CC: Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge
CP: Cherwell Papers, Nuffield College, University of Oxford
IWM: Imperial War Museum archives
LH: Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Kings College, London
NA: National Archives
RUSI: Royal United Services Institute
1 . Joan Bright Astley, The Inner Circle: A View of War at the Top , Hutchinson, 1971, p.31.
2 . IWM: Documents 16248: Private Papers of Professor D. Dilks.
3 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.31.
4 . IWM: Documents 16248.
5 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.31.
6 . Stuart Macrae, Winston Churchill’s Toyshop , Roundwood Press, 1971, p.8. My account of the work of Millis Jefferis and Stuart Macrae at Portland Place and the Firs is derived from two principal sources, Macrae’s book and the extensive archive of the Firs’s work now housed in the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge under the general shelfmark MCRA 1-6. There is also impressive documentation of the Firs’s work in the Cherwell archive, Nuffield College, University of Oxford. This has proved most useful in assessing the work of the Firs.
1 . Caravan and Trailer , April 1937, p.269.
2 . BBC People’s War interview with John Vandepeer Clarke, www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/34/a5961134.shtml
3 . Stephen Bunker, The Spy Capital of Britain: Bedfordshire’s Secret War , Bedford Chronicles Press, 2007, p.14.
4 . Bernard O’Connor, Nobby Clarke: Churchill’s Backroom Boy , Lulu Press, 2007, p.5.
5 . Caravan and Trailer , June 1937, p.443.
6 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.7.
7 . Ibid., pp.1–6.
8 . Ibid., p.6.
9 . ‘Memel in the Reich’, The Times , 23 March 1939.
10 . Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain , Macmillan, 1946, p.404.
11 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.8, 9.
12 . BBC People’s War interview with John Vandepeer Clarke, www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/34/a5961134.shtml
13 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.10, 11. See also ‘Limpet Bomb’, The Times , 17 November 1953.
14 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.34.
15 . Joan Bright Astley and Peter Wilkinson, Gubbins and SOE , Pen & Sword, 1993, p.35.
16 . IWM: Documents 16248.
17 . Astley, Inner Circle , pp.32, 33.
18 . Ibid., p.34.
19 . Peter Colley in Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.28.
20 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.34.
21 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , pp.7, 9.
22 . IWM: Documents 12618.
23 . Peter Colley in Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.28.
24 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.18.
25 . Ibid., pp.26, 34.
26 . IWM: Documents 18587: Interview with Sir Peter Wilkinson.
27 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.35.
28 . IWM: Documents 12618.
29 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.34.
1 . ‘The Sword’, The Times , 22 March 1937.
2 . ‘The Sword’, The Times , 29 March 1937.
3 . ‘Use of Force’, The Times , 27 May 1937.
4 . ‘Use of Force’, The Times , 10 June 1937.
5 . http://www.theyworkforyou.com/debate/?id=1940-05-08a.1326.1
6 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.34.
7 . John Jefferis, The Life and Times of Millis Jefferis , privately published memoir, n.d.
8 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.34.
9 . Royal Engineers Journal , vol. 77, December 1963.
10 . Jefferis, Jefferis , pp.39, 123.
11 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.16, 12, 33.
12 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.36.
13 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.33, 19, 59.
14 . Bickham Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , Methuen, 1965, p.24.
15 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.13.
16 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.36.
17 . Peter Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , I.B. Taurus, 1997, p.62.
18 . Vera Long in IWM: Documents 16248.
19 . James Darton in ibid.
20 . Vera Long in ibid.
21 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.28.
22 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.37.
23 . Ibid., p.39.
24 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , p.68.
25 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.39.
26 . Ibid., p.41.
27 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , pp.85, 86.
28 . Stephen Dorril, MI 6 , Fourth Estate, 2000, p.250. For more detail on the possible identity of Professor Sandwich, including interviews with survivors, see Brian Johnson, The Secret War , BBC Books, 1979, chapter 6.
1 . The king’s speech is cited in Historic Royal Speeches and Writings (online): www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/georgevi.pdf
2 . Ann Hagan interview with John Clarke for Bedford Museum.
3 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.39.
4 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.27.
5 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.40.
6 . Ibid.
7 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.17.
8 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.40.
9 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.17, 178, 18, 26.
10 . Ibid., Topshop , p.59.
11 . A.J.P. Taylor, English History , Clarendon Press, 1965, p.444.
12 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.61.
