Foreword
1. Aristotle, Poetics 13.
2. Philip Sidney, A Defense of Poetry, in English Essays from Sir Philip Sidney to Macaulay (New York: Collier, 1910), 26, 32.
3. Ernest Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon (New York: Scribner, 1932), 4.
4. Oscar Wilde, preface to Picture of Dorian Gray (New York: Dover, 1993), vii.
5. C. S. Lewis, English Literature in the Sixteenth Century: Excluding Drama (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), 346.
Introduction: Read Well, Live Well
1. John Milton, Areopagitica: A Speech of John Milton, 1644, The John Milton Reading Room, accessed November 1, 2017, https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/areopagitica/text.html. I have modernized the spelling in the quoted passage.
2. Nicholas Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (New York: Norton, 2011), 10.
3. Paul Lewis, “Our Minds Can Be Hijacked: The Tech Insiders Who Fear a Smartphone Dystopia,” The Guardian, October 6, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia.
4. For more on reading for enjoyment, see Alan Jacobs, The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
5. Shane Parrish, “If You Want to Get Smarter, Speed-Reading Is Worse Than Not Reading at All,” Quartz, January 23, 2017, https://qz.com/892276/speed-reading-wont-make-you-smarter-but-reading-for-deep-understanding-will.
6. Take encouragement in slow reading from the renowned scholar David Mikics in his Harvard-published book, Slow Reading in a Hurried Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2013).
7. Baxter, Christian Directory, part 3, “Christian Ecclesiastics,” in The Practical Works of the Rev. Richard Baxter (London: James Duncan, 1830) 5:584, available at https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=MKcOAAAAQAAJ.
8. For a thorough treatment of marking up a book, see the classic, How to Read a Book by Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren (New York: Touchstone, 1972).
9. Tony Reinke, Facebook discussion, March 10, 2018.
10. Billy Collins, “Marginalia,” available at https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=39493.
11. C. S. Lewis, An Experiment in Criticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 9.
12. Lewis, An Experiment in Criticism, 88.
13. Thomas Jefferson, “To Robert Skip with a List of Books,” August 3, 1771, Yale Law School: Avalon Project, The Letters of Thomas Jefferson, accessed December 1, 2017, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/let4.asp.
14. Paul A. Taylor, “Sympathy and Insight in Aristotle’s Poetics,” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 66, no. 3 (Summer 2008): 268.
15. Taylor, “Sympathy and Insight in Aristotle’s Poetics,” 265–80.
16. George Saunders, lecture, Festival of Faith and Writing, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, April 15, 2016.
17. Taylor, “Sympathy and Insight in Aristotle’s Poetics,” 265.
18. Taylor, “Sympathy and Insight in Aristotle’s Poetics,” 266.
19. Taylor, “Sympathy and Insight in Aristotle’s Poetics,” 276.
20. For a more extensive discussion on formation versus mere information, see James K. A. Smith, Desiring the Kingdom (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2009), beginning on page 18 and throughout.
21. Sir Philip Sidney, A Defence of Poetry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 31–32.
22. Sidney, Defence of Poetry, 29.
23. Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1926), 87.
24. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3rd ed. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), 11–12.
25. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 5.
26. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 2.
27. Keith Oatley, Such Stuff as Dreams: The Psychology of Fiction (Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 28, 29, 30.
28. I am indebted to Jason Alvis for this phrase used about this verse, a point he makes in a different context in “How to Write a Christian Sentence: Some Reflections on Scholarship,” Faith and the Academy 2, no. 2 (Spring 2018): 38–41.
29. Graham Ward, “How Literature Resists Secularity,” Literature and Theology 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 82.
30. Ward, “How Literature Resists Secularity,” 85.
31. Emily Dickinson, “I dwell in Possibility—,” in The Norton Anthology of Women’s Literature, 3rd ed., ed. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar (New York: Norton, 2007), 1:1053.
32. Sidney, Defence of Poetry, 54.
33. Smith, Imagining the Kingdom, 133, 137.
34. Jacques Ellul, The Humiliation of the Word, trans. Joyce Main Hanks (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985), 53.
35. Marcel Proust, Days of Reading (London: Penguin, 2008), 70.
36. See my chapter on Madame Bovary in Booked: Literature in the Soul of Me (Ossining, NY: TS Poetry Press, 2012).
37. Mark Edmundson, Why Read? (New York: Bloomsbury, 2004), 112.
38. Edmundson, Why Read?, 73.
39. Marshall Gregory, Shaped by Stories: The Ethical Power of Narrative (Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Press, 2009), 20.
40. Smith, Imagining the Kingdom, 108.
41. Smith, Imagining the Kingdom, 116, 36.
42. Keith Oatley, Such Stuff as Dreams: The Psychology of Fiction (Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 112, 221.
43. Smith, Imagining the Kingdom, 108.
44. Martha Nussbaum, Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 3–4.
45. Nussbaum, Love’s Knowledge, 5.
46. Nussbaum, Love’s Knowledge, 47.
47. Joseph Epstein, A Literary Education and Other Essays (Edinburg, VA: Axios, 2014), 16.
48. Nussbaum, Love’s Knowledge, 44.
49. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, ed. Roger Crisp, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 27.
50. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 29–31.
51. Baxter, Christian Directory, part 1, “Christian Ethics,” in The Practical Works of the Rev. Richard Baxter (London: James Duncan, 1830) 2:151, available at https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=7XcAAAAAMAAJ.
Chapter 1: Prudence: The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding
1. Catechism of the Catholic Church, para. 1806, accessed October 17, 2017, http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c1a7.htm.
2. André Comte-Sponville, A Small Treatise on the Great Virtues: The Uses of Philosophy in Everyday Life (New York: Picador, 2002), 37.
3. W. Jay Wood, “Prudence,” in Virtues and Their Vices, ed. Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 38.
4. Cicero, The Cyclopaedia of Practical Quotations, English and Latin (Funk and Wagnalls, 1889), 557.
5. Josef Pieper, The Four Cardinal Virtues (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966), 3.
6. Wood, “Prudence,” 37.
7. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 7.
8. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 4.
9. Catechism of the Catholic Church, para. 1806.
10. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3rd ed. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), 39.
11. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 39.
12. It should be noted, however, that Fielding’s theological framework, latitudinarianism, itself reflected more modern than traditional impulses.
13. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 11–12.
14. Christian Smith, Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of Emerging Adults (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
15. Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1975), 7. Use of capital letters has been modernized in quotations from the text.
16. Martin Battestin, introduction to The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling, by Henry Fielding (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1975), xxv.
17. “Prudence,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed January 15, 2018, https://www.etymonline.com/word/prudence.
18. Cicero, cited in Comte-Sponville, Small Treatise on the Great Virtues, 34.
19. Battestin, introduction to History of Tom Jones, xxv.
20. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 11.
21. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 70–74.
22. Comte-Sponville, Small Treatise on the Great Virtues, 37.
23. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 8.
24. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 316.
25. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 19; Wood, “Prudence,” 47.
26. “Prudence,” Merriam-Webster Dictionary, accessed October 17, 2017, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prudence.
27. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 165.
28. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 22.
29. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 21.
30. Wood, “Prudence,” 38.
31. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 37.
32. Augustine, cited in Comte-Sponville, Small Treatise on the Great Virtues, 295n19.
33. Augustine, On Christian Teaching, ed. R. P. H. Green (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 1999), 21.
34. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 960.
35. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 165.
36. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 31.
37. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 47, Art. 1, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
38. Stanley Hauerwas and Charles Pinches, Christians among the Virtues: Theological Conversations with Ancient and Modern Ethics (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997), 102.
39. Hauerwas and Pinches, Christians among the Virtues, 101–2.
40. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 20.
41. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 22.
42. Wood, “Prudence,” 49.
43. Wood, “Prudence,” 49.
44. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 768.
45. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 20.
46. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 141.
47. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 21.
48. Wood, “Prudence,” 44–45.
49. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 53–54.
50. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 960.
51. Fielding, History of Tom Jones, 981.
52. Wood, “Prudence,” 38.
Chapter 2: Temperance: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
1. André Comte-Sponville, A Small Treatise on the Great Virtues: The Uses of Philosophy in Everyday Life (New York: Picador, 2002), 42.
2. William C. Mattison III, Introducing Moral Theology: True Happiness and the Virtues (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2008), 76.
3. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 76.
4. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, ed. Roger Crisp, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 54.
5. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 54–57.
6. Catechism of the Catholic Church, para. 1809, accessed October 17, 2017, http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c1a7.htm.
7. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 3, Art. 1, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
8. Robert C. Roberts, “Temperance,” in Virtues and Their Vices, ed. Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 99.
9. Comte-Sponville, Small Treatise on the Great Virtues, 39.
10. Postmodern philosophers such as Jean Baudrillard theorize that the real, including sex, will be supplanted by the hyper-real or technological stimulation and simulation of the real. Indeed, recent declines in teen sexual activity and pregnancy may owe in part to the replacement of embodied relationships with technologically mediated ones.
11. Prohibition, directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick, aired 2011, on PBS, http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition.
12. Frank A. Salamone, “Prohibition,” in S. Bronner, ed., Encyclopedia of American Studies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016), http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu/view?aid=614; Robin A. LaVellee and Hsiao-ye Yi, “Surveillance Report #104: Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977–2014,” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, March 2016, https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance104/CONS14.pdf.
13. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Scribner, 1992), 105.
14. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 104–5.
15. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 77.
16. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 155.
17. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 117.
18. William R. Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York: Vintage, 1994), 7.
19. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 83.
20. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 96.
21. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 42–43.
22. Leach, Land of Desire, xiii.
23. Leach, Land of Desire, 3.
24. Leach, Land of Desire, xiv.
25. Beth Teitell, “Today’s Families Are Prisoners of Their Own Clutter,” Boston Globe, July 9, 2012, https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/2012/07/09/new-study-says-american-families-are-overwhelmed-clutter-rarely-eat-together-and-are-generally-stressed-out-about-all/G4VdOwzXNinxkMhKA1YtyO/story.html.
