List of Illustrations

1		Herodotus of Halicarnassus, c.485–425, the father of history.
2		Historia: 2nd-century ad manuscript fragment.
3		Heavy infantry in close formation, Mesopotamia c.2450.
4		Corinthian helmet, early 5th century.
5		Hoplite arming for combat.
6		Chalcidian helmet, early 5th-century sculpture in original colouring.
7		Heroic single combat showing double-grip shield system.
8		Hoplite battle lines in combat.
9		Psilos.
10		Archer in typical Barbarian dress.
11		The Great King enthroned.
12		Persian gold, Darius with his bow.
13		The Great Kings’ ceremonial capital, Persepolis.
14		Achaemenid treasure.
15		Immortals, the Great King’s Guard.
16		Persian nobility.
17		Early 7th-century Phoenician warship.
18		Design drawings for the trireme Olympias.
19		Olympias off Phalerum.
20		Siege machinery, engineering and tactics; 8th-century Assyria.
21		Remains of the harbour at Miletus.
22		The plain of Marathon from the south.
23		Marathon by John Varley, 1834.
24		One stade, the running track at Olympia.
25		‘In effect, naked men battling against hoplites.’ (9.63)
26		3rd-century ad Roman sculpture possibly depicting Marathon.
27		The Soros at Marathon.
28		Helmet, allegedly excavated at Marathon in 1834 with the skull inside.
29		The Hellespont around Xerxes’ crossing point.
30		Poseidon, god of the ocean, late 6th century.
31		Themistocles, who ‘very clearly displayed immense natural ability that was more worthy of admiration than in any other man’. (Thucydides 1.138)
32		The north shore of Euboea on the Straits of Artemisium.
33		Olympias’ oar system, side view.
34		The three tiers of oarsmen seen from the bows.
35		Thermopylae, looking west from the area of the Middle Gate.
36		The pass in an engraving made in 1877.
37		Spartan hero figure from early 5th century.
38		The crags of Parnassus above the precinct of Athena Pronaea at Delphi.
39		Apollo in gold and ivory, Delphi.
40		The Straits of Salamis from the east.
41		Olympias’ prow and ram.
42		The Straits of Salamis from the west, Enchantress 1 in the foreground.
43		Entering the Straits past the north-east end of Psyttaleia.
44		Olympias from astern.
45		Athena triumphant.
46		View north from the skirts of Cithaeron.
47		View south from the north of the River Asopus.
48		Spartan, early 5th-century bronze statuette.
49		Hellene archer and hoplite fighting Persian cavalry, mid 5th century.
50		Archer and hoplite fighting side by side.
51		Hellene hoplite and Persian cavalryman fighting over a fallen warrior, recalling Marathon or Plataea, or both.
52		Slave, Helot or lower-class citizen carrying water or wine.
53		Barbarian cavalry against Hellene psiloi.
54		View to the east from above the site of the city of Plataea.
55		‘The Persians set aside their bows and faced up to the Hellenes, and at first the fighting was along the wall of shields … [they] were not inferior in courage or physical strength.’ (9.62)
56		The battlefield on Cape Mycale.
57		‘The Barbarians fell apart and lost any will to resist.’ (9.70)
58		Column drums built into the ramparts of the Acropolis in the autumn of 479.
59		Ostraka mass-produced by Themistocles’ political opponents.
60		Athena, patron goddess of Athens.
61		The remains of the Serpent Column in Istanbul.
62		The Serpent Column was still intact in the late 16th century.
63		Thucydides (c.455–395).