8 Ibid.
9 Lai, Finanze vaticane, 77.
10 Michael Sheridan, “Vatican Ends Archbishop’s Scandalous Reign,” The Independent (London), March 10, 1989, 10.
11 Alan Riding, “U.S. Prelate Not Indicted in Italy Bank Scandal,” The New York Times, April 30, 1989, 22.
12 Marcinkus quoted in Tully and Dorion, “The Vatican’s Finances,” Fortune.
13 “Vatican Bank Gets New Supervising Council,” United Press International, Vatican City, BC cycle, June 20, 1989.
14 Caloia interviewed in Galli Financial News, Finanza bianca, 132.
15 Angelo Pergolini, “Dimenticare Marcinkus,” Espansione, November 1, 1988, n. 222. Philippe de Weck, the UBS president, convinced Casaroli that Caloia should chair the IOR’s lay supervisory council. See also Lai, Finanze vaticane, 79–80.
16 Most press accounts of Bodio’s appointment incorrectly reported that he was the first layman to head the IOR. That overlooked both Nogara and Maillardoz. Typical was the coverage in “First Layman Named to Lead Vatican Bank,” Chicago Tribune, March 18, 1990, 20; and “Vatican Names New Director of Bank,” Associated Press, International News, Vatican City, A.M. cycle, March 17, 1990
17 See generally “Ambrosiano Crash: 35 on Trial in Milan,” Australian Financial Review, May 30, 1990, 57.
18 See Lai, Finanze vaticane, 81, n. 45; see also Charles Ridley, “Archbishop Marcinkus Resigns from Vatican Service,” United Press International, International News, Vatican City, BC cycle, October 30, 1990.
19 Marcinkus quoted in Victor L. Simpson, “Former Vatican Bank Head Returning to United States,” Associated Press, International News, Vatican City, P.M. cycle, October 30, 1990.
20 Memo from Interpol Washington to Justice, Memo of Conversation, 2003/04/05755, 23 April 2003, 450PM, FOIA release to author.
21 Author interview with Peter K. Murphy, January 31, 2014.
22 Marcinkus quoted in Clyde Haberman, “Former Head of Vatican Bank Retires,” The New York Times, October 31, 1990, A3.
23 Margalit Fox, “Archbishop Marcinkus, 84, Banker at the Vatican, Dies,” The New York Times, February 22, 2006; John Hooper, “Luigi Mennini: Shadow Over the Vatican,” The Guardian, August 14, 1997, 14. Author request for information to the Archdiocese of Chicago, December 18, 2013.
1 Hebblethwaite, Pope John Paul II and the Church, 104-7; Willey, God’s Politician, 196-97; Hoffman, Anatomy of the Vatican, 237–41.
2 Ibid., Galli, 93.
3 Caloia interviewed in Ibid., 89.
4 During his tenure at the Vatican, Dardozzi had acted as registrar of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, a member of the board of directors of the Libreria Editrice Vaticana, and an auditor of the Pontifical Council for Culture. Lai, Finanze vaticane, 78. See Sandro Magister, “All the Denarii of Peter. Vices and Virtues of the Vatican Bank,” L’Espresso, June 15, 2009.
5 Statement of an anonymous witness to television journalist Paolo Mondani, reported in Willan, The Vatican at War, location 5338-5392 of 6371.
6 There is some evidence that the Spellman Foundation account dated back to the 1960s and this was merely the opening of a new account (IOR number 001-3-14774-C). Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 39; Willan, The Vatican at War, location 5301 of 6371.
7 Photocopy of the account application, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, Ufficio Amministrativo, June 15, 1987, stating that the De Bonis was managing the account on behalf of Andreotti. Reproduced in Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 41.
8 Giacomo Galeazzi, “Karol Wojtyla and the Secrets of Vatican Finances,” Vatican Insider, La Stampa, June 6, 2011. De Bonis later changed it so that any proceeds went only to charity, but by then the account was depleted. Last Will and Testament of Donato De Bonis, in Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 39, 42, 143.
9 €26.4 million, see Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 43. Fifty billion lire transferred in, and 43 billion out, in Philip Willan, “The Vatican’s Dirty Secrets: Bribery, Money Laundering and Mafia Connections,” AlterNet, June 4, 2009.
10 Willan, The Vatican at War, location 5320 of 6371; Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 42.
11 Nuzzi describes the charitable contributions from the Spellman account as “marginal.” Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 45; see also Willan, The Vatican at War, location 5320–25 of 6371.
12 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 44, 47. When de Bonis escorted account holders up the staircase in the Nicholas V Tower, he told them they were “closer to heaven.” Curzio Maltese, in collaboration with Carlo Pontesilli and Maurizio Turco, “Scandal, Intrigue and Mystery: The Secrets of the Vatican Bank,” translated by Graeme A. Hunter, La Repubblica, January 26, 2008.
13 A new word, tangentopoli, roughly translated as bribsesville, was coined to describe the entire episode. Alan Cowell, “Web of Scandal: Broad Bribery Investigation Is Ensnaring the Elite of Italy,” Special Report, The New York Times, March 3, 1993, A1; see also Jean-Louis de la Vaissiere, “Clean Hands Probe Enters Its Third Year,” Agence France-Presse, International News, Rome, February 15, 1994.
14 The 1992 directive is quoted in Nuzzi, Vatican S.p.A., 47, 165, citing from the “reminder to the Board of Superintendence” of February 1994, signed “VP.” Those initials belong to Vincenzo Perrone, an IOR consultant and self-described confidant of Angelo Caloia.
15 Caloia interviewed in Galli, Finanza bianca, 149.
16 Maltese, “Scandal, Intrigue and Mystery.”
17 Ibid.
18 Magister, “All the Denarii of Peter. Vices and Virtues of the Vatican Bank.” See also Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 45, 53–58.
19 Ibid., Nuzzi, 48.
20 Angelo Caloia quoted in ibid., 146.
21 Ibid., 62.
22 Among them was the Cardinal Francis Spellman Foundation, Account No. 001-3-14774-C; the Augustus Louis Jonas Foundation, Account No. 001-3-16764-G; St. Seraphim Fund, Account 001-3-17178; the Mama Roma Fund for the Fight Against Leukemia, Account 001-3-15924; the Rome Charity Fund, Account No. 051-3-10054; Our Lady of Lourdes Fund, Account No. 051-3-02370; Holy House of Loreto, Account No. 001-3-16899; Sanctuary of Loreto and Sacro Monte di Varese, Account No. 051-3-10840; St. Martin Fund, Account No. 001-3-14577; Tumedei and Alina Casalis, Accounts No. 051-1-03972, 051-6-04425, and 051-3-05620; and one account listed without a number, Sisters of Divine Providence-Bisceglie.
23 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 145.
24 Ibid., 57–58.
25 Ibid., 68. Those nuns were moved to the Santa Chiara nunnery, at Bisceglie. Years later (2007), the Sisters were embroiled in news reports of fierce, sometimes even violent fights over whether the convent’s monastic lifestyle should change. The mother superior, Sister Liliana, dispatched a letter to Pope Benedict, pleading with him in vain to intervene and to restore some order among her fellow nuns. John Hooper, “Nun Sends Plea to Pope over Unholy Row in Convent,” The Guardian, October 3, 2007, 19.
26 Handwritten letter, Angelo Caloia to Stanislaw Dziwisz, August 5, 1992, reproduced in Vaticano S.p.A., 50.
27 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 68–70, also citing the independent investigative work of freelance journalist Gianni Lannes.
28 Enzo D’Errico, “Uno sponsor politico per ogni farmaco,” Corriere della Sera, October 27, 1993, 11.
29 Galli, Finanza bianca, 133, 149; Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 67.
30 Caloia interviewed in Galli, Finanza bianca, 133.
31 Alessandro Speciale, “Unmasking the Vatican’s Bank,” Global Post, January 25, 2011.
32 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 63; see the typed one-page document attached to the letter from Caloia to Pope John Paul II, reproduced in Vaticano S.p.A., 66; Galeazzi, “Karol Wojtyla and the Secrets of Vatican Finances.”
33 Michael Hornblow, the American diplomat stationed at the Vatican for several years, explained that everything in the city-state played out in slow motion: “A word I heard constantly was pazienza [patience].” Author interview with Michael Hornblow, January 28, 2014.
34 “Bishop Indicted in Ambrosiano Case,” Associated Press, Business News, Rome, A.M. cycle, April 21, 1992.
35 Bruce Johnston, “Quietly among the sound and fury of falling politicians, a court case has opened that could finally explode the Italian timebomb,” South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), March 8, 1993, 17.
36 Raw, The Moneychangers, citing the March 24, 1992 report of Rome Investigating Magistrate, Mario Almerighi, 478; see also James Moore and Bruce Johnston, “Murder Squad Revisit Roberto Calvi Following the Testimony of Mafia Supergrasses in Rome, Police in London Have Opened a Murder Inquiry into the 1982 Death of the Banker,” The Daily Telegraph (London), October 4, 2003, 36.
37 “Rome: Slovak Bishop Given Three-Year Sentence,” The Tablet, April 10, 1993, 10; see also “$4M Vatican Payout,” Sunday Mail (QLD), May 10, 1992. Some estimates are that Hnilica paid between $3 and $6 million for Calvi’s briefcase. See Philip Willan, The Vatican at War: From Blackfriars Bridge to Buenos Aires (Bloomington, IN: iUniverse Books, 2013), Kindle edition, 154 of 6371.
38 Raw, The Moneychangers, citing De Leo, 478; see also Johnston, “Quietly among the sound and fury of falling politicians, a court case has opened that could finally explode the Italian timebomb,” and A. G. D. Maran, Mafia: Inside the Dark Heart (New York: Random House, 2011), 25–26.
39 Viyiane Hewitt, “Rome Court Opens Vatican Row,” The Catholic Herald (UK), October 27, 1989, 1; see also “Rome: Slovak Bishop Given Three-Year Sentence,” The Tablet. Additional evidence cast doubt on Hnilica’s initial defense that the signatures had been faked. After the first two checks totaling 600 million lire ($500,000), Hnilica had signed and delivered an additional twelve checks totaling $700,000 to Lena. See Hutchison, Their Kingdom Come, 331–32.
40 “Czech Cigarettes,” USA Today, April 23, 1992, 10B; see also Hutchison, Their Kingdom Come, 330–338.
41 The prosecutors had hoped to prove that the trio had conspired to shake down the Vatican. But the finger pointing made for a confusing trial that worked to the benefit of the defendants. At its conclusion, all three were convicted of Article 648 of the Criminal Code, the knowing receipt of stolen goods. Carboni got the maximum of five years, Hnilica received three years, and Lena got two and a half. According to author Robert Hutchison, all three verdicts were “later overturned because of ‘faulty legal procedure.’ ” Author Philip Willan writes that “The verdict would later be overturned on appeal, Italy’s highest court ruling that there was no evidence that the briefcase had not originally been entrusted to Carboni by Calvi of his own free will.” Willan, The Vatican at War, 3169-3171 of 6371; Hutchison, Their Kingdom Come, 338. As for the sentences, see “Rome: Slovak Bishop Given Three-Year Sentence,” The Tablet. See also Richard Owen, “ ‘God’s Banker’ to be exhumed: Murder or Suicide? Mafia-linked financier’s death still a mystery,” Calgary Herald (Alberta, Canada), December 16, 1998, A11.
42 The church was strangely silent during this time about some matters that would have seemed natural for the type of activism for which John Paul had earned an early reputation. On September 15, on his fifty-sixth birthday, Father Guiseppe Puglisi was murdered at point-blank range in front of his Palermo parish. Puglisi had for three years spearheaded a campaign against the Mafia. His public execution prompted calls by Sicilian clergy for the Pope to attend the funeral. But to their disappointment, he did not go to the memorial mass for the slain priest. The Vatican did not even send a representative. And the Pope issued no statement condemning the Mafia and its corrosive influence in Italian society.
43 Galli, Finanza bianca, 76; Magister, “The Pope’s Banker Speaks”; see also Lai, Finanze vaticane, 86.
44 Magister, “All the Denarii of Peter. Vices and Virtues of the Vatican Bank.”
45 Reese, Inside the Vatican, 206–8.
46 Magister, “All the Denarii of Peter. Vices and Virtues of the Vatican Bank.” See also Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 150. In their first meeting, Castillo Lara did not think Caloia was paying enough attention to him and interrupted the banker in front of a packed room: “Look, I’m not here just to shine shoes.” The most Caloia later admitted publicly was that he was “not close” to Castillo Lara because “he was surrounded by members of the old system.” Angelo Caloia interviewed in Galli, Finanza bianca, 152.
47 Berry, Render Unto Rome, 103, 162, 175, 278, 336–39; Author faxes to Father Federico Lombardi, September 2013.
48 Berry, Render Unto Rome, 100–104, 181, 184, 186.
49 Ibid., 184-85. That arrest had prompted media speculation about whether the church was on the verge of getting sucked further into the ever-expanding criminal web unraveling in Italy. Even the National Catholic Reporter noted, “The level of church involvement depends on how rigorously one can draw the distinction between ‘Catholics’ and ‘the church.’ ” Peter Hebblethwaite, “Scandal in Rome Has Buffeted the Church; Italian Political Corruption Purges,” National Catholic Reporter March 26, 1993, 16.
50 Caloia to Sodano, Memo, July 27, 1993, quoted in Magister, “All the Denarii of Peter. Vices and Virtues of the Vatican Bank.” And in Nuzzi, Vatican S.p.A., 101n12. Also Caloia, who thought Sodano was “a person of exceptional trust and humanity,” realized from their conversation that they “would never agree on the mission of the IOR.” Angelo Caloia interviewed in Galli, Finanza bianca, 152.
51 Author interview with a former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013.
52 Alessandro Bonanno and Douglas H. Constance, Stories of Globalization: Transnational Corporations, Resistance, and the State (University Park, PA: Penn State Press, 2010), 88–89; See also John Tagliabue, “In a Courtroom in Milan, Italian Society Is on Trial,” The New York Times, February 6, 1994.
53 Recounted by Caloia in Galli, Finanza bianca, 159–60; Paddy Agnew, “Vatican Pledges to Help Bribes Inquiry,” The Irish Times, October 18, 1993, 10; see also John Glover, “New Suicide Stuns Italy,” The Guardian, July 24, 1993, 1; Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 84–85.
54 Galli, Finanza bianca, 159–60; Willan, The Vatican at War, location 5320 of 6371; see also Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 43. Before he met the prosecutors, Caloia talked to one of his trusted IOR lieutenants, Monsignor Dardozzi. The bank was once again, he told the cleric, “in the shit.” Maltese, “Scandal, Intrigue and Mystery.”
