Sustainable Footprints in SMEs

abdominal masses
- caudal abdomen
- cranial abdomen
- mid abdomen
abdominal radiography
- bladder
- calcification/mineral density
- intestines
- kidneys
- liver
- loss of intra-abdominal contrast
  - ascites/peritoneal fluid
  - diffuse peritoneal neoplasia
  - lack of abdominal fat
  - peritonitis
- masses
- prostate
- spleen
- stomach
- ureters
- urethra
- uterus
abdominal ultrasonography
- adrenal disease
- ascites
- gastrointestinal disease
- hepatobiliary disease
- ovarian and uterine disease
- pancreatic disease
- prostatic disease
- renal disease
- splenic disease
- urinary bladder disease
abortion
- drugs
- habitual
- infection
acidaemia
- iatrogenic respiratory depression
- metabolic acidosis
- respiratory acidosis
acidosis
- metabolic
- respiratory
- severe
ACTH
adrenal disease
- abdominal ultrasonography
- hypertension
airway disease
airway obstruction, upper
alanine transferase
albumin
alkalaemia
- metabolic alkalosis
- respiratory alkalosis
alkaline phosphatase
- artefact
- drugs/toxins
- extrahepatic disease
- hepatic disease
- increased
alkalosis
- metabolic
- respiratory
- severe
alopecia
- hair follicle damage
- hair growth, failure
ammonia
amylase
- increased
- intestinal disease
- reduced glomerular filtration
anaemia
- chronic
- haemolytic
- hypertension
- immune-mediated haemolytic
- iron deficiency
- non-regenerative
  - acute, pre-regenerative anaemia
  - bone marrow disorders
  - chronic disease/systemic disease
  - erythropoietin deficiency
  - haemoglobin synthesis, defects
  - iron deficiency
  - normal
  - nucleotide synthesis, defects
- pallor
- regenerative
  - haemolysis
  - haemorrhage
- severe
anal sac/perianal disease
- perianal/caudal pruritus
- perianal fistula
- perianal swelling
anorexia/inappetence
- diet
- mastication
- prehension
- primary
- psychological/behavioural factors
- secondary
- swallowing
anticoagulant toxicity
antithrombin III, decreased levels
anuria/oliguria
- post-renal
- pre-renal
- renal
arrhythmias
- cardiac disease
- severe
arterial pulse alterations
- hyperkinetic (bounding) pulse
- hypokinetic (weak) pulse
- pulse deficits
- pulsus alternans
- pulsus bigeminus
- pulsus paradoxus
- regional loss, pulse
ascites
- abdominal ultrasonography
- bile, ruptured biliary tract
- blood
- chyle
- exudate
- severe
- transudate/modified transudate
- urine, lower urinary tract rupture
aspartate aminotransferase
- drugs/toxins
- haemolysis
- increased artefact
ataxia
- brainstem/central vestibular disorders
- cerebellum
  - congenital
  - degenerative
  - drugs/toxins
  - immune mediated/infectious
  - metabolic
  - neoplastic
  - vascular
- forebrain
  - congenital
  - degenerative
  - immune-mediated disease/infection
  - metabolic
  - neoplasia
  - vascular
- peripheral nerves
- peripheral vestibular disease
- spine
  - congenital
  - degenerative
  - idiopathic
  - immune mediated
  - infectious
  - neoplastic
  - nutritional
  - traumatic
  - vascular
- systemic
  - drugs/toxins
  - metabolic
  - nutritional
atrioventricular block
- first-degree
- second-degree
- third-degree
atrophy
- disuse
- metabolic/endocrine/systemic disease
- myopathies
- neurogenic
azotaemia
- post-renal
- pre-renal

