abandoned homes, 939–940
abandoned lands: divided among creditors, 413
false v. true, 274–275
land administration and, 266, 269–271, 274–276
lawsuits and, 270
as priority, 274–275
taxes on, 266, 269–271, 274–276
Abridged Genealogies of a Hundred Families (Paekga sobo), 586
Academician’s Reservoir (Xueshiyan), 990
accidental homicide, 729
actors, shows presented by, 791–792
administration hall (chŏngdang), 1008
administrative assistant to provincial governor (p’angwan), 161–162
Administrative Encyclopedia of Korea (Munhŏnbigo), 272–273, 524
administrator of law (sifacanjun), 678
Admonitions on Governing the People (Mongmin simsŏ), 345
“Admonitions on the Conduct of the One in Mourning” (“Xiaoyu jusangwen”) (Zhu Xi), 507–508
Admonitions to My Children (Guotinglu) (Fan Gongcheng), 16
advances, training of, 596–599
affluent households, solicitation of contributions from, 919–923
age: beating in accordance with, 757
military exemption due to, 569–570
raising and reducing of, 355
in social hierarchy and order, 534
agricultural development commissioner (guannongshi), 413
agriculture: Chinese, 409
clear responsibilities in promoting, 425–427
equipment for, 419–421, 888–890
evaluation of administrative responsibilities in, 427–432
farming progress and, 432–433
gardening as, 415–417
importance of, 408
livestock in, 415–417, 421–425
magistrate’s duty to promote, 410–413
manufacturing of goods promoting, 888–890
mulberries and, 418–419
reports on, 171
in saving goods during enemy attack, 653–654
sericulture as, 415–419
sophistication of, 409
taxes and, 408–433
tree farming, 428–429
vegetables in, 427–429
Vietnamese, 411
weaving as, 415–417
aides, governor’s (pijang), 487–488
aides of magistrate (hyangsŭng), 235, 531
alcohol production, 961–962
altars: broken down, 442–444
three, 436–440
alternative crops, sowing (taep’a), 954, 957
ammunition, 608
amnesty, for assistance against thieves, 805–806
amnyu (keeping grain for personal purpose), 317–318
Analytical Dictionary of Characters (Shuowen) (Xu Shen), 759
anger: judicious enforcement of punishments and, 742–744, 751
setting body in order and, 56–59
animal husbandry: evaluation of, 428–430
metaphor, 1
An Kyŏngsim, 636
An Lushan, 643–644
“Announcement to Prince Kang” (“Kanggao”), 505, 505n220
anonymous letters and notices, 621–624
An Sunam (An Chŏngbok), 37, 134, 421, 691
An Yu, 820
“Appeal with Regard to the Prohibition of the Purchase of Rice” (“Qi jinedi zhuang”) (Zhu Xi), 907
appointment: assuming office and, 5–15
of magistrates, 1
prevention of irregularities and, 10–12
reckless spending and, 8–10
of regional representatives, 1
travel expenses and, 12–15. See also reappointment
archers (muhak), 595
archery, as priority, 610–615
archery rite (hyangsarye), 529–530
Armor-Throwing Deep (T’ugapyŏn), 988
armory, 606–607
arrow shafts, 607–609
arson, 961
artillery soldiers (p’osu), 578
artisans, gathering of, 885–887
artisan villages, 376
ashtrays, 485
assuming office: appointment and, 5–15
Hu Dachu and, 47
inauguration and, 33–39
official duties and, 39–50
Supplement to the National Code on, 12, 20
taking leave of king and, 20–27
traveling to post and, 15–20, 28–33
Zheng Xuan on, 15
Asylum for Orphans (Ciyouyuan), 934
Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea, 642
auspicious day, for inauguration, 33–34
austerity, 28–30
authorization paper, forged, 680
Awakening the People from Ignorance (Yumeng) (Feng Yuan), 500
baggage: of clean-hearted scholar, 987–988
for departure, 985–990
neat and clean, 985–986
reckless throwing away of, 988–989
road construction, maintenance and, 883–884
shameful, 989–990
transportation of, 404
baggage carrying (chŏnim), 883–884
Bai Juyi, 718
Baimao Harbor, 399
Bai Xiangshan, 92, 92n157, 1014
bandits: domestic disturbances from, 627–629
elimination of, 796–802, 812–813, 893
of Fierce Dragon Army, 639–640
three reasons for, 796–799
Yao, 632
banner signals, training to follow, 593–599
banquets: for closing of relief camp, 971–973
for elderly, 190–191
in garden, 484
for honored guests, 468–471
Baocheng Post Station, 858
Bao Yu, 772
Bao Zheng, 46, 46n105, 57, 83, 93, 129, 131, 221, 664, 753
baozheng (reducing taxes), 893–894
barren lands, 268–269
basic household survey (ch’imgip’yo), 919
bastions, protruding (ch’isŏng), 873
battle camps, building (chinbŏp), 597
battle formations: essence of, 598
secret signals in, 599
training of, 596–599
battlements, reinforcement of, 873–874
Ba Zhi, 144
beard-touching tax (lusuqian), 405
beating in accordance with age (suinianzhang), 757
beating with double pleasure (hehuanzhang), 757
bedrooms, for interpreters, 486
begging: for words of wisdom, 191
Bei Heng, 145
benefits: bestowing, self-discipline and, 145–151
disarray from war and, 149–150
extravagance in serving men in power and, 150–151
extreme frugality and, 145
for friends, 146–147
for men in exile, 148–149
silence about, 103–105
stipend used in, 147–148
benevolence, 134, 192, 342–343
compassion for prisoners and, 758
Confucius and, 215
of women, 721–722
with yamen clerks, 215–216
Bianshui River, 879–880
Biography of the Gardener Guo Tuotuo (Zhongshu Guo Tuotuo chuan) (Liu Zihou), 427
birthday party, 72
birthdays, magistrates’, 103
Bi Zhongjing, 108
blackmail (toroe), 733–734
blue caps (bitoujin), 753
Board of Punishments, 396, 763, 793, 795
Board of Taxation, 305, 365, 432, 842–844
Board of War, 614
Board of Works, 845
body. See setting body in order
Book for Arresting and Punishing Criminals (Luozhijing) (Lai Juchen), 761
Book of Changes (Yijing), 4, 56, 530, 709, 760, 768, 906
Book of Forensic Medicine (Xiyuanlu), 725
Book of Han (Hanshu), 759
Book of Rites (Liji), 98–99, 117, 189, 470, 851, 855, 989. See also “Proceedings of Government in the Different Months”
Book of Tang (Tangshu), 25
Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu), 759
Book of Wei (Weishu), 417
Book on Martial Arts (Wubian) (Tang Shunzhi), 875
books: budgets for publishing, 366
carriage for, 19–20
of codified laws, 724–726
Four, 2
importance of, 3–4
for integrity, 36
of official reports, 173
setting body in order and, 77–78
in shipwrecked foreign vessels, 186
Border Defense Council (Pibyŏnsa), 297, 301, 370–371, 602, 865, 910–911, 936
boxian (violating the deadline), 407
Bo Yu, 516
breakwater at seacoast (haeŏn), 852–853
breeding: horse, 793
oxen, 423–425
bribery: with chŏkgo, 377
for fraudulent designation of disaster areas, 280–281
integrity and, 88–89
law of, 827
of post-station runners, 488
ruling of household and, 119–121
of superior, with entertainment and money, 798
taxes and, 280–281, 297, 357, 577
walking down in the royal court, 9–10, 9n2
yangban association and, 238
bridges: construction of, 879–881
Guangjiqiao, 880–881
Lisheqiao, 880
Mansegyo, 881
Shangqingqiao, 880
brothers: lawsuits against, 503–507
in ruling of household, 109–110
brown seaweed, 946–947
buckwheat seeds, 954
Buddhas, occult and, 821–822
Buddhist sacrifices, 437
Buddhist temples: parties in, 75–76
property left to, 673–674
Bureau for Crisis and Recovery (Chewip’o), 935
Bureau of Equalized Tax (Kyunyŏkch’ŏng), 559, 562, 605
Bureau of Famine Relief, 903, 915, 953
Bureau of Land and Tax Administration (Chŏnjesangjŏngso), 262
Bureau of Mountains and Marshes (Santaeksa), 844–845
burial signs (maep’yo), 693
cadastral map (yulintu), 271–274
cadastral survey, 264–265