55 Paddy Agnew, “Illegal Funds Hint Soils the Image of the ‘Clean’ League,” The Irish Times, November 25, 1993, 10; Maltese, Pontesilli, and Turco, “Scandal, Intrigue and Mystery; The Secrets of the Vatican Bank”; Launch Ansa, “P2 Lodge: List Names,” May 21, 1981, Fasc. 020203, Group 6, cited in Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 100n4, Dr. Luigi Bisignani, Rome, Code E. 1977, Card 1689 date Init. 1.1.1977, date scad. 31.12.1980.
56 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 76, 84. That account, 001-3-16764-G, was opened on October 11, 1990.
57 Obituary, George E. Jonas, Poughkeepsie Journal (New York), August 27, 1978, D6; see Gianni Barbacetto, “Luigi Bisignani, l’uomo che college,” Il Fatto Quotidiano, March 8, 2011.
58 Andrea Gagliarducci, “I.O.R., Is Something Going to Change?” MondayVatican: Vatican at a Glance, June 6, 2011; Galli, Finanza bianca, 163.
59 Gagliarducci, “I.O.R., is Something Going to Change?” Galli, Finanza bianca, 163.
60 Letters from Caloia to Sodano, October 5 and October 20, 1993, in Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 99, 101.
61 Angelo Caloia interviewed in Galli, Finanza bianca, 151; see also Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 80; and see also “Vatican Bank Director,” Newsday, March 18, 1990, 12. Antonio Chiminello is still at the Vatican. On April 30, 2012, Pope Francis, only six weeks into his Papacy, promoted Chiminello from the consultor of the prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See to become the vice director of the Auditors Office of Vatican City State.
62 Bonifaci opened three accounts: No. 91003 on July 11, 1991, immediately after that No. 001-3-17624, and on August 12, 1992, No. 001-6-02660 –Y. All were to “to allow the application of special rates” so they could earn the IOR’s highest interest rate, and Bodio approved all.
63 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 153.
64 David Agazzi, “Gibellini: Sorry for the IOR in the dirt and no more secrets,” L4B Local ANSO, May 30, 2012. Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 164–66, showing for example the memo to the IOR board of supervisory oversight, February 18, 1994, from “VP.”
65 Agnew, “Vatican Pledges to Help Bribes Inquiry,”10; Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 84–85, 121.
66 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 97–98.
67 Ibid., 99. As suspicious as Caloia was of Cardinal Castillo-Lara, he also did not trust Castillo’s chief financial aide inside APSA, Monsignor Robert Devine. Devine was a successful Canadian private businessman who turned from earning outsized profits to tending for the sick and giving away most of his personal fortune. He became a priest at fifty-two and landed in Rome as Castillo Lara’s investment advisor inside APSA in 1991. As far as Caloia was concerned, Devine might be a talented investor but he was all too willing to second the cardinal’s position that “no disclosure was the best policy.” See generally Alfred LeBlanc and Mark Anderson, “Devine Intervention,” The Financial Post (Toronto), The Magazine, February 1, 1996, 18.
68 Emilio Colombo quoted as part of a “recent unpublished evidence” in Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 95; Colombo had been Foreign Minister when the tug-of-war played out in the early 1980s over the Marcinkus arrest warrants.
69 Peter Semler, “Berlusconi Decree Shackles Top-Level Corruption Probe,” The Sunday Times (London), July 17, 1994.
70 Author interview with former official in the Secretary of State’s office, November 2013.
71 Ibid. Monsignor Dardozzi felt as if they were all on the deck of the Titanic, talking about how terrible an accident the ship had just had with an iceberg, but nobody was doing anything to save the sinking vessel, Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 87. The good news for Caloia by the fall of 1993 was that Pietro Ciocci, who had cosigned some of the questionable De Bonis accounts, as well as Monsignor Carmine Recchia, the chief of the IOR archive, and a close De Bonis ally, were also transferred from the bank. One of the IOR’s supervisory lay commission members, former UBS chairman Philippe de Weck, suggested that a fix to all the IOR’s battered image was to simply change its name in order to “clearly break with the past.” That got no backing.
72 Peter Hebblethwaite, “Vatican Bank Scandal Reappears in Venezuela,” National Catholic Reporter, December 24, 1993.
73 Ibid.
74 Galli, Finanza bianca, 163–64.
75 Author interview with a former official in the Secretary of State’s office, November 2013.
76 “Trial Testimony: Scandal Figures Turned to Vatican Bank,” Associated Press, International News, Milan, December 13, 1993; Piero Valsecchi, “Financier Sentenced to 8 Years for Kickback Scandal,” Associated Press Worldstream, International News, Milan, April 28, 1994.
77 See John Tagliabue, “In a Courtroom in Milan, Italian Society is on Trial,” The New York Times, February 6, 1994.
78 “Alleged Money Courier: Funds Carried to Vatican Bank,” Associated Press, International News, Milan, A.M. cycle, January 12, 1994.
79 Bonanno and Constance, Stories of Globalization, 98.
80 Caloia to Sodano, March 1 1994, citied in Willan, The Vatican at War, 324–25. See also John Tagliabue, “In a Courtroom in Milan, Italian Society Is on Trial,” The New York Times, February 6, 1994, A3.
81 Gagliarducci, “I.O.R., is Something Going to Change?”
82 Bonanno and Constance, Stories of Globalization, 97.
83 Willan, The Vatican at War, location 5356 of 6371.
84 Author interview with a former consultant to the IOR, identity withheld at his request, in Rome, September 30, 2013.
85 Maltese, “Scandal, Intrigue and Mystery; The Secrets of the Vatican Bank.”
86 Ibid. See also “Mobster Laundered Cash at Vatican Bank,” Daily Telegraph, July 9, 1998, 6.
87 “Vatican Rejects Claim of Bank Links to Mafia,” The Herald (Glasgow), November 18, 1994, 9.
88 Rosario Spatola quoted in “Witness Accuses Marcinkus of Laundering $6.5m of Mafia Money,” The Irish Times, November 18, 1994, 14.
89 Castillo Lara quoted in “The Vatican Denies That Cardinal Rosalio Castillo Lara was Involved in Money Laundering for the Mafia,” Daily Record, November 18, 1994, 19; “Cardinal Denies Turncoat’s Account of Money Laundering,” Associated Press Worldstream, International News, Rome, November 17, 1994.
90 Maltese, Pontesilli, and Turco, “Scandal, Intrigue and Mystery; The Secrets of the Vatican Bank.”
91 Magister, “All the Denarii of Peter. Vices and Virtues of the Vatican Bank.”
92 Galli, Finanza bianca, 151.
93 “Vatican in Black for Third Successive Year,” Agence France-Presse, International News, Vatican City, June 19, 1996.
94 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 194–95.
95 March 16, 1994, letter from Caloia to Pope John Paul II, reprinted in its entirety in Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 195–97.
96 Caloia quoted in Antonio Macaluso, “Il risanamento raccontato dal president Angelo Caloia ‘Con questa cura ho guarito lo IOR,’ ” Corriere della Sera, March 27, 1995.
97 Philip Willan, “Papal Aide Tried to Swindle €99m From Inheritance Left by Vatican land baron,” The Times (London), July 22, 2014.
98 The Foundation Gerini was IOR account 90970; see Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 173–74,188, n. 12. A memo prepared contemporaneously by Dardozzi says: “A lawyer is trying to induce the IOR to use its good offices to get his fee paid by the foundation and is being wound together with a sum for ‘things to accommodate’ with the other heirs (grandchildren) of Gerini. He (the lawyer) insinuates that in Montevideo (in a bank) would be lying a large (but impregnable) amount that would have connection with the characters of the former Banco Ambrosiano and Gerini.”
99 Ibid., 174–75.
100 “ ‘Così mi truffarono’ Salesiani, Bertone sentito in Vaticano «Così mi truffarono»,” Corriere della Sera, April 19, 2013; “Salesian Congregation Faces Bankruptcy After Losing Case,” Rome, Agence France-Press, November 28, 2012; Philip Willan, “Papal Aide Tried to Swindle €99m from Inheritance Left by Vatican Land Baron,” The Times (London), July 22, 2014.
101 Ibid., 175–78, 189.
102 Letter addressed from Caloia to Sodano, February 1, 1996: “Everything is silent on the front of Father Izzi. The ill-will of the religious order, however, confirmed by small episodes, such as the one that led me to try to collect a check for ten million on a BNL account that we knew had been closed for some time.”
103 Caloia to Sodano, February 1, 1996, cited in Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 176.
104 See generally “Money Laundering: Unequal Fight,” Spotlight Section, No. 243, Intelligence Newsletter, June 23, 1994.
105 See “History of the FATF” at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/pages/aboutus/historyofthefatf/; and “Who Are We” at http://www.fatf-gafi.org.
106 Nuzzi, Vaticano S.p.A., 33.
1 Paddy Agnew, “Trial of Sicilian Archbishop on Fraud and Corruption Charges Adjourned,” The Irish Times, February 27, 1997, 10.
2 “The central and key point in the IOR is the conservation and management of money and resources entrusted to the institution, in order to enhance and fund religious entities, according to the need of ecclesiastical bodies, religious orders, dioceses and missions, all the while excluding speculation and unethical financial transactions.” Angelo Caloia interviewed in Galli, Finanza bianca, 150.
3 Celestine Bohlen, “Rome Journal; For Vatican’s Lay Staff, Tighter Rules to Live By,” The New York Times, July 25, 1995, A4.
4 “Italians Hold Ex-CIA Agent in Global Crime Probe: Mafia, Yugoslav Factions Linked to Network Trading in Illegal Arms and Drugs,” The Vancouver Sun, December 4, 1995.
5 Andrew Gumbel, “Death, Drugs and Diamonds in Tale of Global Conspiracy; A Web of Intrigue Unearthed in Italy,” The Independent (London), June 3, 1996, 10.
6 “American Arrested in Italian Money-Laundering Investigation,” Associated Press, International News, Naples, Italy, A.M. cycle, December 2, 1995; John Hooper, “Odd Deals in High Places,” The Observer, June 2, 1996, 7.
7 Hooper, “Odd Deals in High Places,” 7.
8 “Italian Police Crack Down on International Mafia,” Agence France-Presse, International News, Rome, June 2, 1996.
9 “Italians Hold Ex-CIA Agent in Global Crime Probe,” The Vancouver Sun, A7.
10 “Cardinal Michele Giordano of Italy Dies at 80,” The New York Times, December 4, 2010.
11 John L. Allen, Jr., “A Hint of Accountability in a New Vatican Financial Scandal,” National Catholic Reporter, June 21, 2010; see also “Prosecutors Pursue Inquiry into Cardinal Despite Church-State Fears,” Birmingham Post, August 25, 1998, 9; Philip Willan, “Loan-Sharking Case Fails Against Naples Cardinal,” The Guardian, December 23, 2000, 12. Giordano retired in 2006. “Retired Naples cardinal Giordano dies at 80,” The Seattle Times, December 3, 2010.
12 “Investigations: A Status Report on the Volcker Commission,” PBS Frontline, June 1997; See also John Authers and Richard Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 27–29.
13 See Greg Bradsher, “Searching for Records Relating to Nazi Gold Part II,” The Record, May 1998; Rickman, Conquest and Redemption, 210-11.
14 “Echoes Of The Nazis’ Crimes Still Resound / Swiss Banks List Old Accounts, Invite Heirs To Come Forward,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 23, 1997, A01.
15 Switzerland’s Economic Minister, Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, had to formally apologize after he called the disclosures “blackmail.” Carlo Jagmetti, the Swiss ambassador to the U.S., resigned after a document leaked to the press in which he called the charges a “war” by Holocaust groups.
16 David E. Sanger, “McCall and State Dept. Clash on Sanctions Against Swiss Over Gold,” The New York Times, July 23, 1998; Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 63-69; 89-92.
17 Elan Steinberg of the World Jewish Congress considered the Holocaust asset litigation as “plaintiff’s diplomacy.” Author interview with Elan Steinberg, April 2, 2006. Friedman v. Union Bank of Switzerland, Eastern District of New York, 1996 and Weisshaus v. Union Bank of Switzerland, Eastern District of New York, 1997, together are the core cases for the so-called Swiss Bankers litigation. Michael Bazyler, Holocaust Justice: The Battle for Restitution in America’s Courts (New York: New York University Press, 2003), Kindle Edition, 325 of 9290; see also Itmar Levin, “Holocaust Survivor Files $20 Bln Class Action Against 100 Swiss Banks,” Globes (Israel), October 7, 1996.
18 Michael Bazyler, Holocaust Justice, 75 of 9290; see in particular Adolf Stern, et al., v. Assicurazioni Generali, California, District Court, SF, 1996.
19 David Briscoe, “U.S. Memo Says Vatican Held Nazi Loot,” Associated Press, Washington, A.M. cycle, July 21, 1997; see also “Papers Link Vatican to Illegal Deals with Nazis Swiss Bankers Used as Conduit, U.S. Intelligence Documents Say,” The Toronto Star, August 4, 1997, A3.
20 Memo from Emerson Bigelow to Harold Glasser, Director of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Department, October 21, 1946, RG 226, Entry 183, Box 29, File #6495, NARA.
21 “The Eizenstat Report and Related Issues Concerning United States and Allied Efforts to Restore Gold and Other Assets Looted by Nazis During World War II,” Hearing Before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session, June 25, 1997, Volume 4 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), 1997.
22 Slobodan Lekic, “Clinton: U.S. Pursuing Facts on Nazi Gold,” Associated Press, International News, Washington, July 22, 1997.
23 Transcript, “Rabbi Marvin Heir Discusses the Latest Developments in the Nazi Gold/Holocaust Victims/Swiss Banks Investigation,” CNN Early Edition with Martin Savidge, July 23, 1997; Bruce Johnston, “Vatican Tainted by Holocaust Gold Memo,” Calgary Herald, July 27, 1997, D1.
24 See, for example, “U.S. Memo Says Vatican Held Nazi Puppet’s Cash,” San Francisco Examiner, July 22, 1997.
25 Lekic, “Clinton: U.S. Pursuing Facts on Nazi Gold.”
26 “Vatican Denies Report It Stored Fascists’ Gold,” San Jose Mercury News, July 23, 1997, 16A; Bruce Johnston and Tim Butcher, “Vatican Denies Receiving $184 Million Stolen from Jews During War,” reprinted from The Telegraph in The Vancouver Sun, July 23, 1997, A7; see also Lekic, “Clinton: U.S. Pursuing Facts on Nazi Gold”; and “U.S. Memo Says Vatican Held Nazi Puppet’s Cash,” San Francisco Examiner.
