Index

• 0x90. See James, Lance
• 4chan, 183

• Activists, 39, 69, 102, 138, 222, 228–229
• Actor-network theory, 9, 130, 132
• AFKindex, 145
• Agorism, 16, 89–91, 94–103, 108, 112–114, 116
• Agorism.info, 99, 119
• Ahmia, 134, 136–138, 140–141, 145, 147–149. See also Nurmi, Juha; Search engines
• Algorithm, 12–13, 64, 74–77, 92, 141, 145, 147, 149, 151
• Alongside Night, 99. See also Agorism
• AlphaBay, 67, 108, 112–113, 116–119, 228
• Alt-right, 187, 228
• Amazon, 39, 99, 110, 112, 141, 201
• Anarchism, 7–8, 46, 68, 96, 98, 101, 224
• Anarplex, 99
• Android, 64, 150
• Ano+, 184. See also Social networking sites
• anonCommFramework, 63. See also Invisible Internet Project; jrandom
• Anonymity, 45–46, 58, 140
  • Clear Web and, 55
  • networks and, 6, 54, 60, 62–63, 75, 91, 210
  • politics and, 45, 67–70, 76, 225–230
  • research and, 11, 58
  • search engines and, 130, 134, 136, 149
  • social networking sites and, 160, 188, 208–209
  • theories of, 59, 74
• Anonymous, 227
• Antifa, 175–176, 187
• Apache, 91, 93, 141, 169
• Apache Lucene, 141
• Appelbaum, Jacob, 75–76, 195–196, 200, 204–207
• Apple, 198–200, 205–207, 226
• Appropriation, 15, 28, 66, 132–133, 162, 211. See also Symbolic economy
  • of legitimacy, 19, 42–43
  • of violence, 16, 45, 89–90, 94, 105, 112–116
• Arbitration, 97
• Archive.org, 18, 78
• Archives, 3, 10–11, 14, 17, 53, 90, 100, 133, 139, 146, 189, 204, 226
• Ashley Madison, 2, 45
• Aupers, Stef, 111–112
• Authentication, 162, 183, 189, 197
• Authenticity, 3, 14–17, 146, 195, 205, 230
  • and Galaxy2, 174, 177, 179, 181–189
  • and legitimacy, 161–168
  • in markets, 100, 112, 118
  • among network builders, 53–54, 73, 77
  • symbolic economy and, 34–40, 42–44, 46

• Babenhauserheide, Arne, 137, 144
• Banet-Weiser, Sarah, 164
• Banning, 145, 170, 173, 186
• Barratt, Monica, 11, 18, 227
• Bartlett, Jamie, 4, 7–8
• Bastards, 40–41, 101
• Bauman, Zygmunt, 225–226
• BBC, 106
• Beast, 134, 150. See also Search engines
• Bendix, Regina, 187
• Bergman, Michael, 4
• Beyer, Jessica, 30, 170
• Bing, 149, 151
• Bitcoin, 92–93, 100, 111–112, 119, 175
  • scams and, 109, 148
  • surveillance and, 139
  • and tumbling, 92, 107, 141
• BitTorrent, 9, 64, 119
• Black Lives Matter, 175, 225
• Blockchain, 93
• Blogs, 106
  • on the Dark Web, 19, 58, 61, 135, 179
• Boellstorff, Tom, 11
• Bombe, 57
• Bonjour, 198, 200
• Bourdieu, Pierre, 35, 39–40, 42, 73, 165–167
• Bowan, Kate, 165
• Bowles, Samuel, 114
• boyd, danah, 185
• Branwen, Gwern, 10, 100
• Bratich, Jack, 115
• Browne, Harry, 99
• Bullshit, 34–35, 38, 46, 76, 108, 161, 164

