References
Abbasi, D. 2006. Americans and Climate Change: Closing the Gap between Science and Action. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, available at www.yale/edu/environment/publications.
ABI. 2005. Financial Risks on Climate Change. Association of British Insurers, Summary Report and Technical Annexes, www.abi.org.uk/climatechange.
ABN Amro. 2005. Response to Carbon Disclosure Project, www.cdproject.net.
ACF. 2006. False Profits. Australian Conservation Foundation, available at www.acf.org.au.
ACIA. 2004. Impacts of a Warming Arctic. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment [Also see S. Hassol], www.acia.uaf.edu.
Allianz AG and WWF International. 2005. Climate Change & the Financial Sector: An Agenda for Action. Gland: Allianz AG Munich and WWF International.
A. M. Best. (2006) Thinking the unthinkable: How “mega-cats” may bruise insurers. A. M. Best Special Report, May.
Ameko, A. 2004. Managing weather risk to reduce earnings volatility. Environmental Finance 6(1):56–57.
American Electric Power. 2004. www.aep.com/Environmental/performace/emissionsassessment/default.htm.
An, F., and A. Sauer. 2004. Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards around the World. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, www.pewclimate.org.
Anderson, J., T. Andreadis, C. Vossbrinck, S. Tirrell, E. Wakem, R. Frech, A. Garmendia, and H. Van Kruiningen. 2000. Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows and a Cooper’s hawk in Connecticut. Science 286(5448):2331–2333, December 17.
Aon. 2004. Annual Global Climate and Catastrophe Report: 2004. Aon Reinsurance Services. Aon. 2005. Aon Risk Bulletin 94:14, November 10.
Aon. 2006. NAIC calls for national catastrophe plan. Aon Risk Bulletin 108:7, June 1.
Austin, D., and A. Sauer. 2002. Changing Oil: Emerging Environmental Risks and Shareholder Value in the Oil and Gas Industry, World Resources Institute, www.wri.org.
Austin, D., N. Rosinski, A. Sauer, and C. le Duc. 2005. Changing Drivers, The Impact of Climate Change on Competitiveness and Value Creation in the Automotive Industry. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, www.wri.org.
Bakker, K. J. 2000. Privatising water, producing scarcity. The Yorkshire drought of 1996. Economic Geography 76(1):4–27.
Balbus, J., and M. Wilson. 2000. Human Health and Global Climate Change: A Review of Potential Impacts in the United States. Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
Ball, J. 2003. Insurers turn up Kyoto heat. Globe and Mail, May 7, p. B11.
Barrett, J., and J. Mack. 2004 Paying for their Principles? Environmental Finance, February, pp. 18–19.
Barnett, J. 2001. Security and climate change. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research working paper 5.
Barnett, T. P., D. Pierce, K. AchutaRao, P. Glecker, B. Santer, J. Gregory, and W. Washington. 2005. Penetration of human induced warming into the world’s oceans. Science 309(5732):284–287.
Barta, P. 2006. Japan coiled to push abroad for new sources of oil, gas. Globe and Mail, May 16, p. B12.
Baumert, K., T. Herzog, and J. Pershing. 2005. Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. World Resource Institute, available at www.wri.org.
Beacom, C. 2006. Yukon’s Dawson City threading on thin ice. Globe and Mail, March 6, p. A8.
Bettelheim, E. 2005/2006. The case for forestry sequestration. Environmental Finance 7(3):44–45.
Biello, D. 2004. Here come the hedge funds. Environmental Finance 5(8):16–17.
Biello, D. 2005. Institutions up the ante. Environmental Finance 6(7):14–15.
Bloom, R. 2003. Ethical funds change with the times. Globe and Mail, March 8, p. C1.
Bloomberg. 2004. Insurance industry storm losses hit $35 billion, Munich Re says. www.bloomberg.com, December 30.
Boardman, B., S. Darby, G. Killip, M. Hinnells, C. N. Jardine, J. Palmer, and G. Sinden. 2005. 40% House. Oxford: Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford.
Bodnar, P. 2006. Eligible to trade? Environmental Finance, May. Supplement: Global Carbon 2006, S51–S53.
Boyle, G., B. Everett, and J. Rammage (eds.). 2003. Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press in association with The Open University.
Boyle, G. (ed.). 2004. Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press in association with The Open University.
Bradley, R. 2005. As quoted in Talking It Through. Environmental Finance 7(2):S16.
Brennan, J., and E. Johnson. 2004. No disclosure: The feeling is mutual. Wall Street Journal, January 14.
Broecker, W. 1997. Thermohaline circulation, the Achilles heel of our climate system: Will man-made CO2 upset the current balance? Science 278:1582–1588.
Brown, M., F. Southworth, and T. Stovall. 2005. Towards a Climate-Friendly Built Environment. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, www.pewclimate.org.
Brooks, C., and M. Barnett. 2006. Priming the pump. Environmental Finance 7(5):30–31.
Bryden, H. 2005. Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25°N. Nature 438(1):655–657.
Bulleid, R. 2004–2005. Cities reach for the skies. Environmental Finance 6:3, December–January; Supplement: Low-carbon leaders—profiting from emissions reductions, 14–15.
Bulleid, R. 2005a. Henderson looks to sustainable future. Environmental Finance 6(8):5.
