INDEX

accountability, 59–61, 122, 127, 140, 172, 218, 225
Acemoglu, Daron, 226
Africa, 4, 58, 201, 207, 208
agency, 16, 148, 227
Alexander the Great, 2, 5, 65, 71, 125
Ambedkar, B. R., 4
Anarchical Society, The (Bull), 97
anger, 34, 43, 84, 117, 212, 213; attachment to externals and, 92; against injustice, 205; justified, 242; particularistic passions and, 92; removal of, 81; retributive, 89
animals, non-human, 3, 140, 142, 242; capabilities of, 250; contract and exchange alien to, 148–149; cosmopolitan tradition extended to, 17; ethical duties toward, 251; human worth versus “brute beasts,” 16–17, 251; reason and choice absent from, 69
anthropocentrism, 237–238
Appiah, Joe, 4, 22
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 4, 22, 258n8
apprenticeship, 144, 156, 190, 191
Aquinas, Thomas, 19
Aristotle, 8, 84, 93, 165, 213, 237, 251
Arminian heresy, 101, 103, 214
association, freedom of, 19
asylum seekers, 16, 130–131, 137, 208, 229–230, 233–234. See also migration / migrants
Atticus (friend of Cicero), 10, 90, 91, 102, 210–211
Augustus Caesar, 260n20
autonomy, 102, 103, 106, 116, 147; accountable government and, 122; of individual human being, 119; law of war and, 115; moral importance of sovereignty derived from, 124; national sovereignty as essential expression of, 113; of North American natives, 267n23; political autonomy for colonies, 144
availability heuristic, 233

“bad guys,” 50, 51
Bangladesh, 6
beneficentia (beneficence), 24, 46, 47, 145, 175–179
benevolence, 84, 85, 86
Bentham, Jeremy, 251
Bible, 22
bifurcation of duties, 5–7, 9, 11, 48, 142; Capabilities Approach and, 17, 244–245; Cicero’s discussion of, 22–23; Diogenes and, 72; objections to Cicero’s distinction, 36–54; origins of, 8
Biron, Duc de, 189, 199
Botswana, 6, 221
Brexit vote (2016), 138
Brown, Eric, 259n12
Buddhism, 3–4, 215
Bull, Hedley, 97, 134, 135, 136, 137
Bynkershoek, Cornelius van, 256n5

