A&W, 145
Acid rain, 36
Activism, 211. See also Specific organization
boycotts and, 191-194, 199, 206, 220-221
celebrities and, 183, 193, 198, 201, 204-205, 217
consumer apathy and, 193-194
consumer campaigns and, 189-192
cooperation and, 212, 217
diffused focus of, 194, 200-201
dye sprays and, 187, 189-190, 258n11
education and, 183-184
films and, 184, 188
in the Front, 189-190, 258n8
fund raising and, 183, 186-189, 204
harp seal hunting and, 171, 182-192, 198-201, 221
improved organization of, 183
lessened impact of, 193-194, 205-206
mail-in campaigns and, 190
market effects from, 189
Newfoundland and, 183, 187-192
in the 1960s, 183-186
in the 1970s, 186-187
petitions and, 183, 190, 193
protestor blocking and, 188
publicity and, 184-188, 190, 193
public relations teams and, 194
Report of the Royal Commission on Seals and Sealing in Canada and, 205
“Stop the Seal Hunt” campaign and, 186
television and, 183-184
tourist boycotts and, 189
Adbusters, 211
Aerosol spray cans, 99, 104
China and, 111-114
impact of, 108-109
ozone layer and, 108-109
Africa, xiii, 7, 10, 16, 22, 94, 211, 214
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 109-110
Dakar Declaration and, 90-92
leaded gasoline and, 89-92, 223
Agriculture. See also Beef
antibiotics and, 135, 137, 143, 147, 151-160, 163, 166, 253n17
chemicals and, 11-12, 20-21, 25, 29, 135, 139, 147-148, 155, 158, 160, 166
corn and, 143, 147-148, 150-151, 158, 166, 253n18
fertilizers and, 11-12, 21, 139, 147-148, 160
freshwater resources and, 20
government subsidies and, 147
historical perspective on, 138-139
organic, 212-213
slash-and-burn, 153
Agriculture (cont.)
soybeans and, 149-151, 166
starvation and, 135-136
Air bags, 43, 48, 51, 62, 214,223
Air Care program, 47
Air conditioners, 13
China and, 111-114
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 99, 103, 108-109, 111-114, 120, 122, 246n4
energy use and, 220
Airplanes, 4, 6, 73, 246n1
Air Pollution Control Act, 44
Air quality
Air Pollution Control Act and, 44
automobiles and, 43-47, 57-58, 62
California standards and, 43-47, 62
Canada and, 47
carbon dioxide and, 3, 21-23, 36, 45-46, 53, 55, 57-58, 121, 124, 128, 147, 152, 212, 233n1
catalytic converters and, 45
Clean Air Acts and, 44, 77, 80, 131, 238n1
Climate Saver deals and, 211-212
deaths and, 57
emissions standards and, 43-47
fuel injection and, 45-46
leaded gasoline and, 67, 80 (see also Leaded gasoline)
nitrogen oxides and, 3, 21, 36, 45- 47, 55, 57-58
Smog Check Program and, 228
technology and, 228
Albemarle Paper, 77, 95
Alcohol, 64, 68, 88, 241n3
Amazon region, 11, 147, 152-154, 226, 254n14
American Cancer Society, 25, 28
American Chemical Society, 99, 103
American Duryea Motor Wagon Company, 37
American Grassfed Association, 158-159
American Lung Association, 228
American National Inventors Hall of Fame, 73
American Petroleum Institute, 76
American Plastics Council, 27
American Zinc Institute, 86
Aniline, 68-69
Animal Alliance of Canada, 199
Antarctica, 7, 105, 214, 230, 242n28, 251n1
Antibiotics
in beef, 135, 137, 143, 147, 151 160, 163, 166, 253n17
medical advances and, 28
sust.lainability and, 155-160
Antiknock agents, 67-69, 96, 129
Antilock braking system (ABS), 43, 50, 62, 228
Anti-sealing coalition, 198-201, 206
Antitrust violations, 41, 142
Aral Sea, 20
Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), 150-151
Archives of Environmental Health journal, 75
Argentina, 139
Artek Films, 184
Ashland Oil, 84
Associated Ethyl Company, 86
Associated Octel Company, 86
Associated Press, 51
Atcham, 106
Australia, 212
activism and, 190
automobile emissions and,43-44
beef exports and, 153
efficient refrigerators and, 120
fast food chains and, 145
historical beef consumption in, 139
incandescent lightbulbs and, 229
lap belts and, 50
leaded gasoline and, 86, 94
traffic deaths and, 52
Automobiles, 4, 10, 28-29, 132, 167
air bags and, 43, 48, 51, 62, 214, 223
air quality and, 43-47, 57-58, 62
American culture of, 37-40, 56
antilock brakes and, 43, 50, 62, 228
antitrust violations and, 41
California standards and, 43-47, 62
carbon dioxide and, 36, 45-46, 53, 55, 57-58
catalytic converters and, 45, 48, 57- 58, 77, 79, 81, 91, 95-96
chemicals and, 36, 57
cleaner fuels and, 47
climate change and, 57
deaths from, 35-37, 51-53,59-60, 63-64, 228
dependency upon, 40-42
destroying alternative transportation and, 35, 41
developing countries and, 53, 56
drunk driving and, 64
ecological shadows of, 53-54
emissions standards and, 43-47, 62
environmental issues and, 36, 40, 43-47, 54-59
falling prices of, 37
first fatality from, 35-36
first speeding ticket and, 38
first theft of, 38
fuel injection and, 45-46
government regulation and, 43-54
greenhouse gases and, 57, 63
highways and, 38, 41-42
hybrid, 55, 220-221, 239n5
ignoring risks and, 93-94
infant car seats and, 51
interest group influence and, 41-42
lap belts and, 50
legal issues and, 40-41
maintenance costs of, 40
National System of Interstate and Defense Highways Act and, 38
nitrogen oxides and, 36, 45, 57-58
planned obsolescence and, 35, 40-41
plastics use in, 48-49
positive crankcase ventilation and, 44
production efficiency and, 37-38, 54-55, 61-64
rail transit and, 41-42
recycling and, 43-44, 47-49, 53-54, 58-59, 238nn8,10
reduced cost of, 61-62
resource use of, 57, 63
rising number of, 35, 37-40, 53-54, 62-64, 228
safety and, 35-37, 43-52, 62-64, 214, 223, 227-228
Smog Check Program and, 228
sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) and, 39-40, 51, 55-56, 58-59, 63-64
status of owning, 61
style and, 41
suburbs and, 38-39
total distance traveled by, 40
traffic regulation and, 44-45, 49-54
use phase of, 44
world energy output and, 53
Ayles ice shelf, 3, 16
Baby bottles, 26-27
Bakeries, 147, 150
Bangladesh, 4
Bardot, Brigitte, 188
Barry Group of Companies, 196
Bayer, 26
Beef, 28-29, 204, 215, 220
antibiotics in, 135, 137, 143, 147, 151-160, 163, 166, 253n17
antitrust violations and, 142
artificial ingredients and, 156
bone mush in, 144
Brazilian Amazon and, 147, 152-154
cattle feed and, 142-143
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and, 162
declining nutrition of, 147
deforestation from, 147, 152-154, 164
developing countries and, 148-149
ecological costs of, 147-154
efficient production and, 137-138, 143
energy use for, 149
environmental labels and, 155-156, 162-163, 166-167
falling prices and, 143-144
farm assurance programs and,162
feedlot conditions and, 141, 143, 147, 158-160
Beef (cont.)