Bulleid, R. 2005b. Exchanges—coming to the market. Environmental Finance, May 2005. Supplement: Global Carbon 2005, S24–S27.
Bulleid, R. 2006. Planting seeds on the forecourt. Environmental Finance 7(4):19–20.
Bustillo, M. 2005. Canada OKs auto emissions pact. Los Angeles Times, March 24.
Carbon Finance. 2005–2006. Allowances need to be e 60/t for coal-to-gas switch—Citigroup. Carbon Finance 3(1):8, December–January.
Carbon Finance. 2006a. 12 U.S. states ask Supreme Court to move EPA on GHGs. Carbon Finance 3(3):8.
Carbon Finance. 2006b. European Parliament proposes separate trading scheme for aviation. Carbon Finance 3(6):7.
Carbon-financeonline.com. 2006. EU member states flout NAP deadline. June e-mail update.
Carbon Trust. 2005a. Brand Value at Risk from Climate Change. London, www.thecarbontrust.co.uk.
Carbon Trust. 2005b. Investment Trends in UK Clean Technology. London, www.thecarbontrust.co.uk.
Carl, M. P. 2006. Climate change policy beyond 2012—moving into higher gear. Presentation delivered at the EU EUROPIA Conference, London, February 16.
Carleton, W., J. Nelson, and M. Weisbach. 1998. The influence of institutions on corporate governance through private negotiations: Evidence from TIAA-CREF. Journal of Finance 53(4):1335–1362.
Cazanave, A., and R. Nerem. 2004. Present-day sea level change: Observations and causes. Review of Geophysics 42 RG3001.
CCX. (2005. CCX Quarterly 2(2):2, Fall edition, available at www.chicagoclimateexchange.com.
CEC. 2005. Winning the Battle against Global Climate Change. Commission of the European Communities, background paper.
CE Delft. 2005. Giving Wings to Emission Trading: Inclusion of Aviation under the European Emission Trading Scheme (ETS): Design and Impacts, http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/aviation_en.htm.
CEP. 2006. Reviewing the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (Part II): Priorities for Short-Term Implementation. Report of the Centre for European Policy Studies Task Force. Available at http//shop.ceps.be.
Ceres. 2004. Southern Company, TXU agree to report to shareholders on preparedness for greenhouse gases limits; Reliant energy to expand 10 k disclosure of issue. Boston, MA, press release, April 28.
Ceres. 2005a. Availability and Affordability of Insurance under Climate Change: A Growing Challenge for the U.S., June, www.ceres.org.
Ceres. 2005b. Framing Climate Risk in Portfolio Management, September, www.ceres.org.
Ceres. 2005c. U.S. companies face record number of global warming shareholder resolutions on wider range of business sectors. Boston MA, press release, February 17.
Ceres. 2005d. Institutional investors call on power sector to focus attention on financial risks from climate change. Press release, July 11.
Chalecki, E. 2002. Environmental security: A case study of climate change. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, research paper 7/23–2002, available at www.pacinst.org.
Charney, J. 1979. Carbon Dioxide and Climate. National Academy of Sciences.
Church, J., N. White, R. Coleman, R. Lambeck, and J. Mitrovica. 2004. Estimates of the regional distribution of sea level rise over the 1950–2000 period. Journal of Climate 17:2609–2625.
Citigroup. 2005. Utilities 2006: Earnings Outlook Remains Robust. www.citigroup. CF December 2005.
Claquin, T. 2004. Taking the chill out of frost. Environmental Finance 5(4):26.
Cogan, D. 2004. Unexamined Risk: How Mutual Funds Vote on Global Warming Shareholder Resolutions. December. Boston: CERES; Washington, DC: IRRC.
Cogan, D. 2006. Unexamined Risk: How Mutual Funds Vote on Global Warming Shareholder Resolutions. January. Boston: CERES; Washington, DC: IRRC.
Cook, G., and P. Zakkour. (2005) The new face of King Coal?, Environmental Finance 6(9):26–27, July–August.
Cooper, G. 2005. IPPC industry back CO2 storage. Environmental Finance 7(1):5.
Cooper, G. 2006. Not the magic ingredient. Environmental Finance 7(7):21.
Crosariol, B. (2005) Watch what your client says, or else . . . Globe and Mail, August 31, p. B7.
Curry, R., and C. Mauritzen. 2005. Dilution of the Northern North Atlantic Ocean in recent decades. Science 308(5729):1772–1774.
Danish, K. 2006. Outside the Oval Office. Environmental Finance, May, Supplement: Global Carbon 2006, S36–S37.
Davis, E. Philip. 2002. Institutional Investors, Corporate Governance and the Performance of the Corporate Sector. Institutional Investors Corporate Governance and Performance. London: Brunel University.
Davison, J., P. Freund, and A. Smith. 2001. Putting Carbon Back into the Ground. EA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, www.co2net.com/public/about/putcback.pdf.
Defra. 2004. EU emissions trading scheme. UK National Allocation Plan 2005–2007. Installations List, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK.
Defra. 2006. An Operator’s Guide to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme: the Steps to Compliance. Available at www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/trading/eu/pdf/operatorsguide.pdf.
Del Guercio, D., and J. Hawkins. 1999. The motivation and impact of pension fund activism. Journal of Financial Economics 52(1):293–340.
Dischel, R. S. 2002. Introduction to the weather market: From dawn to mid-morning, in Dischel, R. S. (ed.), Climate Risk and the Weather Market, London: Risk Books.