26. Glenn Tinder, The Fabric of Hope (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999), 17.
27. Josef Pieper, The Four Cardinal Virtues (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966), 148.
28. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 85.
29. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 33.
30. “Temper,” Oxford Dictionary, accessed January 15, 2018, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/temper.
31. “Temper,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed October 17, 2017, http://www.etymonline.com/word/temper.
32. “Temper,” Online Etymology Dictionary.
33. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 116.
34. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 117.
35. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 68.
36. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 130.
37. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 189.
38. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 181–82.
39. Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1888), 101.
40. Franklin, Autobiography, 102.
41. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 104.
42. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 101.
43. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 98.
44. Comte-Sponville, Small Treatise on the Great Virtues, 40.
45. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 12.
46. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 97–98.
47. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 98.
48. Guy Debord, Society of the Spectacle (Detroit: Black and Red, 1983), thesis 17.
49. Debord, Society of the Spectacle, thesis 67.
50. Leach, Land of Desire, 42.
51. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 167.
52. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 5.
53. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 188.
Chapter 3: Justice: A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
1. William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun (New York: Vintage, 2011), 73.
2. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, ed. Roger Crisp, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 80.
3. Plato, The Republic, trans. Allan Bloom, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 124.
4. Michael Novak and Paul Adams, Social Justice Isn’t What You Think It Is (New York: Encounter Books, 2015), 19.
5. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 79.
6. Gerard Manley Hopkins, Hopkins: Poems and Prose (New York: Knopf, 1995), 18.
7. Elaine Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 93.
8. André Comte-Sponville, A Small Treatise on the Great Virtues: The Uses of Philosophy in Everyday Life (New York: Picador, 2002), 61.
9. Josef Pieper, The Four Cardinal Virtues (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966), 61–62.
10. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 81.
11. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 65.
12. Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (New York: Bantam Classic, 1989), 1.
13. Stephen Koch, afterword to Tale of Two Cities, 358.
14. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 53–54.
15. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 47.
16. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 2–3.
17. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 47.
18. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 53.
19. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 80.
20. Augustine, On the Free Choice of the Will, On Grace and Free Choice, and Other Writings, ed. and trans. Peter King (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 10.
21. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, accessed October 28, 2017, https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html.
22. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 53–54.
23. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 2.
24. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 95.
25. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 107.
26. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 102.
27. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 102.
28. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 143.
29. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 206.
30. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 206–7.
31. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 208.
32. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 252.
33. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 251.
34. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 294–95.
35. King, “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.”
36. Similarly, in our own time, capital punishment in America has steadily narrowed in use and diminished in acceptability: over the years, public executions and executions of minors and the mentally challenged have been rejected, for example, with some states abolishing the death penalty altogether. See Shane Claiborne, Executing Grace: How the Death Penalty Killed Jesus and Why It’s Killing Us (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2016), 156.
37. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 347.
38. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 344–45.
39. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 346.
40. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 71.
41. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 192–93.
42. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 193.
43. Comte-Sponville, Small Treatise on the Great Virtues, 83.
44. David Schmidtz and John Thrasher, “The Virtues of Justice,” in Virtues and Their Vices, ed. Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 68.
45. Schmidtz and Thrasher, “Virtues of Justice,” 67.
46. Koch, afterword to Tale of Two Cities, 364.
47. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 138.
48. Plato, The Republic, 118–19.
49. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 80.
50. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 191.
51. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 76.
52. Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just, 91.
53. Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just, 42.
54. Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just, 81.
55. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 351.
56. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, 351–52.
Chapter 4: Courage: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
1. “Brave,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed October 17, 2017, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=brave.
2. “Alex Skarlatos Says Gut Instinct, Military Training Helped Subdue Gunman in France Train Attack,” Oregon Live, August 23, 2015, http://www.oregonlive.com/today/index.ssf/2015/08/alex_skarlatos_says_gut_instin.html.
3. William C. Mattison III, Introducing Moral Theology: True Happiness and the Virtues (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2008), 180.
4. Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (New York: Penguin, 2003), 9.
5. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 19.
6. Of course, in the neoclassical eighteenth century when America was founded, happiness was understood in the Aristotelian sense, as inextricably connected to virtue. Now, as we saw in chapter 2, the American Dream has seen the happiness attainable only through virtue replaced with a happiness attainable through materialism.
7. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 48.
8. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 19.
9. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 158–59.
10. “We fear all evils, such as disgrace, poverty, disease, friendlessness, death, but not all of them seem to be the concern of the courageous person. For some things, like disgrace, it is right and noble to fear, and shameful not to fear: the person who fears this is good and properly disposed to feel shame, and the one who does not is shameless.” Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, ed. Roger Crisp, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 48.
11. Josef Pieper, The Four Cardinal Virtues (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966), 122.
12. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 49.
13. Ambrose, “On the Duties of the Clergy” 1.35, in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd series, ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, 14 vols. (repr., Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994), 10:30.
14. Daniel McInerny, “Fortitude and the Conflict of Frameworks,” in Virtues and Their Vices, ed. Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 85.
15. As William Bennett reminds us in his chapter on courage in The Book of Virtues (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 441.
16. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 49.
17. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 117.
18. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 247.
19. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 252.
20. McInerny, “Fortitude and the Conflict of Frameworks,” 84.
21. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 123.
22. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 120.
23. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 124.
24. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 128.
25. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I, Q. 79, Art. 13, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
26. Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1975), 171n.
27. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 107.
28. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 108.
29. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 240.
30. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 247–48.
31. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 167.
32. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 101.
33. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 108–9.
34. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 110.
35. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 103–4.
36. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 227.
37. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 228.
38. Pieper, Four Cardinal Virtues, 126.
39. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Ethics, trans. Neville Horton Smith (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 244.
40. McInerny, “Fortitude and the Conflict of Frameworks,” 87.
41. Azar Nafisi, The Republic of Imagination: America in Three Books (New York: Viking, 2014), 142.
Chapter 5: Faith: Silence by Shusaku Endo
1. “What Is the Nature of True Saving Faith?,” Grace to You, accessed October 12, 2017, https://www.gty.org/library/questions/QA164/what-is-the-nature-of-true-saving-faith.
2. Josef Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love (San Francisco: Ignatius, 2012), 99–100.
3. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 33.
4. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 62, Art. 1, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
5. Karl Clifton-Soderstrom, The Cardinal and the Deadly: Reimagining the Seven Virtues and Seven Vices (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2015), 42.
6. Clifton-Soderstrom, The Cardinal and the Deadly, 35.
7. “Faith Defined,” Ligonier Ministries, accessed October 14, 2017, http://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/faith-defined.
8. Chad Thornhill, personal correspondence, January 28, 2017.
9. Makoto Fujimura, Silence and Beauty: Hidden Faith Born of Suffering (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2016), 85.
10. Philip Zaleski, “Book Awards: HarperCollins 100 Best Spiritual Books of the Century,” LibraryThing, November 1999, https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/HarperCollins+100+Best+Spiritual+Books+of+the+Century.
11. Shusaku Endo, Silence, trans. William Johnston (New York: Picador, 2016), 38.
12. Endo, Silence, 56.
13. Endo, Silence, 182.
14. Endo, Silence, 183.
15. Endo, Silence, 183.
16. Endo, Silence, 183.
17. Endo, Silence, 204.
18. Shusaku Endo, Journeying Together: Conversation between Shusaku Endo and Yasumata Sato (Tokyo: Kodansha Bungei, 1991), 25, translated by and quoted in Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 40.
19. Endo, Silence, 203.
20. Endo, Silence, 203–4.
21. James Martin, SJ, “Fr. James Martin Answers 5 Common Questions about ‘Silence,’” America: The Jesuit Review, January 18, 2017, https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2017/01/18/fr-james-martin-answers-5-common-questions-about-silence.
22. Peter Epps, “Interpret Carefully: Balancing Caution and Hope in Responding to Shusaku Endo’s Novel Silence,” Christ and Pop Culture, January 20, 2017, https://christandpopculture.com/interpret-carefully-balancing-caution-hope-responding-shusaku-endos-novel-silence.
23. William Johnston, translator’s preface to Silence by Shusaku Endo (New York: Picador, 2016), xix.
24. Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 47–50.
25. Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 48–49.
26. Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 50.
27. Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 41.
28. Shusaku Endo, The Voice of Silence (Tokyo: President Company, 1992), 86, quoted in Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 80.
29. Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 41.
30. Mark Jenkins, “Scorsese’s ‘Silence’: A Clash of Cultures—and Creeds—in 16th Century Japan,” NPR, December 23, 2016, http://www.npr.org/2016/12/23/506341698/scorseses-silence-a-clash-of-cultures-and-creeds-in-16th-century-japan.
31. Patricia Snow, “Empathy Is Not Charity,” First Things, October 2017, https://www.firstthings.com/article/2017/10/empathy-is-not-charity.
32. “Oedipus: The Message in the Myth,” OpenLearn, December 6, 2007, http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/classical-studies/oedipus-the-message-the-myth.
33. Joseph Schwartz, “Chesterton on the Idea of Christian Tragedy,” Renascence: Essays on Values in Literature 53, no. 3 (2001): 227.
34. “The Real Life of ‘Silence’s’ Characters,” News and Events, Society of Saint Pius X (website), May 2, 2017, http://sspx.org/en/news-events/news/real-life-silences-character.
35. Snow, “Empathy Is Not Charity.”
36. Sigmund Freud, The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud, trans. A. A. Brill (New York: Random House, 1938), 307.
37. Aristotle, Poetics 14, par. 15.
38. Schwartz, “Chesterton on the Idea of Christian Tragedy,” 227.
39. Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 80.
40. Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 81.
41. Fujimura, Silence and Beauty, 49.
42. Martin Luther, “Babylonian Captivity,” quoted in Clifton-Soderstrom, The Cardinal and the Deadly, 41.
43. Todd E. Outcalt, Seven Deadly Virtues (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Books, 2017), 35.
44. R. Scott Clark, “Is Faith a Virtue?,” The Heidelblog, June 28, 2014, https://heidelblog.net/2014/06/is-faith-a-virtue-2.
