-effect-blacks-optimistic.html?rh=1.

22. “Racism in America Is Over,” Forbes, December 30, 2008, http://www.forbes.com/2008/12/30/end-of-racism-oped-cx_jm_1230mcwhorter.html.

23. George E. Condon Jr., “Has President Obama Done Enough for Black Americans?” Atlantic, April 5, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/04/has-president-obama-done-enough-for-black-americans/274699/.

24. Chika Oduah, “Poll: Black Americans More Optimistic, Enthused about 2012,” theGrio, November 7, 2011, http://thegrio.com/2011/11/07/poll-black-americans-more-optimistic-enthused-about-2012/.

25. Vann R. Newkirk II, “The Dream That Never Was: Black Millennials and the Promise of Obama,” Gawker, December 1, 2014, http://gawker.com/the-dream-that-never-was-black-millennials-and-the-pro-1663448708.

26. Ibid.

27. Quoted in Sherry Wolf, “Why Did Obama Let Troy Die?” Socialist Worker, September 22, 2011, http://socialistworker.org/2011/09/22/why-did-obama-let-troy-die.

28. Greg Bluestein, “Obama Silent as US Murders Troy Davis,” Common Dreams, September 21, 2011, http://www.commondreams.org/news/2011/09/21/obama-silent-us-murders-troy-davis.

29. Joy Freeman-Coulbary, “Obama Silent on Troy Davis,” Root DC, September 26, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/obama-silent-on-troy-davis/2011/09/21/gIQAH9tIlK_blog.html.

30. Gene Demby, “The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement,” Politico, December 31, 2014, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html.

31. Doug Singsen and Will Russell, “A Spotlight on Wall Street Greed,” Socialist Worker, September 28, 2011, http://socialistworker.org/2011/09/28/spotlight-on-wall-street-greed.

32. Chika Oduah, “Poll: Blacks Back ‘Occupy,’ Want Obama to Be Tougher on Wall Street,” theGrio, November 9, 2011, http://thegrio.com/2011/11/09/black-americans-favor-occupy-want-obama-to-get-tough-on-banks/.

33. Socialist Worker editorial, “We Have to Win Justice for Trayvon,” March 21, 2012, http://socialistworker.org/2012/03/21/we-have-to-win-justice-for-trayvon.

34. Krissah Thompson and Scott Wilson, “Obama on Trayvon Martin: ‘If I Had a Son, He’d Look Like Trayvon,’” Washington Post, March 23, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-if-i-had-a-son-hed-look-like-trayvon/2012/03/23/gIQApKPpVS_story.html.

35. Eric Ruder, “Trayvon Martin Woke Us Up,” Socialist Worker, July 19, 2013, http://socialistworker.org/2013/07/19/trayvon-martin-woke-us-up.

36. Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “The Terrorists in Blue,” Socialist Worker, July 30, 2012, http://socialistworker.org/2012/07/30/terrorists-in-blue

37. Lizette Alvarez, “Zimmerman Case Has Race as a Backdrop, but You Won’t Hear It in Court,” New York Times, July 7, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/08/us/zimmerman-case-has-race-as-a-backdrop-but-you-wont-hear-it-in-court.html.

38. Barack Obama, White House press release, July 14, 2013, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/14/statement-president.

39. Ruder, “Trayvon Martin Woke Us Up.”

40. Jennifer Kay, “Trayvon Martin’s Mother Says Zimmerman Got Away with Murder,” Huffington Post, February 25, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/25/trayvon-martin-sybrina-fulton-george-zimmerman_n_6754298.html.

41. Mychal Denzel Smith, “How Trayvon Martin’s Death Launched a New Generation of Black Activism,” Nation, August 27, 2014, http://www.thenation.com/article/181404/how-trayvon-martins-death-launched-new-generation-black-activism#.

42. Alicia Garza, “A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement,” Feminist Wire, October 7, 2014, http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/.

43. Ibid.

44. Smith, “How Trayvon Martin’s Death.”

45. Ibid.

46. Barbara Liston, “Dream Defenders Leader Headed to D.C.,” Huffington Post, August 24, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/24/dream-defenders-florida_n_3805651.html.

Chapter Six

Johnson quoted in Michelle Dean, “‘Black Women Unnamed’: How Tanisha Anderson’s Bad Day Turned into Her Last,” Guardian, June 5, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/05/black-women-police-killing-tanisha-anderson.