• Callon, Michel, 9, 130–131
• Canada, 117–118, 140
• Candle, 134, 150
• Carding, 110
• Catfishing, 182–183
• Cazes, Alexandre, 117–119, 163
• Celebrity, 77
• Censorship, 66, 72, 74, 98, 185–186, 199, 222
  • and the domain name system, 54, 199
  • and search engines, 145–146
  • and social networking sites, 170, 173
• Central Intelligence Agency, 209
• Centralization, 55–56, 62–63, 92–93, 137, 141, 169, 197, 199
• CERN, 78
• Certificate authorities, 201–202. See also Certificate Authority/Browser Forum
• Certificate Authority/Browser Forum, 202–207
• Chans, 174, 183
• Chat, 7, 10, 19, 61, 133, 135, 139, 174, 179
• Cheng, Vincent, 166
• Cheshire, Stuart, 197–199, 207
• Child exploitation images, 2, 4, 67, 137, 222, 228–230
  • removal from search engine results, 145–149
  • and social networking sites, 161, 171, 186, 212
• Child pornography, 7, 143, 145–146, 170, 172, 186, 223. See also Child exploitation images
• China, 65–67
• Christin, Nicholas, 139, 186
• Chrome, 5
• Chun, Wendy, 12, 137
• Civility, 172–174, 186, 224, 228
• Clarke, Adele, 9–10, 13–14
• Clarke, Ian, 54–55, 57–58, 60, 65, 70, 74, 78
• Clear Web, 13, 18–19, 60, 91, 141, 160, 223, 230
  • definition of, 5–7
  • links to, 104, 177, 180
  • mirror sites, 99, 228
  • relationship to the Dark Web, 17, 46, 72, 93, 118, 151, 168, 208–213
  • surveillance on, 140, 184–187, 226
• Clinton, Hillary, 43, 171
• Cloners, 147–149, 202, 210
• Closed Shell System, 178. See also Marianas Web
• CNN, 43, 172
• Coleman, Gabriella, 11, 227
• Comey, James, 2, 6, 19, 67
• Communication, 3, 28, 30, 46, 53, 72, 132, 137, 175, 177, 184, 186, 213
  • and digital networks, 59, 61–64
  • encryption of, 2, 6, 74
  • organizational and managerial, 14, 31–32, 38, 128
  • strategic, 33
  • surveillance of, 17, 65–69, 140, 223–230
  • and violence, 16, 89–90, 115–118, 229
• Communications Security Establishment Canada, 140
• Communism, 98
• Communities of practice, 15, 34, 74, 76–77
• Computer science, 3, 12, 17, 46, 54, 58, 73–74, 76, 138, 211
• Consecration, 42, 112, 150, 165–167, 177–178, 181, 211
• Cooren, François, 132
• Corporations, 1, 6, 17, 42, 46, 210–211, 223, 225–226
  • corporate social media, 2, 160, 162, 171, 185, 187, 200–201
  • and propriety, 3, 28–34, 37, 44, 69–70, 127–132, 163, 195–196
  • surveillance by, 7, 55, 66–67, 136, 151
• Counter-economics, 96, 101. See also Agorism; Konkin, Samuel Edward, III
• Counterfeits, 25–27, 38, 46, 141, 164
• Cox, Joseph, 115
• Credit cards, 1–2, 7, 46, 93, 110, 226. See also Carding
• Crime, 39, 138–139, 228
• Cryptocurrencies, 92, 100, 118, 221
• CSS, 5–6, 57, 63, 99
• Cult of the Dead Cow, 204
• Cultural studies, 27
• Curation, 146
• CVS, 62
• Czarniawska, Barbara, 130–131