27 Bronfman quoted in Brian Milner, “Settling Holocaust Accounts: Bronfman Turns Sights from Swiss to Vatican in Bid to Open Last Locked Doors of Nazi Era,” The Globe and Mail (Canada), July 26, 1997, A1.
28 “Survivors Sue Insurance Firms for Failing to Honor Policies,” Jewish Telegraph Agency, June 5, 1997. Bazyler, Holocaust Justice, location 2489 of 9290; Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 119–34; see generally “Life Insurance and the Holocaust,” The Insurance Forum, Special Holocaust Issue, 25, no. 9 (September 1998): 81100; Becker to Bernstein, November 27, 1946, RG 260, OMGUS, Finance, Box 60, 17/60/10, NARA.
29 The documents were Allied intercepts of Swiss bank wire transfers in 1944 and 1945 and they classify the Vatican transactions as “objectionable.” One confidential document, dated January 27, 1945, lists a November 12, 1944, transaction in which Credit Suisse sent this message to the IOR: “We credit you 6,407.50 francs on order of the Reichsbank Berlin.” That transaction was listed among violations by the Swiss of the Allied war code. According to a second document, labeled “Secret Intelligence Material Confidential,” in April 1945 the IOR instructed the Union Bank of Switzerland to pay 100,000 Swiss francs and asked the Swiss central bank to pay 200,000 francs to the Bank Suisse Italienne of Lugano, which the Allies had blacklisted in June 1940. A third document, also in 1945, reported that the IOR asked a Portuguese bank to “forward 2,500 large dollar notes in a sealed packet to the Vatican through the medium of the papal nuncio in Lisbon.” See generally “Papers Link Vatican to Illegal Deals with Nazis Swiss Bankers Used as Conduit, U.S. Intelligence Documents Say,” The Toronto Star A3; “News in Brief: Vatican Bank ‘Dealt with Nazis,’ ” The Guardian, August 4, 1997.
30 Edith M. Lederer, “Nazi Victims Should Be Given dlrs 63 Million in Looted Gold,” Associated Press, International News, London, March 21, 1997.
31 Hoeckman quoted in “Vatican Won’t Open Archives: Pope Remains Silent on Accusations of Wartime Crimes,” The Daily Telegraph, September 12, 1997, A8.
32 Gordon Legge, “Auschwitz Survivor to Protest at Vatican,” Calgary Herald, September 18, 1997, B7.
33 Letter from Shimon Samuels, quoted in Bruce Johnston, “Pope’s Holocaust Speech Falls Short, Jewish Leaders Say,” Daily Telegraph, November 2, 1997, C10.
34 Bruno Bartoloni, “Vatican Resists Pressure to Open Archives on Relations with Nazis,” Agence France-Presse, International News, Vatican City, November 30, 1997.
35 “Vatican Will Attend Nazi Gold Conference in London,” Agence France-Presse, International News, December 1, 1997.
36 Maureen Johnson, “Vatican Has Gold Wrested from Gypsy Victims, Delegate Claims with BC- Nazi Gold Conference,” Associated Press, International News, London, December 3, 1997.
37 The other attention-grabbing moment was when Swiss investigators announced they had determined that the amount of gold transferred through the Reichsbank during World War II was $120.05 billion, far more than previously estimated. And at least $1.3 billion came from victims of the Nazis.
38 Henry Meyer, “Nazi Gold Conference Fails to Generate International Solidarity,” Agence France-Presse, International News, London, December 4, 1997.
39 Christopher Lockwood, “Vatican Comes Under Heavy Flak, World: ‘Archives Hold Key to Nazi Gold,’ ” Hamilton Spectator (Ontario), December 5, 1997, C4.
40 Ray Moseley, “41 States Unite on Probes of Nazi Era Their Aim: Justice for Surviving Victims by Turn of Century,” The Toronto Star, December 5, 1997, A20.
41 Christopher Henning, “Vatican Remains Mute on Looting—US Calls for Disclosure of Documents,” The Age (Melbourne), December 6, 1997, 20.
42 Ibid.
43 Lockwood, “Vatican Comes Under Heavy Flak, World: ‘Archives Hold Key to Nazi Gold.’ ”
44 Author interview with Elan Steinberg, April 2, 2006.
45 Navarro-Valls quoted in “Vatican Denies Handling Nazi Gold from Croatia,” Agence France-Presse, International News, Vatican City, December 9, 1997; Frances D’Emilio, “Vatican Insists Its Archives Don’t Back Up Croatia Link,” Vatican City, Associated Press, December 9, 1997.
46 D’Emilio, “Vatican Insists Its Archives Don’t Back Up Croatia Link,” Associated Press.
47 “Looted Gold Kept at Bank in New York Canada, IMF Owned Bars Marked with Swastikas,” The Toronto Star, December 18, 1997, A17; John Sweeney, “Steal of the Century: Wall of Silence Guards Gold,” The Observer, December 7, 1997, 12.
48 “British Legislators to Study Vatican WWII Archives,” Associated Press, International News, London, February 9, 1998. “We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah,” Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, Presentation by Cardinal Edward Idris Cassidy, Vatican City, March 12, 1998, online at http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_16031998_shoah_en.html.
49 Dimitri Cavalli, “The Commission That Couldn’t Shoot Straight,” New Oxford Review, July/August, 2002. The Vatican’s response was that it had already released plenty of documents from its archives in the collection Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs a la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, published between 1965 and 1981.
50 U.S. Government Supplementary Report on Nazi Assets, U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1998; see generally Sid Balman Jr., “Vatican WWII Role Questioned,” United Press International, Washington, DC, BC cycle, June 2, 1998. As for the controversy over the change of language between a late draft and the final report, see David E. Sanger, “U.S. Says Nazis Used Gold Loot to Pay for War,” The New York Times, June 1, 1998, A1.
51 John M. Goshko, “Trade with Neutral Countries Propelled Nazi Army, U.S. Says,” The Washington Post, June 3, 1998, A3.
52 Transcript of Stuart Eizenstat, Undersecretary of State, briefing, Federal News Service, June 2, 1998. See also “US Study Links Neutral Countries, Switzerland to Nazi War Machine,” Agence France-Presse, June 2, 1998.
53 “Neutrals Give Mixed Reaction to U.S. Call to Contribute to Holocaust Victims,” Section VIII, Law of War, International Enforcement Law Reporter 14, no. 7 (July 1998).
54 Navarro-Valls quoted in David Briscoe, “Nazi Puppets Used Vatican Ties to Protect Gold, Report Says,” Associated Press, Business News, Washington, P.M. cycle, June 3, 1998.
55 It began as thirty-nine nations but expanded quickly to forty-one. Barry Schweid, “39 Nations to Search for Loot Taken from Holocaust Victims,” Associated Press, Washington, A.M. cycle, June 30, 1998.
56 “Report on Nazi Gold Conference Notes Vatican Failure to Open Archives,” Associated Press, Business News, London, A.M. cycle, August 24, 1998.
57 See generally “Vatican Under Fire over Nazi Gold Riddle,” Birmingham Post, August 25, 1998, 16.
58 See Stephanie A. Bilenker, “In Re Holocaust Victms’ Assets Litigation: Do the U.S. Courts Have Jurisdiction over the Lawsuits Filed by Holocaust Survivors Against the Swiss Banks?,” Maryland Journal of International Law 21, no. 2, Article 5 (1997). See also Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 96–100.
59 Author interview with Elan Steinberg, April 2, 2006.
60 “US Asks Russia, Vatican to Release Information on Nazi Gold,” The White House Bulletin, September 9, 1998.
61 Bruce Johnson, “Pope Prepares to Beatify Controversial Cardinal,” The Daily Telegraph, October 1, 1998, C5.
62 Ibid.
63 The Vatican was the first nation to recognize the newly independent Croatia in 1991. Journalist Stanko Vuleta wrote: “Croatia of 1991 adopted the ideology, name, flag, coat of arms, currency and linguistics of the Croatia of the Second World War,” in “Mere Words No Consolation,” The Ottawa Citizen, March 19, 2000, A17.
64 Uki Goni, “Argentina Confronts Role as Safe Place for Nazis; Auschwitz Doctor Josef Mengele Spent Decades in Argentina,” The Guardian, November 18, 1998, 19.
65 Gerald Posner, “The Bormann File,” The New York Times, November 13, 1991; see also Viviana Alonso, Argentina: Commission Admits Gov’t Helped Nazi War Criminals, Buenos Aires, Inter Press Service, November 19, 1998.
66 Desson Howe, “A Wealth of New Information on Holocaust; Declassified Wartime Documents at Archives Are Generating Lots of Interest,” The Washington Post, November 18, 1998, B1.
67 “Every now and then, you find something that truly surprises, that blows you out of the water.” Late Holocaust scholar Sybil Milton quoted in ibid.
68 The list was in a letter released by Bobby Brown, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s advisor on Diaspora affairs. Nicolas B. Tatro, “Israel Calls for Opening of International Holocaust Archives,” Associated Press, International News, Jerusalem, P.M. cycle, November 26, 1998.
69 Ibid.
70 Madeleine Albright quoted in Laura Myers, “Albright Asks Holocaust Conference Delegates to Return Nazi-Looted Art,” Associated Press, Washington, A.M. cycle, December 1, 1998.
71 “Vatican Denies Secret Records on Holocaust,” Agence France-Presse, International News, Vatican City, December 3, 1998.
72 Emil Alperin v. Istituto per le Opere di Religione, U.S. District Court, San Francisco, November 1999. The suit also listed an unspecified number of unidentified international banks as defendants. The use of so-called John Doe defendants is normal in a case in which the plaintiffs believe that others than the named parties were involved but that they do not yet have the evidence to name them. The court allows the pleading so long as the allegation is made on a good faith belief and the plaintiff thinks it will uncover the identity of the unnamed parties through the discovery process.
73 Author interview with Jonathan Levy, February 21, 2012.
74 Ibid.
75 By the time Levy amended the complaint, he had developed a novel argument in an effort to bring the Swiss banks—who were free from liability because they had already settled their original class action—back into the courtroom. He contended that the postwar transfers of the illicit gold and cash made the Swiss co-conspirators with the IOR and therefore their actions with the Ustašan gold fell outside the scope of their settlement. Levy’s argument was not successful.
76 The German companies and the plaintiffs were far apart when they began settlement negotiations. The German firms thought that they could settle all the lawsuits for about $1.25 billion, the same as the Swiss banks had paid. The plaintiffs in the forced labor litigation alone were demanding $30 billion for all their claims. Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 213, 218–21, 235–40; Bazyler, Holocaust Justice, location 75 of 9290; see also Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 188–91.
77 Independent Commission of Experts, Switzerland and Gold Transactions in WW2, May 25, 1998. It is often referred to as the Bergier Report, after the commission’s director, Jean-François Bergier.
78 “Prepared testimony of Stuart E. Eizenstat, Treasury Deputy Secretary, Before the House Banking and Financial Services Committee,” Federal News Service, February 9, 2000. See also Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 254–65.
79 Vignolo Mino, “Fatima, ultimo segreto Nel conto del santuario oro rubato dai nazisti,” Corriere della Sera, April 5, 2000; see also Giles Tremlett, “Nazi Gold Taints Fatima,” Scotland on Sunday, April 16, 2000, 23.
80 Januario Torgal Ferreira quoted in ibid., Tremlett, “Nazi Gold Taints Fatima.”
81 Pope John Paul quoted in Jocelyn Noveck, “In Historic Speech at Holocaust Memorial, Pope Says Church Deeply Saddened,” Associated Press, International News, Jerusalem, March 23, 2000.
82 Author interview with Elan Steinberg, April 2, 2006.
83 See 10-31-02 WikiLeaks Vatican Archives: Archivist Confirms Partial Opening for Nazi Germany and WWII Documents Cable: 02Vatican5356_a, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/02VATICAN5356_a.html; and 03-13-03 WikiLeaks Holocaust Museum Delegation Works in Secret Archives, Offers Collaboration to Catalogue Closed Records Cable: 03vatican1046_a, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/03Vatican1046_a.html.
84 Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 321–23.
85 Joseph B. Treaster, “Settlement Approved in Holocaust Victims’ Suit Against Italian Insurer,” The New York Times, February 28, 2007, reporting on a federal judge’s approval of the settlement reached in 2006. Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 269–73; Author interview with Elan Steinberg, April 2, 2006.
86 “Vatican Claims Immunity in Lawsuit,” Reuters, San Francisco, November 24, 2000.
87 Author interview with Jonathan Levy, February 21, 2012.
1 Colagiovanni’s foundation was the Monitor Ecclesiasticus Foundation. See generally Alessandra Stanley, “How 2 Priests Got Mixed Up in a Huge Insurance Scandal,” The New York Times, June 26, 1999, C1; see also Tom Lowry, “Scandal’s Cost: Consumers Probably Will Pay,” USA Today, July 26, 1999, 3B.
2 See generally Stanley, “How 2 Priests Got Mixed Up in a Huge Insurance Scandal.”
3 Simon Fluendy, “Vatican Bank Is Sued in US over Charity Scandal,” Mail on Sunday (UK), August 11, 2002, 6.
4 Ibid.
5 Lowry, “Scandal’s Cost: Consumers Probably Will Pay,” 3B.
6 Fluendy, “Vatican Bank Is Sued in US over Charity Scandal,” Mail on Sunday.
7 See generally Stanley, “How 2 Priests Got Mixed Up in a Huge Insurance Scandal.”
8 Author interview with a former consultant to the IOR, identity withheld at his request, in Rome, September 30, 2013.
9 Lai, Finanze vaticane, 82. See also “A Life of Faith: Father Edmond C. Szoka, Former Detroit Archbishop, Dies at 86,” The Michigan Catholic, August 21, 2014.
10 Other cardinals resented that Szoka carried influence with John Paul merely because he had Polish heritage. “If you want to see the real Szoka,” Cardinal Giuseppe Caprio told author Benny Lai, “get up early one morning when it does not rain, say 5:00 A.M. Go behind Castel Sant’Angelo. And you will find him jogging. Other than his Polish mother he is a real American.” Lai interview with Caprio, February 10, 1997, in Lai, Finanze vaticane, 150.
11 Galli, Finanza bianca, 157.
12 “Vatican Bank Sounds Out Tietmeyer,” The Australian, June 1, 1999, 25; Richard Owen, “German Favoured as ‘God’s Banker,’ ” Independent (Ireland), May 31, 1999.
13 Richard Owen, “Benedict Eager to Modernise Arcane World of Vatican Bank: Averse to Inefficiency, the Pope Is Forming His Own Team to Control Church Finances,” The Times (London), September 18, 2006.
14 “Vatican Bank Sounds Out Tietmeyer,” The Australian; Pope John Paul quoted in Sandro Magister, “The Pope’s Banker Speaks: ‘How I Saved the IOR.’ ” L’Espresso.