cannibalism, 125, 126
capabilities: basic, 62, 79, 82, 166, 205, 240; central human capabilities, 241–243; combined, 91, 166, 240; internal, 91, 166, 240
Capabilities Approach (CA), 9, 10, 13, 17, 159, 228, 235–236; anthropocentrism and, 236–237; motivations and claims of, 238–244; multiple types of dignity and, 249–252; national autonomy and, 245–247; no bifurcation between justice and material aid, 244–245; political liberalism and, 247–249; Smith and, 144
caste, Hindu, 3, 4, 242
Cato the Elder, 36, 145–146, 173, 199, 270n7
CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women), 220, 221
children, 78, 86, 183, 208, 239; dependency of, 56–58; inevitability of death and, 95; infant attachments, 212; killed in war, 110; law of war and, 115; mortality rate of, 156, 160–161, 190, 271n13; sexual abuse of, 126; Stoic, 87; as world citizens, 207
Christianity, 4–5, 105, 192; Cynic / Stoic tradition and, 70–71; idea of the soul, 39; just war doctrine and, 106; Protestantism, 215; Roman Catholicism, 215
Christmas Carol, A (Dickens, 1843), 141
Chrysippus, 180, 183, 261n28
Cicero, 6, 39, 54–55, 86, 98, 102, 208; on accountability, 59–61; animal rights and, 251–252; on bifurcation of duties, 22–23, 48, 142; on children’s need and dependency, 56–58; on conduct of warfare, 26–28; De Amicitia, 10, 90, 96; death of, 10, 23, 45, 90–91; De Finibus, 35, 72, 259n11, 260n18; on difficulty of assigning duties, 61–63; on duties of justice, 24–30, 245; on duties of material aid, 30–33; efforts to save Roman Republic, 90; on fellowship of national belonging, 58–59; on friendship and family ties, 90; Grotius influenced by, 11, 112, 115, 117, 140; on just war, 132; Kant influenced by, 21, 28; moral psychology and, 13, 210–211; New Academic views of, 72; on partiality for family, 92–93; on property rights, 25–26, 55–56; religious skepticism of, 213; Second Philippic, 23; Smith influenced by, 12, 143, 146, 149, 172, 257n7; Stoicism and, 8, 23, 34, 35, 51; Tusculan Disputations, 34, 49; on two types of injustice, 42–51; world citizenship idea of, 4. See also De Officiis
citizenship, 5, 53, 65, 165, 203; in ancient Rome, 16, 58; birthright, 234; as external good, 91–92; in India, 4; laws of war and, 27; local control and, 57; migration and, 172, 230, 232, 234; national sovereignty and, 138; public education and, 144
citizenship, world, 4, 64; children as world citizens, 207; community of human aspiration and, 73; local affiliations and, 77–78; welfare rights and, 130
city-states, in ancient Greece, 98
civil rights, 20
class, social, 1, 2, 24, 75; as artificial distinction, 151; nutrition and health differences among, 190
cognitive disabilities, humans with, 3, 16, 76, 142
Colombia, 6
colonialism, 12, 116; native rights and, 267n23; Smith’s critique of, 144, 156, 169–171, 191; as violation of basic justice, 159
compassion, 83–84
consanguinity, 54
conscience, freedom of, 106–107, 119, 242
consent, 122, 268n27
constitution, world, 222
constitution-making, 139, 222, 240, 243, 245
Conversations with Myself (Mandela), 4
“cosmic city,” 79, 99, 206–209, 219, 252
cosmopolitanism, 13–14, 209, 218; amendments to, 14; Cynic and Stoic, 2, 64–66, 79; on damages of luck, 80–89; moderate, 91, 92, 93; Stoic, 3
cosmopolitan tradition: bifurcation of duties and, 5–7, 8; Catholic, 8; in the early modern world, 97–100; extended to nature and non-human animals, 17; humans with severe cognitive disabilities excluded from, 3, 16; limits of human rights law and, 219; migration problem and, 16; moral psychology and, 211–212, 235; non-human animals excluded from, 3, 16–17; Protestant, 8
Costa Rica, 5, 255n8
Crates, 68
crimes against humanity, 5, 92
Cynics, Greek, 9, 53, 66–73, 78, 203

Dauber, Michele Landis, 261n29
De Abstinentia ab esu animalium [On abstaining from animal flesh] (Porphyry), 251
De Amicitia (Cicero), 10, 90, 96
death, naturalness of, 28, 259n12
Deaton, Angus, 15, 224–229, 234
deception, injustice of, 28
De Finibus (Cicero), 35, 72, 259n11, 260n18
De Iure Naturae et Gentium (Pufendorf, 1688), 256n5
De Iure Praedae (Grotius, 1604–1605), 104, 105, 113, 264n2
democracy, 224, 227, 231
De Officiis (Cicero, 44 BCE), 9, 10, 22, 90, 256n5; on duties of justice, 19–20; on law of nature, 75; Stoicism and, 34; on two types of injustice, 42–44; writing of, 23
De Otio (Seneca), 261n28
De Senectute (Cicero), 10
Dickens, Charles, 141
difference principle, 62
dignity, 2–3, 9, 52, 91, 120; accountable government and, 122; based on rational and reciprocal relations, 151; of exchange, 146–158; extended to nature and non-human animals, 77; happiness and, 72; inclusion and, 142; macho Stoicism and, 193–205; masculine virtue linked to, 145; material possessions and, 7; meaning in cosmopolitan tradition, 70; migration and, 230; multiple types of, 249–252; political communities and, 134; of reason, 74; religions and, 217; of sentient bodies, 17; as universal ethical notion, 5; violated through violence and coercion, 127; violence to, 30; worth of externals and, 65
Diodorus, 124
Diogenes the Cynic, 1–2, 64; Alexander the Great and, 2, 5, 65, 71–72; counter-cultural life of, 66–68; dismissive attitude toward material need, 71; unashamed of the animal body, 17
Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, 67
disability rights movement, 220
disease, 7, 49, 51, 207, 225, 226
Dörner, Dieter, 226–227
Douglas, Janet, 194, 197, 276n45
Douglas, Margaret (mother of Adam Smith), 197, 277n50
duties, perfect and imperfect, 46–47, 62, 179, 262n38