Cai Junshan, 1006
Cai Xiang (Junmo), 75
canals, 854–855
candidates, physically disabling (kyŏch’uk), 611–613
cangue (jia), 760–761
cannibalism, 966
Cao Keming, 90
Cao Zan, 123
capital liaison office, 235
card with official seal (chup’ae), 389
card without official seal (paekp’ae), 389
cargo vessels, 387–389
carpenters, 864–865
carriage: for books, 19–20
excessively luxurious, 534–538
for women traveling, 111–112
cash, order to raise, 333
cattails, 855–857
cauldrons, cooking, 946
cemeteries: geomancy and, 266–267, 275, 686–687, 689
grand master of, 685
public, 685–686. See also grave sites
Cen Xi, 777
ceremonial music (naak), 792
ceremonies. See rites and ceremonies
The Ceremonies of the Five Rites (Oreyeŭi), 439–440, 529
ceremony of looking after orphans, 528–529
ceremony of nursing the aged, 525
chabigok (grain for famine relief), 900
Cha Dao, 91
chaebok (recovery of property), 340–341
Ch’ae Chegong (Ch’ae Pŏnong), 61, 240, 980–981
Ch’ae Chŏng, 998
Ch’ae P’aengyun, 458
ch’aerŭk (manipulating debts), 324
Chahasanin. See Mountain Man under the Purple Sky
chakbu (grouping small lands as unit for tax collection), 288–290, 292–294
ch’amallye (bribing superior with entertainment and money), 798
Chang Gun, 552
Chang Hyŏngwang, 191
Chang Sam, 388
Changsan Fortress, 869–870
character, greatness of, 618–619
charity, 990
cheating, on examinations, 556
checkpoints, 394
Cheju Island, tribute of, 402–403
ch’emaso (place for changing horses), 491
Chen Biao, 805
Chen Cheng, 723
Chen Gang, 878
Chen Gao, 64
Cheng Baizi (Hao), 54, 188, 198, 515, 594, 904–905
Cheng Lin, 210
Cheng Mingdao, 174, 174n43, 495, 666
Cheng Yanbin, 69
Cheng Zigao, 266
Chen Hanqing, 505
Chen Jianzhai, 83–84
Chen Jin, 713–714
Chen Jing, 413
Chen Liangqi, 959
Chen Lie, 75
Chen Lin, 695
Chen Meigong, 765
Chen Ping, 436
Chen Shu, 439
Chen Shugu, 808
Chen Shunyu, 155
Chen Tai, 131
Chen Xiang, 131, 496–497, 853–854
Chen Xilang, 552
Chen Xiliang, 209, 449–450, 879–880
Chen Zhengzhong, 955
Chen Zhongju, 245–246
Chen Zun, 195
chess, 78–79
chich’ik (entertainment of Chinese imperial envoys): Hwanghae Province rules for, 482–492
importance of, 477–482
chief escort officials, 488
chief judge (shishi), 894
chief yamen clerk, 226, 249–250, 339
ch’ikgi (notice of visit of Chinese imperial embassy), 477, 479
ch’ikgo (entertainment fund), 489
children: abandoned, 194–198, 953
of concubines, 698–699
elderly without, 198
embezzlement by, 704
illegitimate, 699
inheritance property of, 697–698, 697n92
intelligent, 549–551
in lawsuits, 665–672
outstanding, in county schools, 550–551
petty crimes by, 814
of prisoners, 771–772
in relief camps, 953
in ruling of household, 109, 118–119, 123–124
as secret inspectors, 248–249
of slaves, registration of, 701
sons, 118–119
step-, 670
torture of, 757–758. See also orphans
chili (reducing labor-service requirements), 893–894
China: agriculture in, 409
examination system in, 243–244
food in, 424
funeral shamans of, 691
imperial embassy of, 477, 479, 482–492
imperial envoys of, 477–482
interrogating stick of, 745
justice system of, 713
prostitutes in, 787–788
refugees in, 939–940
solicitation of contributions in, 912–915, 919
unauthorized cattle slaughtering in, 423
vagrants and tramps in, 948
chingp’o (collection of military taxes), 611, 613–614
chipsin (old grain substituted for new), 319–320
Cho Ch’angwŏn, 343
Cho Chongdo, 650
Cho Chun, 25
Ch’oe Akjae, 762
Ch’oe Cha, 720
Ch’oe Ch’ibong, 219
Ch’oe Ch’iwŏn, 261, 261n4, 548
Ch’oe Ch’ŏkgyŏng, 997–998
Ch’oe Ch’unmyŏng, 646
Ch’oe Ho, 628
Ch’oe Ip, 553
Ch’oe Kyŏnghoe, 649
Ch’oe Sŏgyŏng, 717–718
Ch’oe Sŏk, 986
Ch’oe Suksaeng, 215–216
choet’ong (indirect collaboration in criminal act), 340
Ch’oe Tongnip, 665
Ch’oe Unhae, 641
Ch’oe Wŏnu, 986
Ch’oe Yuhae, 383–384
Cho Haksin, 571
Cho Hyŏnmyŏng, 370n141
Cho Hyorip, 646
chŏkgo (bribe money), 377
Ch’oksŏk Fortress, 871
Cho Kŭksŏn, 105, 154, 157–158, 176, 518, 754
Cho Kyewŏn, 594
Cho Munmyŏng, 918
Chŏng Chaeryun, 674
Chŏng Chaewŏn, 980–981
Chŏng Chong, 641–642
Chong Gao, 992
Chŏng Hongsun, 110
Chŏng Ildu, 192
ch’ŏngjing (collective responsibility for embezzlement), 340
Chŏngjo, King, 200, 315, 368, 482, 500, 529, 547, 739, 762, 835–836, 843, 850, 875, 889, 1014
Chŏng Ku (Chŏng Hangang), 71, 651–652
Chŏng Kyŏngsun, 784
Chŏng Manhwa, 144
Chŏng Minsi, 881
Chŏng Ok, 138
Chŏng Ŏnhwang, 392, 451, 625, 784
Chŏng Pal, 647–648
Chŏng Pung, 151
Chŏng Sangsun, 73
Chŏng Si, 650–651
Chŏng Sŭbin, 823
Chŏng Sulin, 353–354
Chŏng T’aekgyŏng, 285
Chŏng T’ak, 448
Chŏng Togil, 240
Chŏng Ŭngdu, 138
Chŏng Ungyŏng, 216–217
Chŏn Hŭng, 754
Chŏn Noksaeng, 106
Chŏn Sŏngan, 863
Cho Ŏ, 115
Choryŏng Pass, 878–879
Cho Sin, 640
Cho Sŏgyun, 162
Cho Ungyu, 621
Cho Unhŭl, 70–71
Chou Xuanda, 123
Cho Wi, 861–862
choyogok (grain for relief of labor services), 406–407, 406n182
Cho Yŏnggyŏng, 204
Cho Yundŏk, 143
Chronicle of Zuo, 911
Chu Chinjŏng, 816
chŭnggo (manipulation of grain tax for profiteering), 315
citrons, 836–837
civil matters (minsa), 739–742
civil service examinations: firmly established system for, 554–556
kwagŏ, 243
military examination and, 615
necessity of, 541–542
people continuously passing, 551–554
recommending virtuous men and, 243–244
slaves taking, 700
clan status, 531–533
Classic of Filial Poetry (Xiaojing), 501
Classic of History, 360, 360n128
Classic of Poetry, 29, 52–53, 57–58, 72, 198, 202, 361–362, 655–656, 776–777, 831, 872, 1016
clay, 866
clay statues, 443
clerks: anonymous letters by, 621–622
in charge of drafting statement regarding departure of previous magistrate, 225
in charge of grain, 946
in charge of personnel, 346–347
crimes committed by, 30, 163, 171, 220
famine relief and, 967
letters of complaint read by, 660
military unit of, 595
mountain echoes of, 626
personal secretary v., 124–125
property amassed by, 817–818
treatment of, 23–24
wives of, 117. See also yamen clerks
clerks and slaves unit (inodae), 595
cloth: excessive taxes on, 393–396
household cloth tax and, 407–408, 557
linen, 240
military cloth tax and, 557–565, 572–577, 583–585, 613–614
in trial hearings I, 678–683. See also silk
clothing: dresses, 113–114
excessively luxurious, 534–538
frugality and, 135–139
funeral, 700
for prisoners, 767
sacrificial robes, 442–444
sericulture as foundation of, 418–419
in setting body in order, 51–52
shoes, 395
stolen, 681–682
thieves’, red ink marking, 806–808
of yamen clerks, 226
clubs, punishments enforced with, 745–747
Code of Rites, 689
codified laws, books of, 724–726
coercive tax collection (paekjing), 566
coffin, carrying of, 400, 1010
cold, in prison, 765–768
Cold Food Festival (Hanshijie), 809
Collectanea of Relief Administration (Huangzheng congshu) (Lin Xiyuan), 930–931
Collected Commentaries on the Codes of Qing China (Qinglü jizhu), 738–739
Collected Works of Taesan (Taesanjip) (Kim Maesun), 1018n134
Collected Works of T’oegye (T’oegyejip) (Yi Hwang), 870
Collection of Admonitions for the People (Jieminji) (Zhang Yong), 3, 657, 726
commands, giving (horyŏng), 597
Commentary on Ancient Precedents (Kojŏgŭi), 257–258
Commentary on Idiomatic Phrases (Lianwen shiyi), 540
Commentary on the Chronicles of Zuo (Chunqiu zhengyi), 435, 437
commodities, in waterway and reservoir management, 855–857
community compacts: education of the people and, 494–499
lawsuits discouraged by, 497–498
company commander, 601