13 . Late 1930s advert cited on http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Boon_and_Porter
14 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.29, 23.
15 . Ibid., p.11.
16 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.31.
17 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.21, 178, 22.
18 . Ibid., p.20.
19 . Ibid., p.25.
20 . Ibid., p.31.
21 . Winston Churchill, The Second World War , Cassell, 1948–54 (6 vols.), vol. 2, p.321.
22 . NA: WO32/5184 and WO32/5185.
23 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.32.
24 . Churchill, Second World War , vol. 1, p.456.
25 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.31.
26 . Hastings Ismay, The Memoirs of General the Lord Ismay , Heinemann, 1960, p.172.
27 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.31, 33, 35.
28 . Ibid., p.45.
29 . Ibid., p.35.
30 . Churchill, Second World War , vol. 1, p.574.
31 . Churchill, Second World War , vol. 2, p.36.
32 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.51.
33 . Churchill, Second World War , vol. 2, p.583.
1 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.47.
2 . Ibid.
3 . Kim Philby, My Silent War , MacGibbon & Kee, 1968, chapter 1.
4 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.49.
5 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , p.87.
6 . IWM: Documents 14093, John McCaffery, ‘No Pipes or Drums’ (manuscript).
7 . Pittsburgh Press , 19 September 1939, p.8.
8 . Ernest Turner, The Phoney War on the Home Front , Michael Joseph, 1961, chapter 12.
9 . www.warsailors.com/homefleet/shipsp.html
10 . Nicholas Rankin, Ian Fleming’s Commandos , Faber & Faber, 2011, pp.69, 70.
11 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.43.
12 . NA: HS 8/263.
13 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.44.
14 . NA: HS 8/263.
15 . RUSI: Anon., ‘An Interlude in the Campaign in Norway’, Journal of the United Service Institution of India, 1941 .
16 . Ibid., p.27.
17 . NA: WO 168/103.
18 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.65.
19 . NA: HS 8/263.
20 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.66.
21 . NA: CAB 65/7/1.
22 . Jefferis, Jefferis , p.66
23 . NA: CAB 65/7/1.
24 . Ibid.
25 . E.H. Stevens, The Trial of Nikolaus von Falkenhorst , William Hodge, 1949, p.xxix.
26 . François Kersaudy, Norway 1940 , HarperCollins, 1990, p.45.
27 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.52.
28 . Ibid.
29 . Colin Gubbins, The Art of Guerrilla Warfare , Ministry of Information, 1939.
30 . Anon., ‘Interlude’, p.30.
31 . Rankin, Commandos , p.71.
32 . Gubbins, Art of Guerrilla Warfare .
33 . NA: WO 168/103.
34 . Ibid.
35 . Anon., ‘Interlude’, p.30.
36 . NA: WO 168/103.
37 . Captain William Fell, CC: Fell 2/3.
38 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.44.
39 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , pp.68, 67.
40 . Anon., ‘Interlude’, p.34.
41 . IWM: Documents 12618.
42 . Colin Gubbins, Introduction to Knut Haukelid, Skis Against the Atom , North American Heritage Press, 1989.
1 . Cecil Clarke, The Development of Weapon Potential , Clarke Family Papers.
2 . The Times , 9 September 1939.
3 . NA: AVIA 11/2.
4 . NA: PREM 3/320/1.
5 . NA: AVIA 11/2.
6 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.45.
7 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.46.
8 . Comer Clarke, England Under Hitler , New English Library, 1972, pp.104–6 (a copy of this scarce book is available at the IWM).
9 . Ibid.
10 . David Lampe, The Last Ditch , Cassell, 1968, p.65. See also Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.38.
11 . Clarke, England , pp.104–6.
12 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.69.
13 . Clarke, England , pp.104–6.
14 . Gubbins in Leo McKinstry, Operation Sealion , John Murray, 2014, pp.263–4.
15 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.69.
16 . IWM: Documents 16248.
17 . Lampe, Last Ditch , p.80.
18 . Donald Hamilton-Hill, SOE Assignment , William Kimber, 1973, p.13.
19 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.69.
20 . Lampe, Last Ditch , p.82.
21 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.76.
22 . Clarke, England , pp.104–7.
23 . Lampe, Last Ditch , p.91.
24 . IWM: Documents 12618.
25 . Clarke, England , pp.104–7.
26 . Peter Fleming, Invasion 1940 , Rupert Hart-Davis, 1957, p.70.