Easterly, William, 223–224
East India Company, 168, 171
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Marx), 166
education, 78, 82, 90, 91, 143; circumstances of life and, 187; fragility of human dignity and, 161–166; migrants and, 232, 233; public education, 177, 178, 205; state role in, 156; technology transfer and, 171; of women, 195; of the working poor, 203, 204
emotions, 10, 84, 91, 96; as a central human capability, 241–242; literary spectatorship and, 186; of North American “savages,” 201; particularistic passions, 92–96; partisanship and, 94
endoxa (opinions of “the many and the wise”), 109, 110
Enlightenment, 100, 104, 214
Ennius, 21, 31
environment, protection of the, 12, 137
Epictetus, 66, 83–84, 143, 180, 182, 183; on attachment to externals, 92; tragic hero mocked by, 204
Epicureanism, 69, 91, 237, 251, 259n11
Epicurus, 71–72
equality, 3, 62; Buddhist tradition and, 4; Cynic philosophy and, 69; in education, 78; material inequality, 99; Stoic philosophy and, 76
ethnicity, 24, 53, 124, 230; migration and, 231, 234; non-discrimination on basis of, 242
etiamsi daremus argument, 104
eudaimonia (human flourishing), 5, 34, 35, 92, 250, 260n18; dignity of moral capacity and, 65, 68; education and, 82; “external goods” and, 72; material goods irrelevant to, 23
European Union, 137

family ties, 10, 12, 13, 92; adoption in ancient Rome, 54; children’s need and dependency, 56–58; Cicero and, 90; cosmopolitan goals and, 96; inevitability of death and, 95; not confined to bloodlines, 32
fellowship, thick, 58–59
feminism, 221
Fleischacker, Samuel, 153
force, injustice of, 27–28
foreign aid, 15, 60, 222–229
fortune, dependency on, 36
free riding, 267n20
free trade / free markets, 144, 167–169, 276n46
French Revolution, 147, 270–271n10
friendship, 10, 12, 266n15; bonds of virtue and, 32; Cicero and, 90; moral psychology and, 210; political justice in conflict with, 96
Frontiers of Justice (Nussbaum), 222–223, 224

Galen, 266n17
Gandhi, Mohandas, 3–4, 208, 211
gay rights, 215
GDP (gross domestic product), 222, 238–239
gender, 1, 2, 53, 75, 230; inequalities associated with, 238; literacy and, 6; masculine self-sufficiency, 13
genocide, 5, 126, 127
Gentili, Alberico, 19, 125
Germania (Tacitus), 262n37
Germany, 137
globalization, economic, 138
Green, T. H., 165
Griswold, Charles, 180, 269n4
Grotius, Hugo, 8, 65, 97, 209, 216, 228; Cicero’s influence on, 28; on common ownership of the earth, 229; De Iure Praedae, 104, 105, 264n2; on freedom of the seas, 101, 128; idea of international society and, 134–140, 248; on material aid and ownership, 128–134; on moral law (“natural law”), 108–113, 266n16, 267n18; punished for heresy, 101, 214, 265n6; on right to revolution, 266n12; on sovereignty, 106–107; on sovereignty and humanitarian intervention, 118–128; on states, pluralism, and autonomy, 101–107; Stoic tradition brought into modern world by, 99–100. See also On the Law of War and Peace [De Iure Belli ac Paci, or BP]