15 All the quotes relating to Caloia’s reappointment to a third term are from an interview with Caloia set forth in Galli, Finanza bianca, 164–66.
16 Caloia interviewed in ibid., 173.
17 Galli, Finanza bianca, 169–70.
18 Caloia interviewed in ibid., 179.
19 Thomas P. Doyle and Stephen C. Rubino, “Catholic Clergy Sexual Abuse Meets the Civil Law,” Fordham Urban Law Journal 31, no. 2, Article 6, (2003): 549. What the Louisiana parents had found—the shuffling of a predator between parishes—was an occurrence far more common than anyone imagined. Another early example was that of Father Joseph Lang, who had been accused of sex abuse by several minors in his Cleveland, Ohio, parish as early as the 1980s. In 1988, Bishop Anthony Pilla loaned Lang to a parish in northern British Columbia. The Canadians were not informed about Lang’s predatory history since he was still technically under the control of the Cleveland diocese. It was not until 2012 that Lang was eventually suspended from his clerical duties after it was disclosed he was under a criminal investigation for abuse after the transfer to Canada. David Briggs and James F. Carty, “Prosecutors Didn’t Get Names of Four Who Faced Allegations,” The Plain Dealer (Cleveland), April 11, 2012. These types of stories would, unfortunately, become routine.
20 It was the civil deposition of Bishop Gerard Frey. See Carl M. Cannon, “The Priest Scandal: How Old News at Last Became a Dominant National Story . . . And Why It Took So Long,” American Journalism Review, May 2002.
21 Jason Berry, “The Tragedy of Acadiana,” The Times of Acadiana, Part I–III, first published on May 23, 1985. An online copy of Part I is at http://www.bishop-accountability.org/news/1985_05_23_Berry_TheTragedy.htm.
22 Ibid.
23 Thomas Fox and Jason Berry in Murray Dubin, ibid. “Church Secrecy on Sex Abuse Has Long History,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 10, 2002.
24 For a thorough review of why the sexual abuse story failed to become a more significant story earlier, see Carl M. Cannon, “The Priest Scandal: How Old News at Last Became a Dominant National Story . . . And Why It Took So Long,” 18.
25 See SNAP’s self-described history at http://www.snapnetwork.org/about.
26 Berry interviewed in Rorie Sherman, “Legal Spotlight on Priests Who are Pedophiles,” National Law Journal, April 4, 1998.
27 Robert Matas, “B.C. Priest Goes on Leave as Past in U.S. Revealed; U.S. Investigation into Sexual Abuse by Catholic Clerics Reverberate from Florida to Terrace, B.C.”; The Globe and Mail (Canada), April 11, 2002, A3.
28 Jason Berry, Lead Us Not into Temptation: Catholic Priests and the Sexual Abuse of Children (New York: Doubleday, 1992); Cannon, “The Priest Scandal”; see also Jason Berry, “What Explains Andy Greeley?,” America, The National Catholic Review, July 2013, online at http://www.americamagazine.org/issue/what-explains-andy-greeley.
29 See generally Michael D’Antonio, Mortal Sins: Sex, Crime, and the Era of Catholic Scandal (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2013).
30 Frank Bruni, “Sins of the Church,” The New York Times, April 8, 2002, A1.
31 John L. Allen Jr., senior reporter for the National Catholic Reporter, later criticized the mainstream American press from going from little to saturation coverage. “To provide just a bit of context, in the same year that the sex abuse scandals finished on the front page of The New York Times forty-one days in a row, 2.7 million children were educated in Catholic schools in United States, nearly 10 million persons were given assistance by Catholic Charities USA, and Catholic hospitals spent $2.8 billion in providing uncompensated healthcare to millions of poor and low income Americans.” John L. Allen Jr., All the Pope’s Men: The Inside Story of How the Vatican Really Thinks (New York: Doubleday, 2004), 226.
32 Dubin, “Church Secrecy on Sex Abuse Has Long History.”
33 Steven Edwards, “Secrets Shatter Church’s Peace: The Archdiocese of Boston Struggles to Deal with Allegations of Sexual Abuse and a Cover-up in Its Highest Office,” National Post (Canada), March 4, 2002, A12. The scandal in Boston was covered first in a seven-thousand-word investigative article by Kristen Lombardi, a reporter with the alternative Boston Phoenix, in 2001. She did a follow-up investigation that same year. The Boston Globe won the Pulitzer for its 2002 series on sexual abuse in the Boston archdiocese, and also prompted Cardinal Law’s resignation that December, http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/extras/pulitzers.htm. Less than two years after his resignation, Pope John Paul transferred Law to Rome and installed him—over considerable public outcry—as a $12,000-a-month director of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Law is a member of the Congregation for Bishops, which helps select new bishops. As for the controversy over Law’s appointment, see John Phillips, “Reaction Mixed over Cardinal Law’s Duties,” The Washington Times, August 16, 2004, A15.
34 Miro Cernetig, “Pope Speaks Out on Abuse; Says Priests Who Molest Children Cast ‘a Dark Shadow of Suspicion’ over Innocent Clergymen,” The Globe and Mail (Canada), March 22, 2002, A14.
35 Pope John Paul quoted in Michael Paulson, “Pope Decries ‘Sins’ of Priests,” The Boston Globe, March 22, 2002.
36 John L. Allen Jr. interview in Michael Paulson, “World Doesn’t Share US View of Scandal,” The Boston Globe, April 8, 2002. See also Allen, All the Pope’s Men, 229-30.
37 Sodano quoted in “Top Cardinal Says Media Overplay Sex Scandal,” The New York Times, October 11, 2003, A7.
38 Alan Cooperman, “Hundreds of Priests Removed Since ’60s; Survey Shows Scope Wider than Disclosed,” The Washington Post, June 9, 2002, A1; Laurie Goodstein, “Scandals in the Church; the Sexuality Issue; Homosexuality in Priesthood Is Under Increasing Scrutiny,” The New York Times, April 19, 2002, A1; Frank Walker, “One in 10 Clergy Accused; Church Sex Abuse Total Revealed,” The Sun Herald (Sydney), July 7, 2002, 24. As for the latest estimate on the possible number of victims—more than 100,000—see “Data on the Crisis: The Human Toll,” http://www.bishop-accountability.org/AtAGlance/data.htm.
39 Transcript, “Pope Meeting with American Cardinals at Vatican,” reporters Daryn Kagan and Miles O’Brien, CNN Live Today, April 23, 2002.
40 “Address of John Paul II to the Cardinals of the United States,” April 23, 2002, online at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2002/april/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20020423_usa-cardinals_en.html; see also Berry, “The Shame of John Paul II.”
41 “Cardinals Stop Short of Policy of ‘Zero Tolerance’ for Priests, Boston Globe, April 25, 2002. See also “Bishops Reject Zero Tolerance: U.S. Clerics Demur on One-Time Abuse Cases; Mahony Sees Blanket Policy Emerging in Church’s Future,” San Bernardino Sun, April 29, 2002.
42 Julia Duin, “Bishops Lenient for Past Sex Abuse; Propose Mercy in Isolated Cases,” The Washington Times, June 5, 2002, A1.
43 “Cardinal’s Compromise Comes Up Short,” The Globe and Mail (Canada), April 27, 2002, A18.
44 “Bishops Reject Zero Tolerance” San Bernardino Sun.
45 Herranz Lasado quoted in “Spanish Archbishop Casado: Civil Penalties for Sexual Abuse are Unwarranted,” April 29, 2002, online at http://skepticism.org/timeline/april-history/5453-spanish-archbishop-casado-civil-penalties-for-sexual-abuse-are-unwarranted.html
46 Laurie Goodstein, “A Vatican Lawyer Says Bishops Should Not Reveal Abuse Claims,” The New York Times, May 18, 2002; “Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons,” Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, October 1, 1986; Judy L. Thomas, “Catholic Priests Are Dying of AIDS, Often in Silence,” The Kansas City Star, January 29, 2000; “Politics Color John Jay Study,” Catholic League/Catalyst, July/August Issue, 2011; Bill Donohue, “John Jay Study Undermined by Its Own Data,” National Catholic Register, June 6, 2011.
47 Ghirlanda quoted in Goodstein, “A Vatican Lawyer Says Bishops Should Not Reveal Abuse Claims.”
48 Bishop Gregory quoted in Edward Walsh, “Bishops Pass Compromise on Sexual Abuse Policy,” The Washington Post, June 15, 2002, A1. Walsh, “Bishops Pass Compromise on Sexual Abuse Policy.”
49 Bishop Gregory quoted in Edward Walsh, “Bishops Pass Compromise on Sexual Abuse Policy.”
50 Alan Cooperman, “Catholics Question Gray Areas of Abuse; Critics Say Some Priests’ Misconduct Goes Unpunished Under New Guidelines,” The Washington Post, November 30, 2002, A2.
51 Peter Isely quoted in Edward Walsh, “Bishops Pass Compromise on Sexual Abuse Policy.”
52 Mark Vincent Serrano, “Church unlikely to get tough with all abusive priests,” USA Today, June 3, 2002; Sam Dillon, “Catholic Religious Orders Let Abusive Priests Stay,” The New York Times, August 10, 2002, A8. See also Jason Berry, “The Shame of John Paul II: How the Sex Abuse Scandal Stained His Papacy,” The Nation, May 16, 2011.
53 Matas, “B.C. Priest Goes on Leave as Past in U.S. Revealed,” A3.
54 Egan quoted in Cernetig, “Pope Speaks Out on Abuse.”
55 Father Thomas P. Doyle and F. Ray Mouton, J.D., “The Problem of Sexual Molestation by Roman Catholic Clergy: Meeting the Problem in a Comprehensive and Responsible Manner,” June 1985.
56 When the Vatican’s embassy in Washington, DC, became concerned about the fallout from the notorious abuse of Father Gilbert Gauthe––the Louisiana prelate who ultimately pled guilty to molesting eleven boys—the Nuncio assigned Father Doyle to study that case. Doyle later told CBS’s 60 Minutes that the facts left him “bewildered” and “upset” and convinced him “something’s got to be done.” David Kohn,“The Church on Trial: Part 1, Rage in Louisiana,” 60 Minutes, June 11, 2002. For further details about Doyle, see Colleen Barry, “Former Church Insider, Now Military Chaplain, Helps Victims of Clerical Sexual Abuse,” Associated Press, International News, Ramstein, Germany, BC cycle, April 18, 2002.
57 Caroline Overington, “Hundreds Sue Vatican over Child Sex Abuse,” Sydney Morning Herald, April 6, 2002, 21. Peterson’s clinic was The St. Luke Institute, based in Silver Spring, Maryland; see http://www.sli.org.
58 Thomas P. Doyle, A. W. Richard Sipe, and Patrick J. Wall, Sex, Priests, and Secret Codes: The Catholic Church’s 2,000 Year Paper Trail of Sexual Abuse (Boulder, CO: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2006). See also Michael D’Antonio, Mortal Sins: Sex, Crime, and the Era of Catholic Scandal (New York: MacMillan/Thomas Dunne Books, 2013), Kindle edition, 233, 331, 452, 651 of 7845.
59 Berry, “The Shame of John Paul II.” For conclusions of the Doyle-Peterson Report, see Michael Powell and Lois Romano, “Roman Catholic Church Shifts Legal Strategy; Aggressive Litigation Replaces Quiet Settlements,” The Washington Post, May 13, 2002, A1.
For citations to the text quoted from the report, see Martin Edwin Andersen, “Bearing Witness on Sex Scandal Ends Whistleblowing Priest’s Career,” The Washington Times, May 21, 2002, A21; and Fintan O’Toole, “Ruination of Lives, Ruination of Church—The Catholic Church Has Not Learned from the Brendan Smyth Scandal,” The Irish Times, October 19, 2002, 50. For online citations of text from the report, see http://www.eurekaencyclopedia.com/index.php/Category:Tom_Doyle.
60 Andersen, “Bearing Witness on Sex Scandal Ends Whistleblowing Priest’s Career,” A21.
61 Cannon, “The Priest Scandal”; see also Steve Twomey, “For 3 Who Warned Church, Fears Borne Out; Priest, Journalist and Professor Who Foresaw Sex Abuse Scandal Frustrated by Bishops’ Response,” The Washington Post, June 13, 2002, A1. See also D’Antonio, Mortal Sins, 1959 of 7845.
62 Lindsey Tanner, “Panel Studying Pedophile Priests Brings Praise, Skepticism,” Associated Press, Domestic News, Chicago, March 20, 1992; Vickie Chachere, “Lawsuit Accuses Vatican, Three Dioceses of Conspiring to Protect Priests Who Molested Children,” Associated Press, International News, St. Petersburg, Florida, April 4, 2002.
63 Michael Paulson and Thomas Farragher, “Bishops Move to Bar Abusers,” The Boston Globe, June 15, 2002. See also Harold H. Martin, Untitled, United Press International, Domestic News, Philadelphia, BC cycle, November 28, 1992; Overington, “Hundreds Sue Vatican over Child Sex Abuse,” 21.
64 Alan Cooperman, “Bishops Urged to Halt Lawsuits; Abuse Victims Group Complains About Defamation Cases,” The Washington Post, August 31, 2002, A13.
65 Powell and Romano, “Roman Catholic Church Shifts Legal Strategy; Aggressive Litigation Replaces Quiet Settlements,” A1.
66 Sarah Schmidt, “Priests Launch Appeal to Vatican over Expulsions: Sexual Abuse Cases: Canadian Expert Says New U.S. Church Policy Contravenes Canon Law,” National Post (Canada), August 27, 2002, A8; Sheila H. Pierce, “Vatican Approves Policy Revisions For U.S. Church; Those Accused of Abuse to Get Hearing,” The Washington Post, December 17, 2002, A3.
67 D’Antonio, Mortal Sins, 779 of 7845.
68 Transcript, “Palm Beach Bishop Resigns over Sexual Misconduct,” American Morning with Paula Zahn, CNN, March 12, 2002.
69 “Cardinal’s Compromise Comes Up Short,” The Globe and Mail (Canada).
70 Author interview with a former consultant to the IOR, identity withheld at his request, in Rome, September 30, 2013.
71 Overington, “Hundreds Sue Vatican over Child Sex Abuse.”
72 Paulson, “World Doesn’t Share US View of Scandal.”
73 Berry, Render Unto Rome, 59.
74 Ibid., 80–81; 97. See also Nicholas P. Cafardi, “The Availability of Parish Assets for Diocesan Debts: A Canonical Analysis,” Seton Hall Legislative Journal 29, no. 2 (2005): 361, available online at: http://works.bepress.com/nicholas_cafardi/2.