basophilia
behaviour, altered
- aggression
- extracranial disease
- inappropriate urination and defecation
- intracranial disease
- stereotypy/compulsive behaviour
bile acids/dynamic bile acid test
- failure to stimulate
- increased
biliary obstruction
bilirubin
- decreased (minimal clinical significance)
- increased
bilirubinuria
blindness/visual impairment
- central nervous system (CNS)
- intraocular/periocular
bony masses, skeletal radiography
- neoplasia
- proliferative joint disease
- trauma
bradyarrhythmias
bradycardia
- chronic
- drugs/toxins
- metabolic disease
- sinus
- vagal tone (increased)
brainstem/central vestibular disorders
- congenital
- degenerative
- drugs
- immune mediated/infectious
- metabolic
- neoplastic
- nutritional
- trauma
- vascular
brainstem lesions
buccal mucosal bleeding time (increased)
- thrombocytopathia
- thrombocytopenia

calcification/mineral density, abdominal
- abdominal fat
- adrenal glands
- arteries
- gastrointestinal tract
- genital tract
- liver
- lymph nodes
- pancreas
- spleen
- urinary tract
cardiac disease
cardiac tamponade
cardiorespiratory signs
- historical
  - coughing
  - dyspnoea/tachypnoea
  - epistaxis
  - exercise intolerance
  - haemoptysis
  - sneezing and nasal discharge
- physical
  - abnormal heart sounds
  - abnormal respiratory sounds
  - arterial pulse alterations
  - ascites
  - cyanosis
  - dyspnoea/tachypnoea
  - heart rate, abnormalities in
  - jugular distension/hepatojugular reflux
  - pallor
  - shock
cataract
central nervous system (CNS)
- brain disease
- disease
- optic nerve disease
central vestibular system
- congenital conditions
- drugs/toxins
- idiopathic conditions
- immune-mediated/infection
- metabolic disease
- neoplasia
- nutrition
- vascular disorders
cerebellar disease
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
cerebrovascular accident
chamber sizes, enlargement of specific
cholangiohepatitis
cholangitis
cholecystitis
cholestasis, see also Jaundice
cholestatic disease
cholestatic liver disease
cholesterol
cirrhosis
claw disease
- drugs/toxins
- inherited/primary disease
- metabolic/endocrine disease
- neoplasia
- nutrition
- trauma
- vascular
clotting disorder
clotting factor deficiency, congenital
clotting time, activated
coagulation factor deficiency
coagulopathy
colitis
coma
coma/stupor
- extracranial disease
- intracranial disease
conjunctivitis
- chemical
- immune-mediated
- infectious
- neoplastic
- neurological
- physical
- systemic diseases
constipation
- behavioural factors
- congenital conditions
- diet
- idiopathic conditions
- neuromuscular disease
- obstructive disease
- painful conditions
- prolonged colonic distension
- systemic disease
corneal opacification
- corneal oedema
- corneal vascularisation
- pigmentation
corneal ulceration/erosion
- degeneration
- dystrophic
- infection
- inflammation/immune-mediated
- mechanical/irritant trauma
- neurological conditions
cortisol (baseline/post-ACTH stimulation test)
coughing
- drugs/toxins/irritants
- infection
- inflammatory/immune-mediated disease
- neoplasia
- pulmonary haemorrhage
- pulmonary oedema
cranial (intra) disease
- congenital
- degenerative
- drugs/toxins
- idiopathic
- infectious
- inflammatory/immune-mediated disease
- inflammatory/infectious
- neoplasia
- neoplastic
- physical
- trauma
- vascular
cranial nerve (CN) responses, abnormal
- anisocoria
- auditory response reduced
- CN V
- CN VII
- corneal reflex reduced
- facial asymmetry
- gag reflex reduced
- jaw tone reduced/inability to close jaw
- lack of response, non-irritant smell
- menace response reduced
- palpebral reflex reduced
- pupillary light reflex reduced
- response to stimulation, nasal mucosa reduced
- response, vagal manoeuvres reduced
- strabismus
- vestibulo-ocular reflex reduced
C-reactive protein
creatine kinase
creatinine
cyanosis
- central
- heart disease
- peripheral