Complete Book of Agricultural Administration (Xu Guangqi), 422–423
The Complete Book of Yi Ch’ungmugong, 603, 603n65
Complete Studies on Astronomical Instruments (Yixiang zhi), 889
Comprehensive Examination on the Rites of Funeral (Duli tongkao) (Xu Ganxue), 687–688
Comprehensive National Code: on administration of justice, 694, 746
on administration of military affairs, 608, 610
preferred use of, 703
on public service, 156
on public works administration, 833–834
on taxes, 274, 276, 308, 333, 400
Comprehensive Prosody Authorized by the Royal Library (Kyujang chŏnun), 547
A Comprehensive Update of the Chosŏn Dynasty’s Administrative Code, 699
compulsory allocation of products (pokjŏng), 363
concubines: children of, 698–699
slaves, 700
wives and, 122–123
condolences, rice for, 1009–1010
confessions, false, 711, 732–733
confirmation hearings, 20–21
Confucianists: auditing of public depository records and, 384–385
founding texts of, 2n4
music in, 516
pretend students of, 356–357
Confucius: benevolence and, 215
clay statues not recognized by, 443
corvée services criticized by, 360
on cruel governments, 407
filial piety and, 512
generosity and, 59–60
on greed, 797
on lawsuits, 655–656
legalism and, 724–725
on mourning, 508
parents of, 685
shrines to, 38–39, 440–444, 822
on trust, 256
virtue and, 82
construction work: for embankments, 397–399
emergency, 870–871
famine relief and, 955–956. See also road construction and maintenance
Cool Stories of Hasan (Hasan naengdam), 797
copper mines, 842–844
copperware, 887–888
corner towers (kakdae), 874
corner towers with artillery (p’ook), 873–874
coroner, 182–183
corporal punishments: execution of, 742–747
for females, 756–757
types of, 739–742
corvée services: cargo vessels and, 387–389
Confucius criticizing, 360
Equalized Tax Law and, 387
excessive taxes and, 393–396
exemption from, 201–202, 304–305, 333, 398
fairness in, 360–362
fishing taxes and, 389–390
grain for relief of, 406–407, 406n182
head-tax law and, 407–408
household registration as foundation of, 343–345
hwangjangmok and, 832
imposition of, 396–404
investigation of unaccounted-for lands and households for, 375–376
irregularities in, investigations to disclose, 376–377
justice in levying I, 360–385
justice in levying II, 385–408
kye association villages and, 371–375
land-based v. household-based taxes and, 377–378
law on household cloth tax and, 407–408
laws with abuses and, 385–386
liaison storehouses and, 392–393
monetary fund for labor service and, 406–407, 406n182
money paying for, 368, 368n138
practices produced by wrongful precedents and, 404–405
public depository and, 362–371, 382–385
in remote regions, 381–382
rules and regulations for, 371
salt taxes and, 390–392
slaves and, 375
spurious taxes and, 379–381
taxes paid in money v. rice and, 378–379
types of labor, 396–397
cotton gin, 889–890
cotton harvest, 584
county schools: Confucian shrines at, 38–39
examinations in, 541–542, 546, 554–556
headmaster selected for, 525–528
income of, 545
instructors at, 519
origin of, 516
outstanding children in, 550–551
selection by, 543
steward of, 523
crenellated parapets (biye), 873
crimes: clerks committing, 30, 163, 171, 220
during famine relief, 969–970
indirect collaboration in, 340
inscribed on stone, 220
periods of responsibility for, 737–739
petty, by children, 814
servants committing, 30
of thieves, pardoning of, 799–801
unforgivable, 721–722. See also homicide
crop assessors (kyŏngch’agwan), 826
crossbows, 617–618
cross-examination, 660
Cui, Lady, 122n239, 123–124, 502
Cui Boqian, 752
Cui Jingzhen, 753
Cui Kai, 643
Cui Pu, 471
Cui Renshi, 714–715
Cui Shi, 420–421
Cui Ting, 982
Cui Yan, 37
Cui Yuan, 847
Cui Zhuan, 769
customs: better, cultivation of, 515
for caring for elderly, 192
domestic disturbances influenced by, 625–627
excessive taxes on, 393–396
good, promotion and implementation of, 507–510
regional, law of taxation II and, 305–308
wrongful, 99–101
Dai Feng, 454
Daily Record of Koksan Prefecture Regarding the Renovation of Its Main Office (Sangsanbu chŏngdang kaegŏn ilyŏk), 863–864
Daily Records of Tasan (Tasan ilch’o), 925
dams: building of, 853–854
in canals, fortified, 854–855
repairing of, 188
Dang Fazong, 639
Dao, King, 778
Daoist sacrifices, 448, 448n74
deadline, violating, 407
death: of magistrate, 1005–1010
of parents, 999–1000
from plague, 951–953
poetry and, 649–650
from starvation, 950–951, 966. See also families of dead
manipulating, 324
remission of, 703
in trial hearings II, 702–705
degree (dushu), 685
deities: disturbances raised by, 818–821
dragon, 456
earth and grain, 38
Jiqi, 435
Julong, 435
mountain, 457–458
Rushou, 435
Sheji, 435
delay (yuch’e), 768–769
Deng Wan, 718
Deng You, 1018
departure: baggage for, 985–990
death of magistrate and, 1005–1010
districts vying for magistrate and, 993–994
Essays of Tasan on, 981, 984–985
minor offenses and, 1001–1005
missing and honoring late magistrate and, 1010–1021
people’s request for longer stay and, 990–1000
praise following, 1018–1019
of previous magistrate, 225
reappointment and, 995–1001
replacement and, 975–1011
reporting for, 20–21
Rites of Zhou on, 1001
Supplement to the National Code on, 1009–1010
transfer and, 975–1011
visits many years following, 1017–1018
depositions, 734–735
descending dragon (naeryong), 689
Design for Good Government, 427, 430n247, 829
detours, 30–31
“Diagram of the Plowing Machines” (“Daigeng tushuo”), 420–421
Diagrams and Explanations of Wonderful Machines (Qiqi tushuo), 889
Diary of Miam (Miam ilgi), 235, 235n33
in commanding subordinates, 228
gravity and, 62–65
setting body in order and, 60–62
of yamen clerks, 126–128
Di Jinghui, 1012
Ding Gongzhu, 510
director in charge of famine relief (kimin toyusa), 946
director of branch department of state affairs, 253–254
director of markets (sishi), 894
director of water transportation (kaicao taijian), 855
disasters: drought, 283–284, 453–454
fraudulent designation of, 280–281
land administration and, 280
law of taxation I and, 280–282, 284–288
prevention of, 210–211
records of, 284–286
severity of, 286. See also natural disasters, victims of
discharging arms and attacking (yŏnbŏp), 597
Discourse on Collecting the Taxes in Arrears (Lunjiqian zhuang) (Su Shi), 406
Discourse on Northern Learning (Pukhak ŭi) (Pak Chega), 423
Discourse on the Granary (Shecangyi) (Zhao Nanxing), 311–312
Discourses of the Yue (Yueyu), 201–202
Discourses on Administration (Zhengjin) (Zhen Dexiu), 4
discrimination, in famine relief, 936–938
district convocation (hyanghoe), 385
district grand master (xiangdafu), 492–493
district maps, 48–49
district office, supplies provided for, 380–381
ditches, digging, 398
Doctrine of the Mean, 655–656
domestic disturbances: in administration of military affairs, 618–629
advance preparation for, 618–619
anonymous letters and notices in, 621–624
appropriate action for, 624–625
customs influencing, 625–627
from robbers and wandering bandits, 627–629
rumors and, 619–620
slaying of public officials, 625–627
trust and, 629
Dong Commandery, 910
Dong Xuan, 777
Dong Yi, 443
Dong Yue, 191
Dong Zhao, 130
double-cropping, 411
double interest rate (kamni), 702, 702n105
dragon deity, 456
Dramatic Essay of Ch’ŏngp’a (Ch’ŏngp’a kŭkdam) (Yi Yuk), 824n362
drapery, warrant for, 101–102
dresses, 113–114
drinking, avoiding, 65–72