Dodwell, C. 2005. EU emissions trading scheme: The government perspective. Presentation made at the Conference on Carbon Finance, London, October 31–November 1.
Dohm, D., M. O’Guinn, and M. Turell. 2002. Effect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. Journal of Medical Entomology 39(1):221–225.
Dohm, D., and M. Turell. 2001. Effect of incubation at overwintering temperatures on the replication of West Nile virus in New York. Journal of Medical Entomology 38(3): 462–464.
Domenici, P. V., and J. Bingaman. 2006. Design elements of a mandatory market-based greenhouse gas regulatory system. Available at http://energy.senate.gov/public.
Dornau, R. 2006. Verification: Compliance and strategic issues. Presentation delivered at the conference on EU Emissions trading 2006, Brussels, July 10 and 11.
Dowell, G., S. Hart, and B. Yeung. 2000. Do corporate global environmental standards create or destroy market value? Management Science 46(8):1059–1074.
DrKW. 2005. Emission Trading Update: What Can Cement Companies do? Dresdner Kleinwort Wasser, London.
DrKW. 2004. Emission Trading: Cement Falls at the First Bend. Dresdner Kleinwort Wasser, London.
Ebner, D. 2005. Warm winter cools drilling season. Globe and Mail, March 14, p. B8.
Ebner, D. 2006. Critics target Enbridge pipeline. Globe and Mail, April 20, p. B6.
Eckhart, M. 2005. Renewables: Phase II. Environmental Finance 7(2):12.
Economist. 2003. In search of those elusive returns. Economist, March 22–28, pp. 65–66.
Economist. 2004a. Driven by the oil price. Economist, August 28–September 3, p. 54.
Economist. 2004b. The future’s a gas. Economist, August 28-September 3, pp. 53–54.
Economist. 2005a. Stirrings in the corn field. Economist, May 14–20, pp. 71–73.
Economist. 2005b. Feeling the heat Economist, May 14–20, p. 66.
Economist. 2005c. General Motors: That sinking feeling. Economist, November 19–25, pp. 63–64.
Economist. 2005d. Environmental economics: Are you being served? Economist, April 23–29, pp. 76–78.
Economist. 2005e. Climate change: Restricted circulation. Economist, December 3–9, pp. 46–48.
Economist. 2006a. Energy policy: The pusher-in-chief. Economist, February 4–10, p. 26.
Economist. 2006b. Ethanol: Life after subsidies. Economist, February 11–17, pp. 60–61.
Economist. 2006c. Steady as she goes: Why the world is not about to run out of oil. Economist, April 22–28, pp. 65–67.
Economist. 2006d. Arabian alchemy. Economist, June 3–9, p. 64.
Economist. 2006e. A blast from the past. Economist, February 25–March 3, p. 82.
Edwards, M. 1999. Security implications of a worst-case scenario of climate change in the southwest Pacific. Australian Geographer 30(3):311–330.
Ellisthorpe, D., and S. Putnam, 2000. Weather derivatives and their implications for power markets. Journal of Risk Finance, Winter, pp. 19–28.
Emmanuel, K. 2005. Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature 436(7051):868–688, August 4.
Enserink, M. 2002. West Nile’s surprisingly swift continental sweep. Science 397(5589), September 20, 1988–1989.
Environmental Finance. 2004. Carbon trading—five years in review. Environmental Finance, October 2004, p. 18.
Environmental Finance Online. 2005 Deal emerges in Montreal on CDM. Available at www.environmental-finance.com/onlinenews/08deccdm.htm.
Environmental Finance. 2006a. Environmental Finance Online News, March 2, 2006. Available at www.environmental-finance.com/onlinenews/02marpoi.htm.
Environmental Finance. 2006b. Data file. Emissions. SO2 spot vintage daily prices. Environmental Finance 7(8):30.
Epstein, P. 2002. Climate change and infectious disease: stormy weather ahead? Epidemiology 13:4:373–375.
Epstein, M., and E. Mills (eds.). 2005. Climate Change Futures. Boston: Harvard Medical School. Epstein, P., and C. Defilippo. 2001. West Nile virus and drought. Global Change and Human Health 2(2):105–107.
Epstein, P., H. Diaz, S. Elias, G. Grabherr, N. Graham, W. Martens, E. Mosley- Thompson, and J. Susskind. 1998. Biological and physical signs of climate change: Focus on mosquito-borne diseases. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78:409–417.
European Commission. 2004. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/malta.pdf.
European Commission. 2005. Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation. Report of Public Consultation March–May, http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/aviation_en.htm.
European Union. 2005. EU Action against Climate Change: EU Emissions Trading—an Open Scheme Promoting Global Innovation. Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/docs.htm.
Faust, E. 2006. Changing Hurricane Risk. Munich Re. Fawcett, T., A. Hurst, and B. Boardman. 2002. Carbon UK. Oxford: Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford.
Firor, J. 1990. The Changing Atmosphere: a Global Challenge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Fitch Ratings. 2004. Global Power/North America Special Report, December 7, 2004.
Ford-Jones, E. L., et al. 2002. Human surveillance for West Nile infection in Ontario in 2000, CMAJ (JAMC) 166(1):29–35.