deafness
- congenital conditions
- degenerative disease
- drugs/toxins
- infection/inflammation
- mechanical
- neoplasia
dehydration/hyperalbuminaemia
dermatitis, inflammatory
dermatological disease
dermatological signs
- alopecia
- anal sac/perianal disease
- claws disorders
- erosive/ulcerative skin disease
- historical
- nodules
- otitis externa
- pigmentation disorders
- pododermatitis
- pustules and papules
- scaling
diaphragm abnormalities, thoracic radiography
- caudal displacement
- cranial displacement
- irregular diaphragmatic contour
- lack of visualisation of diaphragmatic border
diarrhoea
- gastrointestinal loss
- large intestinal
  - diet
  - drugs/toxins
  - extra-intestinal conditions
  - idiopathic conditions
  - infection
  - inflammatory/immune-mediated disease
  - neoplasia
  - obstruction
- small intestinal
  - diet
  - drugs/toxins
  - extra-gastrointestinal disease
  - idiopathic disease
  - infection
  - inflammatory/immune-mediated disease
  - motility disorders
  - neoplasia
distension, abdominal
dwarfism, skeletal radiography
dysphagia
- infectious/inflammatory disease
- neurological/neuromuscular disease
- obstruction
- temporomandibular joint disease
dyspnoea/tachypnoea
- drugs/toxins
- lower airway disorders
- physiological causes
- restrictive disorders
- systemic and miscellaneous disorders
- upper airway disorders
dystocia
- foetal causes
- maternal causes

effusion
- body cavity
- joint
- pericardial
  - pericardial disease
  - thoracic ultrasonography
- pleural
  - thoracic radiography
  - thoracic ultrasonography
electrocardiographic findings alterations
- baseline
- P–R relationship
- P wave
- QRS complex
- Q–T interval
- in rate
- rhythm
- S–T segment
- T wave
electrolyte
- abnormalities
- acid-base disorders
- and blood gas findings
  - base excess
  - bicarbonate
  - chloride
  - magnesium
  - pa02
  - pH
  - phosphate
  - potassium
  - sodium
  - total C02
  - total calcium
- disturbances
- imbalances
electromyographic findings
- evoked activity
- spontaneous activity
embryonic death, early
encephalitis
eosinopenia
eosinophilia
- hormonal
- immune mediated
- infection
- neoplastic
epilepsy
epiphora/tear overflow
epistaxis
- coagulopathies
- nasal disease
exercise intolerance
- cardiovascular disease
- drugs
- metabolic/endocrine disease
- neuromuscular/musculoskeletal disease
- respiratory disease
extracranial disease
- CNS perfusion disturbances
- drugs/toxins
- metabolic
- nutritional
eyes
- intraocular masses
- point-like and membranous lesions, vitreous chamber
- retinal detachment
- retrobulbar masses

facial nerve, lesions
faecal analysis findings
- blood
- culture
  - for enteropathogenic bacteria
  - non-selective culture
- fungal infections
- parasites
  - cardiorespiratory
  - flukes
  - hookworms
  - protozoa
  - roundworms
  - tapeworms
  - threadworm
  - whipworms
- undigested food residues
faecal incontinence
- anal sphincter incompetence
- reservoir incontinence
faecal tenesmus/dyschezia
- anal sac disease
- caudal abdominal mass
- colorectal disease
- constipation/obstipation
- diet
- pelvic narrowing
- perianal disease
- prostatic disease
- trauma
- urogenital disease
ferritin
fever
- drugs/toxins
- immune-mediated disease
- immunodeficiency syndromes
- infection
- neoplasia
- tissue damage
fibrin degradation products
fibrinogen
fine-needle aspiration, cutaneous/subcutaneous masses
flatulence/borborygmus
- aerophagia
- diet
- drugs/toxins
- malabsorption
- maldigestion
folate
forebrain disease
forebrain dysfunction
fractures, skeletal radiography
fructosamine