45. Clifton-Soderstrom, The Cardinal and the Deadly, 40.
Chapter 6: Hope: The Road by Cormac McCarthy
1. “Apocalypse,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed October 18, 2017, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=apocalypse.
2. Robert Joustra and Alissa Wilkinson, How to Survive the Apocalypse (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2016), 2.
3. Elizabeth H. Rosen, Apocalyptic Transformation and the Postmodern Imagination (New York: Lexington, 2008), xii, quoted in Joustra and Wilkinson, How to Survive the Apocalypse, 57.
4. Joustra and Wilkinson, How to Survive the Apocalypse, 5.
5. Jason Heller, “Does Post-Apocalyptic Literature Have a (Non-Dystopian) Future?,” NPR Books, May 2, 2015, http://www.npr.org/2015/05/02/402852849/does-post-apocalyptic-literature-have-a-non-dystopian-future.
6. Josef Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love (San Francisco: Ignatius, 2012), 92.
7. Charles Pinches, “On Hope,” in Virtues and Their Vices, ed. Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 362.
8. Cormac McCarthy, The Road (New York: Vintage, 2006), 3.
9. McCarthy, The Road, 126.
10. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 40, Art. 2, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
11. James K. A. Smith, Desiring the Kingdom (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2009), 30.
12. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 40, Art. 3.
13. Robert Miner, Thomas Aquinas on the Passions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 219.
14. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 40, Art. 5.
15. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 100.
16. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 105.
17. Claudia Bloeser and Titus Stahl, “Hope,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2017, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hope.
18. Miner, Thomas Aquinas on the Passions, 227.
19. McCarthy, The Road, 57.
20. McCarthy, The Road, 55–57.
21. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 98.
22. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 113.
23. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 21, Art. 1.
24. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 21, Art. 2.
25. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 20, Art. 2.
26. McCarthy, The Road, 5.
27. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 40, Art. 7.
28. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 40, Art. 7.
29. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 40, Art. 7.
30. Glenn Tinder, The Fabric of Hope (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999), 18.
31. McCarthy, The Road, 158.
32. McCarthy, The Road, 244.
33. McCarthy, The Road, 83.
34. McCarthy, The Road, 137.
35. John Piper, “What Is Hope?,” Desiring God, April 6, 1986, http://www.desiringgod.org/messages/what-is-hope.
36. Pinches, “On Hope,” 363.
37. McCarthy, The Road, 10.
38. McCarthy, The Road, 177.
39. McCarthy, The Road, 189.
40. McCarthy, The Road, 260.
41. McCarthy, The Road, 258–59.
42. McCarthy, The Road, 160.
43. McCarthy, The Road, 88.
44. Pinches, “On Hope,” 353.
45. McCarthy, The Road, 230.
46. McCarthy, The Road, 130.
47. McCarthy, The Road, 88–89.
48. McCarthy, The Road, 272.
49. McCarthy, The Road, 129.
50. McCarthy, The Road, 144.
51. McCarthy, The Road, 151.
52. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 117–19.
53. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 120.
54. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 122.
55. Miner, Thomas Aquinas on the Passions, 227.
56. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 17, Art. 5.
57. Pinches, “On Hope,” 356.
58. Miner, Thomas Aquinas on the Passions, 228.
59. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 101–2.
60. George Saunders, “Tenth of December,” in Tenth of December (New York: Random House, 2013), 249.
61. Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Literature (New York: Harcourt, 1980), 375.
62. Nabokov, Lectures on Literature, 373.
63. Nabokov, Lectures on Literature, 374.
64. McCarthy, The Road, 23.
65. McCarthy, The Road, 39.
66. McCarthy, The Road, 40–41.
67. McCarthy, The Road, 280–81.
68. McCarthy, The Road, 77.
69. McCarthy, The Road, 128–29.
70. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 17, Art. 5.
71. Miner, Thomas Aquinas on the Passions, 229.
72. Miner, Thomas Aquinas on the Passions, 228.
73. Miner, Thomas Aquinas on the Passions, 228.
74. N. T. Wright, Surprised by Hope (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 7.
75. Tinder, Fabric of Hope, 34.
76. Joustra and Wilkinson, How to Survive the Apocalypse, 57.
77. McCarthy, The Road, 54.
78. Tinder, Fabric of Hope, 31.
79. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3rd ed. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), 1–2.
80. McCarthy, The Road, 16.
81. McCarthy, The Road, 278–79.
82. McCarthy, The Road, 5.
83. McCarthy, The Road, 75.
84. Pinches, “On Hope,” 362.
85. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2007), 20.
86. Taylor, Secular Age, 19.
87. Tinder, Fabric of Hope, 27.
88. Wright, Surprised by Hope, 85.
89. Wright, Surprised by Hope, 93–96.
90. Tinder, Fabric of Hope, 25.
91. Taylor, Secular Age, 18.
92. McCarthy, The Road, 246.
Chapter 7: Love: The Death of Ivan Ilych by Leo Tolstoy
1. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, ed. Roger Crisp, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 141.