• Daily Stormer, 228
• Dark Matters, 160–161, 168, 173, 189. See also Social networking sites
• Dark Net, 4, 7, 9
• Darknet Counterfeit Forum, 109
• Darknet Market Archives, 10
• Darknet Market Avengers, 117
• Dark Web,
  • agorism on, 99–100
  • definitions of, 4–5, 7–9, 127
  • and Facebook, 201, 209–214
  • history of, 54–64
  • Internet standards and, 195–197, 199
  • markets on, 25, 89–94, 102–104, 117–119
  • nonusers of, 135–137, 143
  • OPSEC on, 107–116
  • search engines on, 16, 130, 133
  • social networking sites on, 16–17, 159–161, 168–170, 174, 184–187, 189
  • trial of legitimacy, 26–28, 37–39, 44–46, 67, 223, 228–230
• Dark Web site administrators, 2, 16, 39, 46, 179, 210, 229–231
  • arrests of, 117, 228
  • interviews with, 3, 14, 19, 27, 221–223
  • and markets, 6, 91–94, 100
  • OPSEC among, 107, 111–113
  • scams performed by, 109
  • and search engines, 135, 142–143
  • and social networking sites, 159–161, 168–169, 171–176, 186–189, 209, 228
• DARPA, 70, 139–140, 151
• Dash, 92. See also Cryptocurrencies
• Databases, 4, 93, 108, 110–111, 130, 141, 143, 149
• DDOS, 115, 142, 172
• Dealers, 2, 27, 39, 160, 186
• Deanonymization, 6, 69, 140, 180, 226
• Decentralization, 27, 92–93, 99, 144, 209
• Deep Dot Web, 93, 135, 141
• Deep Web, 4, 7–8, 19, 127, 213
• Delegitimation, 17, 108, 111, 132–133, 195, 205, 210–212. See also Symbolic economy
  • and authenticity, 174, 177, 186, 188, 224
  • and symbolic economy, 40, 43–45, 162
  • and violence, 65–68, 90, 97, 102–103, 116, 140, 144–145, 197, 229–230
• Demant, Jakob, 103
• DigiCert, 195, 202, 210–211
• Dingledine, Roger, 58–61, 65, 70, 74–75, 209–210
• Direct.i2p, 143, 146. See also Search engines
• Discourse, 9–10, 16, 66, 113, 131, 169, 197
  • and agorism, 102–103
  • and anonymity, 224, 227, 229
  • and authenticity, 164, 166
  • and organizations, 128
  • and states, 30–31, 45–46
• Dissidents, 2, 7, 45, 58, 66–68, 74–75, 196, 202, 222
• Distributed Hash Table, 93
• Documentation, 12, 74–75, 106, 110, 141
• Domain name system (DNS), 54–56, 60, 64, 141, 196, 199–200, 204, 206, 211, 214
• Domain squatting, 203, 214
• Doxing, 11, 18, 54, 100, 102, 162, 181, 227
• Dread Pirate Roberts, 89, 101. See also Silk Road; Ulbricht, Ross
• DreamHost, 226
• Drugs, 25, 93–95, 105, 138, 160, 186, 197, 212
  • and authenticity, 34, 46, 167
  • and Grams, 6
  • markets for, 7, 91, 107, 139, 187, 221
  • and the Silk Road, 2, 16, 38, 89, 98–102, 137, 201, 222
  • users of, 112
  • vendors, 27, 141
  • War on Drugs, 39, 109, 115–117, 229
• DuckDuckGo, 70, 223

• eBay, 39, 91, 99
• Eepsites, 26, 46, 75, 91, 99, 137, 141, 229
  • development of, 63–64, 196–199
• Eepsites.i2p, 134, 150
• Electronic Frontier Foundation, 70, 137–138
• Elgg, 169, 174
• elgoog, 134, 149. See also Search engines
• E-mail, 59, 64, 70, 93, 204
  • archives, 3, 53, 72, 200, 207–208
  • and encryption, 107, 176, 180
  • and OPSEC, 107, 117–118
  • protocols, 9
• Encryption, 2, 4, 6, 19, 67–69, 105–106, 137, 180–181, 184, 224. See also PGP
  • and algorithms, 12–13, 74–77, 92
  • and Freenet, 55–56
  • and the Invisible Internet Project, 64
  • and onion routing, 59
  • and SSL, 201, 210
• Enzo, 57, 134, 136, 140, 145, 150. See also Search engines
• Epsilon, 134, 150. See also Search engines
• Ethereum, 92. See also Cryptocurrencies
• Ethnography, 11, 186, 214, 227
• EuroGuns, 67
• Europol, 116–117
• Evolution, 109
• Exchange, 58, 62, 138, 176–178, 181, 222. See also Symbolic economy
  • of legitimacy, 15, 19, 28, 40–42, 44–45, 64, 71, 77, 132–133, 150, 162, 167, 174, 204, 211, 230
  • and markets, 89, 91–98, 102, 113–114
• Exit node, 65, 72, 180
• Exit scam, 109
• Extended Validation certificates, 17, 195, 197, 202, 205, 208–209
• Extremists, 4, 7