FOE 2002. Survey of climate change disclosure in SEC filings of automobile, insurance, oil and gas, petrochemical and utilities companies. Friends of the Earth, www.foe.org.
Friedman, T. 2006. The first law of Petropolitics. Foreign Policy, May/June, pp. 28–36.
Gillenwater, M. 2005. Verification System Design for a Regional Greenhouse Gas Registry and a Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. Washington, DC: Environmental Resources Trust. Available at www.ert.net.
Girardet, H. 1992. The Gaia Atlas of Cities: New Directions for Sustainable Urban Living. New York: Anchor Books, published by Doubleday.
Goldman Sachs. 2006. www2.goldmansachs.com/our_firm/our_culture/corporate_citizenship/environmental_policy_framework/index.html.
Globe and Mail. 2006. California gives green light to solar-power subsidy. Globe and Mail. January 13, p. B8.
Gorina, N. 2006. Cooling down the hot air. Environmental Finance, May. Supplement: Global Carbon 2006, S47–S48.
Goulder, L. 2002. Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of CO2 Abatement Policies on Energy-Intensive Industries. Resources for the Future, discussion paper 02–22, www.rff.org.
Greene, D., and A. Schafer. 2003. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Transportation. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, www.pewclimate.org.
Grobbel, C., J. Maly, and M. Molitor. 2004. Preparing for a low-carbon future, The McKinsey Quarterly 4.
Griffin, M. 2006. States, feds come together on Australian climate plan. Environmental Finance 7(5):10.
Gross, R., P. Heptonstall, D. Anderson, T. Green, M. Leach, and J. Skea. 2006. The costs and impacts of intermittency: An assessment of the evidence of the costs and impacts of intermittent generation on the British electricity network. A report of the Technology and Policy Assessment Function of the UK Energy Research Centre. London: Imperial College and The Carbon Trust.
Hakkinen, S., and P. Rhines. 2004. Decline of subpolar North Atlantic circulation during the 1990s. Science 304(5670):555–559, April 23.
Hassol, S. 2004. Impacts of a Warming Arctic/Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, www.acia.uaf.edu.
Henderson Global Investors. 2005a. The Carbon 100. www.trucost.com/henderson.html.
Henderson Global Investors. 2005b. How Green Is My Portfolio. www.henderson.com/sri.
Hertzfeld, H. R., R. A. Williamson, and A. Sen, 2004. Weather satellites and the economic value of forecasts: evidence from the electric power industry. Acta Astronautica 55:791–802.
Hess, U. 2003. Helping to seed weather markets. Environmental Finance 5(1):17.
Houghton, R. A. 2003b. Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1800–2000, Tellus 55B:378–390.
IEA. 2004. Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective. International Energy Agency. IFIC. 2006. The Investment Fund Institute of Canada, ific.ca/eng/home/index.asp.
IIGCC. 2003. Climate Change and Aviation: Flying into Stormy Weather. www.iigcc.org.
IIGCC. 2004. Climate Change and Construction Materials. www.iigcc.org.
INCR 2005. INCR Call for Action, incr.com/05investorsummit/pdf/INCR05_call_for_action.pdf.
Innovest Strategic Value Advisors. 2002. Value at Risk: Climate Change and the Future of Governance, Boston: Ceres, www.ceres.org.
Innovest Strategic Value Advisors. 2003. Carbon Finance and Global Equity Markets. London: Carbon Disclosure Project, www.cdproject.net.
Innovest Strategic Value Advisors. 2004. The U.S. Electric Utility Industry, New York.
Innovest. 2005. A Review of the Current Status of Integration of Environmental Research in the Mainstream Financial Community in North America. Project number K2138-3-0011, April 18.
IPCC. 2001a. Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers. Available at www.ipcc.org.
IPCC. 2001. Third Assessment Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United National Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva.
IPCC. 2005a. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, www.ippc.ch.
IPCC. 2005b. Address of the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to the 11th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Montreal, December 7.
IPN. 2005. The Impacts of Climate Change: An Appraisal for the Future, London: International Policy Network.
Jewson, S., and Caballero, R. 2003a. Seasonality in the statistics of surface air temperature and the pricing of weather derivatives. Meteorological Applications 10(4):367–376.
Jewson, S., and Caballero, R. 2003b. The use of weather forecasts in the pricing of weather derivatives. Meteorological Applications 10(4):377–389.
Joshi, S. K. 2006. Putting the building blocks in place. Environmental Finance, May. Supplement: Global Carbon 2006, S42–S43.
JP Morgan. 2006. JP Morgan European Corporate Research, January 11.
Kanen, J. L. M. (forthcoming). Carbon Trading and Pricing: a Guide to the Factors Influencing the Price of Emission Allowances in the EU. Environmental Finance Publications.
Keeling, C. D., and T. P. Whorf. 2001. Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network, in Trends: a Compendium of Data on Global Change. Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy.
Kerr, R. 2004. A bit of icy Antarctica is sliding towards the sea. Science 305(5691):1897, September 24.
Kessels, J., and H. de Coninck. 2006. Going underground. Environmental Finance 7(7):S40–S41. Kiernan, M., and P. Dickenson. 2005. Carbon Disclosure Project 2005. Innovest Strategic Value Advisors, London.
Kiernan, M., and D. Morrow. 2005. The good news . . . and the bad. Confronting climate risk: Business, investment and the Carbon Disclosure Project. Environmental Finance, supplement, October.