Hamilton, Alexander, 228
health care, 5, 7, 20, 65, 71, 244; as entitlement of world citizens, 130; for prisoners of war, 115
Hercules, 29, 30, 48–49, 124, 125, 260n14
hierarchies / hierarchical society, 3
Hindu tradition, 3, 224
Hipparchia, 68
Hippolytus, 265n7
Hitler, Adolf, 50
Hobbes, Thomas, 11, 98, 107, 148, 264n2
Holy Roman Empire, 137
Human Development and Capability Association, 228, 237, 246–247
human flourishing. See eudaimonia
humanitarian intervention, 11, 50, 106, 167; inequalities in material entitlements and, 132; national sovereignty and, 118–128
human rights, 2, 3, 127, 136, 211; Capabilities Approach and, 244; expenditure of money and, 41; first- and second-generation rights, 7; “human dignity” and, 70; international society and, 248; political liberalism and, 14; seen as prepolitical, 121; transcendent moral truths and, 106; violated throughout the world, 208; world government and, 120, 139
human rights law, international, 14, 15, 30, 218–222, 235. See also law, international
hunger, 7, 41, 49–51, 89

identity, national, 16
imprisonment, 83, 86
incest, prohibition of, 125, 126
inclusion, 89, 133, 142
India, 3–4, 59, 208, 218, 221; constitution of, 4, 238, 243; health infrastructure, 225; Hindu Right in, 224; literacy in, 6; political liberalism and, 248
individuals, rights of, 118–128
iniuria (wrong, injury), 49, 50, 258n9
injustice, passive, 46–48, 50–51, 175, 179
institutions, 65, 87, 112, 113, 158, 229, 262n39; accountability and, 60; affiliation and, 242; democratic, 225, 227, 228; dignity and, 148; duties of justice and, 14, 42; education, 225; human dignity and, 148, 159; international, 41, 135, 218; material aid and, 14, 235; mediation of duties and, 62, 262n39; national sovereignty and, 207; political liberalism and, 215; of republican Rome, 23, 33, 90, 96; shared, 32, 59; thick fellowship and, 58
international community, 109, 127, 222; idea of international society, 134–140; transnational duties of, 18
Italy, 137
ius gentium (law of nations), 100, 109–110, 112; law of war and, 113–118, 267n21; natural law beyond, 121. See also law, international
iustitia (justice), 24

Jefferson, Thomas, 273n26
joint stock companies, 157, 168, 273n27
Josephus, 265n8
Judaism, Reform, 214
Julius Caesar, 25, 43
justice, duties of, 9, 11, 36, 167; bifurcation of duties and, 6–7; cost of, 36; in De Officiis, 19, 24–30; duties of material aid included in, 175; expenditure of money and, 46–47, 56; first-generation rights and, 7; justice and respectful treatment as external goods, 36–39; material aid and, 41; passive injustice and, 48; realization of, 14; slaves and, 27. See also bifurcation of duties
Justinian, 125

Kant, Immanuel, 8, 53, 65, 76, 112, 136; on children as world citizens, 207; Cicero’s influence on, 21, 28; on dignity, 70; Enlightenment defined by, 100; on “kingdom of ends,” 2, 263n14; liberalism influenced by Smith, 148; moral law and, 266n16; Perpetual Peace, 19, 30, 119, 257n7, 267n25; picture of global society, 137; “radical evil” doctrine, 212; Reform Judaism influenced by, 214; right to revolution and, 266n12; universal law formula, 29
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 13, 211

labor, division of, 150, 161, 273n23
Lafitau, Joseph-François, 277–278n55
land reform, 25, 55
language, 31, 77, 137, 266n17
Latin America, asylum seekers from, 208
law, international, 11, 15, 19, 30, 100, 112; moral law and, 117, 118, 135; patriotism and, 173, 174; war and, 115, 117, 118. See also human rights law, international
lesbians, rights of, 215
Leviathan (Hobbes, 1651), 264n2
liberalism, political, 14, 215, 235; Capabilities Approach and, 237; at home and abroad, 247–249; of Kant, 148; materialist and global, 209; pluralism and, 213–218
libertarianism, 55
Lincoln, Abraham, 13, 211
literacy, 5–6, 241
Livy, 116–117, 258n11
Locke, John, 107, 119, 148
Logic of Failure, The (Dörner), 226
Lutz-Bachmann, Matthias, 255n11