• Facebook, 5, 33, 37, 160, 162, 168–169, 184–185, 187, 223, 226–227, 230
  • and markets, 2
  • as a Tor hidden service, 7, 17, 195–197, 201, 207, 223
• Fairhurst, Gail, 132
• Fake news, 43, 212
• Fascism, 98, 102, 120, 176, 225
• Federal Bureau of Investigation, 67, 116–117
• Feminism, 9, 184, 222
• File sharing, 57, 62
• Firefox, 5–6
• Flaming, 75, 170–171
• Flogs, 58
• FMS, 99
• Forrest, Katherine, 103
• Forums, 7, 19, 26, 45, 135, 139, 148, 167, 174, 176, 179
  • and archives, 10, 14, 74
  • and markets, 25, 38, 89–90, 92–94, 99–104, 107–113, 117, 139
  • and tc.i2p, 63, 78
  • and the Youth Liberation Front, 221–223, 229–230
  • and zzz.i2p, 200, 207
• Foucault, Michel, 9–10, 41
• Fproxy, 57
• Free and Open Source Software, 2, 77, 199–200, 204, 207, 228
  • development of, 12, 55, 62
  • and Elgg, 169
  • and markets, 93
  • and propriety, 69, 71–72
• Freedman, Michael, 58–59
• Freedom Hosting, 195
• Freegle, 134, 149. See also Search engines
• Free Haven, 58–60, 74, 209
• Freenet, 5–6, 11–12, 17–19, 26, 103, 127, 130, 147, 178, 213, 222–224, 227–230. See also Babenhauserheide, Arne; Bombe; Clarke, Ian; Enzo; Freesites; McNab, David
  • and agorism, 98–99
  • development of, 15, 25, 39, 45–46, 53–58, 209
  • and legitimacy, 64
  • and markets, 91, 103
  • relationship to Invisible Internet Project, 61–64
  • relationship to Tor Project, 58–60
  • and search engines, 16, 133–137, 140–145, 147, 149–151
  • social networking sites on, 2, 160–161, 184
• FreenetUser, 145
• Freesites, 26, 46, 57–58, 62, 91, 99, 143–145, 229. See also Fproxy; jSite
• Free speech, 27, 39, 45, 222
• FreeWeb, 57
• “Fuck you” messages, 160–161, 173, 187, 189
• Fullz, 110. See also Carding

• Galaxy, 168–170, 173, 209. See also Social networking sites
• Galaxy2, 16, 18, 161–162, 168, 209–210, 228, 230. See also Social networking sites
• Gawker, 99–100
• Genealogy, 10, 40–41, 102, 106
• Gintis, Herbert, 114
• Globaleaks, 45, 138
• Global War on Terror, 66, 224
• GNUnet, 5, 196, 200, 203, 205, 210
• Google, 149–151, 178–179, 226–227
  • and the Deep Web, 4–5, 127
  • Google Translate, 18
  • indexing of Dark Web, 4, 16
  • relation to Dark Web search engines, 46, 127, 134–142
  • sponsorship of Dark Web projects, 70
• Google Summer of Code, 138
• Government Communications Headquarters, 140
• Grams, 6, 18, 134, 141, 150. See also Search engines
• Griffith, Virgil, 151
• Grothoff, Christian, 196–197, 199–201, 203–207, 211, 214
• Grugq, the, 104–110, 115, 118
• Guide Review Board, 112. See also AlphaBay
• Guitton, Clarence, 228
• Guns, 2, 67, 138, 197, 212

• Hacking, 12, 56, 137, 165, 211, 213, 227
  • and authenticity, 37–38, 76, 165, 177–179
  • and the Invisible Internet Project, 72–75, 77
  • and legitimacy, 42, 44–46, 195–196, 204
  • and markets, 110
  • and violence, 68, 104–105, 115–116
• Hammer, M. C., 34
• Harassment, 160, 184, 187–189, 228
• Harper, David, 111–112
• Harvard, 58, 208
• Heavy metal, 167, 169
• Helmond, Anne, 12, 61
• Hermes Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights, 138
• Heterogeneity, 9–10, 13, 130, 132, 135–137
• Hidden Answers, 3, 109
• Hidden Wiki, 60, 221
• Hierarchy, 36, 96, 151, 163, 209–210
• Hine, Christine, 186
• Hip hop, 35, 42, 167–168
• Holland, 117, 228
• Hosts.txt, 64
• HTML, 5–6, 9, 56–57, 143
• HTTPS, 78, 119, 189, 195, 201–202, 208–210, 214. See also Certificate authorities; Extended Validation certificates
• Hub, the, 107–108, 113, 117
• Human trafficking, 139
• Hunsinger, Jeremy, 2, 19, 167