drums, 359
drum signals, training to follow, 596–599
dry foods, 470
dual taxation (ch’ŏpyŏk), 568
Duan Jian, 517
Du Cheng, 801
due dates, notebook of, 48
Du Hong, 620
Du Huan, 754
Du Huangshang, 111
duohun (holding wedding ceremonies without adhering to closely to what propriety requires), 893
Du Shiyan, 450
dustcovers, on ceilings, 486, 491
duty soldiers (hosu), 558–559
Du Yan, 104, 412, 664, 753, 993
Du Yu, 854–855, 879, 911, 1014
Du Zhenzhi, 1012
earth and grain deities, shrine of, 38
earthen fortification, 872–873
East and West Sanatorium of Great Mercy (Tongsŏ taebiwŏn), 935
Easterners faction, 696n90
eclipses, 459–460
edification of the people: National Memorial Day and, 154
public service and, 152–155
resignation and, 154–155
responsibilities in, 152–153
royal admonition or amnesty explanation as, 154
royal commendations, reprimands and, 155
royal edict explanation as, 153
education of the people (jiaomin): better customs cultivated in, 515
community compacts and, 494–499
filial piety publicized in, 510–511
government related to, 492–494
integrity publicized in, 510–511
lawsuits against brothers and, 503–507
longstanding abuses discouraged in, 511–514
punishment and, 501–503
in remote border areas, 507–510
rites, ceremonies and, 492–515
sages’ exemplary conduct influencing, 500–501
Eight Horses Monument (P’almabi), 986
eight sacrifices (bala), 439, 439n39
elderly, caring for: banquet for elderly and, 190–191
begging for words of wisdom and, 191
without children, 198
cursing of elders and, 789
custom established for, 192
filial piety and, 189–190
food distributed to, 192–193
love of people and, 189–193
magistrate exemplifying, 192
punishment taken for sons and, 772–773
torture and, 757–758
Elementary Learning, 517–518
elementary schools, private, 550
elementary studies, 517–518
Elite Patrol (Pyŏlch’o), 640
Embankment Construction Agency (Cheŏnsa), 397–398, 397n166, 400, 849
embankments, construction of, 397–399
embezzlement: by children, 704
collective responsibility, 340
of grain loans, 339–343
by prison guards, 767
of taxes, 175–177
by yamen clerks, fines for, 339–342
employment of people for local government: arguing and, 238
chief of local gentry, 236
chief of yangban association, 238–239
flattery and, 238
left assistant, 236–237
military officials, 239
in personnel administration, 234–241
principle of, 234–235
qualified people for, 237–238
right assistant, 236–237
enemy attack, defending against: advice for, 636–638
loyalty and encouragement to soldiers in, 642–651
in military affairs administration, 629–654
offering local products to king and, 651–652
pursuing enemy in, 638–642
responsibilities in, 630–636
saving goods in, 653–654
enjoyment, setting body in order and, 73–76
enlistment: administration of, 557–593
courtesy pay for, 592
documents and records, 577–583
extortion and, 573–577
hiring of replacements for, 571–573
in military affairs administration, 557–593
military cloth tax and, 557–562, 583–585
notice for, 561
pretexts for taxation and, 562–571
rotating service troops and, 587–593
unfair, 576
entertainers, female, 67–68, 67n53, 75, 233, 787–789
entertainment: banquets for honored guests, 468–471
of Chinese imperial envoys, 477–492
eunuchs and, 475–477
food served at, 461–463, 469–471
frugality and, 139–140, 142–143
fund for, 489
of governor, 463–468
reduced scale of, 893–894
rites and ceremonies of, 460–492
rules of propriety for, 460–461
visiting officials, 473–474
epidemics, 206–208
equal-field system (juntian zhidu), 416, 416n210
Equalized Tax Law, 13, 387, 390, 559–560
equal treatment (kyun), 328
equipment: agricultural, 419–421, 888–890
irrigation, 889
erosion, 275
“Essay on Encouraging Agriculture” (“Quannong wen”) (Zhu Xi), 794
Essays of Chagyunam (Chagyunam manp’il), 26
Essays of Chasan (Chasan p’ildam) (Chŏng Yagchŏn), 828
Essays of Tasan (Tasan p’ildam): on administration of justice, 659, 773, 824
on famine relief, 943–944, 960, 964–965
on personnel administration, 251–252
on public works administration, 875, 884, 887
on rites and ceremonies, 466, 539
on taxes, 424–425
Essays of Yusan (Yusan p’ildam), 421, 554
Essays of Yusan (Yusan p’ilhwa), 767
Essays on Reading (Dushulu) (Xue Wenqing), 127
Essays Written during the Break in Plowing the Land (Chuogenglu), 699–700
Essentials for Local Magistrates (Imgwanjŏng’yo) (An Sunam), 37, 691
Essentials for Trial Hearings (Ch’ŏngsong yosik) (Yi Wŏnik), 707
Essentials of Magistracy (Chŏng’yo), 54, 54n16, 236, 955–956
Essentials of the Administration of Pine Forests (Songjŏng chŏlmok), 836
“Establishing Relief Houses in Three Districts” (“Sanxian zichang tie”) (Zhu Xi), 933
estuaries, grain traded at, 908–909
eunuchs: entertainment and, 475–477
lawless conduct of, 779–781
evaluation. See personnel evaluation
Ever-Normal Bureau (Sangp’yŏngch’ŏng), 608
Ever-Normal Granary, 854, 905, 910, 912
evil: good distinguished from, 1020–1021
inability to hate, 721–722
examinations: cheating on, 556
Chinese system of, 243–244
confirmation hearings as, 21
in county schools, 541–542, 546, 554–556
grading of, 544
intelligent youth and, 549–551
new-recruit, 612
oral, 21
palace, 615
rites and ceremonies in, 541–556
rules of versification in, 546–549
selection for, 542–546
special, 615
triennial, 554
written, 21. See also civil service examinations
excessive punishment (namhyŏng), 740
exile, men in: benefits for, 148–149
compassion for, 773–776
exorcisms, 62
exorcist music, 791–792
Expanded Commentaries on the Comprehensive National Code (Taejŏn chŭngju), 739
expense records, 102–103
extortion: enlistment and, 573–577
in prison, 761–764
tax, 290–292, 303, 307, 318–319, 573–577
extra lands (sŏngyŏl), 300–301
extreme actions, 95–96
false accusations: in eliminating threats, 814–816
in judgment and imprisonment, 733–734
false confessions, 711, 732–733
families of dead: commiseration and support for, 201–205
decent burial for, 202
exempt from corvée services, 201–202
famine relief and, 203
of government workers, 205
of officials who served in strange lands, 204
witnessing tragic situations and, 203–204
families of good lineage (kamun), 698
family: brothers, 109–110, 503–507
law designating heir of, 698–699
lawsuits involving, 503–507, 665–672
personal favors and, 128–130, 132–133
property, distribution of, 669
punishment taken for other members, 772–773
six close relatives, 107
three clans, 774. See also families of dead; parents; wives
Family Precepts of Osŏng (Osŏng kagye), 118
famine relief: additional measures for, 954–964
alcohol production and, 961–962
arson and, 961
centers established for, 933–936
clerks and, 967
Comprehensive National Code on, 968, 972
conclusion of, 964–974
construction work and, 955–956
crimes committed in, 969–970
director in charge of, 946
discrimination in, 936–938
Essays of Tasan on, 943–944, 960, 964–965
exhaustion following, 973–974
extent of, 927–945
families of dead and, 203
food and, 896–897
goods bestowed in, 903–904
grain for, 897–903, 908–909, 932–933, 947–948, 965–971
houses suffering from starvation in, 941–945
Hu Dachu and, 907
literati and, 945
orphans and, 197–198
plants and herbs for, 956–958
precedents used as model for, 940–941
preparation of relief supplies, 893–911
refugees and, 939–940
relief camps set up for, 946–953
repairs and, 955–956
Rites of Zhou and, 893, 895, 906, 944–945, 958
