eský rozhlas/Radio Prague, March 13, 2008.------------------
A Note on WikiLeaks Citations
The WikiLeaks cables are accessible from a variety of public websites, including newspapers involved in the original release in 2010. The author accessed the cables through cablegatesearch.net. The cables have since been reorganized by WikiLeaks to wikileaks.org, which features Plus D, The Public Library of U.S. Diplomacy. The searchable database allows researchers to look by country, topic, date, or combinations of all three. The name “Cablegate” is the WikiLeaks term for the release of the 251,287 State Department cables. The WikiLeaks site contains many documents in addition to the Cablegate tranche from other U.S. government agencies and the private sector.
Unsurprisingly given their provenance, there is no consensus on how authors should cite WikiLeaks cables. This book includes the city of the originating embassy or consulate, the date, and the subject line (or title). The subject line offers valuable additional information. FSOs are trained to compose titles designed to catch the attention of busy State Department readers, as their cable will compete with hundreds of others each day. The titles often convey humor, wit, nuance, or additional headline-style information, such as “Foreign Minister Rejects Initiative.” An overburdened desk officer can read further to find out why, but the subject line, much like a headline, conveys the essence. In the case of situation reports, or sitreps, the subject lines often offer sequential numbering in addition to the date, so it is clear where the cable fits in the course of the crisis.
1. See Alan Rusbridger, Play It Again: An Amateur Against the Impossible (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), for his diary account of the drama behind the collaboration with the New York Times.
Chapter 1. 251, 287 LEAKED CABLES
1. Abba Eban, Diplomacy for the Next Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 92.
2. See David Paull Nickles, Under the Wire: How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), for an excellent discussion on the concept of time and its impact on the work of governments and diplomats.
3. Gary J. Bass, The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013).
4. Ibid.
5. Hannah Gurman, The Dissent Papers: The Voices of Diplomats in the Cold War and Beyond (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012).
6. Alexander Star, ed., Open Secrets: WikiLeaks, War, and American Diplomacy (New York: Grove Press, 2011).
7. Christopher Beam, “Dispatches: The WikiLeaks Cables as Literature,” Slate, December 1, 2010, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/12/dispatches.htm.
8. Fareed Zakaria, “WikiLeaks Shows the Skills of U.S. Diplomats,” Time, December 2, 2010; and Timothy Garton Ash, “U.S. Embassy Cables: A Banquet of Secrets,” Guardian, November 28, 2010.
9. Numbers published by the American Foreign Service Association, reflecting full-time permanent employees as of December 30, 2012, as prepared by the State Department’s HR/RMA/WPA office and cleared for public release.
10. Bushnell’s accounts have been widely published in the media, but for a highly compelling first-person account, see her entry in Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History on the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training website, http://adst.org/2012/08/prudence-bushnell-on-the-us-embassy-nairobi-bombings/.
11. U.S. Department of State Office of Inspector General, Compliance Followup Review of Embassy Islamabad and Constituent Posts, Pakistan, Report # ISP-C-12-28A, Washington, DC, May 2012.
12. Alasdair Roberts, “The WikiLeaks Illusion,” Wilson Quarterly, Summer 2011, http://wilsonquarterly.com/stories/the-wikileaks-illusion/.
13. David E. Sanger “How Our Diplomats Think,” in Open Secrets: WikiLeaks, War, and American Diplomacy, ed. Alexander Star (New York: Grove Press, 2011), 331.
14. Timothy Garton Ash, “Historian Relishes WikiLeaks Cable Dump,” interview by Renee Montagne, NPR Morning Edition, Washington, DC, December 1, 2010, http://www.npr.org/2010/12/01/131719047/historian-relishes-wikileaks-cable-dump.
15. Steven Alan Honley, ed., “AFSA Members Speak Out on the WikiLeaks Mess,” Foreign Service Journal 88, no. 3 (March 2011): 15–22.
16. Michele Keleman, “Ex-Diplomats Fear Leak Will Lead to Cautious Cables,” NPR Morning Edition, Washington, DC, November 30, 2010, http://www.npr.org/2010/11/30/131686336/ex-diplomats-fear-leak-will-lead-to-cautious-cables.
17. Michael A. Lindenberger, “The U.S.’s Weak Legal Case Against WikiLeaks,” Time, December 9, 2010.
18. Stephen Hadley, “How Will New Wikileaks Revelations Affect Diplomatic Candor?,” interview by Judy Woodruff, PBS NewsHour, November 29, 2010, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/government_programs-july-dec10-weakileaks2_11-29/.
19. John Campbell, “Expert Roundup: Will WikiLeaks Hobble U.S. Diplomacy?,” interview by Deborah Jerome, December 1, 2010, http://www.cfr.org/diplomacy-and-statecraft/wikileaks-hobble-us-diplomacy/p23526.
20. Elisabeth Bumiller, “Gates on Leaks, Wiki and Other,” New York Times, November 30, 2010.
21. Frederick Hitz, “Are WikiLeaks Leaks Good for America?” interview by Jim Zirin, Digital Age, December 14, 2010, http://www.digitalage.org/video/are-wikileaks-leaks-good-for-america/.
22. Ibid.
Chapter 2. ANTI-AMERICANISM
1. U.S. Embassy Oslo, “Muslim American Congressman in Norway on Faith, Peace, and Combatting U.S. Stereotypes,” January 18, 2008.
2. Steven R. Weisman, “Saudi Women Have Message for U.S. Envoy,” New York Times, September 28, 2005.
3. Glenn Kessler, “Turks Challenge Hughes on Iraq,” Washington Post, September 29, 2005.
4. Fred Kaplan, “Karen Hughes, Stay Home!,” Slate, September 29, 2005.
5. U.S. Embassy Cairo, “U/S Hughes Meeting with Egyptian Prime Minister Nazif,” September 29, 2005.
6. U.S. Embassy Riyadh, “A Public Diplomacy Strategy for Saudi Arabia,” September 29, 2005.
7. U.S. Embassy Ankara, “Turkish Media Coverage—Visit of Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs,” October 3, 2005.
8. “Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years (2001–2008),” Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, December 18, 2008. Pew found that the United States remained broadly disliked in the countries surveyed, and attitudes toward the United States were unsurprisingly negative in the Muslim world. What was surprising was the degree of disparity in Western countries and traditional allies, especially on security issues. “Indeed, opinion of the U.S. continues to be mostly unfavorable among the publics of America’s traditional allies. In Turkey, hostility toward the U.S. and the American people has intensified.” Many allies faulted the United States for conducting a unilateral foreign policy.
9. U.S. Embassy Athens, “The Case for Increasing Greece’s IMET Funding,” February 8, 2010.
10. “Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years (2001–2008),” Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, December 18, 2008.
11. Andrew Kohut, “Obama Unlikely to Find a Quick Fix for U.S. Global Image,” Pew Research Center Global Attitudes Project, Washington, DC, March 31, 2009.
12. Ibid.
13. “America’s Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project,” Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, March 14, 2007.
14. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “Jeddah Journal 17,” August 7, 2006.
15. U.S. Embassy Manama, “Shia Commemorate Ashura with Large, Orderly Crowds and Processions,” February 1, 2007.
16. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “From the Eastern Province: An Anti-American Sermon,” March 22, 2006.