• I2Phreak, 143. See also Direct.i2p
• ID3NT, 184. See also Social networking sites
• Identity, 142, 162, 164, 186
  • and anonymity, 45, 55, 57, 59–60, 70–71, 74, 77, 136, 223–225
  • and authenticity, 37–38
  • and Extended Validation certificates, 7, 196–197, 201
  • and Facebook, 208–211, 213
  • and gender, 175, 182–184, 187–189
  • and Internet Protocol addresses, 6
  • online and offline, 11
  • and OPSEC, 107
  • and PGP, 92, 169
  • and pseudonymity, 168, 173–174, 179–181
  • theft of, 7, 93, 110–111, 117
• Ignatious Toopie, 72
• Infrastructure, 9, 30, 55, 59, 131, 214
• Inheritance, 15–16, 40–41, 64, 71, 90, 114, 162, 168–169, 211. See also Symbolic economy
  • of Google’s legitimacy, 46, 128, 149–150
• Internet Archive, 57. See also Archive.org
• Internet Assigned Names Authority, 196
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, 196–200, 203, 211, 213
• Internet Engineering Task Force, 195–201, 203–207, 210, 214
• Internet Freedom, 68, 151
• Internet Relay Chat, 3, 9–10, 61–62, 70, 72, 99, 133
• Invisible Internet Project, 2–3, 5–6, 15. See also Invisible IRC Project; James, Lance; jrandom; zzz
  • development of, 15, 45–46, 53, 61, 195–200
  • relation to Tor Project, 211
  • and search engines, 134–137, 142
• Invisible IRC Project, 61–64, 69, 72
• IP addresses, 5–6, 55, 62, 140–142, 200, 226
• Iraq War, 106
• Israel, 171, 184

• James, Lance, 60–65, 67, 69, 72–73
• Jargon, 46, 74
• Java, 55, 63–64, 143, 178
• John, Nicholas A., 13
• Journalists, 27, 36, 38, 42, 46, 70, 115
  • coverage of the Dark Web, 90, 99, 100, 110, 137, 195
  • definitions of the Dark Web, 4, 7
  • and legitimacy exchange, 42, 46
• jrandom, 63–68, 70, 73, 75–76, 195, 214
• jSite, 57

• Keyword analysis, 13–14, 26
• König, Rene, 149, 151
• Konkin, Samuel Edward, III, 90, 94–100, 113–114, 119. See also Agorism
• Krochmal, Marc, 197–199, 214
• Krueger, 209. See also Galaxy

• Lameth, 169–170, 172–177, 181, 184–189, 228. See also Galaxy2
• Latency, 59, 61–63, 91, 211
• Latzko-Toth, Guillaume, 26
• Law, John, 9, 130, 132, 147
• Law enforcement, 2–3, 16, 27, 43, 70, 105, 110, 167, 170, 228–229
  • and the Dark Web, 13, 45
  • and markets, 89–91, 93, 107, 109–112, 117–118
  • and search engines, 134–140, 144
  • and social networking sites, 159–161
  • and violence, 28–29, 31, 95, 97, 116, 129, 175
• Lawson, Sean, 42, 115
• LeFevre, Robert, 95, 98
• Legitimacy, 53, 89–90, 95–96, 185–189, 197, 199, 204, 211. See also Authenticity; Propriety; Symbolic economy; Violence
  • definitions of, 28–46
  • and delegitimation, 97
  • as a keyword, 9–11, 13–17, 26
  • and network builders, 64–74, 76–78
  • and organizations, 127–134, 138, 147, 161–170
  • and self-legitimation, 19, 30, 33
  • and social networking sites, 173–175
  • and technical knowledge, 177, 195–196
  • trial of, 2–4, 26–27, 44, 67, 223, 227–230
• Legitimists, 40
• LGBTQ, 175
  • politics, 222
• Libertarianism, 16, 46, 89, 94–96, 98–99, 101, 108, 114, 119
  • Libertarian Party, 96
• Linux, 169, 175, 177–178
• .local, 198, 200, 205–207. See also RFC 6762
• localhost, 5, 62, 198

• Machine learning, 148
• Maddox, Alexia, 11, 18, 100, 102, 227
• Mailing lists, 73–75, 78, 133, 135, 204, 206–207
  • archives, 10, 14, 133
  • and Freenet, 25, 39
  • and the Invisible Internet Project, 62–63
  • and the Tor Project, 59, 200
• Malcolm, Jeremy, 137–138
• Mallein, Phillipe, 26, 44
• Manichaean science, 69, 116, 118
• Manifesto.i2p, 222
• Man-in-the-middle attack, 148. See also Cloners
• Maréchal, Nathalie, 68
• Marianas Web, 178. See also Closed Shell System
• Marines United, 212
• Marketplace, 67, 91, 99, 118, 212
• Markets, 2, 6–7, 13, 15–16, 19, 61, 78, 129, 135, 139, 167, 187, 221, 226, 228. See also Agorism; AlphaBay; Darknet Counterfeit Forum; EuroGuns; Grams; Silk Road
  • black, 45, 67, 94, 96, 100, 102, 138
  • gray, 96, 102
  • politics of, 103
  • prohibitions against, 170
  • sociotechnical features of, 91–94
• Martin, James, 12, 32, 119, 139
• Marwick, Alice, 36, 185
• Masculinity, 46, 167, 183, 187–188
• Mathewson, Nick, 60
• McKelvey, Fenwick, 30
• McNab, David, 57, 143
• McNaughton, Chris, 149
• Memes, 10, 30, 183
• Memex, 139–140. See also Search engines
• Milblogs, 106
• Military, 15, 31, 42–43, 70, 89, 103, 115–116, 184, 229. See also OPSEC (operations security), origins of
  • United States, 16
  • and violence, 29, 38, 65, 95, 97, 112
• Mises, Ludwig von, 98, 119
• MIT, 58, 201
• Mix-nets, 58–59
• Molnar, David, 58–59
• Monero, 92. See also Cryptocurrencies
• Money, 1, 7, 38, 101, 109, 113
• MoniTOR, 142, 146, 148. See also Search engines
• MP3s, 57, 62, 74, 143
• Muffett, Alec, 196, 202, 204–207
• MultiVerse, 159–161, 168, 189. See also “Fuck you” messages; Social networking sites
• Munksgaard, Rasmus, 103
• MySQL, 91, 169