Mandela, Nelson, 4, 211
manhood / masculinity, 13, 145, 188
Marc Antony, 23
Marcus Aurelius, 4, 6, 35, 66, 259n12; on allegiances to country and humanity, 75; on avoidance of partiality, 94; on defense against Sarmatians, 85–86; on meaninglessness of life, 87–88, 89; motivational problem and, 12; notion of dignity and, 9; on respect for humanity, 80–81, 84; Smith influenced by, 143; solitary life of, 96; on treatment of wrongdoers, 84–85, 95
Maritain, Jacques, 4–5, 14, 70–71, 217
Marivaux, Pierre de, 180, 183
marriage, 78–79, 131, 200, 230; migration and, 232; right to marry and form a family, 234
Marx, Karl, 166
material aid, duties of, 9, 30–33, 40; children’s need / dependency and, 57; claims of humanity and, 12; elasticity of, 21; international networks and, 59; limits of national sovereignty and, 128–134; positive / negative distinction and, 42–51; realization of, 14; role of nations in, 15; Stoicism and, 52; transnational duties of, 11. See also bifurcation of duties
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 4
Mendelssohn, Moses, 214
migration / migrants, 16, 130–131, 137, 171–172, 235; guest workers, 230, 232, 234; illegal, 232, 233; legal, 232; legal and undocumented, 230. See also asylum seekers
military aid, 41
Milosevic, Slobodan, 50
minorities, ethnic / racial / religious, 6, 124, 127, 137, 139
misogyny, 212
money, 20, 57, 62; damages from anxieties associated with, 80; duties of justice and, 56; excessive dependency on, 71, 89; human flourishing and, 5
monopolies, 154, 171, 190, 191, 273n27; colonial, 152, 169; regulation of, 155, 156, 178
Moral Epistles (Seneca), 74–75
moral law, 98, 102, 108–109; accordance with, 114; basic principles of, 127; “cosmic city” regulated by, 99; duties of material aid and, 129, 130; international law and, 117, 118, 135; international society under, 107, 134; inter-state relations and, 120. See also natural law (ius naturale)
moral psychology, 10, 66, 209, 210–213, 235; Capabilities Approach and, 237; Cicero and, 13; Smith and, 12
Moral Rights position, 119, 122, 135
Muller, Jerry Z., 269n4
Musonius Rufus, 37, 78, 79, 260nn20–21, 272n21

national security, 98, 120, 136
nations: ability to maintain public safety, 41; international society and, 245–247; on just and unjust war, 19; just transfer between, 62; as largest vehicle of human autonomy, 14; material aid across national borders, 50; material transfers between, 19; migration and, 234; moral obligations of, 11, 47; nation-states, 98, 135–136, 138–139, 172, 235; perpetual peace among, 94; right of self-defense by, 115; role in moral life of human beings, 98; unequal wealth between, 16; wartime duties of, 18
native North Americans, 169–170, 188, 200–201, 204, 277–278n55
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 41
natural law (ius naturale), 99, 103, 117, 125, 267n18. See also moral law
nature, 28, 92, 213, 242, 252, 259n12; assaults of non-human origin, 48–50; binary understanding of, 69; cosmopolitan tradition extended to, 17; human dignity and, 53, 146; law of, 29–30, 75; Stoic apatheia doctrine and, 181; Stoic doctrine of Providence and, 192, 274n35
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 4, 211
Nemean VIII (Pindar), 272n19
Neo-Platonism, 237
“new medievalism,” 137–140
NGOs (non-governmental organizations), 223–224, 226
Niger, 6
Nigeria, 6
Nozick, Robert, 239, 262n35