17. U.S. Embassy Nouakchott, “Spies Like Us: The Media’s Tendency to See U.S. Agents Everywhere,” December 21, 2008.
18. U.S. Embassy Harare, “Zanu-PF Peacefully Protests Sanctions in Front of the U.S. Embassy,” February 24, 2010.
19. U.S. Embassy Dushanbe, “Interior Minister—That’s Not My Anti-American Screed,” February 3, 2010.
20. Jon Kelly, “Hugo Chávez and the Era of the Anti-American Bogeymen,” BBC News Magazine, March 7, 2013.
21. U.S. Embassy Brasilia, “Understanding Brazil’s Foreign Ministry: Part 1 Ideological Forces,” February 11, 2009.
22. U.S. Embassy Cairo, “Egyptian Media Themes Sept. 26 to Oct. 2: Six More Years! Mubarak Inaugurated for Fifth Term; Simpsons Coming to Town,” October 3, 2005.
23. U.S. Embassy Riyadh, “Ideological and Ownership Trends in the Saudi Media,” May 11, 2009.
24. U.S. Embassy Ottawa, “Primetime Images of U.S.–Canada Border Paint U.S. in Increasingly Negative Light,” January 25, 2008.
25. U.S. Consulate Istanbul, “Turkish Media Figures Discuss Headscarf, Politics, and U.S. Image in Turkey,” February 27, 2008.
26. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “Local Pundits on Russia’s Escalating Rhetoric,” June 5, 2007.
27. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “Russian Analysts Tell A/S Gordon Anti-Americanism Pillar of Russian Foreign Policy,” September 16, 2009.
28. U.S. Embassy Paris, “Responding to Russian Threats Against Missile Defense in Poland and the Czech Republic,” February 22, 2007.
29. U.S. Embassy Paris, “Codel Tanner: Meeting with French Political Director Araud,” February 27, 2007.
30. U.S. Consulate Toronto, “Ignatieff’s COS Donolo on Elections, U.S., IPR,” February 2, 2010.
31. U.S. Embassy Bishkek, “Kyrgyz Officials Offended by Cross on Swiss Flag,” April 25, 2009.
32. Richard T. Arndt, “Rebuilding America’s Cultural Diplomacy,” Foreign Service Journal 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 39.
33. Walter Douglas with Jeanne Neal, Engaging the Muslim World: Public Diplomacy bfter 9/11 in the Arab Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2013).
34. William A. Rugh, ed., The Practice of Public Diplomacy: Confronting Challenges Abroad (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
35. William A. Rugh, American Encounters with Arabs: The “Soft Power” of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East (New York: Praeger Security International, 2005).
36. “State Department: Staffing and Foreign Language Shortfalls Persist Despite Initiatives to Address Gaps,” Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, GAO-07-1154T, August 1, 2007.
37. U.S. Embassy Riyadh, “A Public Diplomacy Strategy for Saudi Arabia,” December 12, 2005.
38. “Comprehensive Plan Needed to Address Persistent Foreign Language Shortfalls,” Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, GAO-09-955, September 17, 2009.
39. Edward P. Djerejian, Danger and Opportunity: An American Ambassador’s Journey through the Middle East (New York: Threshold Editions, 2009).
40. Joe Johnson, “How Does Public Diplomacy Measure Up?,” Foreign Service Journal 83, no. 12 (October 2006): 44–52.
41. Ibid.
42. Robert J. Callahan, “Neither Madison Avenue nor Hollywood,” Foreign Service Journal 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 33–38.
43. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “IRF Reactions: MFA Gets Nasty, ROC Nice,” October 29, 2009.
44. U.S. Embassy Beijing, “Media Reaction: Human Rights, Gary Locke, U.S.–China Military Relations,” February 27, 2009.
45. Rosie Johnston, “Topolanek Lashes Out at U.S. over Human Rights Report,” eský rozhlas/Radio Prague, March 13, 2008.
46. U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, “Public Diplomacy Best Practices; Countering Anti-Americanism in Argentina,” November 21, 2008.
47. “Staff Report on the Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs,” Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, Washington, DC, December 12, 2011.
48. See “Ambassadors Call for a Public Diplomacy Professional at State Department, Public Diplomacy Council, May 24, 2013, http://publicdiplomacycouncil.org/commentaries/05-24-13/ambassadors-call-public-diplomacy-professional-state-department
49. Philip Giraldi, “Clueless in Gaza: Karen Hughes and the Collapse of American Public Diplomacy,” Antiwar.com, March 7, 2007, http://antiwar.com/orig/giraldi.php?articleid=10632.
50. Elizabeth Williamson, “Karen’s Rules on Diplomacy: Talk to the Media—If You Dare,” Washington Post, November 8, 2006.
51. Shawn Zeller, “Damage Control: Karen Hughes Does PD,” Foreign Service Journal 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 19–26.
52. Thomas L. McPhail, Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 85.
53. James K. Glassman, “U.S. Leadership Rating Rises. Huh?,” The American, American Enterprise Institute, April 16, 2014.
54. Al Kamen, “A Lovely Consolation Prize for Ms. Kennedy?,” In the Loop, Washington Post, January 23, 2009.
55. Marc Lynch, “Why Judith McHale Would Be a Bad Public Diplomacy Choice,” Foreign Policy, January 23, 2009.
56. U.S. Embassy Asunción, “Ambassador Showcases Asunción’s Biodiversity, Promotes Eco-Tourism,” October 21, 2005.
57. U.S. Embassy Rome, “‘Hunger Banquets’ and Public Diplomacy: A Proposal,” June 28, 2005.
58. U.S. Interests Section Havana, “In Havana, a (Mostly) Happy Fourth of July,” July 5, 2006.
59. U.S. Embassy Athens, “Muslim Engagement in Greece,” January 19, 2010.
60. U.S. Embassy London, “Engagement with Muslim Communities in the UK,” February 5, 2010.
61. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “American Culture and Commerce Festival in Abha,” January 9, 2008.
62. U.S. Embassy Cotonou, “Benin: Blood Drive Muslim Community Project,” October 27, 2009.
63. U.S. Embassy Nouakchott, “First Ever Muslim American Couple Visit Cements New Relationship with Mauritania,” September 28, 2009.
64. U.S. Embassy Asmara, “GSE Shuts Down Embassy Asmara Iftar,” August 27, 2009.
65. U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, “Public Diplomacy Best Practices; Countering Anti-Americanism in Argentina,” November 21, 2008.
66. U.S. Embassy Paramaribo, “Suriname: Request $13,350 in Additional Public Diplomacy Funding,” April 29, 2008.
67. Remarks by President Obama at Strasbourg Town Hall, April 3, 2009, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-obama-strasbourg-town-hall.
68. A. M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times (New York: Bantam Books, 1986), 624, citing the author’s interview with Henry Loomis, April 4, 1985.
69. Zeller, “Damage Control.”
Chapter 3. CRISES
1. Peter Kolshorn, “U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince Officer Recalls Memories of Haiti Quake,” DipNote, U.S. Department of State Official Blog, July 13, 2010, http://blogs.state.gov/stories/2010/07/13/us-embassy-port-au-prince-officer-recalls-memories-of-haiti-quake.
2. In 2014 the UN Development Programme’s Human Development Report ranked Haiti first in the Western Hemisphere on its list of countries with low human development; globally, it ranked Haiti 166 out of 187.
3. According to the UN’s World Health Organization website, the World Food Summit in 1996 defined food security as existing “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.” Obstacles to food security include both physical and economic access, conflicts, and natural disasters.
4. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Haiti Earthquake Sitrep 2 as of 1900,” January 14, 2010.
5. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port au Prince Earthquake Sitrep as of 1200, Day 4,” January 15, 2010.
6. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port-au-Prince Sitrep as of 1800 Day 4,” Janaury 16, 2010.
7. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port au Prince Sitrep as of 1200, Day 4,” January 15, 2010.
8. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port-au-Prince Sitrep as of 1800 Day 4,” January 16, 2010.
9. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Port-au-Prince: Read Out on Secstate Visit,” January 19, 2010.
10. Ibid.
11. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Haiti Earthquake One Week Later, January 21, 2010.
12. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “USAID/DART Overview of Search and Rescue Operations in Haiti,” January 25, 2010.
13. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port Au Prince Earthquake Sitrep as of 1800, Day 12,” January 26, 2010.
14. Hillary R. Clinton, Hard Choices (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 527. Clinton uses the larger death toll of 230,000, plus another 300,000 injured. USAID became skeptical of that number and commissioned a consultancy report, which put the figure between 46,000 and 85,000. Some news sources, such as the BBC, also disputed the 230,000 figure, and the Columbia Journalism Review noted that the Haitian government raised the death toll on the first anniversary of the quake from 230,000 to 316,000, with no explanation.
15. The U.S. State Department continues to call the country Burma, in deference to the wishes of political dissidents who reject the military regime’s use of the name Myanmar. Regional experts argue that the name Burma favors one ethnicity in a multiethnic society, and most countries now favor using Myanmar. This book uses the name Burma, which provides consistency for readers, since it draws heavily on cables that refer to the country by that name.
16. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Preparations for Cyclone Nargis,” May 2, 2008.
17. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Disaster Alert,” May 5, 2008.
18. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Declaration of Disaster,” May 5, 2008.
19. Ibid.
20. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Sitrep No. 1,” May 5, 2008.
21. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Political Implications of Cyclone Nargis,” May 6, 2008.
22. Ibid.
23. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Sitrep No. 2,” May 6, 2008.
24. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Fuel Shortage Imminent,” May 6, 2008.
25. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: The Politics of Cyclone Nargis Assistance,” May 7, 2008.
26. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Update on Humanitarian Assistance,” May 16, 2008.
27. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Than Shwe Is the Problem,” May 8, 2008.
28. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Prying Open the Door for Humanitarian Aid,” May 9, 2008.
29. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Sitrep No. 6,” May 12, 2008.
30. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Economy: Burma-China Economic Relations,” February 24, 2010.
31. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “First Tranche of USG Cyclone Assistance Arrives in Burma,” May 13, 2008.
32. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Media Reaction: Burmese Highlight Delivery of U.S. Humanitarian Aid Post Cyclone Nargis,” May 15, 2008.
33. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: A General Willing to Meet,” August 8, 2008.
34. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: NLD Supports Policy Review, Cautions Against Any Deal That Would Cut Out the Party,” September 28, 2009.
35. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Regime Backtracking on Its Cyclone Relief Commitments,” June 17, 2008.
36. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Donors Focus on Access at Cyclone Nargis Conference,” May 27, 2008.
37. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Including ICRC on the Dialogue Agenda,” October 14, 2009.
38. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Some Political Prisoners Released in Amnesty,” September 18, 2009.
39. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Assistance Organizations Feeling the Pre-Election Squeeze,” October 22, 2009.
40. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma’s Keystone Cops,” July 25, 2008.
41. U.S. Embassy Oslo, “Norwegian Opinions on the Suu Kyi Verdict and Burma,” August 14, 2009.
42. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Promoting Democratic Change through Cyclone Nargis Relief,” June 27, 2008.
43. Clinton, Hard Choices, 126.
44. Ibid., 266–67.
45. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduran Coup: Sitrep #11,” July 6, 2009.
46. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduran Coup Sitrep #12,” July 7, 2009.
47. Clinton, Hard Choices, 266–68. Clinton gives a firsthand account of seeking out President Arias as the ideal older statesman for this crisis and reports his statement to her that he agreed to take on the task because of his belief in democratic principles, “not because I like these people. . . . If we allow the de facto government to stay, the domino effect goes all around Latin America.”
48. Ibid., 257.
49. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Worst Case Scenario for Weekend Violence,” July 17, 2009.
50. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduras Coup: Sitrep #11,” July 6, 2009.
51. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduran Coup: Sitrep #4,” June 29, 2009.
52. “The Wages of Chavismo,” Review and Outlook, Wall Street Journal, July 2, 2009.
53. Mary Beth Sheridan, “U.S. Condemns Honduran Coup but Makes No Firm Demands,” Washington Post, June 30, 2009.
54. Mary Anastasia O’Grady, “Honduras Defends Its Democracy; Fidel Castro and Hillary Clinton Object,” Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2009.
55. James Kirchick, “Ousting Zelaya,” New Republic, October 3, 2009.
56. Mark Weisbrot, “More of the Same in Latin America,” New York Times, August 11, 2009.
57. Arshad Mohammed and Anthony Boadle, “U.S. Limits Visas in Honduras, Stepping Up Pressure,” Reuters, August 25, 2009.
58. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduran Coup: Sitrep #4,” June 29, 2009.
59. “Coup, Uninterrupted,” New York Times, editorial, November 6, 2009.
60. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “President Arias Discusses His Mediation Efforts,” July 28, 2009.
61. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduras Coup: Sitrep #1,” June 28, 2009.
62. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduras Coup: Sitrep #4,” June 29, 2009.
63. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduras Coup Sitrep #15,” July 9, 2009.
64. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Ambassador and President Arias Discuss Honduran Crisis,” October 22, 2009.
65. Jim DeMint, “What I Heard in Honduras,” Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2009.
66. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduran Coup: Sitrep #7,” July 2, 2009.
67. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Honduran Coup Timeline,” July 2, 2009.
68. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Open and Shut: The Case of the Honduran Coup,” July 24, 2009.
69. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “President Arias on Mediation,” July 13, 2009.
70. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Full Court Press to Bring Micheletti Around,” July 18, 2009.
71. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Ambassador’s July 30 Conversation with President Arias,” July 31, 2009.
72. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “President Arias’ Call to Ambassador Llorens,” August 17, 2009.
73. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “Zelaya’s New Control Center; The Situation at the Brazilian Embassy,” September 24, 2009.
74. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “TFH01: Tegucigalpa/San Jose Agreement Signed,” November 2, 2009.
75. U.S.Embassy Tegucigalpa, “TFH01: WHA PDAS Kelly’s Meeting with President Zelaya,” November 13, 2009.
76. U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa, “TF101: Elections Sitrep—Final,” November 30, 2009.
77. Ibid.
78. Timothy F. Geithner, Stress Test: Reflections on Financial Crises (New York: Crown Publishers, 2014), 222.
79. Ibid., 394–95.
80. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Reykjavik CIWG Annual Meeting,” December 24, 2009.
81. Ian Parker, “Lost: Letter from Reykjavik, New Yorker, March 9, 2009.
82. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “International Media Continues to Dissect Icelandic Economy, Though Analysts Not Agreed on Whether Imbalances Represent Serious Threat to Economic Stability,” April 12, 2006.
83. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Iceland Scenesetter for Under Secretary Nicholas Burns,” June 13, 2007.
84. Parker, “Lost: Letter from Reykjavik.”
85. “Address by Prime Minister Mr Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, at Austurvöllur, 17 June 2013,” Prime Minister’s Office, Iceland, http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/minister/sdg-speeches/nr/7626.
86. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Is Icelandic Government Doing Enough to Halt Economy’s Sudden Downfall?,” April 7, 2008.
87. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Iceland: Govt Buys 75 Percent Share in Third-Largest Bank,” September 30, 2008.
88. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Government Takes Control of Banking Sector Amid Crisis,” October 7, 2008.
89. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Financial Crisis: As Emergency Powers Go into Effect, Russians Offer Loan,” October 7, 2008.
90. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Economic Crisis: Time for the USG to Get Involved?,” October 8, 2008.
91. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Central Bank Asserts Russian Loan is 95 Percent Sure,” October 8, 2008.
92. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Economic Crisis: Third Bank Goes Down as Mass Firings Start,” October 9, 2008.
93. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Economic Crisis: Time for the USG to Get Involved?,” October 8, 2008.
94. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Economic Crisis: GOI-UK Negotiations on IceSave Accounts Go Badly,” October 23, 2008.
95. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Economic Crisis: GOI Officials Cautiously Optimistic in Meetings with USG,” October 28, 2008.
96. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Icelandic Central Bank Asked NY Fed for One Billion USD Loan or Currency Swap,” October 29, 2008.
97. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Iceland’s Financial Crisis: The Russia Angle,” November 3, 2008.
98. U.S. Embassy Reykjavik, “Iceland’s Request for a Loan: What’s in It for Us,” October 31, 2008.
1. U.S. Consulate Lagos, “Tourism in Nigeria: For the Birds,” November 5, 2003.
2. U.S. Consulate Guangzhou, “Where Lonely Planet Does Not Go: A Visit to Xilin,” June 23, 2006.
3. U.S. Embassy Paramaribo, “Informal Gold Rush in Southeastern Suriname,” January 11, 2010.
4. U.S. Embassy La Paz, “Get This Monkey Off My Back: Bolivian Ecotourism,” December 30, 2008.
5. Ibid.
6. U.S. Embassy Bogotá, “Into the Jungle: Ambassador Visits Amazonas,” December 22, 2009.
7. U.S. Embassy Tbilisi, “Georgia: Life on the Brink in Gali,” September 21, 2009.
8. Ibid.
9. U.S. Embassy Dushanbe, “Beware of Garm! Winter in Central Tajikistan,” January 31, 2007.
10. U.S. Embassy Dushanbe, “The Road to Khorog: The Tajik/Afghan Border,” November 7, 2007.
11. U.S. Consulate Calcutta, “Arunachal Pradesh: Isolated Tribal State,” January 18, 2005.
12. Ibid.
13. U.S. Consulate Chiang Mai, “Long Neck Minority Group Caught in Refugee and Citizenship Limbo,” April 24, 2007.
14. U.S. Embassy Baku, “Lords of the Mountains Will Fight No More Forever,” September 18, 2009.
15. U.S. Embassy Ashgabat, “Turkmenistan/Uzbekistan Border: On the Road with Iranian Truckers,” April 2, 2009.
16. U.S. Embassy Ashgabat, “Iran/Turkmenistan: President’s Cairo Speech Sparks Brawl,” December 4, 2009.
17. U.S. Embassy Jakarta, “Papua—Continued Problems, and Possible New Hope, for Indonesia’s Troubled East,” September 30, 2009.
18. Simon Montlake, “Cave In: Freeport-McMoRan Digs a Heap of Trouble in Indonesia,” Forbes, January 26, 2012.
19. U.S. Embassy Jakarta, “Papuan Separatist Leader Kelly Kwalik Reported Killed in Shootout with Police,” December 17, 2009.
20. U.S. Embassy Jakarta, “Papua—Shootings Continue Near U.S. Mining Operation,” August 24, 2009.
21. Montlake, “Cave In.”
22. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “I Left My Heart in Freedom and Came Home,” November 24, 2007.
23. U.S. Consulate Istanbul, “Iran/Culture: So You Want to Be a Rock and Roll Star,” December 16, 2009.
24. David Browne, “The Yellow Dogs Open Up About Their Nightmare in Brooklyn,” Rolling Stone, November 15, 2013.
25. U.S. Embassy Vatican, “New Media, Eternal Message: The Holy See and the Web,” January 26, 2009; and “Pope Issues Forceful Environmental Message for World Peace Day,” December 16, 2009.
26. U.S. Embassy Vatican, “Sex Abuse Scandal Strains Irish-Vatican Relations, Shakes Up Irish Church, and Poses Challenges for the Holy See,” February 26, 2010.
27. U.S. Embassy Berlin, “Berlin Senate Administration Defends Decision to Deny Residence Permits to Amcit Scientologists,” January 12, 2010.
28. U.S. Consulate Yekaterinburg, “Minority Religions in the Urals—Walk Softly and You Will Not Be Harassed,” August 10, 2009.
29. U.S. Consulate Shanghai, “Shanghai Authorizes Expat Mormons to Hold Weekly Religious Services,” January 20, 2010.
30. U.S. Embassy Dakar, “Animism in Senegal,” July 14, 2009.
31. U.S. Embassy Vientiane, “IRF Visits Provincial Laos to Gauge Religious Freedom,” June 17, 2009.
32. U.S. Consulate Chiang Mai, “CNS Leaders Look to the Stars for Hope and Good Luck,” April 10, 2007.
33. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma’s Generals; Starting the Conversation,” April 2, 2009.
34. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “Hajj 2009/1430—An American’s Inside View of the Pilgrimage,” December 8, 2009.
Chapter 5. FRENEMIES
1. U.S. Embassy Brussels, “EU President Van Rompuy’s Plans Following Copenhagen and for Afghanistan,” January 4, 2010.
2. U.S. Mission to the EU Brussels, “New EU Leadership: Van Rompuy and Ashton Emerge to Join Barroso,” November 20, 2009.
3. U.S. Embassy Berlin, “Media Reaction: U.S., India-Pakistan, Syria-Iran, Cuba, EU, Falklands, Turkey, EU-Greece,” February 26, 2010.
4. “Ukip’s Nigel Farage tells Van Rompuy: You Have the Charisma of a Damp Rag,” Guardian, February 25, 2010.
5. Sois Belge et Tais-Toi—Bruxelles-Strasbourg, édition 2011 [television broadcast], n.d., seen on YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LteanfFylxE.
6. U.S. Embassy Pretoria, “Calls for Health Minister’s Dismissal Intensify,” August 23, 2007.
7. U.S. Embassy Pretoria, “Death of Former Health Minister Shows How Far South Africa Has Moved from Former AIDS Denialist Policies,” December 21, 2009.
8. U.S. Embassy Banjul, “The Gambia: President Jammeh as Traditional Healer,” January 19, 2007.
9. U.S. Embassy Banjul, “Ambassador Meets with President Jammeh,” February 26, 2010.
10. Ibid.
11. Michelle Nichols, “Gambian President Says Gays a Threat to Human Existence,” Reuters, September 27, 2013.
12. U.S. Embassy Riga, “Peoples Party’s Junkyard Dog: Gundars Berzins,” June 16, 2008.
13. U.S. Embassy New Dehli, “Mayawati: Portrait of a Lady,” October 23, 2008.
14. U.S. Embassy New Dehli, “Mayawati Cancels Birthday Party, Cash Gifts Still Welcome,” January 16, 2009.
15. U.S. Embassy Dushanbe, “President Rahmonov Celebrates Third Term with Precious Jewels and a New Bentley,” November 22, 2006.
16. U.S. Embassy Oslo, “Jagland’s Candidacy for Next COE Secretary General,” March 26, 2009.
17. U.S. Embassy Berlin, “SPD Chancellor-Candidate Steinmeier Expresses Confidence Germans Will Reject CDU/CSU-FDP Coalition,” September 11, 2009.
18. U.S. Embassy Managua, “Sandinistas Attack U.S. Embassy,” October 30, 2009.
19. U.S. Embassy Managua, “Death to the Yanqui—Ortega Lambastes U.S. at Nicaraguan Army’s 30th Anniversary Celebrations,” September 17, 2009.