2. Erich Fromm, The Art of Loving (New York: Harper and Row, 1962), 9.
3. Josef Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love (San Francisco: Ignatius, 2012), 175.
4. Maia Szalavitz, “How Orphanages Kill Babies—And Why No Child Under 5 Should Be in One,” Huffington Post, June 23, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/maia-szalavitz/how-orphanages-kill-babie_b_549608.html.
5. Scott Stossel, “What Makes Us Happy, Revisited,” The Atlantic, May 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/05/thanks-mom/309287.
6. Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, trans. John Ciardi (London: Penguin, 2003), 894.
7. Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love, 174.
8. Wayne Pacelle, The Bond: Our Kinship with Animals, Our Call to Defend Them (New York: Morrow, 2011), 135–52.
9. As expressed in Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Tony Awards acceptance speech in 2016. Katey Rich, “Watch Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Emotional Tony Awards Acceptance Sonnet,” Vanity Fair, June 12, 2016, https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2016/06/lin-manuel-miranda-tony-speech.
10. William C. Mattison III, Introducing Moral Theology: True Happiness and the Virtues (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2008), 300.
11. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 300.
12. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 302.
13. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 23, Art. 1, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
14. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 184, Art. 1.
15. James S. Spiegel, How to Be Good in a World Gone Bad (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2004), 200–201.
16. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 302.
17. Augustine, “Homily 7 on the First Epistle of John: 1 John 4:4–12,” trans. H. Browne, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 1st series, vol. 7, ed. Philip Schaff (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing, 1888), rev. and ed. Kevin Knight. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/170207.htm.
18. Mattison, Introducing Moral Theology, 292.
19. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, Q. 62, Art. 3.
20. C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters, Mere Christianity, Surprised by Joy (New York: Quality Paperback Book Club, 1992), 102.
21. Augustine, On Christian Teaching, ed. R. P. H. Green (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 1999), 76.
22. Augustine, On Christian Teaching, 21.
23. Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych, trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude (Grand Rapids: Generic NL Freebook, 1886), 256.
24. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 267.
25. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 266.
26. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 255.
27. Elaine A. Robinson, These Three: The Theological Virtues of Faith, Hope, and Love (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2010), 134.
28. C. S. Lewis, The Four Loves (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1960), 87–89.
29. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 248.
30. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 267.
31. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 269.
32. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 257.
33. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 259.
34. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 260.
35. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 261.
36. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 261.
37. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 298.
38. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 270.
39. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 283.
40. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 286.
41. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 276.
42. Martha Nussbaum, Poetic Justice: The Literary Imagination and Public Life (Boston: Beacon, 1997).
43. Robinson, These Three, 143.
44. Paul Bloom, Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion (New York: Ecco, 2016).
45. Robinson, These Three, 144.
46. Spiegel, How to Be Good, 199.
47. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 253.
48. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 280.
49. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 285.
50. Shakespeare, Sonnet 73, in Norton Anthology of English Literature, 7th ed., ed. M. H. Abrams (New York: Norton, 2003), 1:1035.
51. Augustine, Soliloquies 1, trans. C. C. Starbuck, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, vol. 7. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/170301.htm.
52. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 286.
53. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 271.
54. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 283.
55. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 284.
56. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 286.
57. Benedict XVI, Caritas in Veritate, June 29, 2009, para. 5, http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate.html.
58. Benedict XVI, Caritas in Veritate, para. 3.
59. Flannery O’Connor, Mystery and Manners (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993), 227.
60. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 300.
61. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 294–95.
62. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 299.
63. Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilych, 302.
64. John Wesley, “Sermon 149: On Love,” in The Works of John Wesley, vol. 4, Sermons, IV, 115–151, ed. Albert C. Outler (Nashville: Abingdon, 1987), 386.
Chapter 8: Chastity: Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton
1. C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters, Mere Christianity, Surprised by Joy (New York: Quality Paperback Book Club, 1992), 75.
2. Augustine, Confessions, trans. R. S. Pine-Coffin (London: Penguin, 1961), 169.
3. Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Poetical Works (London: MacMillan, 1907), 34.
4. Aldous Huxley, Eyeless in Gaza (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1936), 289.
5. Augustine, City of God, trans. Henry Bettenson (London: Penguin Classics, 1984), 27.
6. This is a crucial distinction in cases of rape and assault when victims feel impure as a result.
7. Rebecca Konyndyk DeYoung, Glittering Vices: A New Look at the Seven Deadly Sins (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2009), 178.
8. Lauren F. Winner, Real Sex: The Naked Truth about Chastity (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2006), 126.
9. Winner, Real Sex, 126.
10. Chesterton, “A Piece of Chalk,” Daily News, November 4, 1905, available at https://www.chesterton.org/a-piece-of-chalk.
11. Edith Wharton, Ethan Frome (New York: Scribner, 1979), 4.
12. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 3.
13. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 11.
14. Konyndyk DeYoung, Glittering Vices, 162.
15. David Allen, “The Lust of the Flesh, the Lust of the Eyes, and the Pride of Life—1 John 2:16,” Dr. David Allen, April 30, 2015, http://drdavidlallen.com/bible/the-lust-of-the-flesh-the-lust-of-the-eyes-and-the-pride-of-life-1-john-216.
16. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 27.
17. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 72.
18. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 30.
19. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 31.
20. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 33–34.
21. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 57.
22. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 33–34.
23. Allen, “Lust of the Flesh.”
24. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 17.
25. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 33.
26. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 46–47.
27. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 124.
28. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 130–31.
29. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 146–47.
30. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 35–36.
31. Hara Estroff Marano and Shirley Glass, “Shattered Vows,” Psychology Today, July 1, 1998, https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199807/shattered-vows.
32. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 35–36.
33. Colleen McClusky, “Lust and Chastity,” in Virtues and Their Vices, ed. Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 116.
34. Winner, Real Sex, 34.
35. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 116.
36. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 72.
37. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 108.
38. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 114.
39. Pope John Paul II, Love and Responsibility (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1993), 171.
40. “Chaste,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed October 19, 2017, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=chaste.
41. Daniel Goleman, “Long-Married Couples Do Look Alike, Study Finds,” New York Times, August 11, 1987, http://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/11/science/long-marriedcouples-do-look-alike-study-finds.html.
42. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 188.
43. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 71.
44. Konyndyk DeYoung, Glittering Vices, 177.
45. Frederick Buechner, Wishful Thinking: A Seeker’s ABC (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1993), 107.
46. “Yes, Using Facebook May Be Making You More Lonely,” Fox News Health, March 7, 2017, http://www.foxnews.com/health/2017/03/07/yes-using-facebook-may-be-making-more-lonely.html.
47. Wharton, Ethan Frome, 142–43.
48. Winner, Real Sex, 52.
49. Winner, Real Sex, 57.
50. Winner, Real Sex, 69–70.
Chapter 9: Diligence: Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan
1. “The Joke,” Carnegie Hall, April 19, 2016, https://www.carnegiehall.org/Blog/2016/04/The-Joke.
2. “Diligence,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed October 19, 2017, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=diligence.
3. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 35, Art. 1, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
4. Peter Kreeft, Back to Virtue (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1992), 153.
5. Kreeft, Back to Virtue, 154.
6. W. R. Owens, introduction to The Pilgrim’s Progress, by John Bunyan (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 2003), xvii.
7. Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, 58.
8. Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, 58–59.
9. C. S. Lewis, “The Vision of John Bunyan,” in The Pilgrim’s Progress: A Selection of Critical Essays, ed. Roger Sharrock (London: MacMillan, 1976), 197.
10. C. S. Lewis, The Discarded Image (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 1994.
11. J. Paul Hunter, “Metaphor, Type, Emblem, and the Pilgrim ‘Allegory,’” in The Pilgrim’s Progress, ed. Cynthia Wall (New York: Norton, 2009), 408–9.
Chapter 10: Patience: Persuasion by Jane Austen
1. “Patience,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed October 19, 2017, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=patience.
2. N. T. Wright, After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2012), 249.
3. Zac Cogley, “A Study of Virtuous and Vicious Anger,” in Virtues and Their Vices, ed. Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 99.
4. Gilbert Ryle, “Jane Austen and the Moralists,” in Critical Essays on Jane Austen, ed. B. C. Southam (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968), 106–22.
5. Jane Austen, Persuasion, ed. William Galperin (New York: Pearson, 2008), 103.
6. C. S. Lewis, “A Note on Jane Austen,” in Selected Literary Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 175–79.
7. Lewis, “A Note on Jane Austen,” 182.
8. Austen, Persuasion, 16.
9. Lewis, “A Note on Jane Austen,” 179–80.
10. Austen, Persuasion, 100.
11. Austen, Persuasion, 101.
12. Austen, Persuasion, 31.
13. Austen, Persuasion, 175.
14. Austen, Persuasion, 242.
15. Austen, Persuasion, 240.
16. Augustine, “On Patience,” trans. H. Browne, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 1st series, vol. 3, ed. Philip Schaff (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing, 1887), rev. and ed. Kevin Knight. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1315.htm.
17. Austen, Persuasion, 180–81.
18. Augustine, “On Patience.”
19. Austen, Persuasion, 17.
20. Austen, Persuasion, 116.
21. Austen, Persuasion, 84.
22. Austen, Persuasion, 97.
23. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3rd ed. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), 240.
24. Lewis, “A Note on Jane Austen,” 185.
25. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 240.
26. Lewis, “A Note on Jane Austen,” 185.
27. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 243.
28. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 241.
29. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 242.
30. Wright, After You Believe, 249.
31. James S. Spiegel, “The Virtue of Patience,” Christian Bible Studies, Christianity Today, February 23, 2010, http://www.christianitytoday.com/biblestudies/articles/spiritualformation/virtue-of-patience.html.
32. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 243.
33. Wright, After You Believe, 250.
34. Wright, After You Believe, 249.
35. Augustine, “On Patience.”
36. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 136, Art. 2, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
Chapter 11: Kindness: “Tenth of December” by George Saunders
1. “Memorial Page for Sadie L. Riggs,” Geisel Funeral Homes and Crematory, accessed October 21, 2017, http://www.geiselfuneral.com/notices/Sadie-Riggs.