On the Law of War and Peace [De Iure Belli ac Paci, or BP] (Grotius, 1625), 11, 30, 140, 264n1; on fellowship, 97; on natural law, 109–110; Prolegomena to, 103; on property rights, 133–134; on rights of passage, 128–129

pacta sunt servanda (honoring of agreements), 30, 112, 117
Pakistan, 6
paternalism, benevolent, 223, 227, 245
patriotism, 12, 13, 144; Smith’s critical patriotism, 172–175
Peace of Westphalia (1648), 100–101
Perpetual Peace (Kant), 19, 30, 119, 257n7, 267n25
Philippines, the, 5
Pindar, 272n19
piracy, 125, 126
Plato, 43, 45, 66, 67, 93
Platonists, 76, 91, 251, 272n20
Plutarch, 91, 105, 123, 125, 237, 251
Plyler v. Doe, 233
politics, international, 7, 11, 13, 15, 83
Polybius, 259n11
Porphyry, 237, 251
Posner, Eric A., 219–220
poverty, 20, 28, 36, 50, 51; damages done by, 166; as an external in Stoic philosophy, 39; humanitarian intervention and, 132; infant mortality and, 160; inner freedom and, 36; marginal literacy and, 5–6; money spent on relief of, 40; Stoic doctrine and, 186–187; treated as moral failing, 52
power, 5, 65, 72, 125; aggression and, 27; colonial, 123; differences (imbalance) in, 139, 153–154, 170; as an external in Stoic philosophy, 80; global extension of, 136; human flourishing and, 5; injustice and, 42–43; of institutions, 14; moral, 52; pursued at expense of fairness, 96; sovereign, 104, 105, 116, 134, 138
prisoners of war, 115, 118
property rights, 25–26, 40, 99, 134, 229; adultery as offense against, 260n20; critique of Cicero’s ideas about, 55–56; on equal basis with others, 243; of infidel states, 105; labor as fundamental property, 151; shared threshold property, 71; violation of, 30
Providence, Stoic doctrine of, 145, 181, 191–193, 270n6; Deism and, 214; poverty and, 188–189
Pufendorf, Samuel von, 19, 21, 65, 228, 256n5

race, 24, 124, 238, 242
Racine, Jean, 183
racism, 212
rank, social, 2, 70, 74, 89; as artificial distinction, 151; dignity and, 3; Diogenes’s denunciation of, 68; human flourishing and, 5, 65; as morally irrelevant, 53; as silly fantasy, 89
rape, 19, 36, 40, 110, 250; international consensus against, 127; rejected by ius gentium, 267n21
Rawls, John, 14, 76, 137, 140, 215; on “module” as partial doctrine, 216–217; political liberalism and, 247–248
reason, 31, 32, 79, 147; Epicurean view of, 69; equality and, 77; “external goods” and, 159; human fellowship and, 58; international politics and, 17; lacking in non-human animals, 69, 149; as portion of the divine, 74; practical, 64, 69, 146, 159, 242, 243, 244; in Stoic philosophy, 64
reciprocity, 87, 147, 148, 149, 152, 158
redistribution, material, 12, 55, 56, 57, 234; coercive taxation and, 132–133; critique of power and, 71–72; Grotius’s analysis of ownership and, 130
Reformation, 101
Regulus, Marcus Atilius, 27, 30, 258–259n11
Reich, Klaus, 29
religion, 101, 215, 231; cosmopolitan ethics as replacement for, 214; hierarchies of, 24; migration and, 231, 234; moral law and, 102, 214; natural law and, 125; non-discrimination on basis of, 242; nontheistic, 215; persecution of religious minorities, 106, 119; pluralism and, 216; wars of religion in Europe, 247. See also specific religions
religious freedom, 14, 79–80, 122, 216; Capabilities Approach and, 241; migration and, 131; persecution of religious minorities, 127; toleration, 265nn6–7
Riccoboni, Marie-Jeanne, 180, 183
Richardson, Samuel, 180, 183, 186, 274n32
rights, first-generation, 7, 244–245
rights, second-generation, 7–8, 20, 245
Robinson, James A., 226
Roman Empire, 16, 58, 96, 98
Roman Republic, 10, 61, 90
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 221
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (F.D.R.), 13, 211, 261n29
Rothschild, Emma, 153, 180, 182; on the “invisible hand” passage in Smith, 192, 274–275n36; on Smith and doctrine of Stoic Providence, 270n6
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 212, 271n13
RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh), 224
Rush, Benjamin, 273n26
Rwanda genocide, failure to intervene in, 50