foot-and-mouth disease and, 153-154
grain/grass fed, 148-149, 155, 157-164
growth hormones in, 135, 137, 143, 147, 152, 155-163
hamburgers and, 144-145, 204
health issues and, 138
historical consumption levels of, 138-139
increased consumption of, 144-146, 165-166
increased supply of, 137-138
legal meat and, 143-144
mad cow disease and, 144, 152, 161-162
Meat Inspection Act and, 137
meatpackers and, 136-137, 141- 144, 157, 166, 252n3
National Organic Program and, 157-158
natural, 155-157
obesity and, 136, 145-146
organic, 138, 148-149, 155, 157- 159, 161-163, 166-167, 255n11
Packers and Stockyards Administration and, 142
pesticides and, 147-148, 155, 158, 160, 166
protein supplements in, 143
Pure Food and Drug Act and, 137
rural ecosystems and, 166
Sinclair on, 136-137
slaughterhouse conditions and, 136- 137, 143-144
small ranchers and, 163
soy fillers and, 149-151, 163, 166
sustainable, 138, 155-167
taste and, 159, 163
technology and, 135-136
USDA and, 156-160, 252n9
veal production and, 141
water supplies and, 147
Beef Trust, 141-142
Belgium, 55, 120, 194, 201, 206, 229
Bellaventure (ship), 175
Bent, Silas, 71
Benz, Karl, 37
Biodiversity, 7-8, 14, 19, 147, 152-153
Biodynamic Beef Institute, 163
Bisphenol A (BPA), 26-27
Blanchard, Lawrence, 83-84
Bluebacks, 190, 192
BMW, 56
Body Mass Index, 145
Bonavista Bay, 177
Boothe, David, 25-26
Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte (BSH), 109, 116, 120, 248n12
climate change, 124
environmental responsibility and, 113, 119, 124-125, 131, 250n12
market share of, 249n4
Bowring Brothers, 179
Braking systems, 43, 50, 62, 228
Braun/Gillette, 123
Brazil, 23
Amazonian ranching and, 147, 152- 154, 166
Biodynamic Beef Institute and, 163
deforestation and, 19
energy usage and, 128
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 86, 94
Mato Grosso and, 163
refrigerators and, 119, 123, 248n12
soybeans and, 151
Breast cancer, 25
Breast milk, 24
British Petroleum, 91
Buffet, Warren, 10
Bunge, 150-151
Burger King, 145-146, 191
Burn, Hilary, 103
Buses, 60
California
air pollution in, 228
environmental standards of, 43-47, 62, 213, 228-229
incandescent lightbulbs and, 229
California effect, 238n3
California Highway Patrol, 45
California Institute of Technology, 75
California Smog Check Program, 45, 228
Caltex Oil, 91
Cambodia, 215, 245n9
Cameroon, 91
Canada, 19, 57, 86
activism and, 189-192
aerosols and, 108
air quality and, 47, 228
beef consumption in, 166
boycotts of, 171, 189-194, 199, 206
cod stocks and, 19-20, 194-195, 203-204
consumer anger against, 188-189
Department of Fisheries and, 188, 191, 195, 197
fast food chains and, 145
First Nations peoples and, 23, 177, 259n26
fishing zone adoption by, 188
the Front and, 172, 176, 180-182, 184-190, 204, 257n20, 258n8
Gulf of St. Lawrence and, 172, 175- 176, 181, 184-186, 190-191, 204
harp seals and, 189 (see also Harp seals)
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 86
Marine Mammal Regulations and, 194, 197
Ministry of Fisheries and, 184
Newfoundland and, 171-173, 176- 177, 180, 183-195, 204, 260n8
PBDEs level in, 24
protestor blocking by, 188-189
recycling and, 47
reopening of seal hunt by, 193-201 (see also Seal hunting)
Report of the Royal Commission on Seals and Sealing in Canada and, 205
Canadian Audubon Society, 182,184
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), 184, 187
Canadian Sealers’ Association, 191
Canadian Seal Industry Development Council, 195
Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, 197-198
Cancer, 30
breast, 25
chemicals and, 25-28, 224
death rates from, 27-28, 222
liver, 25
ozone layer and, 103-104, 106
prostate, 26
skin, 103-104, 106
Canola, 150
Cape Verde, 91
Capitalism, 6, 216
Carbon dioxide, 3, 212, 233n1
automobiles and, 36, 45-46, 53, 55, 57-58
beef production and, 147, 152
catalytic converters and, 45
China and, 128
corporate codes of conduct and, 124
political economy and, 21-23
refrigerators and, 121, 124, 128
Cardiovascular disease, 28
Cargill, 142, 148, 150-151
Carle, Eric, 4
Catalytic converters, 45, 48, 57-58, 77, 79, 81, 91, 95-96
Cattle. See Beef
Cattle Buyers Weekly, 144
Cellars, 100
Central African Republic, 91
CFC-11, 108-109, 111
CFC-12, 99, 102, 111, 129
CFC-113, 108-109, 247n1
Chad, 91
Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering journal, 74
Chemicals, 13, 224. See also Specific chemical
agriculture and, 11-12, 20-21, 25, 29, 135, 139, 147-148, 155, 158, 160, 166
antiknock agents and, 67-69, 129
automobiles and, 36, 57
brain damage from, 24-25
in breast milk, 24
cancer and, 25-28
Chemicals (cont.)
carcinogenic,20
CFCs and, 23 (see also Chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs])
climate change and, 21, 23, 114
computers and, 23-24
elimination of, 24
environmental progress and, 210
fertilizers and, 11-12, 21, 135, 139, 147-148, 155, 158, 160, 166
flame retardant, 23-25
government regulation and, 26
greenhouse gases and, 3-4, 21-22, 57, 63, 109
hormones and, 24-26
household environment and, 23-27
insecticides and, 246n4
lawsuits over, 27
leaded gasoline and, 67 (see also Leaded gasoline)
mattresses and, 23-24
perfluorochemicals and, 25-27
pesticides and, 20-21, 25, 29, 135, 147-148, 155, 158, 160, 166
plastics and, 48-49 “Responsible Care” code and, 210
water bottles and, 26
Chicago meatpackers, 136-137, 141, 252n3
Chickens, 139, 145, 149, 151, 160- 161, 221
Children, 23
germs and, 222
infant car seats and, 51
infant formula and, 150
leaded gasoline and, 85, 91
obesity and, 145-146
traffic deaths and, 59-60
Chile, 153, 166
China, 4-5, 9-12, 59
automobiles and, 53, 56
carbon dioxide and, 128
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 100, 111-114, 130
cost deflection and, 6
deforestation and, 227
efficient refrigerators and, 120
electricity use and, 127, 131
Electrolux and, 119, 122, 131
energy usage and, 128
leaded gasoline and, 86
meat consumption in, 139-140, 166
Montreal Protocol and, 111-114
power grids and, 115
recycling and, 58-59
refrigerators and, 108, 111-117
seal pelts and, 15, 194, 196, 201, 206
Whirlpool and, 116
Chlorine, 83-84
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 13, 23, 96, 223-224, 228-229
aerosol cans and, 99, 104, 108-109
air conditioners and, 99, 103, 108- 109, 111-114, 120, 122, 246n4
applications of, 99
CFC-11, 108-109, 111
CFC-12, 99, 102, 108-109, 111, 129
CFC-113, 108-109, 247n1
China and, 111-114, 130
developing countries and, 109-110, 130-131
ENERGY STAR program and, 125-127
exporting of, 107
Freon, 99, 102, 129
global response to eliminating, 105- 108, 114
halons and, 105-106, 110
London Amendments and, 105
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and, 105-115, 129-130
ozone layer and, 99-100, 103-115, 131, 224
phaseout of, 100, 107-117, 129- 132, 248,n14
policy and, 105-106
safety and, 103-105
smuggling of, 109
stratosphere and, 103-104
substitutes for, 107-108, 112, 114, 130
United Nations and, 110
venting control and, 109
Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer and, 105, 108
World War II and, 246n4
Chocolate, 179-180
Citigroup, 11
Clean Air Acts, 44, 77, 80, 238n1
Clear-cutting, 153
Climate change, 30, 211-212
automobiles and, 36, 57
Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte (BSH) and, 124
chemicals and, 21, 23, 114
deforestation and, 21, 227
economic issues and, 21
Electrolux and, 121, 123
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and, 126
extinctions and, 22-23
glaciers and, xiii, 3, 16
greenhouse gases and, 3-4, 21-22, 57, 63, 109, 114, 128, 152
IPCC and, 22, 235n14
rising temperatures and, 21-23
supporting evidence for, 3
tipping point and, 22, 235n17
Climate Saver deals, 211-212
Coca-Cola, 186
Cod, 10, 19-20, 174, 177,194-195, 203-204, 212
Coleman, Mel, Jr., 157
Coleman, Mel, Sr., 156-157
Coleman Natural Foods,
156-157 Compact disks, 26
Computers, 6, 12, 23-24, 216, 223, 227
ConAgra Beef, 142
Conca, Ken, 219
Conservation International, 163
Consumption, xi-xiii, 6-7, 29-31. See also Specific product
balanced, 219-232 (see also Sustainability)
dying of, xiv, 19-31
efficiency gains and, 100
environmental failures and, 214-217
food and, 135-146
future policy and, 231-232
ideology and, 216
increased refrigerator use and, 131-132
indefinite growth assumption and, 6-7
individual rights and, 215-217
indulgence and, 219
middle class growth and, 9-10
political economy of,5
population growth and,4
responsibility and, 220
rising, 4-5
waste and, 14-15
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 6
Cooking oil, 147, 150
Copying, 173
Corn, 49, 68, 143, 147-148, 150- 151, 158, 163, 166, 253n18
Cottonseed, 150
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, 162
Crewe, Albert John, 172-175
Crewe, Reuben, 172-175
Crosbie, John, 192
Culture jamming, 211
Customs duties, 115
Cyclists, 59
Daily Mirror newspaper, 185
DaimlerChrysler, 49, 55-56
Dakar Declaration, 90-92
Dakins, Dion, 196, 201
Davies, Brian, 185-188, 192, 200
da Vinci, Leonardo, 37
Davis Strait, 176
Day After Tomorrow, The (film), 22
DDT, 12, 20, 23, 25
Debt
developing countries and, 15-16, 147, 215, 230
relief of, 231
De Bané, Pierre, 191
Deforestation, xiii, 4, 10, 16, 211
Amazon rainforest and, 147, 152-154
amount of, 19
Deforestation (cont.)