20. U.S. Embassy Managua, “Ortega Calls U.S. Relief Effort in Haiti a Military Invasion,” January 20, 2010.
21. U.S. Embassy Managua, “Ortega and the U.S.: New-found True Love or Another Still-Born Charm Offensive?” February 25, 2010.
22. U.S.Embassy Managua, “Atmospherics of Ortega Inauguration: Chaos and Populism Trumps Security and Protocol,” January 25, 2007.
23. U.S. Department of State, International Women of Courage Award, posted at http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/.
24. U.S. Embassy Kabul, “2010 Afghan International Women of Courage Nominees,” December 1, 2009.
25. U.S. Embassy Kabul, “Nominations for Women of Courage,” February 8, 2007.
26. U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, “Argentina: Nomination for International Women of Courage,” February 15, 2007.
27. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Nominations for 2009 Secretary’s Women of Courage Award,” October 28, 2008.
28. U.S. Embassy Harare, “Nomination for the Secretary of State’s Award for International Women of Courage,” November 27, 2009.
29. Dan Moshenberg, “Zimbabwean Activist ‘Released,’” Guardian, March 12, 2013.
30. U.S. Embassy Colombo, “IWOC: Proposed Revisions to Announcement of 2010 Sri Lankan Recipient,” February 3, 2010.
31. U.S. Embassy Tashkent, “MFA Drubbing over Tadjibayeva Award,” March 13, 2009.
32. U.S. Embassy Tashkent, “Uzbekistan: Nomination for International Women of Courage Award,” October 27, 2008.
33. “Kyrgyzstan President Roza Otunbayeva Given U.S. Honour,” BBC News, March 8, 2011.
34. U.S. Embassy Bishkek, “Opposition Believes Government Reforms Will Lead to Maksim Bakiyev as President,” December 18, 2009.
35. U.S. Embassy Seoul, “Seoul: Press Bulletin,” February 5, 2010.
36. U.S. Embassy Damascus, “Syria Nominates Sister Clauda Isaiah Naddaf for the Secretary’s International Women of Courage Award,” December 3, 2009.
37. U.S. Embassy Niamey, “Niger: Woman of Courage Nominee Hadizatou Mani,” October 30, 2008.
38. U.S. Embassy Berlin, “Merkel vs. Steinmeier? What Do the German Elections Really Mean for U.S. Interests?” September 22, 2009.
39. U.S. Embassy Berlin, “Germany’s Next Foreign Minister?: The World According to FDP Chairman Guido Westerwelle,” September 18, 2009.
40. U.S. Embassy Berlin, “FDP Dizzy from Identity Crisis and Coalition Animosity,” February 16, 2010.
41. “Norm Naimark, Orhan Pamuk on Armenian Genocide,” The Book Haven: Cynthia Haven’s Blog for the Written Word, March 11, 2011, bookhaven.stanford.edu.
42. U.S. Embassy Ankara, “Dink Assassination Leads to National Soul-Searching,” January 24, 2007.
43. U.S. Embassy Ankara, “Nationalism Turning Nasty in Turkey,” February 9, 2007.
44. U.S. Embassy Ankara, “Media Reaction,” August 27, 2009.
45. U.S. Embassy Ankara, “Turkish Parliament (Finally) Amends Article 301,” April 30, 2008.
46. U.S. Embassy Ankara, “Turkey’s Plans to Amend Controversial ‘Article 301’ Hung Up for Now,” January 11, 2008.
47. U.S. Embassy The Hague, “Tension and Debate in Holland,” November 12, 2004.
48. U.S. Embassy The Hague, “Netherlands: Overview for the President’s July 14 Meeting with Dutch Prime Minister Balkenende,” July 6, 2009.
49. Ibid.
50. Rachel Donadio, “Provocateur’s Death Haunts the Dutch,” New York Times, October 30, 2014.
51. U.S. Embassy Singapore, “Singapore Allows First Political Film Since 1998,” September 24, 2009.
52. U.S. Embassy Abuja, “Nigeria: Scenesetter for USCIRF Visit,” March 19, 2009.
53. U.S. Embassy Baku, “President Ilham Aliyev—Michael (Corleone) on the Outside, Sonny on the Inside,” September 18, 2009.
54. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “Saudi Actress Stirs Mixed Gender Audience in Jeddah,” March 5, 2009.
55. Neil Slaven, Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story of Frank Zappa (London: Omnibus Press, 2009 Edition).
Chapter 6. WILD ANIMALS
1. U.S. Consulate Guangzhou, “Devouring Dragon, Disappearing Tigers: A Look at South China’s Tiger Farms and Reserves,” July 12, 2007.
2. See U.S. Department of State, OES Overseas, Regional Environmental Hubs at http://www.state.gov/e/oes/hub/. Robert Hormats, Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, was a trendsetter in this new field of diplomacy. Having spent his graduate school days in East Africa, he developed a passion for wildlife and occasionally served as a game guide for photo safaris. During his tenure from 2009 to 2013, he took numerous opportunities to speak out on wildlife issues and wrote extensively on the topic, all the while serving in a key leadership position during the global economic crisis. See, for example, “Wildlife and Foreign Policy: What’s the Connection?,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bob-hormats/wildlife-and-foreign-poli_b_2093161.html; or “The Illegal Wildlife Trade: A Survey of Greed, Tragedy, and Ignorance,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bob-hormats/elephants-africa_b_1514758.html.
3. U.S. Embassy Brasilia, “The Atlantic Rainforest Wildlife Trafficking Assessment,” May 7, 2007.
4. See the CITES website: What is CITES? https://cites.org/eng/disc/what.php.
5. U.S. Embassy Lusaka, “Zambia Sets its ‘CITES’ on Exporting Ivory,” February 16, 2010.
6. U.S. Embassy Dar es Salaam, “CITES: Tanzania Pushes for Ivory Sales,” February 2, 2010.
7. U.S. Department of State, “Wildlife Under Siege: A U.S. Government Perspective,” speech by Robert D. Hormats, Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, Central Park Zoo, New York City, July 15, 2013.
8. U.S. Embassy Harare, “Ambassador Hall Surveys Empty Breadbasket,” August 19, 2005.
9. U.S. Embassy Harare, “Poaching of Wildlife Is Rampant in Zimbabwe,” May 21, 2002.
10. U.S. Embassy Harare, “Environment Suffering as Poaching Increases,” September 22, 2008.
11. U.S. Embassy Harare, “Resettlement in the Farms: The Reality on the Ground,” May 31, 2002.
12. U.S. Embassy Windhoek, “Ambassador Delivers Démarche: Export Permit for Cheetahs,” February 9, 2009.
13. Brendan Borrell, “Saving the Rhino Through Sacrifice,” Bloomberg Businessweek, December 6, 2010.
14. John R. Platt, “Hunter Allowed to Import Rhino Trophy in U.S. for First Time in 33 Years,” Scientific American, April 25, 2013.
15. Michael Graczyk, “Texas Club Auction Right to Hunt Endangered Rhino,” Bloomberg Businessweek, October 31, 2013.
16. U.S. Embassy Harare, “Zimbabwe at the Epicenter of Rhino Poaching,” December 14, 2009.
17. U.S. Embassy Harare, “ SAVE Valley: Struggling to Hold On,” December 17, 2004.
18. U.S. Embassy Harare, “ZANA-PF Governor Forcing Himself on Amcit-Owned Conservancy,” May 29, 2009.
19. U.S. Embassy Kathmandu, “Maoist Ambush Mars Annual Rhino Relocation,” March 11, 2002.
20. Ibid.
21. Dan Levin, “From Elephants’ Mouths: An Illicit Trade to China,” New York Times, March 1, 2013.
22. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma Timber Industry Threatens Elephant Population,” June 16, 2009.