Second Philippic (Cicero), 23
sectarianism, 14, 224
self-command, virtue of, 146, 147, 148, 180, 183–184, 204; humanity and, 198; manhood / masculinity and, 195
self-determination, 100, 248
Sen, Amartya, 10, 238–240
Seneca, 6, 35, 66, 87, 256n5, 261n27; on beauty of humanity, 75–76; on Cato’s struggles for political freedom, 36; death of, 201; De Otio, 261n28; Grotius influenced by, 115, 140; on justice and positive law, 114; letter on slavery, 37–39; letters of, 190; Moral Epistles, 74–75; on national boundaries, 73; as non-Italian Roman citizen, 58
sex, 88, 93–94, 95, 127, 200; bodily integrity and, 241; Cynic philosophy and, 68; same-sex relations, 125, 126; sexual abuse, 115, 126; sexual orientation, 24, 242; sexual restraint, 82; sexual violence, 30, 82, 83, 220
Shakespeare, William, 21, 275n36
Singapore, 255n8
Singer, Peter, 223
slavery, 7, 127, 157, 191, 250; abolition of, 87, 156; dignity and, 9; inner freedom and, 36; natural law and, 126; Smith’s condemnation of, 201–202; as violation of basic justice, 159
slaves, 151, 204; duties of justice and, 27; human dignity of, 37; law of war and, 115; owners’ sexual access to, 37, 260n20
Smith, Adam, 8, 12–13, 52, 58, 65, 206; affinity with Stoicism, 143, 145, 158–159, 188; asymmetry thesis of, 189; Cicero’s influence on, 12, 28, 143, 146, 149, 172, 257n7; colonialism critiqued by, 12; cosmopolitan tradition and, 143; criticism of Stoics, 91, 180–183; on division of labor, 150, 161; on education, 161–166, 272–273n22; on free trade, 167–169; on imbalance of power in labor relations, 153–155; language of capabilities used by, 245; on material foundations of human abilities, 158–166; on migration, 171–172; on partiality for family, 92–93; on Providence, 191–193; relations with women, 182, 194–195, 275–276n44, 276n45; Scottish Enlightenment and, 214; self-command as key ethical virtue for, 147, 148, 183–184; Stoic machismo and, 195–205, 276n48. See also Theory of Moral Sentiments, A [TMS]; Wealth of Nations, The [WN]
sociability, 111, 113, 121, 137
Socrates, 66, 84, 95, 213
Sophocles, 49
“soul rape,” 80, 86
South Africa, 4, 243
sovereignty, human moral, 106, 107, 122, 134–135
sovereignty, national, 11, 15, 62–63, 100; allocation of resources and, 133; end of colonial exploitation and, 170; erosion of, 207; human autonomy and, 113; international law and, 218–219; international society and, 246; limits of, 107; migration and national boundaries, 171–172
special duties, 57–58, 78, 172
speech, freedom of, 19, 106
Spinoza, Baruch, 213
Sri Lanka, 5
State-Based-Rights view, 120
Stewart, Dugald, 194
Stoics / Stoicism, 2, 206; apatheia (freedom from passion) doctrine, 180–183, 185; brought into modern world, 99–100; Capabilities Approach and, 237; Cicero and, 8, 23, 34, 35; on death and pain, 259n12; falsity of Stoic doctrine, 51–54; Grotius influenced by, 11; independence valued by, 73–80; indifference to moral claims of non-human animals, 17; internal inconsistency of, 7; machismo and, 193–205; marriage opposed or reformed by, 78–79; material need and, 141–146; moral psychology and, 210–213; natural law and, 111, 266n16; particularistic passions and, 92–96; “preferred indifferents” doctrine, 187, 188; rationale for detachment, 65–66; reform of, 89–92; Smith’s lectures on, 12; in Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, 175–193. See also Providence, Stoic doctrine of
Suarez, Francisco, 19
suicide, Stoic view of, 188, 201
Supreme Court, U.S., 233, 256n5
Swaziland, life expectancy in, 5
Syria, asylum seekers from, 208, 233