75 Gregory Viscusi, “Balancing the Vatican Budget: ‘The Market Giveth and the Market Taketh Away,’ ” The Calgary Herald, April 10, 2005, E7.
76 “The Catholic Sex Crisis: Money,” http://members.shaw.ca/eye-openers/Catholicsexcrisis.htm. (See also “Coverage and Liability Issues in Sexual Misconduct Claims,” American Re Insurance Company, Edition 4, 2005; Jerold Oshinksy, Gheiza M. Dias, “Liability of Not-for-Profit Organizations and Insurance Coverage for Related Liability,” The International Journal of Not-For-Profit Law 4, nos. 2, 3, March 2002. As reported in the John Jay College Report on Sexual Abuse from 1950–2002, during fifty-two years of settlements, $205 million of $475 million paid by dioceses was covered by insurance. The amount covered dropped sharply over time.
77 Dan Gilgoff, “The Archdiocese Agrees to a Record $85 Million. Will Others Follow?,” U.S. News & World Report, September 22, 2003.
78 Jack Sullivan and Eric Convey, “Land Rich: Archdiocese Owns Millions in Unused Property,” The Boston Herald, August 27, 2002, A1.
79 See Berry, Render Unto Rome, 80–86.
80 Portland filed on 7/6/04; Tucson on 9/20/04; Spokane on 12/6/04; Davenport, Iowa, on 10/10/06; San Diego on 2/27/07; Fairbanks, Arkansas, on 3/1/08; the Oregon province of the Jesuits on 2/17/09; Wilmington, Delaware, and Maryland on 10/18/09; Milwaukee on 1/4/11; the Congregation of the Christian Brothers on 4/28/11; Gallup, New Mexico, on 11/12/13; Stockton, California, on 1/15/14; Helena, Montana, on 1/31/14; and St. Paul-Minneapolis, on 1/16/15. See generally “Bankruptcy Protection in the Abuse Crisis,” at http://www.bishop-accountability.org/bankruptcy.htm. Also see Berry, Render Unto Rome, 40–41.
81 See “Sexual Abuse by U.S. Catholic Clergy; Settlements and Monetary Awards in 97–98, Civil Suits,” http://www.bishop-accountability.org/settlements/. In 2012, John Allen Jr. in “Vatican Abuse Summit: $2.2 Billion and 100,000 Victims in U.S. Alone,” National Catholic Reporter, February 8, 2012, estimated the payout total at least at $2.2 billion.
The major civil court settlements in the U.S. are: The Dallas diocese in 1998 paid $30.9 million to twelve victims abused by a single priest. In 2003, the Louisville, Kentucky, diocese settled 240 pending lawsuits for $25.7 million. That same year, the archdiocese of Boston paid $85 million to reach an out-of-court settlement with 552 victims. The following year, 2004, the diocese in Orange County, California, settled nearly 90 cases for $100 million. In 2007, the Portland, Oregon, diocese paid $75 million to 177 victims, while the Seattle diocese reached a $48 million settlement with 160 victims. That same year, the Los Angeles diocese paid a stunning $660 million to more than 500 abuse victims (the previous December it settled another 45 lawsuits for $60 million). And also in 2007, the San Diego diocese paid $198.1 million to 144 victims.
In 2008 it was Denver’s turn, a relatively small $5.5 million to 18 victims.
For the full effect of parish closures, special assessments, and the impact of clergy pension and retirement funds, see Berry, Render Unto Rome.
82 Berry, Render Unto Rome, 105–8.
83 Jason Berry, “Cardinal’s Profit Mission and an FBI Investigation into Sale of Church Property,” Irish Times, January 17, 2012; Jose Martinez, “Star’s Ex in Vatican Con Plot: High-Living Longtime Hathaway Beau Gets 21M Bail in Money-Launder Rap,” New York Daily News, June 25, 2008, 4; Thomas Zambito and Corky Siemaszko, “Off to Jail for Hathaway’s Ex in Vatican Scam,” New York Daily News, September 11, 2008, 3; Corinne Lestch, “Arrivederci to Anne’s Ex!,” New York Daily News, May 26, 2012, 15. As for Sodano, see also Berry, Render Unto Rome, 120–24, 126–32.
84 Joseph A. Rohner IV, “Catholic Diocese Sexual Abuse Suits, Bankruptcy, and Property of the Bankruptcy Estate: Is the ‘Pot of Gold’ Really Empty?” Oregon Law Review, Vol. 84, 2005, 1203-4; see also Berry, Render Unto Rome, 112.
85 Affidavit of Nicolas P. Cafardi, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of Washington, case no. 04–08822, The Catholic Bishop of Spokane Debtor, Committee of Tort Litigants v. Catholic Bishop of Spokane et al., May 27, 2005, 16, cited in Berry, Render Unto Rome, 112, n. 48.
86 The document had surfaced in 2003. It addressed only internal church trials and did not tackle the broader question of whether civil authorities should be notified. See generally transcript of “Abuse Victims Seek Court Date with Vatican,” National Public Radio, with hosts Linda Wertheimer and Renee Montagne, December 22, 2008. Riazat Butt, “Vatican to Be Sued over Sex Abuse Claims,” The Guardian, December 15, 2008, 23.
87 As for the Sodano-Rice meeting, see 11-25-05 WikiLeaks Vatican Unhappy with Lawsuits Cable, 05VATICAN538_a; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05VATICAN538_a.html.
88 Ibid, WikiLeaks. Also, “Vatican’s Global Importance Evident In Leaked Cables,” EWTN, Catholic News Agency, December 14, 2010. “Pope Wants Exemption from U.S. Law,” Vermont Guardian (Texas), May 31, 2005.
89 Ibid, “Vatican’s Global Importance Evident In Leaked Cables,” EWTN; See 01-08-02 WikiLeaks, “Vatican PM Wants His Money Cable, See also Berry, Render Unto Rome, 119-20. 02VATICAN83_a; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/02VATICAN83_a.html.
90 John L. Allen Jr., “Vatican Ask Condoleezza Rice to Help Stop a Sex Abuse Lawsuit,” National Catholic Reporter, March 2, 2005.
91 Karen Terry et al., The Nature and Scope of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States, 1950–2002, prepared by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2004) (hereinafter The John Jay College Report on Sexual Abuse). Two years later a Supplementary Report was published. Karen Terry, et al., The Nature and Scope of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States: Supplementary Data Analysis (March 2006). And again Karen Terry et al., The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States, 1950–2010, May 18, 2011. The 2011 report focused on the “causes and context of abuse.”
92 The John Jay College Report on Sexual Abuse, 2, 5. One hundred and ninety-five dioceses and eparchies participated in the study and 140 religious communities submitted answers to confidential surveys sent by John Jay College. The study’s authors used a statistical analysis to extrapolate the findings to all dioceses in the U.S. As for the authors’ methodology, see The John Jay College Report on Sexual Abuse, 13-25.
93 The John Jay College Report on Sexual Abuse, 26.
94 “The percentages of accused priests range from a maximum of almost 10% in 1970, decreasing to 8% in 1980 and to fewer than 4% in 1990.” Ibid., 26.
95 The serial molesters accounted for nearly a quarter of the assaults. Ibid., 35, 40, 52.
96 Ibid., 47–50, 62.
97 Emphasis added. Ibid., 39, 57.
98 Ibid., 40–43, 45, 47.
99 Ibid., 48, 100.
100 Ibid., 105–20.
101 Tony Kennedy, “Archdiocese Led Lobby to Stop Abuse Law Change,” Star-Tribune (Minneapolis), November 5, 2013.
102 Berry, “The Shame of John Paul II.”
103 Richard McBrien, “The Beatification of John Paul II,” National Catholic Reporter, February 7, 2011.
104 Ibid. The definitive account of Maciel, his excesses and abuses, and the church’s failure to take any action against him for years, is in Jason Berry’s Render Unto Rome. Berry, and The Washington Post’s religion editor, Gerald Renner, exposed charges of sex abuse against Maciel in a February 23, 1997, Hartford Courant article. They cited nine seminarians who described multiple instances of abuse. As related by Berry and Renner, Maciel was a morphine addict because of chronic pain. When he kicked his addiction, he told the seminarians that Pius XII had personally given him permission to engage in sex to offset his pain. Maciel’s defenders were merciless in attacking Berry and Renner and in defending the bishop. The Pope showed his support by appointing Maciel to a key theological panel in Rome.
105 Berry, “The Shame of John Paul II.”
106 When he directed the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger had stopped the probe at the urging of Sodano. “But Ratzinger could not have tabled a case as grave as Maciel’s without the approval of John Paul,” wrote Jason Berry in Render Unto Rome, 186. See also Obituary, The Rev. Marcial Maciel, The Guardian, April 28, 2008.
107 Gianluigi Nuzzi, Sua santità, le carte segrete di Benedetto XVI (Milan: Chiarelettere, 2012), 196–99, 295; Nuzzi reproduced some confidential Vatican documents in his book. One of them, an October 19, 2011, handwritten note from Benedict’s private secretary, Monsignor Gänswein, summarized his meeting with Moreno in which Maciel’s abuse was addressed. See also Jason Berry, “The Legion of Christ and the Vatican Meltdown,” National Catholic Reporter, June 21, 2012.
108 Hugh O’Shaughnessy, “Pope Throws the Book at Wealthy Catholic Legion,” Sunday Tribune (Ireland), August 8, 2010, N16.
109 See generally Doyle and Rubino, “Catholic Clergy Sexual Abuse Meets the Civil Law.”
1 “Jean Pull II souffirait de la maladie de Parkinson,” Le Monde, September 10, 1996, 3.
2 “Recovering Pope Keeps Trembling Hand Hidden,” Hobart Mercury (Australia), October 15, 1996.
3 Freddy Gray, “Pope’s Health Prompts Betting Frenzy: Channel 4,” Catholic Herald, January 16, 2004, 3; the bookmakers were Betfair and Paddy Power.
4 Weigel, Witness to Hope, 782–83.
5 Murray was an Australian religious affairs editor. “A Retiring John Paul Is Hard to Imagine,” The Australian, January 12, 2000, 11.
6 David J. Lynch, “Rumor of Papal Retirement Drifts About Rome,” USA Today, January 25, 2000, 10A.
7 Author interview with Michael Hornblow, January 28, 2014. “ ‘John Paul was just a terrible administrator,’ ”a friend of the Pope told author Paul Elie. “Even at his physical peak he had always been indifferent to the operations of the Vatican bureaucracy; now he was barely capable of keeping track of them,” concluded Elie. See also Paul Elie, “The Year of Two Popes,” The Atlantic, January 1, 2006.
8 Philip Willan, “Mafia Caught Attempting Online Bank Fraud,” Network World, October 9, 2000; “Vatican Bank Involved in Mafia’s On-Line Washing Money,” Xinhua General News Service, Rome, October 3, 2000.
9 John Walker, “Money Laundering: Quantifying International Patterns,” Australian Social Monitor 2, no. 6 (February 2000).
10 Ibid., 142. Because of the amount of money laundered through their banks, both the U.S. and the U.K. also made the list.
11 “Legislative and Economic Factors Determining International Flow of Laundered Money,” John Walker Crime Trends Analysis, attached paper to the United Nations 10th Congress on Economic and Social Issues, Vienna, Summer 2000, table 1.
12 Michael Becket, “Gangster’s Paradise Across the Atlantic,” The Daily Telegraph, November 19, 2001, 31; Emil Alperin v. Istituto per le Opere di Religione, U.S. District Court, San Francisco, November 1999. See also online summary at http://www.vaticanbankclaims.com/vatpr.html.
13 Email from John Walker to author, January 15, 2014. Walker drew this conclusion while admitting that much of the data needed for a more precise calculation is simply “not available for the Vatican.”
14 Phillip Smith, “Latin America: Mexican Catholic Church in Narco-Dollar Embarrassment,” Drug War Chronicles 531, April 11, 2008; Jo Tuckman, “Pope’s Visit to Mexico Refocuses Attention on Narco-Church Relations,” The Guardian, March 22, 2012; Leonor Flores, “Narcolimosnas: “Que partidos e Iglesia reporten operaciones,”El Economista, February 24, 2011; “Iglesia reconoce recibir limosnas de narcos,” El Economista, October 31, 2010.
15 See George Dale, Commissioner of Insurance for the State of Mississippi et al. v. Emilio Colagiovanni and The Holy See et al., United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, Jackson Division (Case No. 3:01CV663BN).
16 Simon Fluendy, “Vatican Bank Is Sued in US over Charity Scandal,” Mail on Sunday (UK), August 11, 2002, 6.
17 Ibid.; see also Lynne Touhy, “Frankel Associate Gets Probation, $10,000 fine,” Hartford Courant, May 25, 2005, A18.
18 Alexander Walker, “Banned: The Film God’s Bankers Don’t Want You to See,” The Evening Standard (London), April 4, 2002, 35.
19 Jim McBeth, “Who Killed God’s Banker?,” The Scotsman, October 2, 2002, 2; “Top Banker ‘Murder by the Mafia,’ ” The Mirror (UK), July 24, 2003, 14.
20 Simon Edge, “Leader Italian Police Have Concluded After 21 Years That ‘God’s Banker’ Was Murdered; Who Killed Roberto Calvi . . . The Masons, Mafia or Vatican?,” The Express (UK), July 25, 2003, 13. For a straightforward review of the developing police and forensics examinations, see James Moore and Bruce Johnston, “Murder Squad Revisit Roberto Calvi,” The Daily Telegraph (London), October 4, 2003, 36.
21 Author review of LexisNexis search results for “Vatican Bank” in all English language news sources from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2005; 59 of 111 stories were primarily about Calvi.
22 In 1996, for instance, following an emergency appendectomy, there were widespread reports that his health was so poor he might have to resign. Parkinson’s in particular had “implications for the future of his pontificate,” since those with the disease frequently have “some mental changes, including depression and features of dementia.” Ray Moseley, “Health of Pope Has Vatican Guessing,” Hamilton Spectator (Ontario), October 19, 1996, B8.
1 “Several years ago, the Financial Times put the value of the Vatican’s real estate holdings at $37.2 billion and its stock portfolio at $23.9 billion,” according to Charles W. Bell, “Church Rich in Art, Cash,” New York Daily News, April 3, 2005, 21.
2 Cardinal Sergio Sebastiani quoted in Victor L. Simpson, “Next Pope Can Add Vatican’s Financial Woes to Long List of Responsibilities,” Associated Press, International News, Vatican City, BC cycle, April 12, 2005. Father Thomas Reese, a noted writer about the church, was also quoted by Simpson: “The dollar has really hurt them. We’re not only talking about money coming from United States. All the rich guys in the Third World also give in dollars.”