Kohler, D. 2005. Insurance and carbon finance. Presentation delivered at the Carbon Finance Conference, London, October 31 and November 1.
Krauss, C. 2004. Canada reinforces its disputed claims in the Arctic. New York Times, August 29.
Krauss, C., S. Myers, A. Revkin, and S. Romero. 2005. The Great Game in a cold climate. International Herald Tribune, October 10, pp. 1, 8.
Kruse, C. 2004. Climate Change and Construction Materials. F&C Asset Management for IIGC, www.iigc.org.
Laidlaw, S. 2005. Tight supplies prompt talk of oil at $100 U.S. Toronto Star, September 2, pp. F1, 7.
Lambert, E. 2004. Spitzer strikes again, July 21, www.Forbes.com.
Lancaster, R. 2005. Aviation set to join EU ETS before 2012. Environmental Finance 7(1):5.
Lancaster, R. 2006. Asia-Pacific pact will allow emissions to double-WWF. Environmental Finance 7(4):6.
Lancaster, R., and R. Pospisil. 2006. California plans for emissions cuts as RGGI wobbles. Environmental Finance 7(3):7.
Lanciotti, R., et al. 1999. Origins of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States Science 286:2333–2337, December 17.
LeBlanc, A. 2006. AIG’s Strategy on Climate Change, presentation made at New York Hurricane Conference, July 19, 2006. Lespinard, P. 2005. Sell side rises to challenge. Environmental Finance 6(9):32.
Leyva, E., and P. Lekander. 2003. Climate change for Europe’s utilities. McKinsey Quarterly 1, February, pp. 120–131.
Liebreich, M., and B. Aydinoglu. 2005. A bright future—or a bust in the making? Environmental Finance 6(5):viii–ix.
Liese, E. 2006. Russia and Ukraine to the rescue? Environmental Finance, May. Supplement: Global Carbon 2006, S44–S45.
Lindgren, E., and R. Gustafson. 2001. Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet 358:16–18, July 7.
Ling, A., J. Waghorn, S. Forrest, and M. Lanstone. 2004. Global Energy: Introducing the Goldman Sachs Energy Environmental and Social Index. London, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research.
Lloyd’s. 2006. Climate change—adapt or bust. 360 Risk Project. Report #1: Catastrophe Trends. Available at www.lloyds.com.
MacAfee, M. 2006. Manitobans brace for Red River flooding. Globe and Mail, April 6, p. A9.
Madigan, N. 2004. Fighting West Nile in the land of 400,000 pools. New York Times, August 30, p. A9.
Mansley, M., and A. Dlugolecki. 2001. Climate Change: A Risk Management Challenge for Institutional Investors. London: University Superannuation Scheme.
Marcu, A. 2004, A wider world of carbon. Environmental Finance, April. Supplement: A Market in Carbon—Preparing for the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, pp. xxix-xxv.
Marcu, A. 2006. The business case. Environmental Finance, May. Supplement: Global Carbon 2006, S8–S9.
Martens, W., T. Jetten, and D. Focks. 1997. Sensitivity of malaria, schistosomiasis and dengue to global warming. Climate Change 35:145–156.
Mathias, A. 2003. Bankers see green. Environmental Finance, July-August, pp. 15–16.
Mathias, A. 2003–2004. IFC under fire for BTC oil pipeline loan. Environmental Finance, December–January 5.
McFarland, J. (2003). Accounting board dims stock options’ appeal. Globe and Mail, March 26, p. B2.
McGuire, B. 2004. Climate Change 2004. Benfield Research Centre.
McKenna, B. 2005. GM admits its large SUVs may be endangered species. Globe and Mail, August 31, p. B8.
Mercer Investment Consulting. 2005. A Climate for Change: A Trustee’s Guide to Understanding and Addressing Climate Change, www.mercerIC.com.
Merrill Lynch. 2005. Energy Security & Climate Change: Investing in the Clean Car Revolution, US, Europe, Korea, China, and Japan. Global Securities Research & Economics Group.
Merrill Lynch. 2006. Merrill Lynch Commodities, Carbon Market Outlook Conference Call, February 2006.
Mettler, P., F. Wellington, and G. Hartmen. 2005. Transparency Issues with the ACEA Agreement: Are Investors Driving Blindly?, World Resources Institute, www.wri.org.
Minerva, L. 2005. Presentation at Climate Change and Investment Conference, London, June 6–7.
Mittelstaedt, M. 2006. “No alarm bells” in Manitoba flooding. Globe and Mail, April 7, p. A7.
MMC Securities. 2005. The Growing Appetite for Catastrophic Risk: The Catastrophe Bond Market at Year-End 2004. Available at www.guycarp.com/portal/extranet/pdf/Cat%20Bond%20Update%20Final%20032805.pdf?vid=1.
Monks, R., and N. Minnow (eds.). 2001. Corporate Governance, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers.
Moreno, M. 2003. Weather derivatives hedging and swap illiquidity. Environmental Finance 5(1):18–19.
Morgan, G., J. Apt, and L. Lave. 2005. The U.S. Electric Power Sector and Climate Change Mitigation. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, VA. Morgan Stanley. 2005.
Morgan Stanley Equity Research Europe, October 10.
Morris, M. 2006. A partnership for action. Environmental Finance 7(5):14.