gagging/retching
- congenital disease
- inflammatory and infectious disease
- neoplasia
- neurological disease
- nutrition
- respiratory disease (expectoration)
- systemic disorders
- toxic
- trauma
gamma-glutamyl transferase
- drugs
- extrahepatic disease
- hepatic disease
- increased
gastric/small intestinal obstruction
gastrin
gastrointestinal/abdominal signs
- historical
  - constipation/obstipation
  - diarrhoea
  - dysphagia
  - faecal incontinence
  - faecal tenesmus/dyschezia
  - flatulence/borborygmus
  - gagging/retching
  - haematemesis
  - haematochezia
  - melaena
  - ptyalism/salivation/hypersalivation
  - regurgitation
  - vomiting
- physical
  - abdominal distension
  - abdominal pain
  - abnormal liver palpation
  - jaundice
  - oral lesions
  - perianal swelling
gastrointestinal disease
- abdominal pain
- abdominal ultrasonography
- acute vomiting
- chronic vomiting
- diffuse pain
- haematemesis
- haematochezia
- melaena
glaucoma
globulins
- decreased
- increased
- monoclonal/oligoclonal
glomerular filtration (reduced)
glomerulo-/tubulo-interstitial disease, chronic generalised
glucose
growth failure
- with good body condition
- with poor body condition

haematemesis
- extra-gastrointestinal disease
- gastrointestinal disease
- ingestion of blood
haematochezia
- drugs
- gastrointestinal disease
- idiopathic conditions
- inflammatory/immune-mediated disease
- neoplasia
- obstructive disease
- parasitic
haematuria
haemoglobinuria
haemolysis,
- immune mediated
- mechanical injury, red cells
- red cells, defects
haemolytic/haemorrhagic diseases
haemoptysis
- cardiovascular disease
- iatrogenic
- pulmonary disease
- systemic disease
haemorrhage
- chronic
- external
- hyphaema, intraocular
  - chronic glaucoma
  - coagulopathy
  - congenital disease
  - hyperviscosity syndrome
  - iatrogenic
  - inflammation
  - neoplasia
  - neovascularisation
  - retinal detachment
  - systemic hypertension
  - trauma
- internal
- pulmonary
- retinal lesions
hair follicle damage, secondary to pruritus
head and neck radiography
- frontal sinuses
- mandible
- maxilla
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- soft tissues
- tympanic bulla
heart block
heart rate abnormalities
- bradycardia
- tachycardia
heart sounds
- abnormal
  - murmurs
  - transient heart sounds
- longer duration see murmurs
- transient
  - early diastolic sounds
  - gallop rhythms
  - loud S1
  - loud S2
  - quiet S1
  - quiet S2
  - split S1
  - split S2
  - systolic clicks
hemineglect syndrome
hepatic disease
hepatic encephalopathy
hepatic failure/bile salt deficiency
hepatic insufficiency
hepatic mass
hepatic neoplasia
hepatic parenchymal disease
hepatitis
- acute
- chronic
hepatobiliary disease
- biliary obstruction
- caudal vena cava and hepatic veins, dilatation
- decreased echogenicity
- diffuse hepatic disease
- gall bladder wall thickening
- hepatic parenchymal abnormalities
- increased echogenicity, gall bladder
hepatocellular damage
hepatomegaly
hernia, perineal
hormones/endocrine testing
- ACTH
- cortisol (baseline or post-ACTH stimulation test)
- insulin
- oestradiol
- parathyroid hormone
- pro-BNP
- progesterone
- testosterone
- thyroxine
- vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Horner's syndrome
- first order
- second order
- third order
hyaline, associated with proteinuria
hyperaemia (bulbar)/vascular congestion
- episcleritis
- glaucoma
hyperbilirubinaemia
hypercalcaemia
hyperglobulinaemia
hyperglycaemia
hyperkalaemia
hyperlipidaemia
hypernatraemia
hyperpigmentation
- drugs
- focal
- generalised/diffuse
- multifocal
hyperproteinaemia
- marked
hypersthenuria
hypertension
- adrenal disease
- anaemia
- CNS disease
- drugs/toxins
- endocrine disease
- hyperviscosity
- iatrogenic
- idiopathic
- renal disease
- systemic
- systemic arterial
- thyroid disease
hyperthermia
- causes
- fever
- pathological
hypertrophy/muscular swelling
hyphaema
hypoalbuminaemia
hypocalcaemia
- hypocalcaemic tetany
- non-parathyroid causes
hypoglycaemia
- persistent
hypokalaemia
hypomagnesaemia
hyponatraemia
hypopigmentation
- generalised
- localised
hypoproteinaemia
- liver disease
- protein-losing enteropathy
- protein-losing nephropathy
hyposthenuria
- kidneys, inability
- solutes and increased water loss
hypotension
- cardiac function, decreased
- preload, decreased
- vascular tone, decreased
- venous return, decreased
- drugs/toxins
hypothermia
hypovolaemia