beef and, 147, 152-154, 164
China and, 227
clear-cutting and, 153
climate change and, 21
greenhouse gases and, 21
Japan and, 14-15, 233n7
logging and, 11-14, 153, 226-227
soybeans and, 153
sustainability and, 212-213
wasteful consumption and, 14-15
De Jong, Robert, 90-91
Dell Computers, 24
Dental sealants, 26
Deserts, xiii, 4, 16
Diabetes, 26
Diethyl telluride, 69
Dioxins, 12, 49
Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain
Hazardous Substances, 123
Dow Chemical, 26
Driscoll, Bridget, 35-37
Driscoll, May, 36
Drought, 22
Drunk driving, 64
DuPont, 25-27, 64, 129
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 99, 104-109
EPA lead phasedown and, 81
ignoring risks and, 93
leaded gasoline and, 67, 73, 75, 96
mobilizing tactics by, 104
refrigerators and, 99, 102
tetraethyl lead and, 67-72
du Pont, Irénée, 69
du Pont, Pierre, 69
Durant, Billy, 101-102
Dye sprays, 187, 189-190, 258n11
Ecoguida, 124
Ecological shadows. See also Specific product
Corporations and, 10-13, 222-225
definition of, xi, 5-7, 233n7
education and, 29, 119-128, 183- 184, 210-211, 220-222
environmental failures and, 214-217
exporting harm and, xiii, 5, 16, 56, 85-87, 222-223
financing and, 15-16
formation mechanisms of, 17, 30- 31, 67-68
future policy and, 219-220, 231-232
globalization of, 5-7
government regulation and, 29
incremental advances and, 29-30
international aid and, 229-231
mapping of, xii, 28-31
shifting nature of, 29, 209
trade and, 13-15, 225-229
Ecology Center, 49
Economic issues, xiii
activism and, 183, 186-187, 189, 204
Amazonian ranching and, 152-154
antiknock agents and, 67-69
automobiles and, 37-40
balanced consumption and, 219-232
beef recovery and, 143-144
climate change and, 21
consumer campaigns and, 189-192
corporate behavior and, 10-13
cost deflection and, 5-9, 16-17
customs duties and, 115
Dakar Declaration and, 92
efficient refrigerators and, 119-128
electricity infrastructures and, 115
embargoes and, 8
environmentalism and, 210
financing effects and, 15-16
foreign aid and, 15-16
gasoline taxes and, 38
government subsidies and, 147
Great Depression and, 21, 38, 180, 203-204
increased fur sales and, 195-196
indefinite growth assumption and, 6-7
international aid and, 229-231
job creation and, 6
lead credits and, 84-85
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 80-82
liberalization and, 7
medical costs and, 146
middle class growth and, 9-10
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and, 115
race to the bottom and, 15
seal hunting and, 185, 189-190, 193, 195-197, 204, 259n26
soybeans and, 149-150
tourist boycotts and, 189
trade effects and, 8, 13-15
world export statistics and, 9
Economist magazine, 63
Edsall, Arthur, 35-36
Edsall, David, 74
Education, 29
activism and, 183-184
Ecoguida and, 124
energy usage and, 119-128
environmentalism and, xii-xiii, 210-211, 221-222
Egypt, 86, 153, 166
ElcoBrandt, 117
Electricity
efficient refrigerators and, 119-128
ENERGY STAR program and, 125-127
globalization and, 127-128
industrial codes of conduct and, 122-125
infrastructures for, 115
Electrolux, 109, 116, 119, 125, 131, 249n4
China and, 122
climate change, 121, 123
corporate code of conduct and, 122-123
Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances and, 123-124
environmental issues and, 120-124
ISO ratings and, 121
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive and, 123
WorldStar award and, 122
Elf-Aquitaine, 106
Ellesmere Island, 3
El Niño, 22
End-of-life vehicles (ELVs), 48, 58- 59, 238n8
Eneco, 122
ENERGY STAR, 125-127
Energy use, 251n27
beef production and, 149
California and, 213
efficient refrigerators and, 119-128, 131
ENERGY STAR program and, 125-127
environmental progress in, 212-214
global electricity and, 127-128
hybrid automobiles and, 55, 220- 221, 239n5
incandescent lightbulbs and, 229, 262n5
industrial codes of conduct and, 122-125
mandatory limits on, 213
recycling and, 220
soybeans and, 163
Environmentalism, xi, 234n1
activism and, 183-192, 211 (see also Activism)
Adbusters and, 211
Amazonian ranching and, 147, 152-154
automobiles and, 36, 40, 43-47, 54-59
beef and, 152-154 (see also Beef)
Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte (BSH) and, 124-125
California standards and, 43-47, 62
career choice and, 220
chemicals and, 11-13, 20 (see also Chemicals)
children and, 23
climate change and, 3-4, 21-23
Environmentalism (cont.)