Munich Re. 2003. Perspectives: Today’s Ideas for Tomorrow’s World. Zurich: Munich Re Group.
Munich Re. 2004. Press release, December 28.
Munich Re. 2005. Annual Review of Natural Catastrophes 2004. www.munichre.com.
Munich Re. 2006. Topics Geo Annual review: Natural Catastrophes 2005.
Munich. Nasci, R., et al. 2001. West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7(4):742–744.
National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Nesbitt, S. 1994. Long-term rewards from shareholder activism: a study of the CalPERS effect. The Continental Bank Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 6(2):75–80
Nicholls, M. 2002. Not trading but hedging. Environmental Finance 3(6):14–15.
Nicholls, M. 2003. Gas utilities look to regulatory fixes. Environmental Finance 4(8):19.
Nicholls, M., 2004a. Growth at the margins. Environmental Finance 5(9):14.
Nicholls, M., 2004b. Developing country weather markets set to flower. Environmental Finance 5(9):5.
Nicholls, M. 2004c. Weather markets mood brightens (comment). Environmental Finance 5(5):2.
Nicholls, M. 2004d. First weather contracts sold in Taiwan. Environmental Finance 5(9):8.
Nicholls, M., 2004e. Hedging hotting up? Environmental Finance 5(7):14–15.
Nicholls, M., 2004f. Confounding the forecasts. Environmental Finance 6(1):22–23.
Nicholls, M. 2004–2005. New reporting requirements unveiled in UK, Germany. Environmental Finance 6(3):11, December–January.
Nicholls, M. 2005a. Carbon volumes jump, but uncertainties persist. Environmental Finance 6(8):7.
Nicholls, M. 2005b. Guaranteed weather marketing novel investment fund. Environmental Finance 7(2):5.
Nicholls, M. 2005c. Pension funds back greater reach for CDP. Environmental Finance 7:1, 6.
Nicholls, M. 2005d. World Bank faces down carbon critics. Carbon Finance 2(1):14–15.
Nicholls, M. 2006a. Analysts kept guessing on carbon prices. Environmental Finance 6(8):12.
Nicholls, M. 2006b. Montreal sees uptick in carbon market confidence. Environmental Finance 7(3):6.
Nicholls, M. 2006c. Make them pay. Environmental Finance 7(8):2.
Nicholls, M. 2006d. Defying gravity? Carbon-financeonline.com. June e-mail update.
Nicholls, M. 2006e. Preface from Carbon Funds Directory 2006. Available in hard copy and CD-ROM from www.environmental-finance.com.
Nicholls, M. 2006f. Carbon’s allure undimmed for investors. Environmental Finance 7(7):6.
Nicholls, M., and R. Bulleid. 2005. Following the money. Environmental Finance 6(7):S28–S33.
Nicholls, R., F. Hoozemans, and M. Marchand. 1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses. Global Environmental Change 9 (supplementary issue):69–87.
Nicol, K. 2005. This could be just the start. Globe and Mail, October 22, p. F2.
Norris, P. 2005. LNG: Two sides of Passamaquoddy Bay. Bangor Daily News, November 26.
NRC. 2002. Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises, Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press.
NSIDC. 2005. Sea-ice decline intensifies. (U.S.) National Snow and Ice Data Center, press release, www.nsidc.com.
Odinga, R. 2006. We can’t solve poverty until we stop climate change, The Independent, May 16, p. 39.
OECD. 1999. Institutional Investors: Statistical Yearbook. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
O’Hearne, B. 2004. Construction, come rain or shine. Environmental Finance 5(10):28–29.
O’Hearne, B. 2005. Weather risk—the market’s onward march. Environmental Finance 7(2):16.
Palter, R. 2003. Private Equity Canada 2002: Outlook, Challenges, and Implications. Toronto, McKinsey and Company.
Pardo, A., V. Meneu, and E. Valor. 2002. Temperature and seasonality influences on Spanish electricity load. Energy Economics 24:55–70.
Parker, N., and A. O’Rourke. 2006. A new investment category emerges. Environmental Finance 7(5):20–21.
Pascual, M., X. Rodo, S. Ellner, R. Colwell, and J. Bouma. 2000. Cholera dynamics and El Niño-southern oscillations, Science 289(5485):1766–1769.
Peters, R., N. Shariff, and J. Whitmore. 2005. National inspirer, Alternatives Journal 31(4):5.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change. 2004. Taking Climate Change into Account in U.S. Transportation. In Brief, number 6, available at www.pewclimate3.org.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change 2005a. State and Local News. Available from http://www.pewclimate.org/.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change. 2005b. What’s being done in the States. Press release, www.pewclimate.org.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change. 2006. Agenda for Climate Action, available at www.pewclimate3.org.
Point Carbon. 2005. Online newsletter for November 1, 2005. Summary available from www.pointcarbon.com.
Point Carbon. 2006a. Carbon 2006 Annual Report.
Point Carbon. 2006b. Carbon Market Europe. Online newsletter for August 11.
Point Carbon. 2006c. Online newsletter for March 28.
Point Carbon. 2006d. Online newsletter for March 20.
Point Carbon 2006e. Online newsletter for February 17.
Point Carbon. 2006f. Available at www.pointcarbon.com/Home/News/All%20-news/article14227-703.html.
Pospisil, R. 2006. California plans 3,000MW solar programme. Environmental Finance 7(4):5.