23. U.S. Embassy Bamako, “Efforts Continue to Save Mali’s Elephants,” April 24, 2008.
24. U.S. Embassy Bamako, “Drought Threatens Mali’s Migratory Elephant Herd,” April 22, 2009.
25. U.S. Embassy Abuja, “Nigeria’s Mbe Mountains Function as Important Wildlife Corridor for the Endangered Cross River Gorilla,” January 26, 2010.
26. U.S. Embassy Abuja, “Great Apes, Ecotourism in Cross River, Nigeria,” January 26, 2010.
27. U.S. Embassy Abuja, “Nigeria: A Glance at the State of Wildlife and Forestry in Nigeria,” January 2, 2009.
28. U.S. Embassy Yaounde, “Cameroon’s Lom Pangur Is World Bank’s Dam Problem,” June 9, 2009.
29. U.S. Embassy New Dehli, “Wildlife Conservation in India’s Gujarat State Yields Impressive Dividends but Pride Leaves Lions Exposed,” May 5, 2008.
30. U.S. Consulate Mumbai, “Mumbai Masala: Consul General Visits Kutch, Mundra Sez and Gir Forest in Gujarat,” January 27, 2009.
31. Kumar Sambhav Shrivastava, “Gir Lions Get a Second Home,” Down to Earth, April 15, 2013, http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/gir-lions-get-a-second-home—40813.
32. U.S. Embassy Kathmandu, “Momentum Builds for the Global Tiger Initiative,” April 23, 2009.
33. U.S. Embassy Kathmandu, “Kathmandu Meeting Agrees on Plans to Help Tigers Avoid Extinction,” November 4, 2009.
34. U.S. Embassy Bangkok, “Asian Ministerial Continues Effort to Prevent Extinction of Wild Tigers,” February 24, 2010.
35. U.S. Consulate Vladivostok, “Highway Threatens Endangered Leopard Habitat,” November 16, 2008.
36. U.S. Consulate Vladivostok, “Amur Leopard: World’s Rarest Big Cat at the Crossroads,” November 16, 2007.
37. U.S. Consulate Vladivostok, “Forest Mafia Adapts to the Economic Crisis,” January 29, 2009.
38. U.S. Embassy Zagreb, “Croatian Storks Turn Up Dead in Somalia,” December 11, 2006.
39. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma’s Pro-American Kachin State,” January 20, 2006.
40. U.S. Consulate Rio de Janeiro, “Brazilian Police Arrest Suspect in Environmentalist’s Death,” March 3, 2005.
41. U.S. Embassy Yaounde, “Cameroon Forestry and Wildlife Minister Discusses CITES, Forests,” February 9, 2010.
42. U.S. Embassy Abuja, “Nigeria: A Glance at the State of Wildlife and Forestry in Nigeria,” January 2, 2009.
43. U.S. Embassy Hanoi, “We Eat Everything on Four Legs Except the Table,” October 9, 2007.
44. U.S. Consulate Ho Chi Minh City, “Vietnam’s Caged Bears: HCMC’s Small Steps at Protection Aren’t Up to the Challenge,” February 20, 2008.
45. Charles Homans, “Zoopolitics: How Caged Animals Became a Tool of Statecrfft,” Foreign Policy, May 26, 2010.
46. U.S. Consulate Chengdu, “Many Panda Twins Flourish at New Ya’an Breeding Center,” December 9, 2009.
47. U.S. Embasy Tirana, “Obama Mania Hits Tirana,” January 26, 2009.
48. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Baghdad Zoo—Respite from the Urban Jungle,” February 21, 2008.
49. U.S. Embassy Bangkok, “Half-Baked Idea for Zoo Increases Doubt About Thai Commitment to Wildlife,” December 13, 2005.
50. See the Night Safari, Chiang Mai website, http://www.visitchiangmai.com.au/night_safari.html.
51. U.S. Embassy Bangkok, “Half-Baked Idea for Zoo Increases Doubt About Thai Commitment to Wildlife,” December 13, 2005.
52. U.S. Consulate Chiang Mai, “Night Safari Provides Touchstone for Attacking Thaksin,” August 17, 2006.
53. U.S. Embassy Bangkok, “Orangutan Odysseys in Southeast Asia,” November 29, 2006.
54. U.S. Embassy Ashgabat, “Turkmenistan: Only Basic Veterinary Services,” January 8, 2010.
55. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “Gimme Shelter: Strays Find New Home in Moscow,” May 15, 2007.
56. U.S. Embassy Beijing, “New Dog Rules Unleash Emotional Debate in Beijing,” December 4, 2006.
57. U.S. Consulate Guangzhou, “Who Let the Dogs Out? Canine Ownership in Guangdong on the Rise,” April 11, 2006.
58. U.S. Embassy Riyadh, “Saudi Pet Ban Raises Hackles,” August 12, 2008.
59. U.S. Embassy Riyadh, “Must Love Dogs,” September 12, 2006.
Chapter 7. CORRUPTION
1. U.S. Embassy Sofia, “Sofia’s Mean Streets,” April 2, 2009.
2. U.S. Embassy Sofia, “Bulgarian Media: Lacking Money and Morals,” June 18, 2009.
3. U.S. Embassy Sofia, “Bulgarian Soccer Receives a Red Card for Corruption,” January 15, 2010.
4. U.S. Embassy Sofia, “Bulgaria’s Most Wanted: The Skull, the Beret, the Chicken, and the Billy Goat,” September 11, 2009.
5. U.S. Embassy Sofia, “Bulgarian Government Makes Historic OC Bust,” February 12, 2010.
6. Stephen Castle, “Law and Order, Bulgarian Style,” New York Times, July 20, 2011.
7. Transparency International, Corruptions Perceptions Index, 2015, http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2015/results/.
8. Timothy Frye, “The Culture of Corruption: Russians Pay, but They Don’t Like It,” Washington Post, February 17, 2014.
9. Joshua Yaffa, “The Waste and Corruption of Vladimir Putin’s 2014 Olympics,” Bloomberg Businessweek, January 2, 2014.
10. U.S. Embassy Kyiv, “Ukrainian Presidential Elections—On the Road to Happiness and Other Vignettes,” February 11, 2010.
11. Ibid.
12. U.S. Embassy Tbilisi, “DAS Bryza Meets Election Task Force Members,” February 5, 2008.
13. U.S. Embassy Tashkent, “Parliamentary Elections in Uzbekistan: Nothing Wrong but the Big Picture,” December 30, 2009.
14. U.S. Embassy Bratislava, “Regional Elections: Playing Rough in Bratislava,” November 13, 2009.
15. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “Ryazan Regional Elections: Yabloko Quits, Lashes Out at Rigged System,” February 19, 2010.
16. U.S. Consulate Yekaterinburg, “Bashkortostan—Waiting for Change,” July 15, 2009.
17. U.S. Embassy Brasilia, “Brazil ‘Monitors’ Zimbabwe Elections,” April 23, 2008.
18. U.S. Embassy Managua, “Nicaraguan Electoral Authority Continue Manipulation of Regional Elections,” February 2, 2010.
19. U.S. Embassy Yaounde, “Cameroon: USG Sends Message on Election Agency,” February 2, 2009.
20. U.S. Embassy Nassau, “Pre-Election Roundup: Momentum to FNM as Parties Hit Issues,” April 30, 2007.
21. U.S. Embassy Luanda, “Samakuva Discusses Unita’s Defeat and Next Steps,” September 22, 2008.
22. U.S. Embassy Sofia, “Bulgaria: From Prison to Parliament,” June 18, 2009.
23. U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/.
24. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, http://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htm
25. U.S. Embassy Bratislava, “Fico Fires Environment Minister, but It’s No Cleanup,” August 21, 2009.
26. Much of the information from this section contains cables that were written while the author served as deputy chief of mission (2007–2008) and as chargé d’affaires (2009–2010), and that bear her signature. She also attended many meetings with key figures mentioned in the cables.