royal inspector supervising, 905
slash-and-burn fields and, 308–309
solicitation of contributions for, 911–927
Supplement to the National Code on, 907, 968, 972
tallies for, 575
thieves and, 958–961
timing of, 927–932
violations committed during, 964–968
Zhu Xi and, 907–909, 914, 918, 933, 939–941, 954, 956, 959
Fan Chengda, 382–383
Fan Chunren, 781, 801–802, 910, 973
Fang Bao, 92
Fang Guan, 128
Fang Jun, 91
Fan Gongcheng, 16
Fan Guang, 770–771
Fang Yangqian, 146
Fang Zi, 439
Fan Ke, 418
fanle (putting away musical instruments), 893–894
Fan Li, 340
Fan Pang, 759
Fan Rukui, 721
Fan Wenzheng, 53, 111, 133, 203
Fan Zhongxuan, 60
farewell party, 981–984
farming. See agriculture
father, 108
Fei Qin, 515
Feishui River, 870
female entertainers, 67–68, 67n53, 75, 233, 787–789
female shamans, 393–396
Feng Daogen, 639
Feng Huan, 241
Feng Youlong, 84
Feng Yuan, 500
Feng Zan, 637–638
ferries: availability of, 881–882
excessive taxes on, 393–396
Kaech’aejin, 881–882
Mengjin, 879
fetishism, 822–823
feudal lords, 5–6
fields: in equal-field system, 416, 416n210
in land administration, 271–274
paddy, 283–284
shapes of, 262–263
slash-and-burn, 308–309
in well-field-with-nine-tribute system, 308, 308n67
Fierce Dragon Army (Longmenjun), 639–640
filial piety: caring for elderly and, 189–190
Confucius and, 512
longstanding abuses of, 511–514
publicized, 510–511
Finance Planning Commission (Tiaolisi), 414
fish, 855–857
fishing taxes, 389–390
Five Army Garrisons (Ogunmun, Oyŏngmun, Ogunyŏng), 558, 889
five cardinal principles of morality, upholding, 642–651
Five Classics, 2
five concealments, 966
Five Division (Ogunmun), 224, 224n25
Five Dynasties History, 1019
five gains, 967
five-horse formation (omadae), 598
five-household watch system, 357–360
The Five Human Relationships Illustrated (Oryun haengsildo), 497, 500
five losses, 967
five neighboring households (wu), 494–499, 785
five punishments (ohyŏng), 744
Five Rites of State (Kukcho oryeŭi), 461, 490, 891
five thefts, 956
flattery, 238
flogging: on buttock, 756–757
reckless, 754–756
yamen clerks and, 227
flood prevention: from dam building, 853–854
importance of, 854–855
in waterway and reservoir management, 211, 853–855
food: at banquet for elderly, 190–191
Chinese, 424
cooked meat, 470
cutting down on, 897
distributed to elderly, 192–193
dry, 470
for entertainment of guests, 461–463, 469–471
famine relief and, 896–897
frugality and, 135–139
at garden banquets, 484
for governor, rule for serving to, 466–468
for inauguration, 34–35
for interpreters, 485–486
luxurious, in ruling of household, 115
for men in exile, 773–776
in preparation of relief supplies, 896–897
for prisoners, 765–768
for relief camps, 946–947
rice vessels for, 469–471
ritual, 139–140
soup, 470
during travel, 28
tribute, 480
wet, 470
food-provision official (sousu duwei), 420
food steward (shanfu), 894
Forbidden Soldiers (Kŭmgun), 780
forcible tax collection (kŏmdok), 303
foreign envoys, escorting of, 185. See also imperial envoys, of China
foreign shipwrecks, 185–188
forests. See mountain forest cultivation and management
forgery: of authorization paper, 680
of genealogy and letters of appointment, 585–587
in lawsuits, 672–673
of official seals, 795–796
of personal records, 570, 585–587
in trial hearings II, 707–709
formations. See battle formations
formula for principal and accrued interest (chamo chŏngsik), 702
fortresses: Changsan, 869–870
Ch’oksŏk, 871
earthen, 872–873
Heliancheng, 872
mountain, 333–335
Nŭnghan, 871
Shitou, 872
small, 873–874
Suwŏn, 875
terrain of, 838–839
fortress repair: earthen fortification, 872–873
emergency construction, 870–871
importance of, 868–870
moats in, 868–870
in public works administration, 868–876
requisition orders for, 188
of small fortresses, 873–874
timing of, 871–872
for tourism, 875–876
fostering orphans (chayu): establishment of, 193–194
government supplying provisions for, 197–198
for love of people, 193–198
orphans as heirs or slaves and, 196–197
parents’ poverty and, 194–195
poor harvests and, 195–196
foundries (nojŏm), 842–843
Four Books, 2
four classes of people (samin), 945
four kinds of poor people (sagung), 198
fraud: in household registration, 355–356
investigation of, in law of taxation I, 294–295
fraudulent designation of disaster areas (wijae), 280–281
friends: benefits bestowed on, 146–147
monks, 61
personal favors and, 128–130, 132–133
Frost Descent (Sanggang), 942–943
frugality: clothing and, 135–139
entertainment and, 139–140, 142–143
extreme, 145
food and, 135–139
goods provided by servants and, 143–144
integrity and, 83–86
rule as foundation of, 135
sacrificial rites and, 139–140
self-discipline and, 134–145
supplies used by inner quarters and, 141–142
waste of materials and, 145
fruit farming, 428
fufen (grievance caused by unjust imprisonment), 761, 761n212
Fu Han, 66
funeral: garments, 700
preparation for, 404
thieves using biers and, 808–810
Funeral Regulatory Bureau (Kwihusŏ), 833
funeral shaman (changmu), 691
Fu Qing, 724
Fu Rong, 813
Fu Sengyou, 66
Fu Sheng, 494
Fu Yaoyu, 167
Fu Zhao, 32
Gai Juyuan, 85
gambling, 340, 703–704, 790–791
games, 790
gantang tree, 1016
Gao Dingzi, 673
Gao Dounan, 1003
Gao Fu, 823
Gao Jiong, 656
Gao Jixuan, 807
Gao Qianzhi, 810–811
Gao Yao, 724
garden banquets, 484
gardening, 415–417
Gardens of Persuasion (Shuoyuan) (Liu Xiang), 202
gatekeepers: evaluation of, 256
subordination of, 229–231
taxes collected by, 231
gateways, suspending searches at, 893–894
gazebo, 862–863
genealogy, forged, 585–587
General Records of the District (Ŭpch’onggi), 23
generosity: integrity and, 105–106
setting body in order and, 59–60
generous treatment of sick (kwanjil): epidemics and, 206–208
exemption from compulsory labor, 205
hunchbacks and invalids, 205–206
love of people and, 205–208
natural calamities and, 207
soldiers exhausted by cold and hunger, 206
Geng Gong, 617
Geng Ju, 414
gentry: chief of, 236
exclusive irrigation by, 851–852
fairness and, 694
problems reported by, 40–42
geomancers, 690–692
geomancy, 266–267, 275, 686–687, 689
Ge Rong, 643
ghosts: haunting by, 31–32
types of, 436–437
gift money (ch’ŏngnye), 339
gifts, integrity and, 89–91
ginseng tax, 840–842
giving commands (horyŏng), 597
gold mines, 842–844
Gong Chengxing, 1002–1003
Gonggongshi, 434
Gongli (ghosts of feudal princes), 436
Gong Sui, 415, 571, 665, 799–800
Gong Sunhong, 722
Gongsun Jingmao, 411
Gongsun Qiao (Zichan), 247, 247n59, 437–438, 639, 879
Gongyi Xiu, 82–83
goods: bestowed in famine relief, 903–904
saved during enemy attack, 653–654
servants providing, 143–144
stolen, dealers in, 799. See also manufacturing goods
Goujian, King, 199
Gou Tai, 666
government: cruel, 407
education of people related to, 492–494
expenditures, solicitation of contributions reducing, 923–924
orphans supplied provisions from, 197–198
property, stolen, 718. See also local government, matters relating to
government-reserved forests (pongsan), 826–829, 831–832
governor: aides of, 487–488
chief escort officials providing for, 488
distribution of grain and, 331–332
entertainment of, 463–468
evaluation of, 257–260
grain-lending abuses and, 312
greeting of, 159–160
harmful orders of, 163–164
inspection tour of, 463–465
investigation by, through agents, 251–253
kye association villages inspected by, 373–374
provincial, administrative assistant to, 161–162