corporate behavior and, 10-13, 122-125
cost deflection and, 6
deforestation and, 19 (see also Deforestation)
diminishing lakes and, 20
Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances and, 123-124
Ecoguida and, 124
education and, xii-xiii, 210-211, 221-222
electricity demand and, 127-128
Electrolux and, 120-124
ENERGY STAR and, 125-127
exporting of, 7-9
extinctions and, xiii, 20, 22-23
failures of, 214-217
fair trade and, 213, 220
feedlot pollution and, 147
fish and, 19-20
fund raising and, 210
future policy and, 231-232
ignoring risk and, 93-96
illusions of, 209-217
ISO ratings and, 121
label issues and, 155-159, 166-167, 210, 212
language use and, 211
logos and, 212
low-end manufacturing effects and 230-231
management issues and, 7-9
ozone layer and, 99-100, 103-106 (see also Ozone layer)
progress of, 210-214
recycling and, 43-44, 47-49
seal hunting and, 182 (see also Seal hunting)
sustainability and, 7-9, 12, 210, 215 (see also Sustainability)
SUVs and, 58, 64
Toyota Production System and, 54-55
United Nations Global Compact and, 124
Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive and, 123
water and, 20, 22, 57, 124, 147, 156
Whirlpool and, 125
WorldStar award and, 122
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 24, 89, 95
climate change, 126
catalytic converters and, 81
emissions and, 26
ENERGY STAR program and, 126-127
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 80-88
Reagan and, 83
Environmental Working Group, 25
Environment Voters, 199
EPA’s Position on the Health Implications of
Airborne Lead (EPA report), 81
Equatorial Guinea, 91
Eritrea, 91
Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 135
Estrogens, 26, 150
Ethiopia, 91, 148
Ethylene dibromide, 69
Ethyl Export, 85-86
Ethyl Gasoline Corporation
EPA regulations and, 81-88
ignoring risks and, 93
leaded gasoline and, 70, 72, 75-77, 81-88, 93, 95, 99, 241n1, 245n27
shareholders of, 86
Europe, 56
activism and, 190, 194, 206
automobile emissions and, 43-44
catalytic converters and, 45
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 109
consumer apathy and, 193-194
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 87
Marshall Plan and, 149
meat consumption in, 138-139, 153, 166
PBDEs level in, 24
precautionary approach and, 225
recycling and, 48, 58, 123
seal hunt activism and, 188-189
European Commission, 48, 190
European Committee of Manufacturers of Domestic
Equipment (CECED), 124, 250n13
European Community, 171
European Parliament, 190
European Recycling Platform, 123
European Union (EU), 48
beef imports and, 153
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 109
Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances and, 123-124
efficient refrigerators and, 120
leaded gasoline and, 87
mad cow disease and, 162
organic, definition of, 161
refrigerators and, 116, 131
seal imports and, 190, 201
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive and, 123
Excel, 142-143
Extinctions, xiii, 20, 22-23
Exxon Mobil, 11
Fast food, 27
increased beef consumption and, 144-145
obesity and, 145-146
soybeans and, 150
Feedlots, 141, 143, 147, 152, 158- 160, 163
Fertilizers, 11-12, 21, 139, 147-148, 160
Financing effects, 15-16
Finland, 196, 211
Fire extinguishers, 99, 111
Firestone Tire and Rubber, 41
First Nations peoples, 23, 177, 259n26
Fish, 19-20, 151
Canadian boycott and, 171
cod, 10, 19-20, 194-195, 203-204, 212
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 197, 260n7
Food
all-natural, 155-157
beef and, 137 (see also Beef)
fast food chains and, 27, 144-146, 150
healthy, 145
malnutrition and, 10
meat consumption and, 138-141
National Organic Program and, 157-158
obesity and, 136, 145-146
organic, 19, 29, 138, 155, 157-159, 212-213
population increase and, 135
processed, 147, 150, 236n20
refrigerators and, 100-101
restaurant conglomerates and, 145
seals and, 174, 177
soybeans and, 149-151
starvation and, 135-136, 148
supersizing and, 145
USDA and, 156-160
vegetable oils and, 147, 150
vegetarians and, 140-141
Food and Agriculture Organization, 141, 148
Foot-and-mouth disease, 154
Forbes magazine, 10
Ford, Henry, 35, 37, 40, 61
Ford Motor Company, 11, 49, 53, 69
assembly line and, 252n3
developing countries and, 56
ENERGY STAR program and, 127
Model T, 37-38, 61-62
production efficiency and, 37-38, 61-62
SUVs and, 55-56
Forests. See Deforestation
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 212
Foster, Mark, 41
France, 10, 117
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 106
constitution and, 225
energy efficiency and, 120
harp seals and, 185
mad cow disease and, 161
meat consumption and, 138
motor vehicles and, 56
Toyota and, 55
Franklin & Marshall College, 224
Freezers, 109, 111, 119, 122
Freon, 99, 102, 129
Freund, Peter, 42
Friends of the Earth, 211-212
Frigidaire, 101-102
Front (seal hunting area)
activist campaigns in, 189-190, 258n8
definition of, 172
fishing zone and, 188
government regulations and, 184- 188, 204
Greenpeace and, 189-190
Norwegians and, 181, 185, 257n20
population recovery in, 180
swilers and, 172, 181-182
whelping grounds and, 176
Frugality, 219
Fuel injection, 45-46
Fuel switchers, 82
Fund for Animals, 189
Furans, 12, 49
Gaffs, 173, 178-179, 185, 258n7
Garcia-Johnson, Ronie, 7
Gasoline. See Leaded gasoline
Gates, Bill, 10
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 190
General Electric, 11, 26, 101 General Mills, 144
General Motors, 11
automobiles and, 35, 40-41, 49, 53-54, 81
Cadillac and, 70
catalytic converters and, 81
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 99, 101-102
developing countries and, 56
ignoring risks and, 93
leaded gasoline and, 67, 69-77, 95-96
refrigerators and, 99, 101
Research Corporation and, 67
SUVs and, 55-56
General Motors Chemical Company, 70
Germany, 40, 50
activism and, 184
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 109, 113
historical beef consumption in, 138
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 86
mad cow disease and, 161
precautionary approach and, 225
Glaciers, xiii, 3, 16
Global Environment Facility (GEF), 8, 89, 210
Globalization, xi-xii
automobiles and, 36, 61-64
beef and, 165-167
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 105-108, 114
consumption rights and, 215-217
corporate behavior and, 10-13 (see also Industry)
cost deflection and, 5-9
electricity and, 127-128
environmentalism and, 209-217 (see also Environmentalism)
financing effects and, 15-16
future policy and, 231-232
ignoring risk and, 93-96
incremental advances and, 29-30
indefinite growth assumption and, 6-7
ISO ratings and, 121
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 85-88
next wave of, 9-10
obesity and, 14, 145-146
of risk, 93-96
seal hunting and, 193-206
shifting effects of, 209
slippery markets and, 203-206
sustainable development and, 7-9 (see also Sustainability)
technology and, 6
trade effects and, 13-15
unbalanced political economy and, 3-17
unequal outcomes from, 10
world export statistics and, 9
Global Ten, 54, 64
Goats, 139
Gore, Al, 211
Goudie, Andrew, 58
Grand Banks, 194-195
Grassfed Association, 158-159
Great Depression, 21, 38, 180, 203-204
Great Newfoundland Sealing Disaster of 1914, 175
Green Belt Movement, 211
Greenhouse gases, 3-4. See also Carbon dioxide; Methane
automobiles and, 57, 63
CFCs and, 109 (see also Chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs])
deforestation and, 21
emission rates of, 21-22
tipping point and, 22
Greenland, 176, 181, 196, 199, 259n20, 260n7
Green Party of Canada, 198, 261n19
Greenpeace, 29, 114
anti-sealing coalition and, 199,206
compromise of, 187-188
consumer campaigns and, 189-192
cooperation and, 212
diffused focus of, 194
dye sprays and, 187, 189-190, 258n11
fund raising and, 204
growth of, 211
Gulf of St. Lawrence and, 190
harp seals and, 183, 187-194, 199
Guardian Frigerator Company, 101 301
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Greenpeace and, 190
seal hunting and, 172, 175-176, 181, 184-186, 188, 197, 204
Haier, 116
Halons, 105-106, 110, 114
Hamburgers, 144-145, 204
Hamilton, Alice, 74
Hammar, Henrik, 87
Hardees, 145
Harp Seal and Hooded Seal Protocol, 185-186
Harp seals
activism and, 171, 182-192, 198- 201, 221
beaters and, 177-180, 191-201, 205-206, 260n9
birth of, 176
cod stock and, 194-195
celebrities and, 183, 188, 193, 198, 201, 217
documentaries on, 183-184 as food, 174
the Front and, 172, 176, 180-182, 184-190, 204, 257n20, 258n8
gaffs and, 173, 178-179, 185, 258n7
Greenpeace and, 183, 187-194, 199
human uses of, 177-178
hunting of adult, 178-179, 184
International Fund for Animal Welfare and, 183, 187-194, 198- 201, 204, 206
migration of, 176
Norwegian fur process and, 180
population of, 177-178, 180-182, 185-186, 197, 203-204
pup development and, 176-177
recovery of, 192
Seal Protection Act and, 188
skinning alive of, 173, 184, 258n9
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) and, 185
sustainability and, 172, 190, 194, 197-199, 203-206
swimming reflex and, 173, 258n9
Harp seals (cont.)