2. Adam Phillips and Barbara Taylor, On Kindness (New York: Picador, 2010), 9.
3. Phillips and Taylor, On Kindness, 10.
4. “Nice,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed October 21, 2017, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nice.
5. H. W. Fowler, A Dictionary of Modern Usage, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), 391.
6. Augustine, City of God, trans. Henry Bettenson (London: Penguin Classics, 1972), 851.
7. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 36, Art. 1, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
8. “George Saunders’s Humor,” The New Yorker, June 19, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/george-saunderss-humor.
9. “George Saunders’s Humor.”
10. “George Saunders’s Humor.”
11. Joel Lovell, “George Saunders’s Advice to Graduates,” The 6th Floor (blog), New York Times, July 31, 2013, https://6thfloor.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/george-saunderss-advice-to-graduates.
12. Phillips and Taylor, On Kindness, 12.
13. George Saunders, “Tenth of December,” in Tenth of December (New York: Random House, 2013), 221.
14. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 224.
15. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 232.
16. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 222.
17. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 227.
18. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 233.
19. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 225.
20. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 233.
21. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 234.
22. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 237.
23. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 240.
24. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 244.
25. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 246.
26. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 248.
27. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 249.
28. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 251.
29. Phillips and Taylor, On Kindness, 13.
30. Phillips and Taylor, On Kindness, 8.
31. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 251.
32. Phillips and Taylor, On Kindness, 12.
33. Phillips and Taylor, On Kindness, 5.
34. Phillips and Taylor, On Kindness, 11.
35. Saunders, “Tenth of December,” 248–49.
Chapter 12: Humility: “Revelation” and “Everything That Rises Must Converge” by Flannery O’Connor
1. Flannery O’Connor, “Revelation,” in The Complete Stories (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971), 490.
2. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 162, Art. 1, in Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2nd and rev. ed., 1920, literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/summa.
3. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae II-II, Q. 162, Art. 7.
4. Gregory the Great, Morals on the Book of Job 34.47, available at http://www.lectionarycentral.com/gregorymoraliaindex.html.
5. John Chrysostom, “Homily 30 on the Acts of the Apostles,” trans. J. Walker, J. Sheppard, and H. Browne, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 1st series, vol. 11, ed. Philip Schaff (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing, 1889), rev. and ed. Kevin Knight. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/210130.htm.
6. Peter Kreeft, Back to Virtue (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1992), 103.
7. Augustine, “Letter 118 (A.D. 410),” trans. J. G. Cunningham, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 1st series, vol. 1, ed. Philip Schaff (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing, 1887), rev. and ed. Kevin Knight. Available online at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102118.htm.
8. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Bantam, 1981), 35.
9. Eugene Peterson, Christ Plays in Ten Thousand Places: A Conversation in Spiritual Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005), 76.
10. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 493.
11. Karl Clifton-Soderstrom, The Cardinal and the Deadly: Reimagining the Seven Virtues and Seven Vices (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2015), 25.
12. Josef Pieper, The Four Cardinal Virtues (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966), 189.
13. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 497.
14. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 497.
15. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 499.
16. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 499.
17. Flannery O’Connor, Mystery and Manners (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993), 34.
18. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 500.
19. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 506.
20. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 508.
21. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 508.
22. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 509.
23. James S. Spiegel, How to Be Good in a World Gone Bad (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2004), 38.
24. Simone Weil, Waiting for God (New York: Harper Perennial Classics, 2009), 73.
25. Weil, Waiting for God, 68.
26. O’Connor, “Revelation,” 490.
27. Kreeft, Back to Virtue, 102.
28. Weil, Waiting for God, 67–68.
29. Spiegel, How to Be Good, 39.
30. Flannery O’Connor, quoted in Brad Gooch, Flannery: A Life of Flannery O’Connor (New York: Back Bay Books, 2009), 30.
31. O’Connor, quoted in Gooch, Flannery, 31.
32. Spiegel, How to Be Good, 33.
33. Kreeft, Back to Virtue, 100.
34. Spiegel, How to Be Good, 30, 37.
35. Craig A. Boyd, “Pride and Humility: Tempering the Desire for Excellence,” in Virtues and Their Vices, ed. Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 259–60.
36. Flannery O’Connor, “Everything That Rises Must Converge,” in The Complete Stories (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971), 411.
37. O’Connor, “Everything That Rises,” 407–8.
38. O’Connor, “Everything That Rises,” 409.
39. O’Connor, “Everything That Rises,” 412.
40. O’Connor, “Everything That Rises,” 414–15.
41. O’Connor, “Everything That Rises,” 419.
42. André Comte-Sponville, A Small Treatise on the Great Virtues: The Uses of Philosophy in Everyday Life (New York: Picador, 2002), 147.
43. Kreeft, Back to Virtue, 103.
44. O’Connor, “Everything That Rises,” 420.
45. Boyd, “Pride and Humility,” 260.
46. Spiegel, How to Be Good, 36.
47. Hannah Anderson, Humble Roots (Chicago: Moody, 2016), 111.
48. O’Connor, Mystery and Manners, 35.
49. O’Connor, Mystery and Manners, 81.
50. Flannery O’Connor, A Prayer Journal (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 38.