• n00bs, 161, 178–179
• Namecoin, 196, 199–200, 203–205, 210–211
• Name collision, 198, 208
• Napster, 57
• Nationalism, 37–38
• National Security Agency, 68, 71, 105–106, 225–227
• Nazis, 98, 213, 228. See also Daily Stormer; White supremacism
• Neoliberalism, 113
• New York Times, 2, 55, 57, 212, 223
• NGINX, 93
• Nodes, 44, 55–56, 59, 65, 72, 74, 180. See also Topology
• Nonprofits, 2, 44, 195–196, 200, 210
  • Freenet as, 69
  • Invisible Internet Project as, 70–71
  • and legitimacy, 31, 33–34, 69, 127–129, 211
  • Tor Project as, 69, 71
• not Evil, 134–135, 148–149. See also Search engines
• Nurmi, Juha, 135, 137–138, 141, 145, 149. See also Ahmia

• Obligatory points of passage, 16, 131
• Onion.link, 127, 134, 150–151
• Onion routing, 59–60
• OpenBazaar, 93, 119
• OPSEC (operations security), 45, 94, 175, 179, 229
  • origins of, 105–107
  • politics of, 15–16, 111–119
  • use on Dark Web markets, 89–90, 103–104, 107–111
• Organizations, 28, 38, 45–46, 65, 96, 102, 197, 203, 210–211, 229. See also Communication, organizational and managerial; Nonprofits; Propriety
  • and Free and Open Source Software, 200
  • legitimacy of, 15, 31–34, 53–54, 69–73, 77, 127–134
  • and OPSEC, 106
  • and power, 163, 165
  • search engines as, 16
• Ormsby, Eileen, 100, 108–109
• Outlaw Market, 108
• Oxford English Dictionary, 34

• Pace, Jonathan, 109
• Palestine, 167, 171, 184, 213
• Papacharissi, Zizi, 224–225, 227
• Paranoia, 90, 103–104, 110–113, 116, 118. See also OPSEC (operations security), politics of
• Partyarchy, 96, 101. See also Libertarianism
• PDFs, 99, 112, 143
• Peer-to-peer software, 59, 119, 196, 199, 209, 214
  • and Freenet, 55–56
  • and the Invisible Internet Project, 72
  • markets, 93
  • search engines, 141
• Personal information, 7, 11, 212
  • prohibitions on sharing of, 17, 168, 179–181, 185, 188
  • sales of, 2, 110–111
• Pfajfar, Matej, 60
• PGP, 92, 107, 108, 141, 169, 176, 177
• Phillips, Whitney, 114
• PHP, 91, 169, 178
• Pinging, 142
• Playpen, 222, 228. See also Child exploitation images
• Pornography, 4, 8, 19, 135, 170, 172, 223
  • Exposed, 183, 187–188
  • revenge, 7, 212
  • and search engines, 145
• Power, 58, 97, 105, 179, 195, 229
  • and authenticity, 34, 112, 162–167, 173, 186
  • and discourse, 10–11
  • and legitimacy, 3, 15, 28, 37–40, 44, 53, 103
  • practices of, 13
  • and propriety, 31, 131–132, 210
  • and software, 12, 72, 201
  • and surveillance, 55
  • and violence, 27, 29–30, 45, 65–67, 73, 89–90, 95, 109, 114, 116–118
• Principality of Sealand, 62
• Privacy, 2, 12, 204, 224
  • and Internet standards, 196, 199
  • and network builders, 58–62, 71
  • and research ethics, 18
  • search engines and, 130, 138, 140
  • and social networking sites, 11, 177, 183, 188, 195
• Propaganda, 38, 46, 67, 212
• Propriety, 3, 14–17, 31–35, 38–40, 53, 127–130, 161–162, 165, 230
  • and corporations, 45, 195–196, 204, 210
  • and network builders, 69–72
  • and search engines, 133, 144, 147, 149
• ProPublica, 2, 210, 223
• Protocols, 9, 12, 16, 63–64, 135, 143, 151, 197–198
  • and encryption, 176
  • HTTP, 54
  • Internet protocol, 5, 62, 184
  • SMTP, 63
• Proxies, 57, 61, 148, 150–151, 155, 177, 202
• Purchase of legitimacy, 15, 40, 42, 44, 115, 129, 162, 211
• Purple Dragon, 106. See also OPSEC (operations security)
• Python, 141, 178