1. John H. Richardson, “Michael Brown Sr. and the Agony of the Black Father in America,” Esquire, January 5, 2015, http://www.esquire.com/features/michael-brown-father-interview-0115.

2. Kristin Braswell, “#FergusonFridays: Not All of the Black Freedom Fighters Are Men: An Interview with Black Women on the Front Line in Ferguson,” Feminist Wire, October 3, 2014, http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/fergusonfridays-black-freedom-fighters-men-interview-black-women-front-line-ferguson/.

3. Charles P. Pierce, “The Body in the Street,” Esquire, August 22, 2014, http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/The_Body_In_The_Street.

4. Mark Follman, “Michael Brown’s Mom Laid Flowers Where He Was Shot—and Police Crushed Them,” Mother Jones, August 27, 2014, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/08/ferguson-st-louis-police-tactics-dogs-michael-brown.

5. Richardson, “Michael Brown Sr.”

6. Amnesty International USA, “On the Streets of America: Human Rights Abuses in Ferguson,” October 24, 2014, http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/on-the-streets-of-america-human-rights-abuses-in-ferguson.

7. Megan Davies and Dan Burns, “In Riot-Hit Ferguson, Traffic Fines Boost Tension and Budget,” Reuters, August 19, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/19/us-usa-missouri-shooting-tickets-insight-idUSKBN0GJ2CB20140819.

8. Anna Brand and Amanda Sakuma, “11 Alarming Findings in the Report on Ferguson Police,” MSNBC, March 4, 2015, http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/11-alarming-findings-ferguson-police-department-report.

9. Jon Schuppe, “U.S. Finds Pattern of Biased Policing in Ferguson,” NBC News, March 3, 2015, http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/michael-brown-shooting/u-s-finds-pattern-biased-policing-ferguson-n316586.

10. Nathan Robinson, “The Shocking Finding from the DOJ’s Ferguson Report That Nobody Has Noticed,” March 13, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nathan-robinson/the-shocking-finding-from-the-doj-ferguson_b_6858388.html.

11. Joel Anderson, “Ferguson’s Angry Young Men,” BuzzFeed, August 22, 2014, http://www.buzzfeed.com/joelanderson/who-are-fergusons-young-protesters.

12. Johnetta Elzie, “When I Close My Eyes at Night, I See People Running from Tear Gas,” Ebony (September 2014), http://www.ebony.com/news-views/ferguson-forward-when-i-close-my-eyes-at-night-i-see-people-running-from-tear-ga.

13. Anderson, “Ferguson’s Angry Young Men.”

14. Jon Swaine, “Ohio Walmart Video Reveals Moments Before Officer Killed John Crawford,” Guardian, September 24, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/24/surveillance-video-walmart-shooting-john-crawford-police.

15. Josh Harkinson, “4 Unarmed Black Men Have Been Killed by Police in the Last Month,” Mother Jones, August 13, 2014, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/08/3-unarmed-black-african-american-men-killed-police.

16. Darnell L. Moore, “Two Years Later, Black Lives Matter Faces Critiques, but It Won’t Be Stopped,” Mic, August 10, 2015, http://mic.com/articles/123666/two-years-later-black-lives-matter-faces-critiques-but-it-won-t-be-stopped.

17. Associated Press, “Five Arrested in Ferguson after Protests Break Out over Burned Memorial,” Guardian, August 12, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/24/ferguson-protest-michael-brown-memorial-fire-police.

18. Trymaine Lee, “Why Vonderrit Myers Matters,” MSNBC, October 18, 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/why-vonderrit-myers-matters.

19. Democracy Now!, “Ferguson October: Thousands March in St. Louis for Police Reform and Arrest of Officer Darren Wilson,” Pacifica Radio, October 13, 2014, http://www.democracynow.org/2014/10/13/thousands_march_in_ferguson_for_police.

20. Donna Murch,“Historicizing Ferguson,” New Politics (Summer 2015), http://newpol.org/content/historicizing-ferguson.

21. Lilly Fowler, “Al Sharpton Arrives in St. Louis, Seeking Justice for Michael Brown,” Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, August 12, 2014, http://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/al-sharpton-arrives-in-st-louis-seeking-justice-for-michael/article_17152c80-a923-53a4-9ec9-84363709129b.html.

22. “TomP” (username), “Rev. Sharpton Preaches Truth and Action at Michael Brown, Jr. Funeral (with Video),” Daily Kos, August 25, 2014, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/08/25/1324510/-Rev-Sharpton-Preaches-Truth-and-Action-At-Michael-Brown-Jr-Funeral.