3 Szoka quoted in “Trouble at God’s Bank,” The Toronto Star, April 17, 2005, A20.
4 Simpson, “Next Pope Can Add Vatican’s Financial Woes to Long List of Responsibilities.”
5 John Pollard quoted in “Trouble at God’s Bank,” The Toronto Star, A20.
6 Simpson, “Next Pope Can Add Vatican’s Financial Woes to Long List of Responsibilities.”
7 Ibid.
8 Deirdre Macken, “Next Pope’s ID Is in Da Vinci Code; Relativities,” Australian Financial Review, April 9, 2005, 31.
9 Calum MacDonald, “Politicking Begins as the Cardinals Go into Conclave; Secret Body That Will Choose New Leader,” The Herald (Glasgow), April 5, 2005, 6; see also Paddy Agnew, “How the Kingmaker Became King,” The Irish Times, April 23, 2005, 1.
10 Agnew, “How the Kingmaker Became King,” 1.
11 Those stories were by La Repubblica’s Marco Politi and L’Espresso’s Sandro Magister, men who had excellent Curial sources.
12 Peter Stanford, “Pope John Paul II: Who Will Lead One Billion Souls?: The College of Cardinals Must Now Elect a New Pope,” The Observer (London), April 3, 2005, 16.
13 Grocholewski quoted in Stephen McGinty, “Campaigning Candidates Are Reined In as Agreement Made to Stop All Media Interviews,” The Scotsman, April 7, 2005, 4.
14 Ibid; see also “Political Wrangle for Potential Popes,” St. Petersburg Times, April 6, 2005.
15 See generally Lydia Polgreen and Larry Rohter, “Third World Is New Factor in Succession,” The New York Times, April 5, 2005, 1.
16 Sandro Contenta, Cardinals Divided in Choice for Pope,” Toronto Star, April 5, 2005, A1; Julia Duin, “Latin America Eyed for Next Pope,” The Washington Times, April 7, 2005, A14.
17 Charles W. Bell, “The Games Cardinals Play. Mud’s Flying as They Angle for Big Job,” New York Daily News, April 15, 2005, 16.
18 Ibid.
19 Stanford, “Pope John Paul II: Who Will Lead One Billion Souls?”
20 “Will the Cardinals Look Beyond Italy Again?,” Daily Mail, April 2, 2005, 4.
21 See Dominus Iesus: On the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church, http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html. Ratzinger was the principal author and it was issued in 2000.
22 John Follain and Christopher Morgan, “Lobbying Begins for Papal Rivals,” Sunday Times (London), April 10, 2005, 23.
23 Both quotes repeated widely, see for instance Stephen McGinty and Richard Gray, “Meet the Cardinal Who Will Play Kingmaker in Rome,” Scotland on Sunday, April 10, 2005, 8.
24 Bruce Johnston, Swing to Ratzinger Boosts Chance of Becoming Pope,” The Daily Telegraph, April 13, 2005, A12.
25 Bell, “The Games Cardinals Play,” 16.
26 Justin Sparks in Munich and John Follain and Christopher Morgan in Rome, “Papal Hopeful Is a Former Hitler Youth,” The Sunday Times (London), April 17, 2005, 23.
27 Ruini quoted in Charles W. Bell, “A People’s Pope Favored. Hints That New Pontiff Will Be Like John Paul,” New York Daily News, April 22, 2005, 7. Quote is the reporter’s summary of the Ruini comments.
28 “Briefly,” The Toronto Star, September 28, 1997, A11; Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 278–79.
29 Philip Pullella, “Pope Opposed Bob Dylan Singing to John Paul in 1997,” Vatican City, Reuters, March 8, 2007.
30 Joseph Ratzinger, while Pope Benedict, John Paul II, My Beloved Predecessor (Miami: Pauline Books, 2007): “There was reason to be skeptical—I was, and in a certain sense I still am—to doubt if it was really right to let these types of prophets intervene.”
31 Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 279–80; Alessandra Stanley, “Pope’s Labor Rally Joins Mass and Rock Concert,” The New York Times, May 2, 2000, A6. See Eric J. Lyman, “Vatican Pop Culture Guru Backpedals on Lou Reed Tribute,” The Salt Lake Tribune, October 29, 2013.
32 John L. Allen Jr., Cardinal Ratzinger: The Vatican’s Enforcer of Faith (New York: Continuum, 2000); John L. Allen Jr., Pope Benedict XVI: A Biography of Joseph Ratzinger (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2005).
33 Joan Vennochi, “A Vote for Pope, an Insult to Abuse Victims,” The Boston Globe, February 17, 2013.
34 Charles W. Bell, “Vatican Gets Tough to Thwart Leaks,” New York Daily News, April 15, 1005, 16.
35 Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, Milestones: Memoirs, 1927–1977 (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1998).
36 Allen, Cardinal Ratzinger, 8, citing Uriel Tal, Christians and Jews in Germany.
37 Allen, Pope Benedict XVI, 49.
38 See generally “Profile: Emeritus Pope Benedict XVI,” BBC News, Europe, May 2, 2013; Greg Sheridan, “Administration Was Not Benedict’s Forte,” Real Clear World, February 11, 2013.
39 Allen, Cardinal Ratzinger, 15; see generally David Gibson, The Rule of Benedict (NY: Harper, 2009).
40 Sparks, Follain, and Morgan, “Papal Hopeful Is a former Hitler Youth,” 23.
41 Ibid.
42 Ratzinger quoted in Charles W. Bell, “New Pope? Nope. ‘Relativist’ Catholics Ripped by Hard-liner,” New York Daily News, April 19, 1005, 4.
43 The long shots were Canada’s Cardinal Marc Ouellet at 80 to1 and Cardinal Jean-Claude Turcotte at 100 to 1. Scott Stinson, “Italian Favoured in Online Pope Betting,” National Post (Canada), April 6, 2005, A16.
44 The exact voting tallies for this conclave are known because five months later an Italian political magazine, Limes, published the conclave diary believed to have been kept by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini. It included vote totals on each ballot. In the past, unconfirmed reports had later filtered out about the votes, but never were as credible as the contemporaneous diary. See generally “TV Report: Cardinal’s Unauthorized, Anonymous Diary Says Pope Was Elected with 84 Votes,” Associated Press Worldstream, International News, Vatican City, September 22, 2005; Nicole Winfield, “Cardinal Diary Details Papal Conclave,” Associated Press, International News, Vatican City, September 24, 2005.
45 Bruce Wilson, “Cardinals Set a Ratzinger Trap—Liberals Against Papal Frontrunner—Electing a Pope,” Daily Telegraph (Sydney), April 19, 2005, 13.
46 John L. Allen Jr., “Profile: New Pope, Jesuit Bergoglio, Was Runner-up in 2005 Conclave,” National Catholic Reporter, March 3, 2013.
47 See generally Wilson, “Cardinals Set a Ratzinger Trap,” 13.
48 On the last ballot, one vote went to the disgraced Boston cardinal, Bernard Law. He was one of the electors, and it is not clear if someone cast a protest vote against Ratzinger, since it was then clear that Ratzinger was about to become Pope, or if he did it himself so he would always remain an odd footnote to the final tally.
The information about what motivated the cardinals was also part of discussions later over the publication of Cardinal Martini’s diary. See Daniel J. Wakin, “Ritual and Secrecy Surround Conclave,” The New York Times, March 11, 2013.
49 Agnew, “How the Kingmaker Became King,”
50 John Hooper, “A Moment Of Doubt, Then A Cry Went Up,” The Guardian, April 20, 2005.
51 Benedict XXI quoted in “New Pope Admits To ‘Inadequacy And Turmoil’ ” The Telegraph (London), April 20, 2005.
1 U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Opinion No. 03-15208, D.C. No. CV-99-04941-MMC, Alperin v. Vatican Bank, Argued and Submitted October 7, 2004—San Francisco, California, filed April 18, 2005, online at “Court Clears Way for Suit Against the Vatican Bank for Nazi Gold,” Silicon Valley Business Journal, April 18, 2005, reporting on the judgment of the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court, April 12, 2005; see “Nazi Gold–Vatican Bank Ruling, U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals,” Jurist, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, April 18, 2005.
2 “Court Clears Way for Suit Against the Vatican Bank for Nazi Gold,” Silicon Valley Business Journal. The IOR’s American lawyers filed an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court later that fall. On a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in the Supreme Court of the United States, in Istituto per le Opere di Religione v. Emil Alperin et al., October 2005, courtesy of Jonathan Levy.
3 Benedict seemed as laid-back that fall when Italy’s newspapers were filled with the old IOR-Calvi scandal as five men finally went on trial in Rome charged with murdering the Ambrosiano chairman. Everyone but the Pope seemed to be talking about the prosecutor’s opening statement in which he said, “There were many different kinds of interests represented in the Ambrosiano. There was the Vatican, the Mafia, Freemasons and politicians. This trial is going to tell just a part of all of these stories.” A Vatican spokesman issued a standing “no comment” to press queries. And the new Pope did not miss a beat that December when headlines were filled with the news of yet another book contending that Pope John Paul I was murdered; this time the motive was supposedly because he knew about money laundering inside the Vatican Bank.
4 Ulrich Schwartz, “ ‘Coded Language’ and Yes Men: Cables of Confusion from the Heart of the Vatican,” Der Spiegel, December 13, 2010; See 02-20-09 WikiLeaks The Holy See: A Failure to Communicate Cable, 09VATICAN28_a; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09VATICAN28_a.html.
5 Ibid.
6 Carla Del Ponte and Chuck Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor: Confrontations with Humanity’s Worst Criminals and the Culture of Impunity (New York: Other Press, 2011), Kindle edition, location 365 of 7695.
7 Del Ponte and Chuck Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor, Kindle Edition, 3586 of 7695.
8 See copy of August 26, 2005 U.S. cable, subject “Del Ponte Makes ‘Ugly Impression’ at the Vatican,” at http://racconta.espresso.repubblica.it/espresso-wikileaks-database-italia/dettaglio_eng.php?id=55. Del Ponte even provided a list of the monasteries to assist the search; see Del Ponte and Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor, location 5040, 5057 of 7695.
9 Lajolo quoted in Del Ponte and Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor, location 5067 of 7695.
10 See generally Ulrich Schwarz, “ ‘Coded Language’ and Yes Men: Cables of Confusion from the Heart of the Vatican,” Der Spiegel, December 13, 2010. See also August 26, 2005, Del Ponte Makes “Ugly Impression” at the Vatican, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05VATICAN516_a.html.
11 Del Ponte and Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor, location 5077 of 7695.
12 See also David Rennie, “Vatican Accused of Shielding ‘War Criminal,’ ” The Daily Telegraph, September 20, 2005.
13 “Vatican Denies Knowledge of Indicted War Criminal’s Whereabouts,” Agence France-Presse, Vatican City, September 20, 2005; “Vatican Hits Back at UN Prosecutor over Wanted Croatian,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, Vatican City/Zagreb/London, September 20, 2005.
14 The Israeli ambassador, for example, received a Vatican statement that was supposed to contain a positive message for Israel, but it was so veiled he missed it, even when he was told it was there: 02-20-09 WikiLeaks The Holy See: A Failure to Communicate cable.
15 Rachel Donadio and Jim Yardley, “Vatican Bureaucracy Tests Even the Infallible,” The New York Times, March 19, 2013, 1.
16 Tony Blankey, “Pope Benedict in the Lion’s Den; A Teacher to Unwilling Students Across the World,” The Washington Times, November 29, 2006, A19, citing Time from the previous week.
17 Thavis, The Vatican Diaries. Thavis, a recently retired Rome Bureau chief of the Catholic News Service, provides one of the most astute portraits of Benedict and his personal shortcomings upon assuming the Papacy. See Chapter 10, “The Real Benedict,” 278–306.
18 It is customary for Curia officials to resign when reaching seventy-five, but it is subject to the desires of the Pope. Only two days after he was elected, Benedict reappointed Sodano as Secretary of State.
19 According to Edward Pentin, a reporter with the National Catholic Register, “A source close to the Vatican said the announcement was made now to halt widespread speculation about new Vatican appointments in the Italian press.” Edward Pentin, “Benedict Names Cardinal Bertone Secretary of State,” National Catholic Register, July 3, 3006, referring to a statement of Pope Benedict dated June 22, 2006
20 Pentin, “Benedict Names Cardinal Bertone Secretary of State,” National Catholic Register, July 3, 3006, referring to a statement of Pope Benedict dated June 22, 2006.
21 Emiliano Fittipaldi, “Vaticano, le due cordate,” L’Espresso, May 28, 2012.
22 Rocco Palmo, a veteran Vatican-based journalist, called the process the ‘Widows of Sodano,” as the Secretary of State put “his dearest aides in high posts as a reward for their loyalty. “Rome Notes,” Whispers in the Loggia, July 12, 2006.
Sodano also refused to move out of his grand apartment so long as he retained the title as Secretary of State. It forced Bertone to squeeze into an uncomfortable flat, something most Curialists interpreted as a personal slight. Fittipaldi, “Vaticano, le due cordate.” L’Espresso. Sodano did not leave his office for a year until the renovation was complete on his new one as the Dean of the College of Cardinals. That meant Bertone was stuck in a smaller adjacent room. See Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 133.
23 Rocco Palmo, “Rome Notes,” Whispers in the Loggia, July 12, 1996, online at http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2006/07/rome-notes.html. Time and again, Benedict was passive when it came to filling top Curial posts. For instance, when it came to the Secretary of the Congregation for Religious Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, Benedict favored Cardinal Crescenzio Sepe. But there was stiff resistance to him from the influential mother superior of the Brigittine Sisters, Tekla Famiglietti. So Benedict sent Sepe to run the diocese in Naples and a Franciscan priest, Franciscan Father Gianfranco Gardin, was the compromise. In 2007, Sepe was embroiled in a broad scandal in which—among other charges—he was accused of giving free Propaganda Fide apartments to Italian politicians in exchange for them directing millions of dollars in public money to his office for never performed restoration work.
In June 2010, Italian magistrates opened a formal investigation. Sepe has denied any wrongdoing and no charges have been filed. John Allen Jr., “Facing Financial Scandals, Pope Creates New Vatican Watchdog,” National Catholic Reporter, December 30, 2010; see also Philip Pullela, “Vatican Enacts Laws on Financial Transparency; New Laws Adopted in the Wake of Money Laundering Allegations,” Reuters, January 1, 2011.
24 Rocco Palmo, “Rome Notes,” Whispers in the Loggia, July 12, 1996.
25 Lai, Finanze vaticane, 93–94; see also Rocco Palmo, Whispers in the Loggia, July 12, 1996, online at http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2006/07/rome-notes.html.