• Quantum computing, 178

• Radical Faeries, 222
• Rasch, Miriam, 149, 151
• Reagan, Ronald, 106
• Reddit, 26, 93, 118, 135, 141, 175, 213
• Red rooms, 45, 212
• Rendezvous points, 60. See also Tor hidden services
• Revenge pornography, 7, 212
• RFC 6761, 197–200, 203–204, 206–207, 214
• RFC 6762, 198, 200, 214
• RFC 7686, 196, 206–208
• Rhetoric, 3, 32, 38, 41–42, 116, 164
• Rid, Thomas, 25, 223, 228
• Rider, Robert, 114
• Robots exclusion standard, 142. See also Search engines; User agent string
• Rothbard, Murray, 98
• Routing, 2, 5–7, 18–19, 59–60, 111, 143. See also Nodes; Topology
• Russia, 18, 148

• Satanism, 171
• Saudi Arabia, 66
• Scams, 13, 46, 116, 138, 144, 167, 202, 212
  • on markets, 90, 109–113, 116
• Schulman, J. Neil, 99. See also Agorism; Alongside Night
• Script kiddie, 178
• Search engines, 6, 16, 32, 46, 53, 61, 93, 119, 133, 162, 210, 228
  • and Deep Web, 4, 127, 145
  • and indexes, 54, 57, 78, 127, 130, 137, 222, 230
• Second Life, 4, 11
• Secondrealm.i2p, 99
• SecureDrop, 45
• Security, 8, 27, 39, 42–44, 66–67, 148, 195, 224–226. See also OPSEC (operations security)
  • and agorism, 16, 96–98, 102
  • of the domain name system, 199
  • of information, 2, 46, 68, 76, 78, 110, 181
  • of networks, 62, 75, 202, 210
  • of software, 12, 72, 93
• Seeker, 134, 140, 150. See also Search engines
• Selfies, 182–184, 189
• September 11, 2001 attacks, 66
• Serres, Michel, 132, 147
• Sessions, Jeff, 116, 118
• Silk Road, 2, 25, 38–39, 46, 89–92, 137, 139, 168, 201, 205, 211
  • agorism on, 16, 99–103, 114–119
  • seizure of, 103, 107–109, 195, 222
• Silk Road 2.0, 109
• Silk Road Reloaded, 91
• Snowden, Edward, 77, 91, 204, 225
• Social construction, 36, 41
• Social engineering, 38, 111
• Social justice, 222–223, 229–230
• Social media, 7, 226. See also Social networking sites
  • and legitimacy, 31, 33, 36
• Social networking sites, 13, 19, 26, 119, 135, 151, 212. See also Dark Matters; Facebook; Galaxy; Galaxy2; ID3NT; MultiVerse; Sone
  • on the Clear Web, 185, 187, 209
  • on the Dark Web, 10–11, 45, 53, 58, 78, 222
• Sociology, 4, 9, 29–30, 32, 37–38, 41, 44, 128
• Sociotechnical systems, 89–91, 94, 100, 131
• Software studies, 12
• Sone, 184, 230
• Spam, 25, 27, 39, 45
• Special-Use Domain Name, 196–206
• SSL, 6, 201–202. See also Extended Validation certificates
• Star, Susan Leigh, 9, 130–131, 214
• Start-ups, 26, 38, 128
• Stats.i2p, 75
• Stevenson, Michael, 35
• Suchman, Mark, 32, 39, 128
• Surveillance, 17, 58, 94, 136, 151, 185, 195, 223–229
  • corporate, 7
  • by states, 29, 39, 66–68, 71, 78, 90, 111, 140
• Swartz, Aaron, 138
• Symbolic economy, 15, 17, 27–28, 40, 44, 46, 54, 65–66, 97, 129, 132, 167–168. See also Appropriation; Delegitimation; Exchange; Inheritance; Purchase of legitimacy
• Syverson, Paul, 59–60