23. Anderson, “Ferguson’s Angry Young Men.”

24. Erica Ritz, “Jesse Jackson Cornered by Angry Ferguson Protesters: ‘When You Going to Stop Selling Us Out?,’” Blaze, August 22, 2014, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2014/08/22/jesse-jackson-cornered-by-angry-ferguson-protesters-when-you-going-to-stop-selling-us-out/.

25. Braswell, “#FergusonFridays.”

26. Matt Pearce, “‘Ferguson October’ Rally Highlights Divide among St. Louis Activists,” Los Angeles Times, October 12, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-ferguson-october-debate-20141012-story.html.

27. Braswell, “#FergusonFridays.”

28. Elzie, “When I Close My Eyes at Night.’”

29. Britni Danielle, “‘Say Her Name’ Turns Spotlight on Black Women and Girls Killed by Police,” Yahoo News, May 22, 2015, http://news.yahoo.com/her-name-turns-spotlight-black-women-girls-killed-210304072.html.

30. Ella Baker, “Bigger Than a Hamburger,” Southern Patriot 18, June 1960, History Is a Weapon, http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/bakerbigger.

31. Amanda Sakuma, “Women Hold the Front-Lines of Ferguson,” MSNBC, October 12, 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/women-hold-the-front-lines-ferguson.

32. Braswell, “#FergusonFridays.”

33. Stephen Bronars, “Half of Ferguson’s Young African-American Men Are Missing,” Forbes, March 18, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/modeledbehavior/2015/03/18/half-of-fergusons-young-african-american-men-are-missing/.

34. Justin Wolfers, David Leonhardt, and Kevin Quealy, “1.5 Million Missing Black Men,” New York Times, April 20, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/20/upshot/missing-black-men.html?abt=0002&abg=1.

35. Braswell, “#FergusonFridays.”

36. Katherine Mirani, “Nurturing Black Youth Activism,” Chicago Reporter, October 6, 2014, http://chicagoreporter.com/nurturing-black-youth-activism/.

37. Alicia Garza, “A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement,” Feminist Wire, October 7, 2014, http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/.

38. Barack Obama, “Remarks on Ferguson Grand Jury Decision,” Washington Post, November 24, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/transcript-obamas-remarks-on-ferguson-grand-jury-decision/2014/11/24/afc3b38e-744f-11e4-bd1b-03009bd3e984_story.html.

39. M. David and Jackson Marciana, “Tanisha Anderson Was Literally Praying for Help as Cops Held Her Down and Killed Her,” CounterCurrent News, February 28, 2015, http://countercurrentnews.com/2015/02/tanisha-anderson-was-literally-praying-for-help/.

40. Fredrick Harris, “Will Ferguson Be a Moment or a Movement?” Washington Post, August 22, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/will-ferguson-be-a-moment-or-a-movement/2014/08/22/071d4a94-28a8-11e4-8593-da634b334390_story.html.

41. Ferguson Action, “Breaking: Ferguson Activists Meet with President Obama to Demand an End to Police Brutality Nationwide,” press release, December 1, 2014, http://fergusonaction.com/white-house-meeting/.

42. Tanya Somanader, “President Obama Delivers a Statement on the Grand Jury Decision in the Death of Eric Garner,” White House press release, December 3, 2014, https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/12/03/president-obama-delivers-statement-grand-jury-decision-death-eric-garner.

43. Kirsten West Savali, “The Fierce Urgency of Now: Why Young Protesters Bum-Rushed the Mic,” Root, December 14, 2014, http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2014/12/the_fierce_urgency_of_now_why_young_protesters_bum_rushed_the_mic.html.

44. Darryl Fears, “Thousands Join Al Sharpton in ‘Justice for All’ March in D.C.,” Washington Post, December 13, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/sharpton-to-lead-justice-for-all-march-in-dc/2014/12/13/36ce8a68-824f-11e4-9f38-95a187e4c1f7_story.html.

45. Al Sharpton, “It’s Been a Long Time Coming, But Permanent Change Is Within Our Grasp,” Huffington Post, December 15, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rev-al-sharpton/its-been-a-long-time-comi_b_6328806.html.

46. Azi Paybarah, “Amid Tensions, Sharpton Lashes Out at Younger Activists,” January 31, 2015, http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/01/8561365/amid-tensions-sharpton-lashes-out-younger-activists.