26 Benny Lai interview with Angelo Caloia, June 1, 2007, in Lai, Finanze vaticane, 152.
27 02-20-09 WikiLeaks The Holy See: A Failure to Communicate cable.
28 Ibid.
29 Richard Owen, “Benedict Eager to Modernise Arcane World of Vatican Bank: Averse to Inefficiency, the Pope Is Forming His Own Team to Control Church Finances,” The Times (London), September 18, 2006.
30 Richard Owen, “Pope to Put His House in Order,” The Australian, September 20, 2006, 10.
31 Owen, “Benedict Eager to Modernise Arcane World of Vatican Bank.”
32 Ibid.; see also Owen, “Pope to Put His House in Order,” 10.
33 Lai, Finanze vaticane, 95.
34 Rosemary Church and Alessio Vinci, guest Father Thomas Reese, “Pope Benedict XVI,” Transcript, CNN International, April 3, 2006.
35 Michael Valpy, “A Look at the Pope Nobody Knows,” The Globe and Mail (Canada), April 15, 2006.
36 “The AFP Europe news agenda for Sept 10,” Agence France Presse, Paris, September 10, 2006.
37 Victor Simpson quoted in Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 280.
38 Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 281.
39 Ibid., 280.
40 Ibid., 281.
41 Benedict quoted in “Pope Benedict vs. The Jihadists,” New York Daily News, September 14, 2006, 34.
42 Catholic News Service bureau chief John Thavis recalled that by asking Lombardi about the language beforehand the journalists were “offering the Vatican a preemptive defense.” In fact, no one around Benedict warned him that repeating such words without also clearly repudiating them might cast him in the popular press as a modern-day crusader against Islam. Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 285–86.
43 Jon Meacham, with Edward Pentin in Rome, “The Pope’s ‘Holy War’; By Quoting a 14th-Century Christian Emperor on an ‘Evil and Inhuman’ Islam, Benedict XVI Ignites a Global Storm. What Was He Thinking?,” Newsweek, September 25, 2006, 36.
44 See, for example, James Mills, “Pope’s Criticism of the Prophet Inflames Muslims Worldwide,” The Evening Standard, September 15, 2006, 7, “Muslims in Pope Rage,” Evening Gazette, September 15, 2006, 6; Michael Valpy, “Pope’s Quote Kindles Islamic Rage; Fury Compared to That over Danish Cartoons,” The Globe and Mail (Canada), September 16, A1; Geraint Jones, Gordon Thomas, and Julia Hartley-Brewer, “Pope ‘Sorry’ as Churches Are Bombed by Muslims,” Sunday Express, September 17, 2006, 7.
45 Alex Jolly and Jack Lefley, “ ‘Execute the Pope’ call at Westminster Protest,” The Evening Standard, September 18, 2006, 6.
46 Malcolm Moore, “Security Around the Pope Is Stepped up; Six Churches Burned in Weekend of Protests as Muslims Condemn Pontiff’s Unflattering Reference to Mohammed,” The Daily Telegraph, September 18, 2006, 4; James Wickham, “Nun Is Shot Dead in Pope Backlash,” Daily Star (UK), September 18, 2006. See also Simon Caldwell, “24 Catholic Missionaries Killed in 2006,” Daily Mail, January 2, 2007, 19. Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said the Pope was trying to kick off a “chain of conspiracy to set off a crusade.” Ian Fisher and Sebnem Arsu with reporting from Istanbul, Raymond Bonner from Jakarta, Indonesia, and Mona el-Naggar from Cairo, “Pope’s Regrets over Statement Fail to Quiet a Storm of Protests,” The New York Times, September 19, 2006, 15
47 Ağca quoted in Patsy McGarry, “Man Who Tried to Kill Pope Warns Against Trip,” The Irish Times, September 21, 2006, 12.
48 Nick Pisa, “Pope in Flak Jacket Visit Plea,” The Mirror, November 27, 2006. Benedict had opposed Muslim Turkey becoming part of the European Union. After the angry response to his remarks about Islam, Benedict was anxious to make amends. So he reversed years of Vatican opposition to Turkey joining the EU and endorsed it. It was to the dismay of the U.S., which had urged him not to do so.
49 For more on the Vatican’s excuses about Benedict’s 2006 speech addressing Islam, see generally Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 287–88.
50 Author interview with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013.
51 Benedict quoted in John Hooper, “Pope ‘Deeply Sorry’ but Muslim Protests Spread: Nun Shot Dead in Somalia; Italy on Security Alert Apology Offends Jews,” The Guardian, September 18, 2006, 1.
52 Benedict quoted in Ian Fisher, “Pope Tries to Quell Ire over Speech in Brazil,” International Herald Tribune, May 24, 2007, 3.
53 Pew Research Poll, Religion and Public Life Project, April 7, 2010, online at http://www.pewforum.org/2010/04/07/broad-criticism-of-pope-benedicts-handling-of-sex-abuse-scandal/.
54 Berry, Render Unto Rome, 186. See also Berry, “The Shame of John Paul II.”
55 Laurie Goodstein, “384 Priests Defrocked over Abuse in 2 Years,” The New York Times, January 18, 2014, A8.
56 Author interview with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013.
57 Thomas P. Doyle and Stephen C. Rubino, “Catholic Clergy Sexual Abuse Meets the Civil Law,” Fordham Urban Law Journal, Volume 31, Issue 2, Article 6, 2003; see also Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 296.
58 Ibid. Thavis, 299.
59 Ibid., 299–300.
60 Ryan Lucas, “New Warsaw Archbishop Quits in Wake of Disclosures,” The Washington Post, January 8, 2007, A11.
61 Oliver Balch, “British bishop who denied scale of Holocaust loses job,” The Guardian, February 9, 2009. Bishop Richard Williamson was one of four bishops who adhered to the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX). SSPX had been founded to oppose the reforms of Vatican II. The four had been excommunicated in 1988.
62 A month after the uproar, Williamson was removed from his position as the chief prelate in his Argentine seminary. Three years later his traditionalist order, SSPX, expelled him. Oliver Balch, John Hooper, and Riazat Butt, “Vatican Crisis over Bishop Who Denies the Holocaust,” The Guardian, February 6, 2009; see also Nick Squires, “Holocaust Denying British Bishop Expelled From Religious Order,” The Telegraph (United Kingdom), October 24, 2012.
63 02-20-09 WikiLeaks The Holy See: A Failure to Communicate Cable, 09VATICAN28_a; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09VATICAN28_a.html.
64 Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 292.
65 Author interview with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013. Stampa was “one of the Pope’s few trusted confidants” according to author Gianluigi Nuzzi. Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 23.
66 Nuzzi, ibid.
1 Wang Yunjia, “Old Obstacles, New Crisis Hits Italy’s Lagging eEconomy,” Xinhua, March 11, 2009.
2 Diego Coletto, “Effects of Economic Crisis on Italian Economy,” European Industrial Relations Observatory, University of Milan, January 6, 2010; see also Roberto Di Quirico, “Italy and the Global Economic Crisis,” Bulletin of Italian Politics 2, no. 2 (2010): 3–19.
3 “Vatican Runs Deficit Amid Global Economic Crisis,” Business, Huffington Post, July 4, 2009; Kevin Roose, “The Vatican’s Financial Empire, in Charts,” News & Politics, New York, March 12, 2013. The money raised through Peter’s Pence dropped every year through 2010. See Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 81.
4 Ibid.
5 Benedict quoted in Lorenzo Totaro, “Vatican Says Islamic Finance May Help Western Banks in Crisis,” Bloomberg, March 4, 2009.
6 Ibid.
7 “Vatican Bank Safe from Crisis, Bank President Says,” EWTN Global Catholic Network, October 15, 2008. Caloia told author Giancarlo Galli that the Holy See maintained gold bullion in Basel, Switzerland, and the United States, the latter in conjunction with the Federal Reserve. The Basel gold was accumulated by Nogara, and according to Caloia had “never been touched.” See Galli, Finanza bianca, 149. See also Victor L. Simpson, “Official Says Deposits in Vatican Bank Are Safe,” Associated Press, Business News, Rome, October 13, 2008.
8 Caloia interview in Galli, Finanza Bianca, 168.
9 Caloia quoted in John Thavis, “Vatican Bank Official Says Assets Not Threatened by Global Crisis,” Catholic News Service, October 14, 2008; see also Rocco Palmo, “God’s Bankers: Not Afraid,” Whispers in the Loggia, October 14, 2008, online at http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2008/10/gods-bankers-not-afraid.html; see also Simpson, “Official Says Deposits in Vatican Bank Are Safe.”
A comprehensive synopsis of the IOR’s strength during the economic crisis, as well as that of other financial departments such as APSA and the Governorate, is by Sandro Magister, “For Peter’s Cash, a Calm Amid the Storm,” L’Espresso, January 30, 2009, including five years of balance sheets for APSA, the Governorate, Peter’s Pence, as well as the published consolidated financial statements of the Holy See. See online at http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1337147?eng=y.
10 Galli, Finanza bianca, 172.
11 Nick Mathiason, “Pope Attacks Tax Havens for Robbing Poor: Vatican Condemns Roots of Credit Crunch, but Critics Say Its Own Bank Hoards Gold, Art and Cash,” The Observer, December 7, 2008, 7.
12 Benedict quoted in Ibid.
13 Nicole Winfield, “Pope Proposes New Financial Order Guided by Ethics,” Associated Press Online, Business News, Vatican City, July 7, 2009; see Caritas in Veritate online at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_en.html.
14 Adding to Dardozzi’s unhappiness at the IOR, he was convinced the bank had cheated him out of a large commission he was due for arranging the sale of a prime Florentine church property. He wanted that money to ensure that a handicapped daughter he had adopted before he became a priest had enough money to care for herself after his death. When he made no headway in convincing anyone that he had been shortchanged, it only added to his general dissatisfaction.
15 Nuzzi, Vatican SpA, 5–7.
16 Gianluigi Nuzzi, “IOR parallelo. Conti segreti in Vaticano,” Panorama, May 17, 2005.
17 Philip Willan, “How the Vatican Sold,” The Guardian, June 15, 2009; see also Nuzzi, “IOR parallelo. Conti segreti in Vaticano.”
18 Nuzzi quoted in Willan, “The Vatican’s Dirty Secrets: Bribery, Money Laundering and Mafia Connections,” June 4, 2009.
19 Author interview with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013.
20 Andreotti quoted in Nuzzi, “IOR parallelo. Conti segreti in Vaticano.” Galeazzi, “Karol Wojtyla and the Secrets of Vatican Finances,” “Vatican Insider.”
21 Ibid.
22 Author interview with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013.
23 Ibid.
24 Lai, Finanze vaticane, 97.
25 Caloia statement as part of a submission of a 2008 financial report to the Secretariat of State; see Magister, “All the Denarii of Peter. Vices and Virtues of the Vatican Bank.”
26 Guy Dinmore, “Upheaval Lifts Vatican Bank’s Veil of Secrecy,” Financial Times, October 16, 2009.
27 Ibid. See also an extensive interview with Gotti Tedeschi by Angela Ambrogetti, “Economics from a Catholic Perspective,” Inside the Vatican, March 7, 2012. See also Stacy Meichtry, “Vatican Revamps Its Bank’s Ranks,” The Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2001, 1.
28 Meichtry, Ibid.
29 John L. Allen Jr., “New Vatican Bank Scandal Threatens to Erupt,” National Catholic Reporter, September 21, 2010; John Thavis, “Vatican Bank Head Named in Money-Laundering Probe,” Catholic News Service, September 21, 2010.
30 “Renewal of the Board of Superintendence of the IOR,” Vatican City, Vatican Information Service, September 23, 2009; see also “Supreme Knight Appointed to Board of Vatican Bank,” Catholic News Agency, September 23, 2009; Stacy Meichtry, “Vatican Revamps Its Bank’s Ranks,” The Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2001, 1. Anderson carried particular influence at the Vatican because the Knights of Columbus that he ran counted 1.8 million members. That made it the world’s largest Catholic service organization.
31 Andreas Wassermann and Peter Wensierski, “Transparency vs. Money Laundering: Catholic Church Fears Growing Vatican Bank Scandal,” Der Spiegel, July 2, 2012; Jonathan Manthorpe, “Pope Benedict Tries to Purify Scandal-ridden Vatican Bank,” The Vancouver Sun, July 3, 2012.
32 The best synopsis of Gotti Tedeschi’s background is by Sandro Magister, “The Vatican Bank Has a New Laissez-Faire President: Ettore Gotti Tedeschi,” L’Espresso, October 1, 2009.
33 Gotti Tedeschi interviewed in Ambrogetti, “Economics from a Catholic Perspective.” He emphasized his practical business experience. “Don’t forget that for twenty years I’ve been the president of the Italian unit of one of the largest banks in the world. For ten years I have been an independent board member of the Italian government’s bank, the Deposits and Loans Fund. I am chairman of the Infrastructure Fund.”
34 Magister, “The Vatican Bank Has a New Laissez-Faire President.”
35 Rino Cammilleri and Ettore Gotti Tedeschi, Denaro e Paradiso. L’economia globale e il mondo cattolico (Money and Paradise: The Global Economy and the Catholic World) (Milan: Piemme, Casale Monferrato, 2004); Gotti Tedeschi’s solid connections to the Vatican were evident in the publication of that book: the preface was written by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re, the Prefect of the Vatican Congregation for Bishops. See Sandro Magister, “A Catholic Banker Tells How to Produce Wealth for the Kingdom of God,” L’Espresso, October 11, 2004.
36 Sandro Magister, “Financial Crisis. The Good News Is Coming from the Vatican,” L’Espresso, February 27, 2009.
37 His morality was intertwined with his economic theories. For instance, in an October 24 note to Benedict’s private secretary, Monsignor Gänswein, Gotti Tedeschi commented on a credit crunch facing European and American banks: “The excessive lending from banks is an effect, not a cause. The cause is declining birth rates in the Western world, with repercussions on economic growth and increased costs due to an aging population.” Letter from Gotti Tedeschi to Gänswein reproduced in Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 194, 205.
38 Gotti Tedeschi quoted in David Gibson, “Vatican Bank Probe Threatens New Scandal for Beleaguered Pope,” Politics Daily/Huffington Post, 2011.
39 Only church historians and coin collectors knew that in a 1930 charter that Pius XI had established the gold lira as the city-state’s official currency. But those coins were issued only for commemorative purposes. See Philip W. Willan, “Vatican to Adopt the Euro,” The Guardian, December 22, 1998.
40 “Vatican, EU Update Financial Accord,” Zenit, December 18, 2009.