27 . McKinstry, Sealion , p.18.
28 . William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , Secker & Warburg, 1961, p.782, citing army directive from Von Brauchitsch.
29 . Hamilton-Hill, SOE , p.13.
30 . Lampe, Last Ditch , pp.84–5.
31 . McKinstry, Sealion , p.267.
32 . Lampe, Last Ditch , p.102.
33 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.36.
34 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.76, 124, 98, 125-6, 131.
35 . Lampe, Last Ditch , p.103.
36 . IWM: Documents 12618.
37 . Henry Hall interview in McKinstry, Sealion , p.272.
38 . Lampe, Last Ditch , p.98.
39 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , p.102.
40 . IWM: Documents 12618.
41 . Churchill, Second World War , vol. 2, pp.584, 231.
42 . Erich Raeder, Grand Admiral , Da Capo Press, 2000, p.324.
43 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.74.
1 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.61, 82.
2 . CC: MCRA 2/2.
3 . Gerald Pawle, The Secret War , Harrap, 1956, p.125.
4 . Barnaby Blacker, The Adventures and Inventions of Stewart Blacker: Soldier, Aviator, Weapons Inventor , Pen & Sword, 2006, p.vii.
5 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.79.
6 . Jefferis, Jefferis , unpaginated.
7 . Pawle, Secret , p.27.
8 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.85–6.
9 . Ibid., p.96.
10 . This and previous, Churchill, Second World War , vol. 2, p.294.
11 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.179.
12 . Ibid., pp.108, 87, 88.
13 . CC: MCRA 4/1.
14 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.114, 99.
15 . NA: CAB 121.
16 . Hugh Dalton, Fateful Years , Frederick Muller, 1957, pp.366–7.
17 . David Stafford, Secret Agent , BBC Books, 2000, p.12.
18 . Brendan Bracken, in Mark Seaman (ed.), Special Operations Executive: A New Instrument of War , Routledge, 2005, p.62.
19 . Dalton, Fateful Years , pp.367, 366.
20 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.112.
21 . Obituary, The Times , 13 August 1966.
22 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.56.
23 . Ibid., p.44.
24 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.79.
25 . Ibid., p.76.
26 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , p.107.
27 . Ewan Butler, Amateur Agent , Harrap, 1963, p.75.
28 . Peter Wilkinson, in Russell Miller, Behind the Lines , Secker & Warburg, 2002, p.3.
29 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.81.
30 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.27.
31 . Ibid., p.28.
32 . Carlton TV interview with Margaret Jackson, IWM: Documents 23245.
33 . Ibid.
34 . ‘Margaret’s Secret War’, For a Change , vol. 19, no. 4, August 2006.
35 . Leo Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codebreaker’s War , HarperCollins, 1999, p.346.
36 . IWM: Documents 23245.
37 . IWM: Documents 12618.
38 . IWM: Documents 16248.
39 . IWM: Documents 23245.
40 . John Connell, The House by Herod’s Gate , Sampson Low, Marston, 1947, p.19.
41 . Sue Ryder interview, IWM: Documents 10057.
42 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.96.
43 . IWM: Documents 23245.
44 . Philby, Silent , p.54.
45 . IWM: Documents 23245.
46 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.57.
47 . IWM: Documents 23245.
1 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.93–4.
2 . Interview with Mrs Ann Clarke, 17 December 2014.
3 . Des Turner, Station 12 : Aston House, SOE’s Secret Centre , History Press, 2006, p.184.
4 . NA: HS 8/371.
5 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.195.
6 . Philby, Silent , p.49.
7 . Peter Kemp, No Colours or Crest , Cassell, 1958, p.38.
8 . Philby, Silent , p.8.
9 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.195.
10 . youtube.com/watch?v=-UlmaSMg104
11 . Eveleigh Earle Denis ‘Dumbo’ Newman, interview, IWM 27463.
12 . IWM: Documents 14093.
13 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , pp.57, 53.
14 . Brian Lett, Ian Fleming and SOE’s Operation Postmaster , Pen & Sword, 2012.
15 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.21.
16 . M.R.D. Foot, SOE in France , Routledge, 2004, pp.153, 141.
17 . NA: HS 6/347.
18 . IWM: Interview 9421.
19 . NA: HS 6/347.
20 . www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/51/a5961251.shtml
21 . The Times , 10 May 1941.
22 . NA: HS 6/347.