47. Marcia Chatelain, “#BlackLivesMatter: An Online Roundtable with Alicia Garza, Dante Barry, and Darsheel Kaur,” Dissent, January 19, 2015, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/blacklivesmatter-an-online-roundtable-with-alicia-garza-dante-barry-and-darsheel-kaur.

48. Paybarah, “Sharpton Lashes Out.”

49. Ferguson Action, “About This Movement,” press release, December 15, 2014, http://fergusonaction.com/movement/.

50. Tim Mak, “Capitol Hill’s Black Staffers Walk Out to Do ‘Hands Up, Don’t Shoot!’” Daily Beast, December 10, 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/10/black-congressional-staffers-plan-ferguson-garner-walkout.html.

51. Nicole Mulvaney, “Princeton University Students Stage Walkout in Protest of Garner, Ferguson Grand Jury Decisions,” NJ.com, December 4, 2014, http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2014/12/princeton_university_students_stage_blacklivesmatter_walkout_protest_of_garner_ferguson_decisions.html.

52. WhiteCoats4BlackLives, “About,” n.d., accessed June 21, 2015, http://www.whitecoats4blacklives.org/.

53. Malaika Fraley and Gary Peterson, “Bay Area Public Defenders Rally for ‘Black Lives Matter,’” San Jose Mercury News, December 18, 2014, http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_27163840/bay-area-public-defenders-stand-up-black-lives.

54. Jill Colvin,“Hillary Clinton Denounces Torture, Says Black Lives Matter,” Huffington Post, December 16, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/16/hillary-clinton-torture-blacks_n_6338154.html.

55. Nia-Malika Henderson, “‘Black Respectability’ Politics Are Increasingly Absent from Obama’s Rhetoric,” Washington Post, December 3, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/12/03/black-respectability-politics-are-increasingly-absent-from-obamas-rhetoric/.

56. Chatelain, “#BlackLivesMatter Roundtable.”

57. Noah Berlatsky, “Hashtag Activism Isn’t a Cop-Out,” Atlantic, January 7, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/01/not-just-hashtag-activism-why-social-media-matters-to-protestors/384215/.

58. Ibid.

59. Barbara Ransby, “Ella Baker’s Radical Democratic Vision,” Jacobin, June 18, 2015, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/black-lives-matter-police-brutality/.

60. Danny Katch, “#BlackLivesMatter Looks to the Future,” Socialist Worker, February 4, 2015, http://socialistworker.org/2015/02/04/blacklivesmatter-looks-ahead.

61. Moore, “Two Years Later.”

62. Hill-Snowdon Foundation, “How to Fund #BlackLivesMatter,” June 9, 2015, http://hillsnowdon.org/how-to-fund-blacklivesmatter/.

63. Ryan Schlegel, “Why Foundations Should Support July’s Movement for Black Lives Convening,” National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, June 9, 2015, http://blog.ncrp.org/2015/06/movement-for-black-lives-convening.html.

64. Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 234–35.

65. Ibid., 235.

66. Tanzina Vega, “How to Fund Black Lives Matter,” CNN, June 5, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/05/politics/funding-civil-rights-movement/index.html.

67. Incite! Women of Color Against Violence, The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007).

68. Arundhati Roy, Capitalism: A Ghost Story (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014), 26.

69. Megan Francis, “Do Foundations Co-Opt Civil Rights Organizations?” HistPhil, August 17, 2015, http://histphil.org/2015/08/17/do-foundations-co-opt-civil-rights-organizations/.

70. Cory Shaffer, “Cleveland Group Seeks Arrests of Officers Involved in Tamir Rice Shooting,” Cleveland.com, June 9, 2015, http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/06/cleveland_group_releases_affid.html.

71. John Kopp, “Hundreds in Philly Rally against Police Violence,” PhillyVoice, April 30, 2015, http://www.phillyvoice.com/hundreds-rally-against-police-violence/.

72. Claire Z. Cardona and Jasmine Aguilera, “Marches against Police Brutality, for Immigration Reform Take to Downtown Dallas Streets,” Dallas Morning News, May 1, 2015, http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20150501-two-marches-take-to-downtown-dallas-streets.ece.

73. Ferguson Action, “Demands,” n.d., accessed June 24, 2015, http://fergusonaction.com/demands/.

74. Hands Up United, “Hands Up,” n.d., accessed June 24, 2015, http://www.handsupunited.org/.

75. #BlackLivesMatter, “Demands,” n.d., accessed June 24, 2015, http://blacklivesmatter.com/demands/.