Post, L. 2004. Power companies feel the heat: eight states and NYC sue power companies over global warming. National Law Journal, August 2.
PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2005. Under Pressure: Utilities Global Survey 2005, www.pwc.com.
PricewaterhouseCoopers and Enerpresse. 2003. Climate Change and the Power Industry. www.pwcglobal.com.
PricewaterhouseCoopers and Enerpresse. 2002. Climate Change and the Power Industry. www.pwcglobal.com.
Pullan, R. 2005. Europe’s clean technology revolution. Environmental Finance 6(5):vi-vii.
Repetto, R. 2003. Environmental management in the electric utility sector, Corporate Environmental Strategy, January.
Rescalvo, M. 2006. Making the numbers add up. Environmental Finance, May. Supplement: Global Carbon 2006, S14–S15.
Richardson, A., and D. Schoeman. 2004. Climate impact on plankton ecosystems in the Northeast Atlantic. Science, 305(5690):1609–1612, September 10.
Rignot, E., and R. Thomas. 2002. Mass balance of polar ice sheets. Science 297(5586):1502–1506.
Rignot, E., and P. Kanagaratnam. 2006. Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland ice sheet. Science 311(5763):986–989.
Ritch, J. (2006) An atomic future? Environmental Finance 7(7): 21.
Roberts, J. 2002. Weather risk management in the alternative risk transfer market, in R. S. Dischel (ed.), Climate Risk and the Weather Market, London: Risk Books.
Rundell, S. 2006. UBS launches biofuel index. Environmental Finance 7(5):8.
Sandor, R., 2004a. SO2 emissions allowances—anatomy of a mature market. Environmental Finance 5(9):13.
Sandor, R. 2004b. An economist’s progress. Environmental Finance, October, 12–14.
Sandor, R. 2005. Beyond Kyoto: Some thoughts on the past, present and future. Environmental Finance 6(10):12–13.
Sauer, A., and F. Wellington. 2004. Taking the (High) Fuel Economy Road: What Do the New Chinese Fuel Economy Standards Mean for Foreign Automakers?, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, www.wri.org.
Saunders, D. 2006. Europe awakes to dependence on Russian gas. Globe and Mail, January 9, p. B7.
Saunderson, E. 2001. Stream flow deals quicken. Environmental Finance 3(1):15–16.
Saunderson, E. 2004a. Looking beyond the energy sector. Environmental Finance 5(5):14–15.
Saunderson, E. 2004b. Wind farmers turn to hedges. Environmental Finance 5(6):13.
Saunderson, E. 2004c. Exchanges eye emissions, weather contracts. Environmental Finance 5(5):5.
Sijm, J. P. M., S. J. A. Bakker, Y. Chen, H. W. Harmsen, and W. Lise. 2005. CO2 price dynamics: The implications of EU emissions trading for the price of electricity. Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN). Available at www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2005/c05081.pdf.
Silver, N., and A. Dlugolecki. 2006. The day before tomorrow. Environmental Finance 7(4):28–29.
Smith, M. 1996. Shareholder activism by institutional investors: Evidence from CalPERS. Journal of Finance 51(1):227–252.
Snow, R., C. Guerra, A. Noor, H. Myint, and S. Hay. 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434:214–217.
Sohn, J. 2004. NGO spotlight shifts to private sector. Environmental Finance, February, pp. 20–21.
Stanwick, S., and P. Stanwick. 2000. The relationship between environmental disclosure and financial performance: An empirical study of U.S. firms. Eco- Management and Auditing 7:155–164.
Statistics Canada. 2006. www.statcan.ca. Sterlicchi, J. 2006. Investors look to the states. Environmental Finance 7(5):22–23.
Stern, N. 2006. The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change, www.sternreview.org.uk.
Stewart, S. 2005. Insurers take a category 5 hit in the pocket book. Globe and Mail, October 27, pp. B1, 26.
Stripple J. 2002. “Climate Change as a Scarcity Issue” (Chapter 5) in Page, E., and M Redclift (eds.) Security and the Environment: International Comparisons, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Strömberg, L., M. von Gyllenpalm, and S. Görtz. 2005. Emission-free power. Environmental Finance 7(2):S47–S48.
Sustainability. 2005. Risk and Opportunity: Best Practice in Non-Financial Reporting, www.sustainability.com/risk-opportunity.
Sweeney, G. 2006. Intermittency is no barrier to development. Presentation made at the launch of the UKERC Intermittency Report, UK Energy Research Centre, London, April 5.
Swiss Re. 1996. Rethinking Risk Financing. Zurich: Swiss Re.
Swiss Re. 2001. Capital Market Innovation in the Insurance Industry. Zurich: Swiss Re.
Swiss Re. 2003. The Picture of ART. Zurich: Swiss Re.
Swiss Re. 2005. Natural and Man-Made Catastrophes 2004. Zurich: Swiss Re.
Swiss Re. 2006a. Natural Catastrophes and Man-made Disasters 2005, Swiss Re, Sigma No. 2.
Swiss Re. 2006b. Insurance-linked securities market update, March. Available at http://www.swissre.com.
Takingstock. 2003. www.takingstock.org/Downloads/Case_Study2-Woking.pdf.
Thomas, R., E. Rignot, G. Casassa, P. Kanagaratnam, C. Acuna, T. Akins, et al. 2005. Accelerated sea-level rise from West Antarctica. Science 306(5694): 255–258.