23 . Ibid.
24 . Henri Noguères en collaboration avec M. Degliame-Fouché et J.L. Vigier, Histoire de la Résistance en France de 1940 à 1945 , Robert Laffont, 1981.
25 . NA: HS 6/347.
26 . Foot, SOE in France , p.144.
27 . NA: HS 6/347.
28 . IWM: Documents 12618.
29 . NA: HS 6/347 and HS 6/345.
1 . Churchill, Second World War , vol. 4, p.536.
2 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.115, 114, 111, 99, 97, 110, 182.
3 . CC: MCRA 4/1.
4 . Pawle, Secret , p.8.
5 . CC: GOEV 3/3.
6 . Pawle, Secret , p.126.
7 . Ibid., p.130.
8 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.164.
9 . Pawle, Secret , p.131.
10 . Ibid., p.128.
11 . Ibid., pp.134–5.
12 . Ibid., p.130.
13 . IWM: Documents 12618.
14 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.63.
15 . Kemp, Colours , p.23.
16 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.37.
17 . Roderick Bailey, Forgotten Voices of the Secret War , Ebury Press, 2008, p.49.
18 . George Langelaan, Knights of the Floating Silk , Hutchinson, 1959, p.65.
19 . Charles J. Rolo, Major W.E. Fairbairn , NA: HS 9/495/7.
20 . Langelaan, Knights , p.65.
21 . NA: HS 9/495/7.
22 . Ibid.
23 . Langelaan, Knights , p.65.
24 . Peter Kemp in Tom Keene, The Lost Band of Brothers , History Press, 2015, p.32.
25 . James Owen, Commando , Little, Brown, 2012, p.24.
26 . Stafford, Secret Agent , p.27.
27 . William Pilkington audio interview, IWM: 16854.
28 . Bailey, Forgotten , p.45.
29 . NA: HS 9/495/7.
30 . Langelaan, Knights , p.67.
31 . William Pilkington interview, IWM: 16854.
32 . William Pilkingon audio interviews, ibid. and IWM: 18478.
33 . Kemp, Colours , p.44.
34 . Churchill, Second World War , vol. 2, p.217.
35 . Marcus Binney, Secret War Heroes: The Men of Special Operations Executive , Hodder & Stoughton, 2005, pp.121–2.
36 . Keene, Lost , p.54.
37 . John Geoffrey Appleyard, Geoffrey , Blandford Press, 1945, p.44.
38 . Lett, Fleming , chapter 7.
39 . Suzanne Lassen, Anders Lassen VC , Frederick Muller, 1965, p.26.
1 . The Times , 9 August 1941.
2 . Keene, Lost , p.61.
3 . Mike Langley, Anders Lassen , New English Library, 1988, p.87.
4 . NA: HS 7/221.
5 . Langley, Lassen , p.61.
6 . Appleyard, Geoffrey , p.84.
7 . Sir Richard Francis Burton, Wanderings in West Africa , Tinsley Brothers, 1863, vol. 2, p.295.
8 . NA: HS 3/86.
9 . Keene, Lost , p.84.
10 . Colin Gubbins, The Partisan Leaders’ Handbook , Ministry of Information, 1939.
11 . Binney, Secret , p.127.
12 . Keene, Lost , pp. 94–9.
13 . Ibid., p.100.
14 . NA: ADM 199/395.
15 . NA: HS 3/87.
16 . Appleyard, Geoffrey , p.72.
17 . NA: HS 3/91.
18 . Langley, Lassen , p.84.
19 . Binney, Secret , pp.134–5.
20 . Ibid., p.139.
21 . NA: HS 3/91.
22 . Keene, Lost , p.108.
23 . Tim Moreman, The British Commandos 1940 –46 , Osprey Publishing, 2006, p.54.
24 . NA: HS 3/91.
25 . Ibid.
26 . NA: HS 3/91.
27 . Appleyard, Geoffrey , p.75.
28 . NA: HS 3/91.
29 . Ibid.
30 . Binney, Secret , p.140ff.
31 . Ibid., pp.140–1.
32 . NA: HS 3/91.
33 . Henrietta March-Phillipps, BBC interview in Keene, Lost , p.114.
34 . NA: HS 3/91.
35 . Henrietta March-Phillipps, BBC interview in Keene, Lost , p.114.
36 . Binney, Secret , p.149.
37 . NA: HS 3/87.
38 . Binney, Secret , pp.147–8.