76. James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries: A Personal Account (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 395–96.

77. Annie-Rose Strasser, “The Majority of Fast Food Workers Are Not Teenagers, Report Finds,” ThinkProgress, August 8, 2013, http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/08/08/2433601/fast-food-workers-young/.

78. BYP 100, “Racial Justice Is Economic Justice,” n.d., accessed June 24, 2015, http://byp100.org/ff15signup/.

79. CopyLine, “Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100) Declares #BlackWorkMatters at Protests in Chicago, New Orleans & New York City,” April 20, 2015, http://www.copylinemagazine.com/2015/04/20/black-youth-project-100-byp100-declares-blackworkmatters-at-protests-in-chicago-new-orleans-new-york-city/.

80. Peter Waldman, “NAACP’s FedEx and Wal-Mart Gifts Followed Discrimination Claims,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, May 8, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-08/naacp-s-fedex-and-wal-mart-gifts-followed-discrimination-claims.

81. Annie Karni, “Rev. Al Sharpton Gets $1M in Birthday Gifts for His Nonprofit,” New York Daily News, October 3, 2014, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/rev-al-sharpton-1m-birthday-nonprofit-article-1.1961881.

82. Owen Davis, “Punitive Schooling,” Jacobin, October 17, 2014, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/10/punitive-schooling/.

83. Jesse Hagopian, “‘Why Are They Doing This to Me?’: Students Confront Ferguson and Walkout Against Racism,” Common Dreams, November 30, 2014, http://www.commondreams.org/views/2014/11/30/why-are-they-doing-me-students-confront-ferguson-and-walkout-against-racism.

84. Valerie Strauss, “Just Whose Rights Do These Civil Rights Groups Think They Are Protecting?” Washington Post, May 9, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2015/05/09/just-whose-rights-do-these-civil-rights-groups-think-they-are-protecting/.

85. Alessandro Tinonga, “Black Lives Matter on the Docks,” Socialist Worker, April 30, 2015, http://socialistworker.org/2015/04/30/black-lives-matter-on-the-docks.

86. Sabah, “Stop Using #MuslimLivesMatter,” Muslim Girl, February 12, 2015, http://muslimgirl.net/10302/solidarity-mean-appropriation/.

87. Robert D. McFadden, “Whitman Dismisses State Police Chief for Race Remarks,” New York Times, March 1, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/01/nyregion/whitman-dismisses-state-police-chief-for-race-remarks.html.

88. Frank Newport, “Racial Profiling Is Seen as Widespread, Particularly Among Young Black Men,” Gallup, December 9, 1999, http://www.gallup.com/poll/3421/Racial-Profiling-Seen-Widespread-Particularly-Among-Young-Black-Men.aspx.

89. Dan Zeidman, “One Step Closer to Ending Racial Profiling,” American Civil Liberties Union, October 7, 2011, https://www.aclu.org/blog/one-step-closer-ending-racial-profiling.

90. Sasha Polakow-Suransky, “When the Profiled Become Profilers,” African America, November 24, 2002, http://www.africanamerica.org/topic/when-the-profiled-become-profilers.

91. Ariel Edwards-Levy, “Americans Say Now Is the Right Time to Discuss Racism, Gun Control,” Huffington Post, June 22, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/22/charleston-poll_n_7640026.html.

92. Terrell Jermaine Starr, “New Study: More White People See Systemic Problems in Policing after Freddie Gray, but Racial Gulf Remains,” AlterNet, May 5, 2015, http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/new-study-more-white-people-see-systemic-problems-policing-after-freddie-gray-racial.

93. Guardian, “The Counted: People Killed by Police in the United States in 2015,” interactive database, June 1, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-police-killings-us-database.

Chapter Seven

1. US Congress, Civil Rights Act of 1866, April 9, 1866, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/the-civil-rights-act-of-1866/.

2. W. E. B. Du Bois and David Levering Lewis, Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1935), 111.

3. Harry Belafonte, “Harry Belafonte Reflects on Working Toward Peace,” Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, n.d., accessed June 28, 2015, http://www.scu.edu/ethics/architects-of-peace/Belafonte/essay.html.

4. Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York: Random House, 1967), 6.

5. Ibid., 197.

6. Socialist Organizer, “Malcolm X on Capitalism and Socialism,” December 9, 2008, http://socialistorganizer.org/malcolm-x-on-capitalism-and-socialism/.