immune mediated/infectious
infectious agents
- bacteria
- fungi
- parasites
- predisposing factors to urinary tract infection
infertility
- female
  - intromission
  - male factors
  - ovulation failure
- male
  - congenital defects
  - female factors
  - inability to mount female
  - intromission
  - lack of fertility
  - lack of libido
  - low/absent sperm
inflammatory cells
inflammatory conditions, chronic
inflammatory/infectious
insulin
- decreased
- increased
insulinoma
intestinal blood loss
intestinal disease, small
intestines, abdominal radiography
- large intestine
- small intestine
iron
- decreased
- deficiency anaemia
- deficiency disorders
- increased

lactate dehydrogenase
lameness
- forelimb
- hindlimb
- multiple joint/limb
lens lesions
- cataract
- luxation/subluxation
lipase
liver
- amyloidosis
- bile pigment (increased)
- cytology
- disease
- focal enlargement
- generalised enlargement
- copper (increased)
- infectious hepatopathies
- inflammatory hepatopathies
- neoplasia
- neoplastic cells
- palpation, abnormal
  - focal enlargement
  - generalised enlargement
  - reduced liver size
- reduced liver size
- vacuolar hepatopathies
lockjaw see trismus
long bones, skeletal radiography
- abnormally straight
- angulation
- bowing
- irregular margination
lymphadenopathy
lymph nodes, enlarged
- infiltration
- proliferation/inflammation
lymphocytosis
- neoplasia
- physiological
lymphopenia
- drugs
- endocrine
- immunodeficiency syndromes
- infectious/inflammatory
- loss of lymph
- physiological

malassimilation
maldigestion/malabsorption
mandible, head and neck radiography
mastocytemia
maxilla, head and neck radiography
mediastinal shift
megaoesophagus
melaena
- extra-gastrointestinal disease
- gastrointestinal disease
meningoencephalitis
microhepatica
monocytosis
- chronic inflammation
- corticosteroids
- immune-mediated disease
- infections
- neoplasia
motor neurone (upper) spinal cord lesion
murmurs
- cardiovascular disease associated
- innocent
- physiological
musculoskeletal signs
- historical
  - forelimb lameness
  - hindlimb lameness
  - multiple joint/limb lameness
- muscular atrophy/hypertrophy
- trismus
- weakness
myoglobinuria

nasal flush cytology
- inflammation
- neoplasia
- organisms, culture
neck, ultrasonography
- enlarged parathyroid gland(s)
- enlarged thyroid gland(s)
- lymph node enlargement
- neck masses at other sites
- salivary gland enlargement
neonatal mortality
- congenital abnormalities
- infections
- maternal/management factors
neoplasia, metastatic/primary bone
nephrotoxic drugs
nerve conduction velocity findings
neurological disease
- congenital
- degenerative
- drugs/toxins
- idiopathic conditions
- immune-mediated disease
- infectious
- metabolic
- neoplastic
- nutritional
neurological signs
- abnormal CN responses
- hemineglect syndrome
  - historical
  - altered behaviour
  - ataxia
  - coma/stupor
  - deafness
  - multifocal neurological disease
  - paresis/paralysis
  - seizures
  - trembling/shivering
- Horner's syndrome
- spinal disorders
- vestibular disease
neutropenia
- decreased neutrophil survival
- reduced neutrophil production
- reduced neutrophil release
neutrophilia
- immunodeficiency syndromes
- inflammatory conditions-acute or chronic
- physiological
- primary
- reactive
nodules
- inflammation
- neoplasia
- non-neoplastic, non-inflammatory