whitecoats, 171-175, 178-179, 183, 186-191, 194, 201, 204, 206, 221
Harvard School of Public Health, 74
Hazardous materials, 12, 19, 29, 210, 226
Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances and, 123-124
Freon and, 102
household chemicals and, 23-27
refrigerators and, 102
soybeans and, 150-151
tetraethyl lead and, 67, 70-77, 241n13
Health issues, 30. See also Cancer; Safety
air quality and, 57
antibiotic overuse and, 151-152
automobiles and, 35-37, 51-53, 59-60
balanced consumption and, 222
beef and, 138
chemicals and, 23-27
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and, 162
Freon and, 99, 102
germs and, 222
leaded gasoline and, 70-77, 80, 85, 91
life expectancy and, 28
mad cow disease and, 161-162
obesity and, 136, 145-146
soybeans and, 150-151
starvation and, 135-136, 148
thyroid damage and, 151
tobacco and, 222
Hearn, Loyola, 197
Heart transplants, 28
Heifer International, 163
Helmets, 26
Helú, Carlos Slim, 10
Hemingway, Ernest, 20
Henderson, Yandell, 73-74, 93-94
Henne, Albert, 102
Hentges, Steven, 27
Herbicides, 25
Hewlett Packard, 123
Highways, 38, 41-42
increasing number of, 62-64
safety regulation and, 44-45, 49-51, 53-54
traffic deaths and, 35-37, 51-54, 59-60
Hilton, Hank, 87
Hitachi, 116
Home Depot, 127, 212
Honda, 49, 56
Hormones
beef and, 135, 137, 143, 147, 152, 155-163
chemicals and, 24-26
soybeans and, 150-151
Horwood, Harold, 184, 256n2
Humane Society, 198-199
Hungary, 122
Hunter, Robert, 188
Hunting. See Seal hunting
Hybrid automobiles, 55, 220-221, 239n5
Hydrocarbons, 43-47, 123
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), 112, 114, 248n19
Hydroelectricity, 20
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 109, 113-114, 223-224
Hydrogenation, 179
Hyundai-Kia, 56
IBM, 212
IBP, 142
Iceboxes, 101
Ice pans, 173
Idaho Health Department, 83
IKEA, 24, 212
Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), 106
India, 4, 9, 59, 215
air pollution and, 228
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 100, 111, 114
cost deflection and, 6
energy usage and, 128, 251n27
Keoladeo National Park and, 211
liberalization and, 115
livestock crops and, 148
meat consumption in, 139-140
power grids and, 115
Indianapolis 500, 70
Indian Department of the
Environment, 111
Indonesia, 4, 7, 11, 14, 19, 86, 127- 128, 139-140, 227, 254n7
Industry
accountability and, 12, 121-128
activist cooperation and, 212, 217
agriculture and, 11-12, 20-21 (see also Beef)
automobiles and, 43-47 (see also Automobiles)
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 99-108 (see also Chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs])
consumption rights and, 215-217
corporate codes of conduct and, 122-125, 210
cost deflection and, 6, 8-9, 16-17
deceit and, 222
Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances and, 123-124
double standards of, 12-13
Ecoguida and, 124
ENERGY STAR program and, 125-127
environmental failures and, 214-217
exporting harm and, 56, 85-87, 222-223
growth of, 11
hype and, 222
ignoring risks and, 93-96
leaded gasoline campaigns and, 73- 75, 79, 83-84
legalese of, 13
low-end manufacturing effects and, 230-231
mergers and, 142-143, 156
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and, 105, 107-115, 129-130
politicians and, 13
profit and, 96
Reagan and, 83
refrigerators and, 101-105, 108-117
scientific evidence and, 83-84, 104
sealing, 172-176 (see also Seal hunting)
shifting effects of, 209
Sinclair on, 136-137
soybean, 149-151
sustainability and, 210, 222-225 (see also Sustainability)
technology and, 11
tobacco, 222
UN Global Compact and, 225
untested products and, 224
Infant car seats, 51
Infant formula, 150
Insecticides, 246n4
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 151
Insulation, 99, 101
Insurance, 40
Internal combustion engines, 67-68
International Commission of the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries (ICNAF), 185-186
International Energy Agency, 229
International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), 186
anti-sealing coalition and, 199
diffused focus of, 200-201, 206
fund raising and, 204
harp seals and, 183, 187-194, 198- 201, 204, 206
multiple interests of, 194
International Lead Zinc Research Organization, 86, 243n10
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 7, 15, 230
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 8, 121, 125
Inuit, 23, 177, 259n26
Iodine, 68
Italy, 117, 124, 185
activism and, 194, 201
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 113
Italy (cont.)
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 86
mad cow disease and, 161
Jan Mayen Island, 181
Japan, 6, 94, 210
automobiles and, 40, 42-45, 55-56, 62, 239n9
deforestation and, 14-15
developing countries and, 56
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 85- 86, 244n18, 245n26
meat consumption in, 139
PBDEs level in, 24
recycling and, 47-48, 58, 249n10
refrigerators and, 113, 116-117, 249n10
soy consumption and, 150
Japanese Forestry Agency, 14
Job Brothers, 179
Johnson & Johnson, 212
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 136-137, 252n1
Just-in-time efficiency, 53-55
Kauffman, George, 73
Kean, Abram, 172, 174-175, 179
Kean, Westbury, 172, 175
Kehoe, Robert, 75-76, 80, 93
Kelvinator, 101
Kentucky Fried Chicken, 145
Kenya, 91, 211
Keoladeo National Park, 211
Kettering, Charles F.
leaded gasoline and, 68, 70, 72, 74, 96
refrigerators and, 101-102
Kettering Laboratory of Applied Physiology, 75-76
Kimpton Hotels and Restaurants, 199
Kinetic Chemicals, 102
Krause, Erik, 74
Labor, 37, 61-62
busting unions and, 143
Packers and Stockyards Administration and, 142
Sinclair on, 136-137
tetraethyl lead hazards and, 70-71, 241n13
Labrador, 172, 176-177, 204, 259n26
Lap belts, 50
Last Seal, The (Lust), 184
Lead credits, 84-85
Leaded gasoline, 28, 99, 101, 167, 211, 221
African phasedown and, 89-92
air quality and, 67
antiknock agents and, 67-69, 129
banning of, 71
catalytic converters and, 45, 57-58, 77, 79, 81, 91, 95-96
children and, 91
Clean Air Acts and, 80
cleaner fuels and, 47
consumer reassurance and, 72-73
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and, 80-88
exporting of, 85-87
fuel switchers and, 82
gasoline taxes and, 38
ignoring risks and, 93-94
industry campaigns and, 73-75, 79, 83-84
IQ scores and, 91
lead credits and, 84-85
lead poisoning from, 30, 70-71
marketing of, 70
narrower fuel inlets and, 81
patent for, 67, 69
phasedown of, 80-92, 244n23, 245n26, 245n9
prices and, 81
profit motives and, 74, 77, 96
public response to removal of, 82
regulation of, 74-77
safety of, 67-77, 91, 241n13, 244n16
scientists’ concern over, 73-74
U.S.Surgeon General and, 69, 72-75
Lead Industries Association, 86
Lead poisoning, 30, 70-71, 244n16
Legal issues
automobiles and, 36, 40-41
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 81-85
Marine Mammal Regulations and, 194
Packers and Stockyards Administration and, 142
protestor blocking and, 188
Legal meat, 143-144
Legislation. See Policy
Liberalization, 7, 15, 115, 227, 230
Life expectancy, 28
Lightbulbs, 229
Lillie, Harry, 183-184
Liver cancer, 25
Löfgren, Asa, 87
Logging, 11-14, 153, 226-227
Logos, 48, 159, 212
Lomborg, Bjørn, 214
London Amendments, 105
Long John Silver’s, 145
Lust, Peter, 184
Luxembourg, 194, 201
Lysol, 222
McCann-Erickson, 186
McCartney, Paul, 193, 198, 201, 217
McDonald’s, 127, 145
activism and, 191
chemicals and, 26
increased beef consumption and, 144
recovery beef and, 144
Machine That Changed the World, The (Womack, Jones, and Roos), 54
McNary, Robert, 102
Mad cow disease, 144, 152, 161-162
Malaria, 20, 246n4
Malaysia, 11, 14, 59, 86
Malnutrition, 10
Malthus, Thomas, 135
Maniates, Michael, 219
Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 95
305
Margarine, 147, 150, 179
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 186, 195
Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), 212
Markets
activism and, 189
automobiles and, 37-42 (see also Automobiles)
balanced consumption and, 225-229
beef and, 142 (see also Beef)
chlorofluorocarbon dumping and, 109-110
consumer campaigns and, 189-192
corporate behavior and, 10-13
customs duties and, 115
electricity infrastructures and, 115
embargoes and, 8
exporting environmentalism and, 7-9
fishing and, 19-20
foreign aid and, 15-16
globalization and, 203-206 (see also Globalization)
increased fur sales and, 195-196
lead industry campaigns and, 73-75, 79, 83-84
liberalization and, 7, 15, 227, 230
Marshall Plan and, 149
Mercosur and, 115
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and, 115
planned obsolescence and, 35, 40-41
refrigerators and, 101-105, 108- 117, 120-121
seals and, 172-179 (see also Seal hunting)
slippery, 203-206
sustainable development and, 7-9, 155-164 (see also Sustainability)
technological efficiency and, 11
trade effects and, 8, 13-15
world export statistics and, 9
Marriott, 127
Marshall Plan, 149