27. U.S. Embassy Prague, “Defense Procurement in the Czech Republic: Shady Deals and Big Dollars,” March 16, 2009.
28. Ibid.
29. U.S. Embassy Prague, “Pandura’s Box: Corruption Scandal Lifts the Lid on Czech Defense Procurement,” February 24, 2010.
30. U.S. Embassy Prague, “Defense Procurement in the Czech Republic: Shady Deals and Big Dollars,” March 16, 2009.
31. Jan Richter, “Ex–U.S. Ambassador Accuses High-Ranking Czech Government Official of Corruption,” Czech Radio 7, November 12, 2010.
32. Czech News Agency, “Former U.S. Ambassador Speaks Before Czech Court,” Prague Post, March 17, 2014.
33. Daniel Bardsley, “Former Tatra Boss Cleared over Bribery Allegations,” Prague Post, October 3, 2013.
34. U.S. Embassy Prague, “Corruptionism in the Czech Republic,” February 3, 2010.
35. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Can Calabria Be Saved?,” December 2, 2008.
36. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Report Shows Alarming Increase in Organized Crime in Naples,” October 1, 2009.
37. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Organized Crime in Italy I: The Political Dimension,” June 4, 2008.
38. Ibid.
39. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Organized Crime III: Confronting Organized Crime in Southern Italy,” June 6, 2008.
40. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Organized Crime in Italy I: The Political Dimension,” June 4, 2008.
41. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Organized Crime III: Confronting Organized Crime in Southern Italy,” June 6, 2008.
42. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Organized Crime in Italy II: How Organized Crime Distorts Markets and Limits Italy’s Growth,” June 6, 2008.
43. Ibid.
44. U.S. Consulate Naples, “The Naples Garbage Crisis: A Case Study in Southern Italian Paralysis, with Some Signs of Hope,” November 20, 2007.
45. Ibid.
46. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Organized Crime in Italy II: How Organized Crime Distorts Markets and Limits Italy’s Growth,” June 6, 2008.
47. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Organized Crime in Italy I: The Political Dimension,” June 4, 2008.
48. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Reaching Out to Calabria,” April 22, 2009.
49. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Can Calabria Be Saved?” December 2, 2008.
50. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Organized Crime III: Confronting Organized Crime in Southern Italy,” June 6, 2008.
51. Ibid.
52. U.S. Consulate Naples, “Reaching Out to Calabria, April 22, 2009.
53. U.S. Embassy Dushanbe, “Dam If You Do, Damned If You Don’t: Roghun Pressure Mounts,” January 13, 2010.
54. Ibid.
55. U.S. Embassy Prague, “How to Succeed in Law School without Really Trying,” November 6, 2009.
56. U.S. Embassy Ashgabat, “Turkmenistan: Bribery Is Pervasive in Government Services,” February 23, 2010.
57. U.S. Embassy Ashgabat, “Turkmen Doctors Pay Bribes to Avoid Penalties,” February 2, 2010.
58. U.S. Embassy Ashgabat, “The Translucent State of Turkmenistan,” February 1, 2010.
59. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “The Luzhkov Dilemma,” February 12, 2010.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “Medvedev Using MVD Reform to Increase Standing,” December 30, 2009.
63. U.S. Consulate Guangzhou, “China: Amcit Business Dispute Shakedowns Increasing as Economic Conditions Worsen,” March 15, 2009.
64. Ibid.
65. U.S. Embassy Bratislava, “One Down, One Dirty: Corruption and Incompetence Taint Slovak Border Police,” February 19, 2010.
66. U.S. Embassy Banjul, “The Gambia: Embassy Cable About Bogus Congressman in Public Domain,” January 9, 2007.
67. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “Conversations with Saudi Education Official and Journalist Describing Widespread Discontent and Anti-Americanism in the Kingdom,” September 27, 2009.
Chapter 8. IRAQ
1. Christopher R. Hill, Outpost: Life on the Frontlines of American Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 321.
2. Ibid. 296.
3. Karen DeYoung, “Envoys Resist Forced Iraq Duty,” Washington Post, November 1, 2007.
4. Helene Cooper, “Foreign Service Officers Resist Mandatory Iraq Postings,” New York Times, November 1, 2007.
5. Hill, Outpost, 296.
6. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Surge Staffing II: Ministerial Capacity Development,” October 6, 2007.
7. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Surge Staffing I: PRT Staffing,” October 6, 2007.
8. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Recommendation for Future U.S. Civilian Presence in Iraq,” January 29, 2010.
9. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “PRT Wasit Gets a Laugh,” May 9, 2008.
10. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Ninewa: Songs in the Key of Ain Sifni,” March 19, 2009.
11. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Erbil RRT: Standing Room Only Audiences for U.S. Election Expert,” November 9, 2008.
12. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Rock Chalk, Jayhawk! U Kansas Professor Wows Kurdistan Region,” March 12, 2009.
13. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Baghdad Requests Participation in IIP’s Strategic Speaker Initiative with Walter Russell Mead,” November 16, 2008.
14. U.S. Embassy Baghdad. “ECA A/S Ameri from Ambassador Ereli,” July 3, 2008.
15. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “ECA A/S Goli Ameri’s Meeting with Iraqi Higher Education Officials,” October 29, 2008.
16. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Strategic Framework Agreement Landmark Met with GOI Contribution Doubling Fulbright,” June 11, 2009.
17. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Iraqis Desperate to Learn English,” September 14, 2008.
18. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Progress in the Cultural Cooperation of the Strategic Framework Agreement,” October 7, 2009.
19. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Visas for Iraqis—A Strategic Vulnerability,” February 7, 2009.
20. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “RRT Erbil: The 1991 Generation on College, Jobs,” March 16, 2009.
21. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Educating Ali—Teaching Saddam’s Lost Generation to Read,” November 25, 2009.
22. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Baghdad U.: Students Talk Politics, Offer Blunt Views About Today’s Iraq—and Us,” April 6, 2009.
23. U.S. Embassy Baghdad. “Expo Najaf Draws Support from Shi’a Clerics, Generates Praise for PRT,” November 12, 2009.
24. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “The Najaf Religious Establishment in Shi’a Politics and Society,” June 23, 2009.
25. Aaron D. Snipe, “Iraq/U.S. Embassy Baghdad Social Media Outreach,” in William P. Kiehl, ed., The Last Three Feet: Case Studies in Public Diplomacy (Washington, DC: The Public Diplomacy Council, 2012), 93–107.
26. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Need to Generate Public Discussion on Al Qaeda’s Resilience and Changing Tactics,” August 24, 2008.
27. U.S. Embassy Baghdad. “Encouraging Credible Voices to Counter Violent Extremism—The Case of Iraq,” December 8, 2008.
28. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “PRT Muthanna: Rental Sheiks and Lost Iranian Weekends,” January 22, 2010.
29. U.S. Embassy Baghdad, “Iraq’s Border Surveillance Project Takes Shape, First on Syrian Border,” February 1, 2010.
30. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: PublicAffairs, 2004).
31. Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 4 (July/August 2009).
32. Hillary Clinton, Confirmation Hearing to Be Secretary of State Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, S-Hrg 111-249, January 13, 2009.