39 . Ibid., p.147.
40 . NA: ADM 116/5736.
1 . IWM: Documents 12618.
2 . Churchill, Second World War , vol. 4, p.98.
3 . NA: DEFE 2/130.
4 . Ibid.
5 . Lucas Phillips, The Greatest Raid of All , Heinemann, 1958, p.23.
6 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.98.
7 . Phillips, Greatest , p.29.
8 . IWM: Documents 12618.
9 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.148.
10 . Phillips, Greatest , p.92.
11 . Ibid., p.55.
12 . Ibid., p.58.
13 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.155.
14 . Corran Purdon, ‘List the Bugle’, in James Dorrian, Storming St Nazaire , Leo Cooper, 1998.
15 . NA: HS 9/495/7.
16 . Dorrian, St Nazaire , p.26.
17 . Phillips, Greatest , pp.92–3.
18 . Dorrian, St Nazaire , p.69.
19 . Phillips, Greatest , p.83.
20 . Ibid., p.109.
21 . Ibid., p.127.
22 . Dorrian, St Nazaire , p.126.
23 . Phillips, Greatest , p.138.
24 . Dorrian, St Nazaire , pp.134–6.
25 . Ibid., p.137.
26 . Phillips, Greatest , p.142.
27 . Ibid., p.155.
28 . Ibid., p.158.
29 . Ibid., p.254.
30 . Ibid., p.xvii.
31 . Gubbins, Art of Guerrilla Warfare .
1 . Jefferis, Jefferis , unpaginated.
2 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.115, 112, 206, 183, 154, 101.
3 . CP: Lord Cherwell letter to Churchill, 27 November 1942.
4 . Gordon Rogers, From Bangs to Black Holes , pp.121–2.
5 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , pp.101–2.
6 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.93.
7 . Ibid., p.115.
8 . IWM: Documents 23245.
9 . Dalton, Fateful Years , p.384.
10 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.100.
11 . Sir David Dilks (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938 –1945 , Cassell, 1971, p.437.
12 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.112.
13 . Dalton, Fateful Years , p.369.
14 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.113.
15 . Ben Pimlott (ed.), The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton , Jonathan Cape, 1986, p.128.
16 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.125.
17 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.102.
18 . IWM: Documents 12618.
19 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.116.
20 . IWM: Documents 12618.
21 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.28.
22 . Letter to Joan Bright Astley in Gubbins , p.245.
23 . IWM: Documents 23245.
24 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.243.
25 . Ibid., p.144.
26 . S.G. Brandon and M. Elliot-Bateman (eds.), The Fourth Dimension of Warfare , Manchester University Press, 1970, p.104.
27 . IWM: Documents 29955.
28 . IWM: Documents 29955 (interview with Daphne Maynard).
29 . Van Maurik in IWM: Documents 12618.
30 . Margaret Jackson, IWM: Documents 23245.
1 . IWM: Documents 23245.
2 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.83.
3 . Frantisek Moravec, Master of Spies: The Memoirs of General Frantisek Moravec , Bodley Head, 1975, p.160.
4 . Callum MacDonald, The Killing of Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich , Macmillan, 1989, p.51.
5 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.107.
6 . Moravec, Master , p.211.
7 . Leslie Horvitz and Christopher Catherwood, Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide , Facts on File, 2006, p.200.
8 . Mario Dederichs, The Face of Evil , Greenhill Books, 2006, p.92.
9 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.107.
10 . Moravec, Master , p.211.
11 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.107.
12 . Moravec, Master , p.209.
13 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.107.
14 . NA: HS 4/39.
15 . MacDonald, Killing , p.116.
16 . NA: HS 4/39.
17 . Moravec, Master , p.215.
18 . Ibid., p.212.
19 . NA: HS 4/39.
20 . Moravec, Master , p.212.
21 . MacDonald, Killing , pp.100–102.
22 . Moravec, Master , p.213.
23 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , p.125.
24 . Turner, Aston , p.110.
25 . MacDonald, Killing , p.124.
26 . Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing , Random House, 1982, p.94.
27 . IWM: Documents 27463.
28 . Cecil Clarke Family Papers.
29 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , pp.125–6.
30 . NA: HS 4/39.
31 . Sue Ryder, Child of My Love , HarperCollins, 1986, p.78.
32 . NA: HS 4/39.
33 . IWM: Documents 80013010.
34 . Moravec, Master , p.216.