Martin, George, 42
Maathai, Wangari, 211
Mattresses, 23-24
Mauritania, 91
Mauritius, 91
Meat. See also Beef
America and, 140
China and, 139-140
consumption levels of, 138-141, 221, 252n5
legal meat and, 143-144
spinal cord tissue and, 144
Meat Inspection Act, 137
Meatpackers
assembly line and, 252n3
beef production and, 136-137, 141- 144, 157, 166, 252n3
Chicago, 136-137, 141, 252n3
Mergers, 142-143, 156
Methane, 3, 21-22, 147, 152, 154, 254n12
Metsähallitus, 211
Mexico, 10, 86, 117, 128, 142, 228, 244n23
Microsoft, 11
Microwavable plastics, 26
Midgley, Thomas, Jr., 224
aims of, 129
as genius, 96
leaded gasoline and, 68-74, 92-94, 95, 101
legacy of, 95
refrigerators and, 99, 102
tetraethyl lead and, 67, 69
Minivans, 55
Mobil Oil Corporation, 77
Model T Ford, 37-38, 61-62
Molina, Mario, 99, 103-104, 106
Mombasa, 91
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
China and, 111-114
chlorofluorocarbons and, 105-115, 129-130
Multilateral Fund and, 110-114, 130
refrigerators sales and, 115
Moore, Patrick, 188
Morrison, Percy, 36
Mosquitoes, 20
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 64
Motorcyclists, 59
Motor Wagons, 37
“Murder Island” (Lust), 184
Nader, Ralph, 49-50, 211
National Academy of Sciences, 80, 104
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 22
National Beef Packing Company, 142-143
National City Lines, 41-42
National Consumers League, 144
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, 51
National Organic Program, 157-158
National Organic Standards Board, 157
National Safety Council, 59
National System of Interstate and
Defense Highways Act, 38
Nature journal, 102-103
NBC News, 187
Needleman, Herbert, 76, 84-85
Netherlands, 122
Neurodegenerative illnesses, 25
Newfoundland, 171, 173, 260n8
activism and, 183-192
the Front and, 172, 176, 180-190, 204, 257n20, 258n8
Grand Banks and, 194-195 Great
Newfoundland Sealing Disaster of 1914 and, 175
seal hunting and, 177, 180 (see also Seal hunting)
Newfoundland (ship), 172-175
New Jersey, 71, 229
Newsweek, 82
New York Times, 71, 84, 191
New Zealand, 50, 88, 139, 229
Nicaragua, 211
Nigeria, 4, 60, 91
Nike, 212
Niman Ranch, 159-161
Nissan, 49, 56
Nitrogen oxides, 3, 21, 77
automobiles and, 36, 45, 57-58
California emission standards and, 46-47
catalytic converters and, 45
Nobel Prize, 99, 211
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 29, 49, 90, 119, 211-212, 216-217, 223.
See also Specific organization
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 115
North Pole, 3
Norway
aerosols and, 108
factory ships and, 187
seal hunting and, 180-181, 184- 186, 188, 196, 257n20, 258n8
Nova Scotia, 180, 181, 190
Novo Nordisk, 212
Obesity, 14, 136, 145-146, 215
Obstetrics, 28
Octel Associates, 88, 245n27
Okuda, Hiroshi, 54
Old Man and the Sea, The (Hemingway), 20
Ontario Medical Association, 57
O’Regan, Frederick, 200
Original Fish Legal Sea Foods, 199
Ortolano, Leonard, 112
Ozone-depleting substances (ODS), 112
Ozone layer, 4, 27, 30
aerosols and, 108-109
Antarctic records and, 251n1
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 99-100, 103-115, 131, 223-224
destruction of, 103-105, 251n1
London Amendments and, 105
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and, 105
skin cancer and, 103-104, 106
ultraviolet radiation and, 103
United Nations Environment Programme and, 104-105
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and, 105, 108
Packers and Stockyards Administration, 142
Pakistan, 4
Palladium, 58
Panning, 179, 184
Papua New Guinea, 14
Paris Match newspaper, 185, 188
Parkinson’s disease, 25
Parmelee, H. C., 74
Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles, 91-92
Pasteurization, 28
Patents, 67, 69
Path through Penguin City, The (Lillie), 183-184
Patterson, Clair, 67, 75-76, 80, 93- 95, 242n28
Paulange, Jean-Michel, 123
Peanuts, 150
Pedestrians, 59-60
Penan of Sarawak, 23
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 199
PepsiCo, 127
Perfluorochemicals, 25-27
Perfluorooctanyl sulfonate (PFOS), 25-26
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 25-27
Pesticides, 29
beef production and, 147-148, 155, 158, 160, 166
reliance on, 20-21
Malthus and, 135
neurodegenerative illnesses and, 25
Philippines, 14, 86, 127
Pigs, 29, 71, 139, 149, 151, 171, 204
Pizza Hut, 145
Plastic bags, 214
Plastics
American Plastics Council, 27
automobiles and, 48-49
baby bottles and, 26-27
chemical dangers and, 23-27
microwavable, 26
recycling of, 43-44, 48-49
Platinum, 58
Poland, 86, 117
Polaroid, 212
Polar S. A., 117
Policy, xiv
Air Pollution Control Act and, 44
automobile emissions and, 43
balanced consumption and, 219-232
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 100, 105-117
Clean Air Acts and, 44, 77, 80, 238n1
Dakar Declaration and, 91-92
Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances and, 123-124
Ecoguida and, 124
environmental labels and, 155-159
environmental progress and, 210-214
EPA lead phasedown and, 80-85, 95
future, 231-232
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and, 190
Harp Seal and Hooded Seal Protocol and, 185-186
ignoring risk and, 93-96
incandescent lightbulbs and, 229
industrial codes of conduct and, 122-125
lead industry lobbying and, 73-75, 79, 83-84
liberalization and, 7, 15, 227, 230
lobbyists and, 35
London Amendments and, 105
Marine Mammal Protection Act and, 186, 195
Marshall Plan and, 149
Meat Inspection Act and, 137
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and, 105-115, 129-130
National Organic Program and, 157-158
National System of Interstate and Defense Highways Act and, 38
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and, 115
Packers and Stockyards Administration and, 142
precautionary approach and, 227-228
Pure Food and Drug Act and, 137
recycling and, 43-44, 47-49
Report of the Royal
Commission on
Seals and Sealing in
Canada and, 205 Seal Protection Act and, 188
sustainability and, 210, 212 (see also Sustainability)
traffic regulation and, 44-45
trustbusters and, 142
United Nations Global Compact and, 124
USDA and, 156-159
Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer and, 105, 108
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive and, 123
Political economy, 29
emissions and, 21-23
environmentalism failures and, 209-217
unbalanced 3-17
Politics. See also Regulation
activism and, 183-206, 211, 221
automobile industry and, 41-42
balanced consumption and, 219-232
double standards of, 12-13
foreign aid and, 15-16
international waters and, 185, 187
lead industry campaigns and, 73-75, 79, 83-84
multinational companies and, 13
protestor blocking and, 188
Reagan and, 83, 95, 142-143
Pollution. See Environmentalism
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 23-25, 27, 250n11
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 12, 23-24, 49
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 49
Population growth, 4, 135
Pork, 139, 161, 174, 204
Porter, Richard, 38
Potsdam Institute of Technology, 74
Poultry, 139, 145, 151
Poverty, 6, 17
automobiles and, 56-57
Dakar Declaration and, 91-92
inequality and, 10
seal hunting and, 195
Prices, 147
automobile, 37
balanced consumption and, 225-229
beef, 143-144
environmental failures and, 214-215
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 81
refrigerators and, 101-102
seal pelts and, 185, 189-190, 193, 196-197, 204, 259n26
trade effects and, 13-15
Princen, Thomas, 219
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 21
Production. See Industry
Prostate cancer, 26
Puberty, 26
Pure Food and Drug Act, 137
Race to the bottom, 15
Raddock, Charles Edwin, 35
Rail transit, 41-42
Rainbow Warrior (ship), 189-190
Rainforests, xiii, 6, 215, 226-227
Amazon, 11, 147, 152-154
beef production and, 137-138, 151- 154, 166
biodiversity loss and, 19
corporate behavior and, 10, 12, 16
Ralston Purina, 148
Reagan, Ronald, 83, 95, 142-143
Recycling, 219
automobiles and, 43-44, 47-49, 53- 54, 58-59, 238nn8,10
dismantlers and, 48
energy use and, 220
environmental progress in, 213-214
European Recycling
Platform and, 123
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and, 119
plastics and, 43-44, 48-49
promotion of, 119
refrigerators and, 109, 249n10
Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive and, 123
WorldStar award and, 122
Red Lobster, 199, 217
Refrigerators, 28-29, 167, 223-224
affordability and, 101
Brazil and, 119, 123, 248n12
CFCs and, 105, 109 (see also Chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs])
China and, 111-116
developed countries and, 109-110
disposal effects of, 131
efficient, 119-128, 131
electricity infrastructures and, 115
Electrolux and, 109, 116, 119-124, 131, 249n4
ENERGY STAR and, 125-127
environmentally friendly, 107-108, 114, 116, 119-128, 130-131, 228-229
Freon and, 99, 102, 129
Frigidaire and, 101-102
General Electric and, 101
historical perspective on, 100-101
home meals and, 117
Refrigerators (cont.)