public depository and, 362–366
punishment ordered by, 163
responsibilities of, 152–153
rule for serving food to, 466–468
security officers of, 465
special favors from, 160–161
staff of, 298
grain: clerks in charge of, 946
deities, 38
distribution of, 329–333
emergency, releasing of, 313
for famine relief, 897–903, 908–909, 932–933, 947–948, 965–971
kept for personal purposes, 317–318
New Year’s holiday, dispensations on, 337
in preparation of relief supplies, 897–900, 906–908
quality of, 327
for relief of labor services, 406–407, 406n182
reserve, taxes paid in, 464
sacrificial, prepared early, 447–448
sold at reduced price, 932–933
storage, 328
successful gathering of, 326–328
theft of, 331
trading of, at riverside or estuaries, 908–909
transportation, 183–185, 303–304, 901–903
winnowing of, 947–948
grain administration I: grain-lending abuses and, 310–324
reports on grain loans and, 325–326
state-sponsored grain loans and, 309–312
taxes and, 309–326
grain administration II: allocation of grain loans to households and, 338–339
embezzlement of grain loans and, 339–343
grain distribution and, 329–333
for granaries outside district capital, 328–329
New Year’s dispensations and, 337
order to raise cash and, 333
people near mountain fortress and, 333–335
pyŏlhwan and, 335–337
reduced quantity of grain loans and, 337–338
substitute grain and, 333
successful gathering of grain and, 326–328
taxes and, 326–343
grain-lending system (chojŏk), 309–311
grain loans: abuses of, 310–324
allocation of, 338–339
embezzlement of, 339–343
natural disaster victims and, 208
providing grain seed and provisions, 893–894
reduced quantity of, 337–338
reports on, 325–326
state-sponsored, 309–312
with suspended payment, 321
turned grain loan into tax, 321–322
granary: Discourse on the Granary and, 311–312
military provisions stored in, 334
Narip’o, 907
outside district capital, 328–329
people prohibited from, 302–303
P’ohang, 907
Righteous, 899
salt, 391
slaves, 231–234
standardized weights and measures in, 891–892
villages, protection of, 376
yamen clerks in, 231–234
granary keeper (canren), 893
grand councilor of the Secretariat (munha p’yŏngjangsa), 633
grand master of cemeteries (modafu), 685
grand minister of education, 492
gratitude: in hardship, 775
solicitation of contributions and, 973
in taking leave of king, 22–23
grave sites: exhumation of, 693, 739
number of paces for, 688–689
protection privilege for, 689
state law concerning, 688–694
trial hearings over, 684–697
gravity, setting body in order and, 62–65
The Great Ming Code: on administration of justice, 693, 725, 734, 737–738, 757, 762, 764, 767, 790–791, 818
on administration of military affairs, 621
on personnel administration, 233
on public service, 156
on public works administration, 859–862, 891–892
on rites and ceremonies, 535
greatness of character, 618–619
The Great Qing Legal Code (Da Qing Luli), 540, 790–791
Great Spirit Li, 436
The Great Tradition of Classic of History (Shangshu dachuan), 494
greed: Confucius on, 797
integrity and, 83–86
manufacturing goods and, 885–888
severity and, 96
greeting governor (yŏnmyŏng), 159–160
groundless rumors, 619–620
Gu An, 877
Guancheng Post Station, 858
guanfa (household registration law), 343–345, 348
Guangjiqiao Bridge, 880–881
Guangwu, Emperor, 163
Guan Lu, 453
Guan Qiuchang, 771–772
Guan Yiwu, 461
guardian deities, 38, 435, 438–439
guardian of waterways (chuanheng), 844
Gu Biao, 1017
guesthouses, painting and repairs of, 490–491
guests: honored, banquets for, 468–471
official, 142–143
residents as, 126–128
in ruling of household, 110–111. See also entertainment
Gu Gongyan, 685
Gu Huangzhong, 101
Gui Rong, 877–878
Guliang, 896
gunpowder, 607–609
Guo Chong, 666
Guo Chun, 638
Guo Fen, 851–852
Guo Mo, 910
Guo Song, 639
Guo Yan, 855
Gutian. See Lin Yongzhong
Gu Xianzhi, 675
half-damage magistrates (pansil t’aesu), 681
Ham Uch’i, 506
Han, King, 873
Han Bao, 802–803
Han Boyu, 501
Han Chi, 53, 56, 58, 69, 168, 239, 988
Han Huang, 237
Han Iksang, 982–983
Han Jiang, 475
Han Kang, 383
Han Kŭkil, 626
Han Kwangjŏn, 233
Han Myŏnghoe, 905
Han Qi (Weigong), 55, 63–64, 168–169, 626–627, 772, 806, 905, 913
Han River, 833
Han Shao, 909
Han Weigong. See Han Qi
Han Wen, 519
Han Yanshou, 47, 168, 216, 494–495, 503–504, 785, 1005
Han Zhen, 723–724
Han Zongzhe, 678
Hao Zhao, 630
harshness, 95–96
harvests: cotton, 584
good, 379
investigation of, 282
poor, 195–196, 308–309, 320, 333, 379, 584
hats, 537
haunted offices, 31–32
Ha Yunwŏn, 1019
headmaster, selection of, 525–528
heavy clubs (chunggon), 746–747
heavy service for people of good status (yangyŏk), 578–581
heavy stick (chang), 744–745
heavy stick (kyŏlgon), 744
Hebo (river god), 819
Hedan, 653–654
hefa (household registration law), 343–344, 348
Hefang Shi, 876
heirs: inheritance property and, 697–698, 697n92
law designating, 698–699
orphans as, 196–197
Helian Bobo, 872
Heliancheng Fortress, 872
helper (yaren), 909
hemp shoes, 393–396
Henei Commandery, 909
Heng Yue, 114
herbs, for famine relief, 956–958
He Wenyuan, 505
He Wu, 1019
He Xu, 136
He Yiyu, 471
high-ranking commoners (hansanin), 440
History of the District of Chenliu, 1014
History of Ming, 1004
History of Tangerine (Kyulsa), 836–837
History of the Northern Dynasties, 509, 759, 800, 891, 984
History of the Southern Dynasties (Nanshi), 30, 681, 718, 724, 733, 753, 771
Hŏ Chil, 715–716
Hŏ Chin, 652
Hoean Chŏng, 646
Hŏ Ho, 652
Hŏ Hu, 781
holidays, prisoners spending at home, 770–771
Hŏ Mansŏk, 848
homicide: abandonment of children as, 194
accidental, 729
cases, villages ruined from, 727–732
concealed, 731
official reports on, 170–171
requisition orders for service and, 182–183
slaughtering of oxen as, 794–795
honey, 363–364
Hong Ch’ŏhu, 654
Hong Ch’ŏjŏng, 444
Hong Ch’ŏryang, 899
Hong Hao, 929–930
Hong Hon, 695
Hong Hŭisin, 626
Hong Iil, 149–150
Hong Kasin, 628
Hong Kyŏngnae’s rebellion, 538, 538n317, 619, 625, 650–651, 843
Hong Mujŏk, 654
Hong Myŏngha, 335
Hong Ŏk, 285
Hong Pyŏngdŏk, 816
Hong Shi, 672
Hong Yunsŏng, 451
honor, preservation of, 567
honored guests, banquets for, 468–471
horses: breeding of, 793
changing, 491
fund for, 386
law on hiring, 385–386
in lawsuits, 678
military, 595
money collected for hiring or raising, 367
pairs of, 111–112
post, 373
slaughtering for private purposes, 792–795
tribute, 402–403
Hou Ba, 991
Hou Jing, 642–643
House for Nourishing the People (Juyangyuan), 934
household, ruling of: bribes and, 119–121
brothers in, 109–110
children in, 109, 118–119, 123–124
concubines and, 122–123
dresses and, 113–114
father in, 108
guests in, 110–111
house with the law in, 123–124
importance of, 107–108
inner quarters and, 121–122
luxurious food and, 115
self-discipline and, 107–124
woman’s quarters and, 116–119
women traveling and, 111–113
household-based association (hogye), 371–372
household-based associations (kyeho), 372
household-based taxes (horyŏm), 377–378
household cloth tax (hop’o), 407–408, 557
household register (chŏngdan), 354–355, 357–360
household registration: administration of, in disarray, 345–347
collection of imposts and, 354–355
as foundation of corvée services, 343–345
fraud in, 355–356
investigation of sites and, 347–350
irregularities in, 352
records of, 347–350
regulations, public proclamation of, 356–357
taxes and, 343–360