obstipation
ocular signs
- anterior chamber
- blindness/visual impairment
- corneal opacification
- corneal ulceration/erosion
- epiphora/tear overflow
- intraocular haemorrhage/hyphaema
- intraocular/periocular
  - acquired
  - congenital
- lens lesions
- red eye
- retinal lesions
oedema
- bronchial wall
- corneal
- early
- peripheral
  - generalised
  - localised
  - regional
- pulmonary
oesophagus abnormalities, thoracic radiography
- oesophageal dilatation
- oesophageal opacity (increased)
oestradiol (increased)
oestrus, failure to observe
- concurrent disease
- iatrogenic
- ovarian disease
- stress
oliguric/anuric kidney injury
oral lesions
- congenital deformities
- inflammatory masses
- neoplasia
- oral ulceration
- periodontitis/gingivitis
- salivary gland enlargement
- stomatitis
- tooth disease
orthopaedic disease
ossification (delayed)/growth plate closure, skeletal radiography
osteolysis, skeletal radiography
osteolytic (mixed)/osteogenic lesions, skeletal radiography
osteopenia
- artefact
- disuse
- iatrogenic
- metabolic/endocrine/systemic
- neoplasia
- nutrition
- toxins
otitis externa
- extension of
- perpetuating factors
- predisposing factors
- primary causes
ovarian and uterine disease, abdominal ultrasonography
- uterine enlargement
- uterine wall thickening

pain
- abdominal
  - causes
  - drugs/toxins
  - gastrointestinal disease
  - hepatobiliary disease
  - mechanical factors
  - mesenteric tension/traction/torsion
  - musculoskeletal pain
  - organ rupture
  - pancreas
  - peritoneal cavity
  - urinary system
- constipation
- diffuse
  - gastrointestinal disease
  - musculoskeletal disease
pallor
- anaemia
- decreased peripheral perfusion
- drugs/toxins
pancreatic disease, abdominal ultrasonography
- diffuse enlargement
- focal pancreatic lesions
parathyroid hormone
paresis/paralysis
- peripheral nerves
- spinal disease
partial thromboplastin time/activated clotting time
penis abnormalities
- paraphimosis
- penile bleeding
perianal swelling
pericardial disease
peripheral nerves (mono-/polyneuropathies)
- degenerative
- drugs/toxins
- immune mediated/infectious
- metabolic
- neoplastic
- traumatic
- vascular
peripheral neuropathy
peripheral vestibular system
pH
- acidaemia
- alkalaemia
pharynx, head and neck radiography
pigmentation disorders
- hyperpigmentation
- hypopigmentation
pneumonia
pneumothorax
pododermatitis
- asymmetric
- symmetric
pollakiuria/dysuria/stranguria
- with haematuria, pyuria/bacteriuria
- normal urine
polycythaemia
- primary
- relative
- secondary
polyphagia
polyuria/polydipsia
- diet
- drugs/toxins
- electrolyte disorders
- endocrine disease
- hepatobiliary disease
- infectious disease
- neoplasia
- physiological
- renal disorders
polyuria without polydipsia
post-renal disease
post-renal failure
pre-renal disease
P–R interval
- prolonged
- short
pro-BNP (increased)
progesterone
prostate
- abdominal radiography
  - displacement
  - enlargement
- abnormal on palpation
prostatic disease
protein-losing enteropathy
protein-losing nephropathy
prothrombin time
pruritus
- drugs/toxins
- endocrine disorders
- environmental
- immune-mediated disease
- infection
- keratinisation disorders
- neoplasia
- neurological
ptyalism/salivation/hypersalivation
- drugs/toxins
- nausea/regurgitation/vomiting
- normal breed variation
- oral cavity disease
- physiological factors
- salivary gland disease
pustules and papules
- immune-mediated diseases
- infectious/parasitic diseases
- primary immune-mediated
P wave alterations
- absent
- tall P wave
- variable height
- wide P wave
pyrexia