35 . MacDonald, Killing , p.172.
36 . Moravec, Master , p.217.
37 . NA: HS 4/39.
38 . MacDonald, Killing , p.182.
39 . Moravec, Master , p.210.
1 . Colin Gubbins, Introduction to Haukelid, Skis , p.2.
2 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.64.
3 . Stafford, Secret , p.89.
4 . Gubbins, Art of Guerrilla Warfare .
5 . C.M. Woodhouse, Something Ventured , Granada, 1982, p.21.
6 . Obituary, Guardian , 20 February 2001.
7 . Obituary, The Times , 10 December 1997.
8 . E.C.W. Myers, Greek Entanglement , Alan Sutton Publishing, 1985, pp.14, 66.
9 . Woodhouse, Ventured , p.25.
10 . Myers, Greek , pp.27, 33.
11 . Woodhouse, Ventured , p.32.
12 . Stafford, Secret , p.95.
13 . Woodhouse, Ventured , p.35.
14 . Gubbins, Art of Guerrilla Warfare .
15 . Woodhouse, Ventured , pp.39–41.
16 . Myers, Greek , p.69.
17 . Woodhouse, Ventured , p.42.
18 . Myers, Greek , p.72.
19 . Woodhouse, Ventured , p.43.
20 . Myers, Greek , p.72.
21 . CC: Macrae papers, MCRA 3/3.
22 . Myers, Greek , pp.60, 74, 78.
23 . Woodhouse, Ventured , p.48.
24 . Myers, Greek , p.78.
25 . Stafford, Secret , p.101.
26 . Myers, Greek , p.80.
27 . Stafford, Secret , p.101.
28 . Myers, Greek , p.80.
29 . M.B. McGlynn, Special Service in Greece , War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand, 1953, p.13.
30 . Myers, Greek , pp.81, 85.
31 . C.M. Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece , Rupert Hart-Davis, 1976, p.26.
32 . Bailey, Forgotten , p.131.
33 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.137.
34 . NA: HS 5/346.
1 . Ewen Southby-Tailyour, Blondie: A Life of Lieutenant-Colonel H.G. Hasler , Leo Cooper, 1998, p.123.
2 . Letter from Gubbins to Clarke: Cecil Clarke Family Papers.
3 . Cecil Clarke Family Papers.
4 . Ibid.
5 . Interview with Rev. David Clarke, 9 February 2015.
6 . Macrae, Toyshop , pp.155–6.
7 . NA: HS 8/415.
8 . Ibid.
9 . M.R.D. Foot, Special Operations Executive , Pimlico, 1999, p.90.
10 . NA: HS 9/1250/7.
11 . Ibid.
12 . Foot, Special , p.90.
13 . IWM: audio interview, 10057.
14 . Bernard O’Connor, Churchill’s School for Saboteurs, Station 17 , Amberley Publishing, 2013, p.59.
15 . IWM: Documents 12618.
16 . Professor Lindemann in Ray Mears, The Real Heroes of Telemark , Hodder & Stoughton, 2003, p.80.
17 . Stafford, Secret , p.105.
18 . IWM: Documents 12618.
19 . IWM: Documents 16489.
20 . Gubbins, Introduction to Haukelid, Skis , p.6.
21 . IWM: Documents 16489.
22 . IWM: Documents 23245.
23 . Gubbins, Introduction to Haukelid, Skis , p.4.
24 . Bailey, Forgotten , pp.136, 48.
25 . Hamilton-Hill, SOE , p.24.
26 . Bailey, Forgotten , p.137.
27 . Haukelid, Skis , p.43.
28 . Mears, Telemark , p.117.
29 . NA: HS 8/370.
30 . Mears, Telemark , p.118.
31 . NA: HS 8/370.
32 . Bailey, Forgotten , p.138.
33 . NA: HS 52/185.
34 . Mears, Telemark , p.121.
35 . Haukelid, Skis , pp.74–5.
36 . Mears, Telemark , p.123.
37 . Haukelid, Skis , pp.76–7.
38 . NA: HS 52/185.
39 . Haukelid, Skis , p.78.
1 . Haukelid, Skis , pp.46, 82.
2 . J. Charrot, Memoirs , cited in O’Connor, School , p.215.
3 . Haukelid, Skis , p.82.
4 . Bailey, Forgotten , p.139.
5 . Haukelid, Skis , p.83.
6 . Ibid., p.162.