Tacitus, 262n37
Taoism, 215
taxation, 13, 40, 61, 178; foreign aid and, 60; public education and, 177; redistribution and, 132–133; rights of passage and, 129
technology transfer, 171
terrorism, 126, 231, 233
Thailand, 6
Theory of Moral Sentiments, A [TMS] (Smith, 1759, 1790), 12, 21–22; editions of, 143, 147, 180, 194, 269nn2–3; on external goods and self-command, 179–193; on the “invisible hand,” 192, 274n34, 274–275n36; on justice and beneficence, 175–179; on Providence, 191–193; Smith’s revisions of, 193–194; Stoicism and, 144, 146
Theseus, 124
Thirty Years’ War, 101
Thrasea Paetus, 201
Thucydides, 266n15
toleration, 100, 102, 103, 122, 265nn6–7
torture, 7, 19, 40, 82, 158, 250; ban on, 5; inner freedom and, 36; opposed through international politics, 83; refraining from, 42; of Regulus, 258–259n11; as violence to human dignity, 30
Trachiniai (Sophocles), 49
tragic dramas, 83
transgender people, rights of, 215
transnational duties, 11, 18, 62, 64
Tullia (daughter of Cicero), 90, 211
Tusculan Disputations (Cicero), 34, 49

ubuntu, African idea of, 4
United Kingdom, 138
United Nations, 136, 137, 219, 221, 240
United States, 218, 247; life expectancy in, 5, 255n8; migration issues, 232
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 4–5, 217, 248

Vindication of the Rights of Women, A (Wollstonecraft, 1792), 195
violence, 28, 109, 111, 127, 135; associated with non-human animals, 140; domestic, 220, 241, 268–269n34; against heretics and infidels, 106; to human dignity, 30; natural law and, 29, 111; nonconsensual, 126; sexual, 82–83, 220
Voltaire, 183

wage regulations, 156
Wakefield, Patricia, 276n46
war, 83, 89, 92, 250; conduct of, 26–28; individual rights and, 120–121; ius ad bellum (proper occasions for war), 9; ius gentium (law of nations) and, 113–118; ius in bello (proper conduct in war), 9, 18, 109–110; just, 9, 106, 115, 132, 167; natural law (ius naturale) and, 115, 125; private warfare, 124; property rights and, 25; unjust, 7, 19, 41, 44
Wealth of Nations, The [WN] (Smith, 1776), 12–13, 143–146, 172; on dignity of exchange, 148–149; efficiency arguments in, 156–157; on poverty and misery, 186, 190–191; on property in labor, 151–152; on slavery, 157
Williams, Roger, 79–80, 107, 119, 267n23
Wolff, Christian, 19
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 165, 195
women, 139, 276n46; education of, 78, 82; excluded from representation, 124; human rights of, 15; infant mortality and, 271n13; killed in war, 110; law of war and, 115; material relations and, 151; rape of, 19, 127
women’s movement, international, 58–59, 207, 220–221
world community, 12, 20, 60
world government, 120, 136, 137, 138
World Trade Organization, 167

Zeno, 73–74, 75, 180, 183, 261n28