Thomas, S. 2005–2006. Looking beyond the OFR. Environmental Finance 7(3):22, December–January.
Transport for London. 2005. Annual Report 2004/05. Available at www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/pdfdocs/annrep-04-05.pdf.
Trucost. 2004. Emissions Trading and European Aviation. London, www.trucost.com.
UBS. 2003. European Emissions Trading Scheme: Bonanza or Bust? www.unepfi.org.
UKCIP. 2003. Climate Adaptation: Risk, Uncertainty and Decision-making, May.
UNEP. 2005b. Geo Year Book 2004/5: An Overview of Our Changing Climate. United Nations Environment Programme, www.unep.org/geo/yearbook.
UNEPFI. 2002. CEO Briefing: Key Findings of the UNEP’s Finance Initiatives Study, www.UNEPFI.org.
UNEPFI. 2005a. A Legal Framework for the Integration of Environmental, Social and Governance Issues into Institutional Investment. Available at www.UNEPFI.org.
Union of Concerned Scientists. 2005. Renewable Energy Tax Credit Saved Once Again, but Boom-Bust Cycle in Wind Industry Continues. Union of Concerned Scientist, www.ucsusa.org.
United States Senate. 2006. Letter to the President, June 29, 2006.
University of East Anglia. Climatic Research Unit Information Sheets, www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming.
U.S. Climate Change Science Program. 2006. Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences. U.S Climate Change Science Program, Synthesis and Assessment Product 1.1, available at www.climatescience.gov.
Vallely, P. 2006. Africa will suffer most from climate change. The Independent, May 16, p. 4.
WBCSD. 1998. Industry, Fresh Water and Sustainable Development. World Business Council on Sustainable Development, April.
WBCSD. 2005. The Cement Sustainability Progress Report, World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Geneva, www.wbcsd.org.
WCBSD and WRI. 2004. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol. A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. Revised edition. Available at http://www.ghgprotocol.org/DocRoot/DVrpAGhiJbdwkONJSrse/Brochure.pdf.
Weather Risk Management Association (WRMA). 2005. Results of 2005 PwC Survey, November 9, www.wrma.org.
Webster, P. J., G. Holland, J. Curry, and H-R Chang. 2005. Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration and intensity in a warming environment. Science 309 (5742):1844–1846.
Weiss, M., J. Heywood, E. Drake, A. Shaferand, and F. Au Yeung. 2000. On the Road in 2020: A Lifecycle Analysis of New Automobile Technologies. MIT Energy Laboratory Report #MIT EL 00–003 Cambridge, MA. October.
Wellington, F., and A. Sauer. 2005. Framing Climate Risk in Portfolio Management. Ceres and World Resources Institute.
White, R. R. 2001. Catastrophe options: An experiment in the management of catastrophic risk in the United States. Journal of Environmental Management 62(3):323–326, July.
WHO. 2003. Climate Change and Human Health: Risks and Responses, Geneva, World Health Organization.
Wilgoren, J. 1999. New York City mosquito control is weak and late, experts say. New York Times, September 8.
Williams, E., and M. Kittel. 2004, Accession countries—Eastern promise. Environmental Finance, April. Supplement: A Market in Carbon—Preparing for the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, pp. xxviii-xxix.
Willis, M., M. Wilder, and P. Curnow. 2006. Powering renewables with carbon. Environmental Finance 7(6):26–27.
Wilson, M. L. 2001. Ecology and infectious disease, in Aron, J. L. and J.A. Patz (eds.), Ecosystem Change and Public Health: A Global Perspective. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp. 283–324.
Woking Borough Council. 2003. www.woking.gov.uk.
Woodruff, R., C. Guest, M. Garner, N. Becker, J. Lindesay, T. Carvan, and K. Ebi. 2002. Predicting Ross River virus epidemics from regional weather data. Epidemiology 13(4):384–393.
World Bank. 2006. Carbon Finance at the World Bank. Frequently Asked Questions: What Is Carbon Finance? Available at www.carbonfinance.org.
World Bank. Carbon Finance Business, available at www.carbonfinance.org.
World Bank and IETA. 2006. State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2006. Paper presented at the 2006 Carbon Expo, Cologne.
WRI and Merrill Lynch. 2005. Energy Security and Climate Change: Investing in the Clean Car Revolution, www.wri.org.
Wrighton, J. 2005. Knight aims lance at Suez. Wall Street Journal Europe, May 5, p. M1.
Yergin, D. 2006. Ensuring energy security, Foreign Affairs, March/April. Also available at www.cera.com.
York, G. 2006. Blowout in Bangladesh: One company’s hard lessons of doing business in a poor land. Globe and Mail, April 1, pp. B1, B4–5.
Zaman, P., and C. Brown. (2005) Ensuring that you buy clean air and not hot air under CDM Emission Reduction Project Agreements. Presentation delivered at the Carbon Finance Conference, London, October 31 and November 1.
Zapfel, P. 2006. EU ETS Review—evolution of the scheme beyond 2012. Presentation delivered at the conference on EU Emissions trading 2006, Brussels, July 10 and 11.
Zeng, L., 2000. Weather derivatives and weather insurance: concept, application and analysis. Journal of the American Meteorological Society 81(9): 2075–2082, September.