33. Secretary Condoleezza Rice, “Transformational Diplomacy,” Georgetown University, Washington, DC, January 18, 2006.
34. Secretary Condoleezza Rice, “Remarks on Transformational Diplomacy,” Georgetown University, Washington, DC, February 12, 2008.
35. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969).
Chapter 9. HILLARY CLINTON
1. Susan B. Glasser, “Head of State: Hillary Clinton, the Blind Dissident, and the Art of Diplomacy in the Twitter Era, “ Foreign Policy, June 2010.
2. Adrienne Klasa, “Debating Hillary,” Foreign Policy, June 2012.
3. Hillary Rodham Clinton, Hard Choices (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), x.
4. Nick Gass, “10 Moments of Over-the-Top Flattery in Hillary’s Inbox,” Politico, July 2, 2015, http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/hillary-clinton-emails-10-most-flattering-119693.
5. Peter Nicholas, “Clinton Emails Show Blumenthal No Fan of Axelrod,” November 30, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/11/30/clinton-emails-show-blumenthal-no-fan-of-axelrod/.
6. Patrick Healy, Jonathan Martin, and Maggie Haberman, “Hillary Clinton’s Handling of Email Issue Frustrates Democratic Leaders,” New York Times, August 27, 2015.
7. Stephan Dinan, “State Department Can’t Find Enough Staffers to Process Hillary Clinton Emails,” Washington Times, October 13, 2015.
8. Matthew Connelly and Richard H. Immerman, “What Hillary Clinton’s Emails Really Reveal,” New York Times, March 4, 2015.
9. Rachael Bade, “Clinton Aides Abedin and Mills Duke it out over Email,” Politico, October 30, 2015.
10. Ibid., 585.
11. See Vital Voices Global Partnership website, “What We Do,” at http://www.vitalvoices.org/what-we-do.
12. Office of Global Women’s Issues, Fact Sheet, U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC, 2013, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/03/205866.htm.
13. Clinton, Hard Choices, 567.
14. Ibid., 569.
15. Ayelet Waldman, “Is This Really Goodbye?” Marie Claire, October 2012.
16. Justin Wm. Moyer, “Why Women Still Can’t Have It All Author ‘Devastated’ by Former Boss Hillary Clinton’s Reaction, Emails Reveal,” Washington Post, December 1, 2015.
17. Yochi Dreazen and John Hudson, “Michèle Flournoy Takes Herself Out of the Running for Top Pentagon Job,” Foreign Policy, The Cable, November 25, 2014.
18. USEU Brussels, “EU: What Is ‘Mainstreaming’ Women’s Issues and How Can We Help?” January 27, 2010.
19. U.S. Embassy London, “Engagement on U.K. Women’s Issues,” February 4, 2010.
20. U.S. Embassy Kabul, “Women Activists Push for Inclusion in Reintegration Planning Process,” February 26, 2010.
21. U.S. Embassy New Dehli, “India: Celebrating Women in Science: Not Yet Equal,” September 8, 2009.
22. U.S. Embassy Valletta, “Malta’s Engagement on Women’s Issues,” January 8, 2010; and U.S. Embassy Kuala Lumpur, “Scenesetter for Visit to Malaysia for Ambassador for Global Women’s Issues Melanne Verveer,” November 30, 2009.
23. U.S. Embassy Warsaw, “Women’s Issues in Poland—Scenesetter for Ambassador Verveer’s June 20–22 Visit to Warsaw,” June 17, 2009.
24. U.S. Consulate Shanghai, “Shanghai Women’s Federation Chairwoman on Plenum Outcomes and Future of NGOs,” September 25, 2009.
25. U.S. Embassy Tokyo, “Ambassador Verveer Calls for Cooperation on Women’s Empowerment Issues,” December 17, 2009.
26. This quote is also attributed to Marshall Brickman, the co-screenwriter for the movie Annie Hall. New York Times columnist William Safire investigated further and found that the percentage varies from 80 to 90, and the subject can be either life or success.
27. Peter Baker, “Obama Offered Deal to Russia in Secret Letter,” New York Times, March 3, 2009.
28. The White House, “Remarks by Vice President Biden at 45th Munich Conference on Security Policy,” February 7, 2009.
29. Baker, “Obama Offered Deal.”
30. U.S. Embassy Prague, “Czech Government Faces a Firestorm of Criticism and Attempts to Calm Fears of Russia,” October 26, 2007.
31. U.S. Embassy Prague, “Czech Republic and Missile Defense: Concerns About Russians Addressed; Looking Ahead to Timeline and Economic Benefits,” November 13, 2007.
32. U.S. Embassy Prague, “Czechs Raise ‘Alarm’ on U.S. Missile Defense Site in Europe,” December 11, 2007.
33. David S. Cloud, “Video: Wrong Red Button,” Politico, March 6, 2009.
34. The White House, “Remarks by the President at the New Economic School Graduation,” July 7, 2009.
35. See Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “An Open Letter to the Obama Administration from Central and Eastern Europe,” July 16, 2009, http://www.rferl.org/content/An_Open_Letter_To_The_Obama_Administration_From_Central_And_Eastern_Europe/1778449.html.
36. John Vinocur, “Central and Eastern European Countries Issue Rare Warning for U.S. on Russian Policy,” New York Times, July 21, 2009.
37. Heather A. Conley, “President Obama’s Return to Prague: An Opportunity to Reset,” CSIS: Center for Strategic and Inernational Studies,” April 5, 2010.
38. U.S. Embassy Bratislava, “Scenesetter for Visit to Slovakia of Assistant Secretary of Defense Vershbow,” October 16, 2009.
39. U.S. Embassy Warsaw, “Repairing U.S.–Polish Relations,” September 24, 2009.
40. “Open Letter to President Obama on Central Europe,” The Foreign Policy Initiative, October 2, 2009, http://www.foreignpolicyi.org/content/open-letter-president-obama-central-europe.
41. Alexandr Vondra, “Letter to Obama: Five Years Later,” CEPA Center for European Policy Analysis, July 10, 2014.
42. U.S. Consulate Jerusalem, “Secretary Clinton Interview with Palestinian Youth TV Garners Record Number of Viewers,” March 10, 2009.
43. U.S. Embassy Bangkok, “Secretary Clinton’s Bangkok ‘Townterview’: Substantive, Funny, and Well-Received,” July 24, 2009.
44. U.S. Embassy Ankara, “Ankara Media Reaction Report,” March 9, 2009.
45. U.S. Embassy Tokyo, “Daily Summary of Japanese Press,” March 2, 2009.
46. U.S. Embassy Caracas, “Chavistas Feeling Boxed in by the Secretary’s Interview and Latest Developments Regarding Honduras,” July 8, 2009.
47. Clinton, Hard Choices, 29.
48. John K. Naland, “U.S. Special Envoys: A Flexible Tool,” U.S. Institute of Peace, 2011.
49. Princeton N. Lyman and Robert M. Beecroft, “Using Special Envoys in High-Stakes Conflict Diplomacy,” U.S. Institute of Peace, 2014.
50. U.S. Embassy Kampala, “4th PCIA Forum Tackles Indoor Pollution,” April 23, 2009.
51. Clinton, Hard Choices, 27.
52. Ibid., 33.
53. Adrienne Klasa, “Debating Hillary,” Foreign Policy, June 20, 2012.
54. “The QDDR: Leading Through Civilian Power,” U.S. Department of State, December, 2010.
55. Secretary of State, “Global Context Section of the QDDR—Seeking Input from the Field,” November 20, 2009.
56. “Clinton: Including Women Essential to Peace Processes,” Georgetown University, Washington, DC, December 3, 2014, http://www.georgetown.edu/news/hillary-clinton-security-inclusive-leadership.html.