• Taxes, 31, 42, 69, 95–96, 100–102
• tc.i2p, 63, 78
• TCP, 63
• Technical standards, 73, 200
• Techno-elitism, 177, 179, 184
• Terrorism, 2, 4, 7, 43, 160, 186, 212, 224
• Terrorist’s Handbook, 67–68
• Thailand, 117–118
• Thatcher, Margaret, 113
• Top-level domain, 196
• Topology, 73, 75–77, 119, 130, 143, 149, 178, 214. See also Nodes; Peer-to-peer software
  • centralized, 93
  • small-world, 55
• Tor2Web, 150–151
• Tor Child Protection Agency, 176
• Tor hidden services, 26, 46, 99, 212–213, 221–223, 228–229
  • and cloners, 147–148
  • and corporate sites, 2
  • development of, 60
  • and Extended Validation certificates, 17, 195–197, 201–205, 208–210
  • lists of, 175
  • and markets, 89, 91, 99
  • renaming as “onions,” 8, 205
  • and search engines, 127, 137–139, 141, 144
  • and social networking sites, 168–170
• Tor Project, 15, 53, 58, 137, 196, 200, 203, 223. See also Free Haven
  • finances of, 68, 71, 211
  • history of, 58
  • legitimacy and, 17, 74–77, 138
  • marketing and, 8, 72
  • as a nonprofit, 70, 195
• TorSearch, 149
• Toseland, Matthew, 135–136
• Toussaint, Yves, 26, 44
• Trolls, 4, 171–172, 202
• Trump, Donald J., 39, 43–44, 226
• Truth and Light, 1, 3, 13
• Twitter, 2, 33, 37, 64, 160, 169–172, 184–187, 200, 213

• Ulbricht, Ross, 89–90, 100–103, 107–109, 118, 163, 195. See also Dread Pirate Roberts; Silk Road
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL), 54, 64, 75, 99, 143, 146–147, 201, 209
• United States of America, 43, 69, 98, 105
• Unix philosophy, 75
• Urban Dictionary, 34
• U.S. Department of Justice, 116–117, 226
• U.S. Department of State, 68, 70
• User agent string, 142

• Van Leeuwen, Theo, 165
• Vendors, 13, 25, 91–93, 99, 107–108, 143, 167
  • of drugs, 94, 139, 229
  • and forums, 94
  • and OPSEC, 91, 109–113, 117–118
  • and search engines, 6, 134–136, 141
  • of stolen information, 2
• Vietnam, 90, 105–106
• Violence, 14, 25, 165
  • and agorism, 95–103
  • appropriation of, 105, 111, 118
  • and communication, 69, 90, 116
  • and hacking, 115
  • illegitimate, 68, 197, 221
  • against pedophiles, 176
  • by police, 175
  • and the state, 3, 15–16, 28–35, 38, 40, 44–45, 53, 64–66, 77–78, 89, 94, 129, 161–162, 202, 225–230
  • and white supremacy, 176
• Virtual private network, 93
• Visibility.i2p, 161, 168–169, 173, 179, 184, 230. See also Social networking sites
• Voice of America, 106

• War on drugs, 39, 109, 115
• Web browsers, 5–9, 57, 63–64, 100, 169, 179
• Weber, Max, 14, 28–31, 35, 37, 39–43, 89, 97, 129
• Web publishing, 15, 53, 57, 60, 63, 78
• Wedow, Suzanne, 112
• Weimann, Gabriel, 7–8
• Whistleblowing, 2, 45, 61, 77, 138
• White supremacism, 175, 187
• Wikileaks, 204
• Wikis, 10, 60, 214, 221–222
• Wire, 169, 172–178, 182, 186. See also Galaxy2
• World Wide Web, 4–6, 53–57, 61–63, 78, 99, 141, 142, 211. See also Clear Web

• Youth Liberation Front, 221–223, 229–230
• YouTube, 26, 41, 104, 172

• Zeitz, Gerald, 128, 130
• Zeronet, 5
• Zimmerman, Monica, 128, 130
• Zotero, 10
• Zuckerberg, Mark, 38, 208
• zzz, 64, 68, 71, 75–76, 146, 150, 200, 206–207