total number of households proclaimed from, 350–352
Household Registration Office (Hojŏkch’ŏng), 351–352, 354, 357
household seats, 347–350
households following the magistrate (suishihu), 1019
household survey (ch’imgip’yo), 919
household watch systems, 357–360
House of Phoenix Tree (Pyŏgohŏn), 860
Hŏ Yŏp, 498–499
Hua Hai, 699
Hua Nanjin, 217
Huang Ba, 237–238, 246, 415, 571, 665–666, 995–996
Huang Bao, 89
Huang Congshi, 521
Huangfu Long, 420
Huang Gan, 74
Huang Tinglan, 128
Hua Ziyu, 982
Hu Changru, 681–683
Hu Cheng, 912–913
Hu Dachu, 97, 103, 117, 129–130
on administration of justice, 658–659, 710, 744, 752, 764, 766, 769
assuming office and, 47
famine relief and, 907
Key Words by, 4
personnel administration and, 226, 251
on rites and ceremonies, 526–527, 532
self-discipline and, 52
taxes and, 409–410
hunchbacks, 205–206
hunger, in prison, 765–768
hunting instruction, 594
Huo Guang, 1002
Hu Shouan, 115
Hu Tinggui, 503
Hu Wei, 104–105
Hu Wending, 228
Huyang, Princess, 777
Hu Yuan, 520
Hu Zhi, 104–105
Hwang Chingi, 172
Hwang Ch’ŏsin, 628
Hwanghae Province: rules for entertainment of Chinese imperial envoys, 482–492
sable fur produced in, 840–842
taxation customs of, 306–308
hwangjangmok pinewood, 401, 831–832
Hwang U, 451
Hyojong, King, 262, 268, 767, 779, 970
Hyŏnjong, King, 651–652, 849, 936, 957
Hyujŏng (Master Sŏsan), 395, 395n165
Ignorant Talk of a Country Man (Yain udam), 111
Ihak t’ongnok (General Records of Neo-Confucian Philosophers from the Song and Yuan to the Ming Period), 683, 683n57
illegitimate children, 699
illness: of cows, 422–423
injury caused by beating, 764–765
of magistrate, 1008
plague, 951–953
in prison, 764–765. See also generous treatment of sick
Im Che, 380
Imhae, Prince, 778
immoral behavior, setting body in order and, 65–72
imperial embassy, of China, 477, 479, 482–492
imperial envoys, of China, 477–492
imposts, collection of, 354–355
imprisonment. See judgment and imprisonment
Im Tam, 160–161
inauguration: assuming office and, 33–39
auspicious day for, 33–34
food for, 34–35
meditation and, 36–37
paying respects at shrines and, 38–39
sleeping in neighboring district before, 32–33
weather for, 33–34
yamen giving courtesies in, 34–36
indictment, drafting, 752
indigenous products, special, 92–95
influenza epidemic, 208
inheritance property, 697–698, 697n92
Injo, King, 154
injury caused by beating, 764–765
inner quarters: in ruling of household, 121–122
supplies used by, 141–142
inns, 883–884
“Inscriptions on the Office Wall of Assistant Magistrate of Lantian District” (“Lantian xuancheng tingbi ji”) (Han Yu), 1004
“Inscription on the Office Wall of the Prefect of Daozhou” (Yuan Jie), 1020
insects, harmful, 212
Instruction in Military Science (Pyŏnghak chinam), 596–598, 616
Instructions for the People (Yumin) (Qi Lun), 500
Instructions on Governing the Districts (Ch’ihyŏngyŏl), 32, 36, 42–44, 48, 54
Integrated Edition of the Local Rites and Ceremonies (Hyangnye happ’yŏn), 529
books for, 36
bribery and, 88–89
carelessness and, 96–97
complaints about, 87–88
expense records and, 102–103
extreme actions and, 95–96
frugality and, 83–86
generosity and, 105–106
gifts and, 89–91
grades of, 81–82
as great honor, 106–107
greed and, 83–86
high esteem from, 91–92
importance of, 80–82
magistrate’s birthday and, 103
paying market price and, 97–99
publicized, 510–511
self-discipline and, 80–107
silence about benefits, predecessor’s mistakes and, 103–105
special indigenous products and, 92–95
taking household and, 109
warrant for silk, drapery and, 101–102
wisdom and, 82–83
wrongful customs and, 99–101
interest, on private loans, 702–703, 702n105
interpreters, 485–486
interrogating stick (sinjang), 744–745, 756–757
interrogation: reports, 735
by superior officer, 162–163
of thieves, 745–746
invalids, 205–206
investigatory official (yŏmgaek), 252
ipbon (making money through loans), 314–315, 317
iron expenses, 867
iron mines, 842–844
irrigation: equipment, 889
exclusive, 851–852
reservoirs created for, 845–848
Isŏpjŏng Pavilion, 862
Jade Spring of Royal Genealogy (Sŏnwŏn poryak), 585
Japanese guesthouses or trading posts (waegwan), 840
Japanese invasion, 641–642, 648–650, 652, 838, 878–879
jar walls (ongsŏng), 873
Jia Biao, 194
Jiajing, Emperor, 635
Jiang Bin, 180
Jiang Deming, 475
Jiang Deyuan, 475
Jiang Jie, 724
Jiang Qian, 154–155
Jiang Yan, 473
Jiang You, 800
Jiang Zu, 1016–1017
Jian Yi, 997
Jiao Qianzhi, 519–520
Jiao Tong, 501
Jiaqing, Emperor, 619
Ji Ben, 720
Ji Kangzi, 797
Jing, Duke, 453
Jingchuan’s Treatise on Military Matters (Jingchuan wubian), 618
Jing Guojun, 699
Jingyou, Emperor, 906
Jin Ying, 475
Jiqi (deity), 435
Ji Sunsu, 461
Ji Wuzi, 698–699
Ji Xin, 439
Juan Buyi, 716
judges, traveling, 99–100
judgment and imprisonment: in administration of justice, 709–739
books of codified laws and, 724–726
cases, judged as if inspired by divine spirit, 663–665
cautious sentencing in, 709–711
clear decisions without delay and, 718–720
concerning human life, 726–727
depositions and, 734–735
exhumation of corpses for autopsy and, 739
false accusations and, 733–734
indefinite imprisonment, 718
legal deadlines for, 735–737
literal reading of law in, 722–724
mistaken decisions in, 720–721
periods of responsibility for crimes and, 737–739
quiet release from, 711–714
of ringleader, 714–716
second review in, 716–718
for stealing government property, 718
torture in, 732–733
for unforgivable crimes, 721–722
villages ruined from, 727–732
judicious enforcement of punishments: administration of justice and, 739–758
categories of punishments in, 739–742
clubs used in, 745–747
leniency in, 752–754
maximum strokes of, 744–746
rebuking runners and, 742–744
reckless flogging, 754–756
torture of elderly and children prohibited in, 757–758
undesirability of, 747–752
vicious punishments and, 758
Julong (deity), 435
Junmo. See Cai Xiang
justice, administration of: in China, 713
compassion for prisoners in, 758–776
Comprehensive National Code on, 694, 746
eliminating threats and harm, 796–824
Essays of Tasan on, 659, 773, 824
The Great Ming Code on, 693, 725, 734, 737–738, 757, 762, 764, 767, 790–791, 818
Hu Dachu on, 658–659, 710, 744, 752, 764, 766, 769
judgment and imprisonment, 709–739
judicious enforcement of punishments, 739–758
National Code on, 669, 688, 691, 693–694, 697, 699, 702–703
prohibition of tyrannical abuses, 776–796
propriety and, 164–165
Rites of Zhou on, 759
Supplement to the National Code on, 689–692, 694, 700–704, 725, 742, 746–747, 762, 765, 788, 792, 794
trial hearings I on, 655–684
trial hearings II on, 684–709
Zheng Xuan on, 657–658, 661–662, 684–687, 709–711, 751, 759
Zhu Xi and, 694–695, 721–722, 794
kabun (releasing grain that should be preserved for emergencies), 313
Kaech’aejin Ferry, 881–882
kajip (additional grain taxes collected for lending and profiteering), 315
kamsŏn (cutting down on foods and side dishes), 897
Kang Ch’wi, 654
Kang Myŏnggil, 690
kangp’ae (game), 790
Kang Pak, 458
Kang Sugon, 149
Kangwŏn region, 306–308
Kang Yanmin, 996
Kang Yuhu, 480–481, 503, 511, 841–842
Key Words (Xuyan) (Hu Dachu), 4
kiln, 866–867
Kim Allo, 557
Kim Ch’i, 452
Kim Chil, 862–863
Kim Chingyu, 938
Kim Chisŏk, 100
Kim Chongjik, 553, 553n362, 862–863
Kim Ch’ŏnil, 649
Kim Ch’ungyŏng, 860
Kim Hich’ae, 211–212
Kim Hijip, 200
Kim Hongjin, 380
Kim Hŭi, 1011
Kim Hwangwŏn, 816
Kim Hwŏn, 634