increased consumption effects and, 131-132
increased sales of, 115-117
industry and, 101-105, 108-117
leakage and, 103
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and, 105-115, 129-130
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and, 115
prices of, 101-102
rating system for, 120-121
recycling and, 109, 249n10
seal hunting and, 181
storage capacity and, 119
Super Efficient Refrigerator Program and, 125 toxicity and, 102
Regulation
automobile emissions, 43-47, 62
balanced consumption and, 219-232
California standards and, 43-47, 62
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 105-117
declining nutrition and, 147
ENERGY STAR program and, 125-127
environmental labels and, 155-159, 162-163, 166-167
ISO ratings and, 121
leaded gasoline and, 73-77
lead industry campaigns and, 73-75, 79, 83-84
Marine Mammal Protection Act and, 186
meatpackers and, 144
Montreal Protocol on Substances
That Deplete the Ozone Layer and, 105-115, 129-130
organic food and, 157-159
recycling and, 47-49
seal hunting and, 179-180, 184- 186, 193-201, 204
traffic, 44-45
Report of the Royal Commission on
Seals and Sealing in Canada, 205
Reproductive hormones, 25
Responsible Care, 8
Restriction of the Use of Certain
Hazardous Substances, 123
Rhodium, 58
Rowland, F. Sherwood, 99, 103-104, 106
Ruckelshaus, William, 80
Russia
beef consumption in, 154
customs duties and, 115
energy usage and, 128
seal pelts and, 15, 194, 196, 201, 206
Rwanda, 91, 251n27
Safety
automobile design and, 35-37, 43- 52, 62-64, 214, 223, 227-228
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 103-105
drunk driving and, 64
Freon and, 99, 102
gaffs and, 185
helmets and, 26
infant car seats and, 51
lap belts and, 50
leaded gasoline and, 67-77, 91, 241n13, 244n16
National Safety Council and, 59
public transportation and, 60
safety glass and, 51
seal hunting and, 172-176
SUVs and, 51, 59, 63
traffic and, 35-37, 44-45, 49-54, 59-60
U.S. Surgeon General and, 69, 72-75
wooden ships and, 175-176
Safeway, 191
St. John’s harbor, 190-191
Salads, 147
“Save Our Cod, Eat a Seal”
campaign, 190
Schlosser, Eric, 142
Scotchgard, 26
Seal hunting, 28, 141, 211
activists and, 171, 182-192, 198- 201, 221
anti-sealing coalition and, 198-201
ban of, 184-185, 190-192, 201, 258n8
beaters and, 177-180, 191-201, 205-206, 260n9
clubbing and, 173, 178
cod stocks and, 194-195
consumer campaigns and, 189-192
copying and, 173
decline of, 179-180
dye sprays and, 187, 189-190, 258n11
economic issues and, 199
factory ships and, 187
fashion industry and, 195
First Nations peoples and, 177
fishing zone and, 188
the Front and, 172, 176, 180-182, 184-190, 204, 257n20, 258n8
gaffs and, 173, 178-179, 185, 258n7
globalization effects and, 193-206
government subsidies and, 195-196
Harp Seal and Hooded Seal Protocol and, 185-186 (see also Harp seals)
highliner title and, 173
increased fur sales and, 195-196
international waters and, 185, 187
language use for, 187
licensing and, 184-185
Marine Mammal Protection Act and, 186, 195
Marine Mammal Regulations and, 194, 197
nineteenth century heyday of, 177-179
Norway and, 180-181, 184-186, 196
Nova Scotia and, 180-181
panning and, 173, 179
pelt prices and, 185, 189-190, 193, 196-197, 204, 259n26
postwar resurgence of, 180-182 311
process of, 173-174, 183-185, 197-198
publicity and, 184-185
quotas and, 186, 188, 193-199, 205-206
refrigerators and, 181, 203
regulation of, 179-180, 184-186, 193-201, 204
resurgence of, 193-201, 205-206
safety and, 172-176, 185, 187
SS Newfoundland and, 172-175
statistics of, 177-185, 189-198, 205-206
sustainability and, 172, 190, 194, 197-199, 203-206
swilers and, 171-175, 256n1
technology and, 178-179, 181, 203
UK market for, 178, 180
wooden steamships and, 175-176, 178-179, 203
Sealing guns, 178
Seal Protection Act, 188
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 190-192, 198-199
Sea Shepherd II (ship), 190-191
Sea Shepherd (ship), 189
Selenium oxychloride, 69
Self-reliance, 219
Self-service gas stations, 82
Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, 76
Senegal, 90-91
Shapiro, Irving S., 104
Sheen, Martin, 193, 198
Sheep, 139
Shindell, Drew, 22
Shortening, 147, 150
Siberia, 21-22
Simplicity, 219
Sinclair, Upton, 136-137, 252n1
Skeptical Environmentalist, The (Lomborg), 214
Skin cancer, 103-104, 106
Slash-and-burn agriculture, 153
Sloan, Alfred, 35, 40-41, 73
Smog, 36, 45, 57-58, 228
Smoke alarms, 223
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA), 185
Solomon Islands, 14
Sony, 123
Soto, Ana, 28
South Africa, 91-92, 245n6
Southern Common Market (Mercosur), 115
Southern Cross (ship), 175
South Korea, 56, 86, 127
Soybeans
beef production and, 149-151, 163, 166
deforestation and, 147
energy use and, 163
as grain additive, 149
Spain, 10, 56, 117, 161
Sperm counts, 26
Sport-utility vehicles (SUVs), 39-40
deaths from, 59, 63
environmental issues and,58
fuel efficiency and, 55
image of, 64
parking spaces for, 55-56
safety and, 51, 59, 63
Standard Oil Company, 41, 70-72, 93
Steers. See Beef
Stephano (ship), 174-175
Stern, Der, 187
Stern, Nicholas, 21
Stop signs, 38
“Stop the Seal Hunt” campaign, 186
Stratosphere, 103-104
“Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes:
Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone”
(Molina and Rowland), 103
Styrofoam, 220
Suburbs, 39
Subway, 145
Sulfur dioxide, 36, 45, 57
Sunflower oil, 150
Sunoco, 26
Sundström, Henrik, 122
Sustainability, 31
balanced consumption and, 219-232
beef and, 138, 155-167
chlorofluorocarbons and, 113, 124, 131
concept of, 7
consumer choice and, 17
environmental labeling and, 12
failure of, 215
fair trade and, 213, 220
harp seals and, 172, 190, 194, 197- 199, 203-206
low-end manufacturing effects and, 230-231
meat industry and, 221
plastic waste and, 49
World Summit on Sustainable Development and, 89-90, 92, 223
Sweden, 24, 108-109, 211. See also Electrolux
Swift and Company, 142-143
Swilers, 171-175, 256n1
Taco Bell, 145
Taiwan, 117
Tanchou, Stanislas, 28
Technology, 6
agriculture and, 135-136
air bags and, 43, 48, 51, 62, 214, 223
air quality and, 228
antilock brakes and, 43, 50, 62, 228
balanced consumption and, 219-232
beef processing and, 137-138
catalytic converters and, 45, 48, 57- 58, 77, 79, 81, 91
chemicals and, 11-13
electronic fuel injection and, 45-46
exporting harm and, 56, 85-87, 222-223
food production and, 135-136 future
policy and, 231-232 hazardous
waste and, 12
individual rights and, 215-216
market efficiency and, 11
multinational companies and, 11
precautionary approach to, 224-228