7 . Mears, Telemark , p.140.
8 . Haukelid, Skis , p.84.
9 . Mears, Telemark , p.141.
10 . IWM: Carlton TV interview, 23257.
11 . Haukelid, Skis , p.87.
12 . Ibid., pp.84–7.
13 . Mears, Telemark , p.148.
14 . Haukelid, Skis , p.100.
15 . Ibid., p.97.
16 . Ibid., p.12.
17 . Mears, Telemark , p.154.
18 . NA: HS 52/186.
19 . Haukelid, Skis , p.108.
20 . Ibid., pp.107, 100, 105.
21 . Stafford, Secret , p.118.
22 . Haukelid, Skis , p.109.
23 . NA: HS 52/186.
24 . IWM: Carlton TV interview, 23257.
25 . NA: HS 52/186.
26 . IWM: Carlton TV interview, 23257.
27 . NA: HS 52/186.
28 . Mears, Telemark , p.161.
29 . Haukelid, Skis , pp. 112–13.
30 . Ibid., p.112.
31 . Ibid., p.113.
32 . Mears, Telemark , p.163.
33 . NA: HS 52/186.
34 . Haukelid, Skis , pp.113–14.
35 . IWM: Carlton TV interview, 23257.
36 . Stafford, Secret , p.122.
37 . NA: HS 52/186.
38 . Mears, Telemark , p.206.
39 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , p.114.
40 . NA: HS 52/186.
41 . Mears, Telemark , p.169.
42 . NA: HS 52/185.
43 . Mears, Telemark , p.180.
44 . NA: HS 2/173.
45 . NA: HS 52/189.
46 . Mears, Telemark , p.224.
47 . NA: HS 52/189.
48 . Ibid.
1 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.209.
2 . Ibid., p.206.
3 . Edward Daily, My Time at The Firs : www.whitchurch.org/assets/other/my-time-at-the-firs-2
4 . Ibid.
5 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.114.
6 . Jefferis, Jefferis , unpaginated.
7 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.189.
8 . Ibid., p.189.
9 . Ibid.
10 . CP: Professor Lindeman letter to Winston Churchill, 27 February 1942.
11 . Ibid.
12 . Ibid.
13 . CP: BBC broadcast transcript, 6 February 1944.
14 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.192.
15 . Charles Rolo, NA: HS 9/495/7.
16 . IWM: Documents 16248.
17 . Miller, Behind the Lines , p.62.
18 . Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular , pp.131, 143, 133.
19 . Nelson Lankford, The Last American Aristocrat , Little, Brown, 1996, p.136.
20 . Henry Hyde in Max Hastings, Das Reich , Michael Joseph, 1981.
1 . Foot, SOE in France , p.256. The exact content of the message is disputed, with several variants. Maurice Buckmaster claims it was the message cited above.
2 . Bailey, Forgotten , p.30.
3 . NA: HS 9/1204/3.
4 . Stephen Hawes and Ralph White, Resistance in Europe , Viking, 1975, p.25.
5 . François Marcot, ‘La direction de Peugeot sous l’Occupation: pétainisme, réticence, opposition et résistance’, in Le Mouvement Social (no. 189), Éditions de l’Atelier, 1999, p.28.
6 . Astley, Inner Circle , p.129.
7 . Foot, SOE in France , p.15.
8 . Chris Everitt and Martin Middlebrook, The Bomber Command War Diaries , Pen & Sword, 2014, entry for 15–16 July 1943.
9 . Maurice Buckmaster, They Fought Alone , Odhams Press, 1968, pp.55–6.
10 . E.H. Cookridge, They Came from the Sky , Heinemann, 1965, p.46.
11 . NA: HS 9/1240/3.
12 . Harry Ree, ‘Experiences of an SOE Agent in France’ in Brandon and Elliot-Bateman, Fourth Dimension , p.121.
13 . NA: HS 9/1240/3 and Buckmaster, Alone , p.156.
14 . Cookridge, Sky , p.7.
15 . Binney, Secret , p.204.
16 . Hawes and White, Resistance , p.44.
17 . NA: HS 9/1240/3.
18 . Hawes and White, Resistance , p.44.
19 . Buckmaster, Alone , p.157.
20 . NA: HS 9/1240/3.
21 . Buckmaster, Alone , pp.157–8.
22 . Ibid., p.158.
23 . NA: HS 9/1240/3.
24 . Buckmaster, Alone , p.158.