red eye
- anterior uveitis
- bulbar hyperaemia/vascular congestion
- conjunctivitis
regurgitation
- endocrine disease
- gastric disease
- immune-mediated disease
- neurological disease
- oesophageal disease
- salivary gland disease
- weight loss
remodelling, periosteal
renal disease
- diffuse abnormalities
- end-stage
- focal abnormalities
- pelvic dilatation
renal insufficiency
renal mass
renomegaly
reproductive historical signs
- abortion
- dystocia
- failure to observe oestrus
- female infertility, normal oestrus
- male infertility
- neonatal mortality
- oestrus behaviour, persistence
- prolonged inter-pro-oestrus interval
- prolonged pro-oestrus/oestrus
- shortened inter-pro-oestrus interval
- short pro-oestrus
- vaginal/vulval discharge
respiratory disease
respiratory sounds, abnormal
- crackles
- stertor
- stridor
- wheezes
retinal detachment
retinal lesions
- detachment
- haemorrhage
- swollen optic disc
rhinitis
rhythm alterations
- atrial fibrillation
- atrial flutter
- atrioventricular block
- parasystole
- persistent atrial standstill
- sinus block/arrest
- supraventricular premature complexes/tachycardia
- ventricular flutter/fibrillation
- ventricular premature complexes/ventricular tachycardia
rib abnormalities, thoracic radiography
- congenital disorders
- new bone
- osteolysis

salivary gland disease
scaling
- exfoliative dermatoses
- primary/inherited disorders, keratinisation
- secondary
seizures
- extracranial
- intracranial
shock,
- distributive
- hypovolaemic
- hypoxaemic
- metabolic
skeletal radiography
- bony masses
- delayed ossification/growth plate closure
- dwarfism
- fractures
- joint changes
- long bones, altered shape
- mixed osteolytic/osteogenic lesions
- osteolysis
- osteopenia
- periosteal reactions
- radiopacity (increased)
skin disease
- chronic
- erosive/ulcerative
  - drugs/toxins
  - idiopathic
  - infection
  - neoplasia
  - physical
  - vasculitis
- scrapes/hair plucks/tape impressions
  - fungi
  - parasites
sneezing and nasal discharge
- anatomical deformities
- congenital disease
- dental disease
- infection
- inflammatory disease
- neoplasia
- physical
- systemic disease
spinal disease,
- congenital
- degenerative
- idiopathic
- immune mediated
- infectious
- neoplastic
- nutritional
- traumatic
- vascular
spinal disorders
- C1-C5
- cranial to L7
- C6-T2
- L4-S3
- T3-L3
spine radiography
- acquired variation, vertebral shape and size
- contrast radiography (myelography)
- intervertebral space, abnormalities
- normal and congenital variation, vertebral shape and size
- vertebral radiopacity, changes
spleen, abdominal radiography
- absence
- enlargement
- reduction in size
splenic disease, abdominal ultrasonography
- diffuse splenic disease, splenomegaly
- focal/multifocal splenic disease
splenic mass
splenomegaly
stomach, abdominal radiography
- abnormal contents
- caudal displacement
- cranial displacement
- delayed gastric emptying
- distended
- increased wall thickness
S–T segment alterations
- depression/slur
- elevation
- pseudo-depression
- secondary changes
syncope/collapse
- cardiovascular dysfunction
- drugs
- hypoxaemic disease
- metabolic/endocrine disorders
- myopathies
- neurological dysfunction
- skeletal/joint disorders