seal hunting and, 178-179, 181, 185, 203
Toyota Production System and, 54-55
wooden steamships and, 178-179
Teflon, 25-26
Television, 183-184, 187
Télévision de Radio-Canada, 184
Temperature. See Climate change Tesco, 191
Tetraethyl lead, 73, 88, 92
deaths from, 72, 241n13
patent for, 69-70, 77
poisoning from, 70-71
safety of, 13, 69-77, 80, 93, 96
testing as a gasoline additive, 67-69
U.S. Surgeon General and, 69, 72, 74
Tetra Pak, 211
Thailand, 55, 86, 94, 127
3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufactring), 26
Thrift, 219
Thyroid gland, 25, 151
Time, 82
Tin cans, 26
Tobacco industry, 222
Tobin, Brian, 195, 259n2
Toronto Star, 191
Toxicity, 224, 226
Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances and, 123-124
Freon and, 102
household chemicals and, 23-27
leaded gasoline and, 67-77, 85 (see also Leaded gasoline)
refrigerators and, 102
soybeans and, 150-151
tetraethyl lead and, 67, 70-77, 241n13
Toyota, 49
developing countries and, 56
ENERGY STAR program and, 127
as global sales leader, 53-55
just-in-time efficiency of, 53-55
Production System of, 54-55, 63-64
SUVs and, 55-56
Toyota-ization, 58
Traffic. See also Automobiles
increase of, 54
lights and, 38
safety regulation and, 44-45, 49-51, 53-54
stop signs and, 38
Trolleys, 35, 41
Trucks, 39-40, 50, 55, 58
Trustbusters, 142
Tufts University, 28
Twillingate, 177
Tyson Foods, 142-143
Ultraviolet radiation, 103
Unified Opposition, 199
Unilever, 212
Union of Concerned Scientists,58
United Kingdom, 40, 50, 94
air pollution and, 228
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 106
farm assurance programs and, 162
harp seals and, 178, 185, 195
increased fur sales in, 195
leaded gasoline and, 85-86
mad cow disease and, 144, 161-162
meat consumption in, 138
Organic Livestock Marketing Co-op, 162-163
seal market and, 178
soybeans and, 150-151
traffic fatality rates and, 52
vegetarians and, 140
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 8, 110, 210
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 8, 89-91, 104-105, 110, 210
United Nations Global Compact, 124-125, 210, 225, 262n4
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 110
United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 22, 235n14
United States, 6, 94
activism and, 186
aerosols and, 108
air pollution and, 228
anti-sealing campaign and, 171, 186, 189, 191, 198-199
automobile and, 36-40, 56, 221
California emission standards and, 43-47, 62
cancer in, 28
Chicago meatpackers and, 136-137, 141, 252n3
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 108-109, 113
Clean Air Acts and, 44, 77, 80, 238n1
ENERGY STAR program and, 125-127
energy usage and, 128
environmental labels in, 155-159
fast food chains and, 144-145
fur imports and, 195
Federal Highway Act and, 38
feedlot conditions in, 143, 158-160
Humane Society and, 198-199
lead concentrations in, 75
leaded gasoline phasedown and, 80-87
livestock crops and, 148-149
mad cow disease and, 144
Marshall Plan and, 149
meat consumption in, 139-140
Meat Inspection Act and, 137
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and, 115
obesity in, 145-146
oil reserves of, 68
PBDEs level in, 24
plastics use in, 49
precautionary approach and, 225
Pure Food and Drug Act and, 137
rail transit and, 41-42
recycling and, 48-49, 58
refrigerators and, 101-102, 116- 117, 120, 125-127
sealskin imports and, 180
self-service gas stations and, 82
small ranchers and, 163
soybeans and, 149-150
tourist boycotts and, 189
Toyota Way and, 55
traffic fatality rates and, 52
trustbusters and, 142
vegetarians and, 140
University of California, 103
University of Cincinnati, 75
Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 50
Uruguay, 152
U.S. Bureau of Mines, 70-71, 73
U.S. Congress, 76-77
U.S. Court of Appeals, 82
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
beef and, 143-144, 156-160, 252n9
environmental labels and, 156-159
U.S. Department of Energy, 127
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 85
U.S. Department of Justice, 83
U.S. Energy Information Administration, 127-128
U.S. Federal Trade Commission, 142
U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 104
U.S. Public Health Service, 76
U.S. Surgeon General
beef and, 146
ignoring risks and, 93
leaded gasoline and, 69, 72-76
Vaccines, 28
Veal, 141
Vegetable oils, 147, 150
Vegetarians, 140-141
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer, 105, 108
Volkswagen, 56
Volvo, 24, 45, 50
vom Saal, Frederick, 27
Wages, 37
Wallinga, David, 151
Wal-Mart, 11, 116, 212
Washington Post, 104, 187
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, 123
Water, 20, 156
beef industry and, 147
corporate codes of conduct and, 124
drought and, 22
feedlot pollution and, 147
highway effects on, 57
Water bottles, 26
Watson, Paul, 189, 190-191
Wendy’s, 145
West Eye View (documentary series), 162
Westinghouse, 101
West Wing (TV show), 198
Weyler, Rex, 188
Whales, 29, 141, 167, 200, 203, 205
Whirlpool
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 108
Environmental responsibility and, 125
refrigerators and, 109, 116-117, 119, 131
Super Efficient Refrigerator Program
and, 125
White Sea, 181
Whiteside, Kerry, 224
Wild Oats Markets, 199
Wiles, Richard, 25
Windshields, 51
World Bank
automobiles and, 59
beef production and, 148
economic growth and, 215
environmentalism and, 7-9, 21, 29, 110, 163, 210, 220
financing effects and, 15
liberalization and, 7, 15, 227, 230
living standards and, 10
organic farming and, 163
ozone depletion and, 110
sustainable development and, 7, 89-90
traffic deaths and, 59
World Health Organization (WHO), 28, 59, 90, 222
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 105
World Society for the Protection of Animals, 199
WorldStar award, 122
World Summit on Sustainable Development, 89-90, 92, 223
World Trade Organization, 226, 227
World War I era, 68, 203
chemical warfare and, 83
climate change comparison and, 21
Du Pont family and, 241n6
seal hunting and, 179-181
World War II era, 203
beef production and, 139
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and, 246n4
climate change comparison and, 21
economic growth and, 9, 14, 62, 102
Marshall Plan and, 149
seal hunting and, 180-181
U.S. advantage in, 73
Worldwatch Institute, 20
World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms, 213
World Wildlife Fund/World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), 29, 123-124, 211-212, 261n18
Yale University, 73
Yankel, Anthony, 83
YUM! Brands, 145
Zambia, 92, 109-110
Zhao, Jimin, 112
Zinc, 101