Kim Hyŏnsŏng, 78
Kim Hyosŏng, 779
Kim Hyowŏn, 451
Kim I, 653–654
Kim Ikgyŏng, 46
Kim Iksun, 651
Kim Ku, 272
Kim Kyehŭi, 1011
Kim Kyŏngsŏk, 635
Kim Kyŏngson, 633–634, 640–641
Kim Paekgyŏm, 861
Kim Pyŏngwang, 21
Kim Samok, 696–697
Kim Sangmuk, 695–696
Kim Seryŏm, 500–501
Kim Simin, 648
Kim Sŏgu, 881
Kim Sŏkju, 916
Kim Sŏngil (Hakbong), 159, 871
Kim Su, 149
Kim Sunum, 642
Kim Suryŏng, 863
Kim Tŏgwŏn, 788–789
Kim Tonggŏm, 325
Kim Ŭnbu, 651–652
Kim Wŏnjŏng, 646
Kim Yŏnggu, 149
Kim Yŏnggyŏn, 970
Kim Yŏnsu, 450–451
Kim Yu, 250–251
Kim Yuk, 268
Kim Yusŏn, 860
kings: impartiality of, 904–905
local products offered to, 651–652
magistrates as, 5
people’s request for longer stay granted by, 992–993
sage, 825–826, 843. See also taking leave of king
Ko Chonghu, 649
Kogukch’ŏn, King, 309
komago (horse fund), 386
Kong Daofu, 822
kŏngga (entertainment expenses), 487
Kong Huan, 198
Kong Kui, 447
Kongmin, King, 652
kongno (aging without promotion), 611, 613
Kong Wenju, 814
Kong Xun, 814–815
Kong Yingda, 435
Kuang Heng, 1002–1003
Kuang Zhong, 217–219
Kudi Shiwen, 96
Kudŭng yŏnbun system, 269, 269n19
kuhwan (grain loans with suspended payment), 321
Ku Hyoyŏn, 652
Kuk Kyŏngin, 629
Kŭm Yu, 213–214
kunjagok (grain for famine relief), 900
kunjangmi (grain fund for famine relief), 900
kwagŏ (civil service examination), 243
Kwak Chaeu, 650
Kwak Chun, 650
Kwak Ch’ungnyong, 641
Kwak Ŭn, 1007
kwaye (exams given in county school), 541–542, 546, 554–556
Kwŏn Ch’angŏn, 914
Kwŏn Chŏk, 511
Kwŏn Ch’ullan, 71
Kwŏn Chun, 625
Kwŏn Hwa, 822
Kwŏn Il, 117
Kwŏn Mok, 342
Kwŏn Su, 839
Kwŏn Supyŏng, 525
Kwŏn Taejae, 162
Kwŏn Tan, 101
Kwŏn Wŏn, 216–217
kye association villages (kyebang): abolished, 374–375, 581–583
corvée services and, 371–375
funds raised through, 377
governor’s inspection and, 373–374
increase in, 98
types of, 371–372
kyego (raising funds through kye associations), 377
Kyŏnggi Province: barren lands in, 268–269
number of officials in, 381
taxation customs of, 306–308
Kyŏng Sebong, 101
kyŏnyŏch’on (villages designated to carry sedan chairs), 404
labor-service requirements, reduced (chili), 893–894
Lai Juchen, 761
Lake of Official Life (Huanzepian) (Zheng Hanfeng), 4
land: barren, 268–269
extra, 300–301
grouped into unit, 288–290, 292–294
lawsuits over, 672–675
leftover, 300
measuring system, 261–264
military owning, 276–278, 304–305, 375–376
royal families owning, 276–278, 304–305, 375–376, 786
schools owning, 375–376
seizing of, 786–787
unaccounted-for, investigation of, 375–376. See also abandoned lands
land administration: abandoned lands and, 266, 269–271, 274–276
cadastral survey in, 264–265
decreased revenue from, 276–278
difficulty of, 261–262
disasters and, 280
just and fair law for, 267–268
measuring system for, 261–264
numbers established for, 268–269
quadrate fields in, 271–274
rules, understanding of, 265–267
taxes and, 261–278
land-based taxes (kyŏllyŏm), 377–378
land-equalization system. See equal-field system
land farming, 427–428
lands of iron (ch’ŏlgyŏl), 300–301
land taxes, 175–177, 360–361, 465
Lang Jian, 669–670
lanterns, silk-covered, 486
A Large Bundle (Hongbao) (Tu Long), 931
large clubs (taegon), 746
lashing, 742
late beans, 954
launching pad, for crossbow, 617–618
law, observing: caution in, 156–157
against illegal logging, 837
literal reading in, 722–724
local ordinances, 158
precedents in, 157–158
pressure in, 157
public service and, 156–158
against selling military weapons, 827
law-enforcement officials, 229–230
law of bribery, 827
law of collective prosecution (yŏnchwa), 774
law of “Eight Offenses,” 506, 506n226
law of nine taxes, 360
Law of Sacrifices, 434–436
law of taxation I: chakbu and, 288–290, 292–294
disasters and, 280–282, 284–288
insignificant amounts collected with, 278–280
inspections and, 282–284
investigation of fraudulent figures and, 294–295
reports and, 284–286
taxes determined from, 278–295
tax extortion by yamen clerks and, 290–292
law of taxation II: exploited tenants and, 304–305
extra lands and, 300–301
forcible collection of, 303
loading and shipping of grain and, 303–304
provincial quota system and, 308–309, 308n68
regional customs and, 305–308
tablet of taxation and collection in, 295–300
taxes determined from, 295–309
tax paid in rice and, 301–303
Law of Three Deadlines in Legal Proceedings (Samhanbŏp), 736–737
law on hiring horses (komabŏp), 385–386
Laws and Regulations (Fafan) (Liu Yi), 3
Laws on Penal Affairs, 689
Laws on Rituals, 689
lawsuits: abandoned lands and, 270
against brothers, 503–507
children in, 665–672
community compact discouraging, 497–498
Confucius on, 655–656
damage caused by, 692
descriptions of, 42–44
exaggerated incidents made into, 661
family involved in, 503–507, 665–672
forgery in, 672–673
horses in, 678
over land, 672–675
sample rulings, 42. See also justice, administration of; trial hearings I; trial hearings II
learning: elementary studies in, 517–518
headmaster selection and, 525–528
by intelligent youth, 549–551
literature in, 244–245, 517–518
nurturing and, 1
promotion of, in rites and ceremonies, 515–530
repairing and managing of schools and, 523–525
self-cultivation and, 1–2
from teacher, 519–522
left assistant, 236–237
leftover lands (yŏgyŏl), 300
legal deadlines, for imprisonment cases, 735–737
legalism, study of (xingming xue), 724–725
leg-screw torture (churi), 756, 756n196, 758
leisure, setting body in order and, 54–56
leniency, in judicious enforcement of punishments, 752–754
letters, anonymous, 621–624
letters of appointment, 585–587, 903–904
letters of appointment with no names (kongmyŏngch’ŏp), 903–904
letters of complaint, 659–660
liaison storehouses (didian shui): corvée services and, 392–393
excessive taxes on, 393–396
Liang Fang, 781
Liang Zang, 723
Liang Zhang, 781
Liao Qin, 1018
Li Bangbai, 93
Li Baozhen, 8
Li Bing, 847
Li Can, 771
Li Cheng, 719
Li Chong, 803
Li Cong, 796
Li Fan, 442
Li Feng, 753
“Life of Chen Sheng,” 539, 539n319
“Life of Fan Pang,” 759
“Life of Sima Qian,” 759
“Life of Song Youdao,” 759
“The Life of Wei Qing,” 539, 539n321
light corporal punishments (hahyŏng), 739–742
light service for people of low status (ch’ŏnyŏk), 578–581
light stick (t’aehyŏng), 745
Li Hao, 783
Li Heng, 681
Li Hui, 681
Li Jie, 668
Li Jin, 676
Li Jing, 617
Li Ju, 639
Li Junshi, 992–993
Li Kuangyuan, 724
Li Kun, 199–200
Li Mian, 988
Lin E, 442–443
linen (palnaep’o), 240
Lin Ji, 717
Lin Jun, 821–822
Lin Xiyuan, 930–931
Lin Yongzhong (Gutian), 520
Li Ping, 644
Li Qian, 95
Li Qiangong, 989
Li Rusong, 336
Lishanshi (Yandi Shennong), 434
Li Shen, 666–667
Lisheqiao Bridge, 880
Li Shi, 891
Li Shun, 676
Li Suzhi, 869
Li Tangzi, 521
literary competition (paegiljang), 541–542, 545
literary styles: six types of, 544
vulgarity of, 546–549
burial of, 685
in exile, 775
famine and, 945
literature, learning of, 244–245, 517–518
Liu, Lady, 122n236
Liu Bi, 115
Liu Boji, 999–1000
Liu Chong, 981–982
Liu Chongzhi, 504
Liu Di, 1000
Liu Gang, 994–995
Liu Gong, 783
Liu Gongquan, 63
Liu Gongren, 136–137
Liu Guinian, 450
Liu Hao, 817
Liu Hong, 206
Liu Huaiwei, 136
Liu Jianhu, 800
Liu Ju, 663
Liu Kuang, 656
Liu Kun, 209
Liu Lin, 981–982
Liu Nanhuan, 472
Liu Qi, 617
Liu Qichu, 780
Liu Qing, 805–806
Liu Rong, 770–771
Liu Xiang, 202
Liu Xiangong, 699
Liu Xuanming, 66
Liu Yan, 391
Liu Yin, 146
Liu Yong, 999
Liu Yu, 410
Liu Zan, 115
Liu Zhu, 757