25 . NA: HS 9/1204/3.
26 . Bailey, Forgotten , p.189.
27 . NA: HS 9/1204/3.
28 . Bailey, Forgotten, pp.189–90.
29 . NA: HS 9/1240/3.
30 . NA: HS 8/370.
1 . Pawle, Secret , p.130.
2 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.137.
3 . Pawle, Secret , p.131.
4 . David Owen, Anti-Submarine Warfare , Seaforth Publishing, 2007, p.145.
5 . Pawle, Secret , p.138.
6 . John A. Williamson, Antisubmarine Warrior in the Pacific , University of Alabama Press, 2005, pp.145, 110.
7 . Ibid., p.82.
8 . The account of this attack is drawn from ibid., chapter 9. See also http://www.ussengland.org for diaries, logbooks and interviews with survivors.
9 . S.E. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , vol. 8, New Guinea and the Marianas , Little, Brown, 1948, p.231.
10 . Williamson, Antisubmarine , p.145.
11 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.194.
1 . Charles Hambro, Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press, 2009.
2 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , p.213.
3 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.192.
4 . Ibid.
5 . Ibid., pp.168–9, 189.
6 . Ibid., pp.176, 193, 173.
7 . Tommy Macpherson with Richard Bath, Behind Enemy Lines , Mainstream Publishing, 2010, p.117.
8 . Macpherson Carlton TV interview, IWM: 23256.
9 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , pp.175, 155.
10 . Macpherson, Enemy , p.119.
11 . IWM: Documents 12674.
12 . Denis Rigden (ed.), SOE Syllabus , PRO, 2001, p.367.
13 . O.A. Brown, IWM: Documents 12674.
14 . Harry Verlander, My War in SOE , Independent Books, 2010, p.55.
15 . Macpherson, Enemy , p.123. Bourbon’s story is also told in Robert Hall, ‘Allied “Bandits” Behind Enemy Lines’, 5 June 2006: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8085383.stm
16 . IWM: Documents 12674.
17 . Macpherson, Enemy , p.125.
18 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8085383.stm
19 . IWM: Documents 12618.
20 . Macpherson, Enemy , pp.130–31.
21 . IWM: Documents 12674.
22 . Macpherson, Enemy , pp.132–3.
23 . Miller, Behind , p.152.
24 . Macpherson Carlton TV interview, IWM: 23256.
25 . Macpherson, Enemy , p.139.
26 . Miller, Behind , p.153.
27 . Macpherson, Enemy , p.139.
28 . Miller, Behind , p.153.
29 . Lammerding report to General Commander, 58th Panzer Corps, in Hastings, Das Reich , p.145.
30 . Macpherson Carlton TV interview, IWM: 23256.
31 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , pp.193–4.
32 . IWM: Documents 12618, SHAEF report into Special Operations Executive’s work, June 1944. Eisenhower’s report, Special Operations Executive’s work, June 1944; Lord Mountbatten, personal letter to Colin Gubbins; Hugh Dalton, personal letter to Colin Gubbins; King George VI, letter to Colin Gubbins; note by Colin Gubbins; Edward Grigg, Minister Resident in the Middle East, personal letter.
1 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.210.
2 . CC: Macrae diary, MCRA 4.
3 . Macrae, Toyshop , p.211.
4 . Ibid., p.212.
5 . Ibid.
6 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.224.
7 . Brandon and Elliot-Bateman, Fourth Dimension , p.45.
8 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , p.213.
9 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.217.
10 . Lord Selborne, personal letter, in ibid., pp.232–3.
11 . Wilkinson, Foreign Fields , p.213.
12 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.235.
13 . Eric Sykes’s SOE file, NA: HS 9/1434.
14 . William Donovan’s assessment in Fairbairn’s SOE file, NA: HS 9/495/7.
15 . CP: Jefferis to Lord Lindemann, 1945, K165/3.
16 . Interview with John Jefferis, 5 December 2014.
17 . The Times , 7 September 1963.
18 . George Rheam’s ‘Report on Sabotage’, NA: HS 8/3705.
19 . Bedford Museum unpublished interview with John Vandepeer Clarke, 23 April 2004.
20 . Interview with Mrs Ann Clarke, 17 December 2014.
21 . Obituary of Joan Bright Astley, Independent , 28 January 2009.
22 . Astley and Wilkinson, Gubbins , p.213.
23 . Ibid., p.243.