7. Malcolm X, “Speech at the Founding Rally of the Organization of Afro-American Unity,” BlackPast.org, delivered June 28, 1964, New York City, http://www.blackpast.org/1964-malcolm-x-s-speech-founding-rally-organization-afro-american-unity.

8. Socialist Organizer, “Malcolm X.”

9. Quoted in Jack M. Bloom, Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 212.

10. Third World Women’s Alliance, “Black Women’s Manifesto,” Duke Digital Collections, 19, 1970–75, http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc_wlmms01009/.

11. Combahee River Collective, “The Combahee River Collective Statement,” April 1977, http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html.

12. Kathleen Cleaver and George Katsiaficas, Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Black Panthers and Their Legacy (New York: Routledge, 2014), 121.

13. Black Panther Party, “Black Panthers Ten-Point Program,” October 15, 1966, https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/1966/10/15.htm.

14. Quoted in Dan Georgakas and Marvin Surkin, Detroit: I Do Mind Dying (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1998), 17.

15. Roger Guenveur Smith, “Hoover and the F.B.I.,” companion website to the documentary film A Huey P. Newton Story (Philadelphia: PBS and Luna Ray Films, 2002), accessed June 28, 2015, http://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/people/people_hoover.html.

16. Tim Wise, “With Friends Like These, Who Needs Glenn Beck? Racism and White Privilege on the Liberal-Left,” August 17, 2010, http://www.timwise.org/2010/08/with-friends-like-these-who-needs-glenn-beck-racism-and-white-privilege-on-the-liberal-left/.

17. Robin D. G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003), 45.

18. Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 179.

19. Philip Sheldon Foner and James S. Allen, American Communism and Black Americans: A Documentary History, 1919–1929 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), 9.

20. Vladimir Ilich Lenin and Doug Lorimer, Marxism and Nationalism (New York: Resistance Books, 2002), 137.

21. C. L. R. James, “The Revolutionary Answer to the Negro Problem in the US,” Marxists Internet Archive, July 1948, https://www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1948/07/meyer.htm.

22. Martin Luther King Jr. and James Melvin Washington, A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 316.

23. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (London: 1867), chapter 31, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm.

24. Karl Marx, “The Poverty of Philosophy-Chapter 2.1,” Marxists Internet Archive, accessed July 21, 2015, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/poverty-philosophy/ch02.htm.

25. Quoted in Abigail B. Bakan and Enakshi Dua, Theorizing Anti-Racism: Linkages in Marxism and Critical Race Theories (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), 113.

26. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: Norton, 1975), 381.

27. Bloom, Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement, 20.

28. Ibid., 18.

29. Hope Yen, “80 Percent of U.S. Adults Face Near-Poverty, Unemployment: Survey,” Huffington Post, July 28, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/28/poverty-unemployment-rates_n_3666594.html.

30. Associated Press, “4 in 5 Americans Live in Danger of Falling into Poverty, Joblessness,” NBC News, July 28, 2013, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/ap-4-5-americans-live-danger-falling-poverty-joblessness-v19738595.

31. Associated Press, “Economic Optimism of Whites in U.S. Lags Blacks by Wide Margin, Analysis Shows,” CBS News, August 1, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/economic-optimism-of-whites-in-us-lags-blacks-by-wide-margin-analysis-shows/.

32. Infoplease, “Distribution of Household Income by Race,” n.d., accessed June 29, 2015, http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0104552.html.

33. Danny Katch, “Confronting the Incarceration Nation,” Socialist Worker, June 11, 2015, http://socialistworker.org/2015/06/11/confronting-the-incarceration-nation.

34. Infoplease, “Distribution of Household Income by Race.”

35. Antonio Gramsci, “Notes for an Introduction and an Approach to the Study of Philosophy and the History of Culture,” in An Antonio Gramsci Reader, 1932, accessed June 29, 2015, http://www.naturalthinker.net/trl/texts/Gramsci,Antonio/q11-12.htm.

36. Duncan Hallas, “Towards a Revolutionary Socialist Party,” 1971, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/hallas/works/1971/xx/party.htm.

37. Laura Gottesdiener, “10 Million Americans Have Had Their Homes Taken Away by the Banks—Often at the Point of a Gun | Alternet,” Alternet, August 1, 2013, http://www.alternet.org/investigations/10-million-americans-foreclosed-neighborhoods-devastated.

38. Michael C. Dawson, Blacks In and Out of the Left (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 194.

39. Third World Women’s Alliance, “Black Women’s Manifesto,” 31.

40. James, “Revolutionary Answer to the Negro Problem.”