tachyarrhythmias
tachycardia
- drugs/toxins
- sinus
- supraventricular
- ventricular
testes, ultrasonography
- enlargement
- focal lesions, neoplasia
testicular abnormalities
- large testis
- no palpable testis
- single palpable testis
- small testis
testosterone
thoracic radiography
- alveolar pattern (increased)
  - atelectasis
  - inflammation/immune mediated
  - neoplasia
  - pneumonia
  - pulmonary haemorrhage
  - pulmonary oedema
  - pulmonary thromboembolism
- bronchial pattern (increased)
  - bronchial wall oedema
  - bronchiectasis
  - chronic bronchitis
  - normal variation
- cardiac silhouette
  - decreased size
  - diseases
  - generalised cardiomegaly
  - increased size
- diaphragm abnormalities
- interstitial pattern (increased)
  - diffuse/unstructured
  - nodular
  - reticular pattern
- lung opacity (increased)
- mediastinal abnormalities
  - air from neck
  - masses
  - mediastinal shift
  - pneumomediastinum
  - widened mediastinum
- oesophagus abnormalities
- pleural effusion
- pneumothorax
- rib abnormalities
- tracheal abnormalities
- vascular pattern (increased)
  - pulmonary arteries
  - pulmonary veins
thoracic ultrasonography
- altered chamber dimensions
- changes in ejection phase indices
- mediastinal masses
- pericardial effusion
- pleural effusion
thrombocytopathia
thrombocytopenia
- decreased production
- immune-mediated destruction
- sequestration
- utilization (increased)/non-immune destruction
thrombocytosis
- normal
- post splenectomy
- reactive
- rebound
- splenic contraction
thyroxine
tracheal abnormalities
- dorsal displacement
- lateral displacement
- narrowing
- opacification, lumen
- ventral displacement
tracheal/bronchoalveolar lavage
- eosinophils (increased)
- neutrophils (increased)
- organisms visible on microscopy/detectable on culture
trembling/shivering
- drugs/toxins
- metabolic
- neurological
- physiological
tremors/shivering
trigeminal nerve, lesions
triglycerides
trismus
- drugs/toxins
- inflammatory
- mechanical
- pain on opening jaw
- temporomandibular joint ankylosis
troponin
trypsin-like immunoreactivity
T waves
tympanic bulla, head and neck radiography

ultrasonography
- eyes
- neck
- testes
undigested food residues
- fat
- starch
uraemia,
- encephalopathy
- gastritis
urea
- acute kidney injury
- chronic kidney disease
- decreased
- increased
- post-renal
ureters, abdominal radiography
urethra, abdominal radiography
- contrast medium leakage
- displacement
- filling defects
- strictures/irregular surface
urinary bladder
- abdominal radiography
  - abnormal bladder contents
  - abnormal shape
  - decreased opacity
  - displacement
  - enlarged bladder
  - failure to distend
  - increased opacity
  - non-visualisation
  - small bladder
  - thickening of wall
- disease, abdominal ultrasonography
- distended
- enlarged
- large
- palpable mass
- palpate
urinary incontinence/inappropriate urination
- with bladder distension
- without bladder distension
urine chemistry, abnormalities
- bilirubin
- blood
- glucose
- haemoglobin
- ketones
- myoglobin-muscle injury/necrosis
- nitrite
- pH, decreased
- pH, increased
- protein
- urobilinogen
urine sediment, abnormalities
- crystals (predisposing factors)
- red blood cells (increased)
- white blood cells (increased)
urogenital physical signs
- bladder abnormalities
- kidneys abnormal, palpation
- penis abnormalities
- prostate abnormal on palpation
- testicular abnormalities
- uterus abnormal on palpation
urological historical signs
- anuria/oliguria
- haematuria
- pollakiuria/dysuria/stranguria
- polyuria/polydipsia
- urinary incontinence/inappropriate urination
uterine enlargement
uterus
- abdominal radiography
- enlarged
- enlargement on palpation
uveitis
- acute
- anterior
  - idiopathic
  - infection
  - ionising radiation
  - neoplasia
  - non-infectious inflammatory
  - systemic
  - trauma
- chronic

vaginal/vulval discharge
vertebral malformations
vestibular disease
- central vestibular system
- congenital
  - drugs/toxins
  - idiopathic conditions
  - infection
  - metabolic disease
  - neoplasia
  - trauma
- lesions (circling)
- peripheral
  - congenital
  - drugs/toxins
  - idiopathic
  - immune mediated/infectious
  - metabolic
  - neoplastic
  - traumatic
vitamin A
- deficiency
- responsive dermatosis
vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
vitamin C
vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
- decreased
- deficiency
- increased
- rodenticides
vitamin E deficiency
vomiting
- acute
  - dietary
  - drugs/toxins
  - endocrine disease
  - gastrointestinal disease
  - metabolic/systemic disease
- chronic
  - endocrine disease
  - gastrointestinal disease
  - metabolic/systemic disease
- gastrointestinal loss
- weight loss