41 Guy Dinmore, “The Vatican: A Murky See,” Financial Times, September 24, 2010.
42 Unnamed “Vatican representative” quoted in Rachel Donadio and Andrew Higgins, “Power Struggle on Reforming Vatican Banks,” The New York Times, March 10, 2013, 1.
43 Andrea Tornielli, “The Vatican’s Temptation to Exit the Euro,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, July 24, 2012; Lai, Finanze vaticane, 99.
44 The language in the agreement said in part: “The Vatican City State shall undertake to adopt all appropriate measures, through direct transpositions or possibly equivalent actions, for the application of all relevant Community legislation on the prevention of money laundering, on the prevention of fraud and counterfeiting of cash and non-cash means of payment.” See online at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009PC0570:EN:NOT. “EU and Vatican Sign a New Monetary Accord,” Vatican City, ANSAmed—English, December 17, 2009; “Vatican, EU Update Financial Accord,” Zenit, December 18, 2009.
45 “And only in recent months has the Holy See decided to prosecute money laundering: until April 2010, it did not even consider it a crime.” Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 28.
46 Dinmore, “The Vatican: A Murky See:” That following January ASPA chief, Cardinal Attilio Nicora, was selected as the chief of a new IOR section whose goal was to facilitate the bank’s progress for eventually qualifying for the white list.
47 Nicole Winfield, “US Appeals Court Nixes Vatican Bank Holocaust Suit,” Associated Press, International News, Vatican City, December 30, 2009.
1 Jeffrey Owens quoted in Nicole Winfield, “Prosecutors Doubt Vatican Money-Laundering Pledges,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, October 30, 2010.
2 Andrea Gagliarducci, “Vatican Finance Group Signs Agreement with German Counterpart,” Catholic News Agency, December 4, 2013.
3 Gagliarducci, “Vatican Finance Group Signs Agreement with German Counterpart.”
4 Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 89.
5 John Thavis, “Vatican Bank Head Named in Money-Laundering Probe,” Catholic News Service, September 21, 2010; see also “Vatican Bank Board Fires President, Citing Neglect of Duties,” The Catholic Register, May 28, 2012; Stacy Meichtry and Margherita Stancati, “Vatican Bank’s Officials Probed: Italian Prosecutors Look at Allegations Identities of Clients Weren’t Disclosed,” The Wall Street Journal, September 22, 2010.
6 “Vatican Bank ‘Investigated over Money-Laundering,’ ” BBC, News Europe; “Vatican ‘Perplexed’ by Vatican Bank Probe,” The Catholic Universe.
7 Giovanni De Censi, the director of Credito Artigiano’s parent company, Credito Valtellinese, was a member of the IOR’s board of advisors. Meichtry and Stancati, “Vatican Bank’s Officials Probed: Italian Prosecutors Look at Allegations Identities of Clients Weren’t Disclosed”; Dinmore, “The Vatican: A Murky See.”
8 Unnamed Bank of Italy official interviewed in Guy Dinmore, “The Vatican: A Murky See,” Financial Times, September 24, 2010.
9 The entire statement: “The clear desire for full transparency regarding the financial operations of the Institute for the Works of Religion (IOR), demonstrated many times by the authorities of the Holy See, is well known. That requires that procedures designed to prevent terrorism and money-laundering be put into effect. For this reason, the authorities of IOR for some time have been pursuing the necessary contacts and meetings, both with the Bank of Italy and the relevant international bodies—the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Financial Action Task Force—in order to insert the Holy See into the so-called “White List.”
“The Holy See, therefore, is perplexed and astonished by the initiative of the Prosecutor of Rome, especially since the information necessary is already available from the relevant offices of the Bank of Italy, and analogous operations are going on concurrently with other Italian institutions of credit.
“Regarding the cited transactions, it should be noted that these are operations of a transfer of credit for non-Italian institutions, the consignee of which is the IOR.
“The Holy See expresses its maximum confidence in the president and director general of the IOR.”
As translated in John L. Allen Jr., “New Vatican Bank Scandal Threatens to Erupt,” National Catholic Reporter, September 21, 2010.
10 Lombardi quoted in John Thavis, “Vatican Bank Head Named in Money-Laundering Probe,” Catholic News Service, September 21, 2010. Lombardi letter quoted in Speciale, “Unmasking the Vatican’s Bank”; see also “Vatican Finances Aboveboard, Affirms Aide,” Zenit, September 23, 2010.
11 Dinmore, “The Vatican: A Murky See.”
12 Guy Dinmore, “Sicily Probe Adds to Vatican Bank Pressure,” Financial Times, November 3, 2010.
13 Ibid.
14 Unnamed Italian official quoted in ibid.
15 Jeffrey Donovan and Lorenzo Totaro, “Nazi Victims Ask EU to Probe Vatican on Looted Assets,” Bloomberg, October 26, 2010; author interview with Jonathan Levy, February 21, 2012.
16 Guy Dinmore, “Vatican Bank Goes to Court over Frozen Funds,” Financial Times, October 7, 2010; “Italian Judge Upholds Seizure of Vatican Assets,” Associated Press, Rome, December 20, 2010.
17 Victor Simpson and Nicole Winfield, “Vatican Bank Hit by Financial Scandal . . . Again,” The Independent (UK), December 19, 2010.
18 Barbie Latza Nadeau, “Vatican Banker Running Scared: Gotti Tedeschi Could Turn Whistle-Blower,” The Daily Beast, June 10, 2102.
19 According to “a senior FATF official familiar with the negotiations [with the Vatican}” quoted in Winfield, “Prosecutors Doubt Vatican Money-Laundering Pledges.”
20 MONEYVAL conducts extensive compliance checks in the central banks of EU member countries, and then monitors them regularly, particularly focusing on whether the banks meet a number of EU conventions: the 1980 Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs; the 1990 Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds of Crime (ETS 141); the subsequent anti-money-laundering “Strasbourg Convention; the 2003 update to the Strasbourg Convention; the 2005 adoption of the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism (CETS 198); and the 2009 Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism (CETS 198).
21 In reference to the IOR attempt to move forward on FATF compliance, journalist Nicole Winfield wrote, “Prosecutors, though, aren’t buying any of it.” Winfield, “Prosecutors Doubt Vatican Money-Laundering Pledges.”
22 Amadeu Altafaj, the spokesman for the European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs, told reporters that the draft discussions set the groundwork for a substantive, new Vatican law. Amadeu Attafaj quoted in Sarah Paulsworth, “Vatican to implement EU financial crimes legislation by end of year,” Jurist, October 30, 2010. For a detailed overview of the European Union’s Financial Crimes statutes, see online at http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/company/financial-crime/index_en.htm
23 Unnamed FATF official interviewed in Winfield, “Prosecutors Doubt Vatican Money-Laundering Pledges.” Author interview with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013; Dinmore, “Sicily Probe Adds to Vatican Bank Pressure.”
24 Lai, Finanze vaticane, 100, 160; see also Andrea Tornielli, “The Vatican’s Temptation to Exit the Euro,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, July 24, 2012; and “Influential Prelate Said Vatican Should Drop Euro, Author Reports,” Catholic World News, July 25, 2012. The author requested to interview Archbishop Viganò through the Vatican press office where it went unanswered.
25 Tornielli, “The Vatican’s Temptation to Exit the Euro.”
26 Author interview with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013.
27 Reprinted in full in Mutual Evaluation Report, Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism, The Holy See (Including Vatican City State) (MONEYVAL), July 4, 2012, 12; see also Rachel Donadio, “The Vatican Creates a Financial Watchdog,” The New York Times, December 30, 2010.
28 Press accounts sometimes confuse the names, using them interchangeably, or as if they are two separate entities. Reuters’ Philip Pullella and Andrea Tornielli, respected Vaticanisti, use FIA as the abbreviation to refer to this financial watchdog unit set up in the Pope’s motu propio (so does The New York Times). The Vatican, however, cites it on its own website as AIF, the initials used in this book. Also, the Autorità di Informazione Finanziaria has its own webpage. In the English translation provided by the Vatican, the unit is called the Financial Intelligence Authority. This book follows the names and initials as used by the Vatican.
See Tornielli at http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/vaticano-vatican-finanza-finance-financia-19443/; Pullella at http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/us-vatican-bank-watchdog-idUSTRE70I39020110119; the AIF website at http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/aif/index.htm; and the Vatican’s English translation of the name at http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/papa-francesco-motu-proprio_20131115_statuto-aif.html. See also the AIF’s website in English at http://www.aif.va/ENG/Statuto.aspx
29 Tully, “This Pope Means Business,” Fortune.
30 It is online at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20101230_attivita-illegali_en.html.
31 Dinmore, “The Vatican: A Murky See.”
Bertone lobbied that the AIF chief be a friend of his, Professor Giovanni Maria Flick. But Benedict wanted to have a cleric, not a layman, at the helm. So Nicora was the compromise.
32 Nicora’s fellow directors were Marcello Condemi, an economics law professor at Rome’s Marconi University; Claudio Bianchi, an accounting professor at Rome’s La Sapienza University; Professor Giuseppe Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto, the rector of Rome’s LUMSA university; and Cesare Testa, head of the department that manages the funds responsible for the salaries of priests in Italy. Philip Pullella, “Vatican Names Board of New Financial Authority,” Reuters, Vatican City, January 19, 2011.
33 “Fr. Lombardi’s Note Concerning the Motu Proprio,” Vatican City, Vatican Information Service, December 30, 2010.
34 Ibid.
35 Email message from Jeffrey Owens, cited in Donadio, “The Vatican Creates a Financial Watchdog.”
36 Gianluigi Nuzzi quoted in ibid.
37 Donadio, “The Vatican Creates a Financial Watchdog.”
1 Tom Kington, “Vatican Leaks: No Respite for Pope Benedict as More Documents Published,” The Guardian, June 3, 2012; “Secrets of the Vatican,” Frontline, PBS, February 2014.
2 “Vatican Diary / The strange case of the new prelate of the IOR,” La Repubblica, July 30, 2012.
3 Author interview with Joan Lewis, February 10, 2014. “When the dust settles, the most obvious beneficiary of these moves would seem to be Italian Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, the Secretary of State,” wrote the National Catholic Reporter’s John Allen. John L. Allen Jr., “A Triptych on Benedict’s Papacy, and Hints of What Lies Beyond,” National Catholic Reporter, May 23, 2011.
4 Rocco Palmo, “Vatiwar: For the Italians, Retreat Week Becomes ‘Fight Club’ ” Whispers in the Loggia, February 23, 2013; Palmo, “ ‘Super-Nuncio,’ Rome-Bound?,” Whispers in the Loggia, July 13, 2011; Marco Tosatti, “A Tsunami of Italian Prelates in the Roman Curia,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, July 18, 2011.
5 Andrea Tornielli, “Clash Between Cardinals Over the Cattolica University,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, May 26, 2011; see also Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 140–44; “God’s Bankers,” The Economist, July 7, 2012.
6 “Mario Cal: The Mysterious Suicide That Has Rocked the Vatican,” The Independent (UK), October 3, 2011.
7 Gotti Tedeschi quoted in Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 145, see also 144–49; Sandro Magister, “No Glorious Sunset for Cardinal Bertone,” L’Espresso, February 2, 2012; Kington, “Vatican Leaks.” See also “God’s Bankers,” The Economist. Giuseppe Rotelli, a prominent lawyer and government official, led a group of investors who subsequently bought the hospital for nearly $500 million.
8 Kington, “Vatican Leaks.”
9 Edward Pentin, “Naming of New Cardinals Prompts Speculation About New Pope,” Newsmax, January 10, 2012, http://www.newsmax.com/EdwardPentin/Cardinals-Pope-Benedict-Successor/2012/01/10/id/423629.
10 Nicole Winfield, “22 Cardinals Join Club to Elect Pope’s Successor,” Associated Press, February 18, 2012.
11 “Pope Butler Arrested, Vatileaks Tip of Iceberg: Dirt-Digging Cardinals Positioning Selves to Become Pope,” http://specialguests.com/guests/viewnews.cgi?id=EFFlkuZVuZvDkOhDaO&style=Full%20Article.
12 Kington, “Vatican Leaks.”
13 Unnamed Vatican analyst interviewed in ibid.
14 Author interview with Joan Lewis, February 10, 2014.
15 Mutual Evaluation Report, Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism, The Holy See (Including Vatican City State) (MONEYVAL), July 4, 2012, 5.
16 Resolution CM/Res (2011) 5, on the participation of the Holy See (including the Vatican City State) in the mutual evaluation processes and procedures of the Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism (MONEYVAL) (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 6 April 2011 at the 1111th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).
17 Gaia Pianigiani, “Vatican: Visitors Must Declare Cash,” The New York Times, April 1, 2011.
18 Avi Jorisch, “The Vatican Bank: The Most Secret Bank in the World,” Forbes, June 26, 2012.
19 Mutual Evaluation Report, Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, (MONEYVAL), 5.
20 The Moneyval team included: legal evaluator William Gilmore, a professor of International Criminal Law at the University of Edinburgh and a Moneyval Legal Scientific Expert; two financial examiners, Philipp Roeser, head of Liechtenstein’s regulatory Financial Market Authority, and Andrew Strijker, a Moneyval Financial Scientific Expert; two law enforcement evaluators, Boudewijn Verhelst, the Deputy Director of Belgium’s Financial Intelligence Unit and a Moneyval Law Enforcement Scientific Expert, as well as Vladimir Nechaev, a senior member of Moneyval Russian Federation. General team members included John Ringguth, Moneyval Executive Secretary, and John Baker, a Moneyval Secretariat director.
21 Fr. Alexander Lucie-Smith, “Italy Is Now ‘in the Abyss’—and the Vatican Will Not Escape This Disaster,” Catholic Herald, November 11, 2011.
22 Besides the IOR, the Moneyval team met with representatives from the Prefecture for Economic Affairs, Secretariat of State, the Juridical Offices, the Governorate, the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See (APSA), the Gendarmerie, and the recently formed Financial Intelligence Authority (AIF). For a complete list of all the people the Moneyval team met with during their visits to the Vatican, see Annex 1 to Mutual Evaluation Report, Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, (MONEYVAL).
23 John Ringguth quoted in Elisabetta Povoledo, “Report Sees Flaws in Workings of the Vatican Bank,” The New York Times, July 19, 2012, B9.
24 Avi Jorisch, “The Vatican Bank: The Most Secret Bank in the World.”
25 Sanya Khetani, “A Vatican Whistleblower Was Transferred After Exposing Catholic Corruption,” Business Insider, January 26, 2012; Philip Pullella, “Corruption Scandal Shakes Vatican as Internal Letters Leaked,” Reuters, January 26, 2012.
See also: http://www.businessinsider.com/carlo-maria-vigano-vatican-corruption-2012-1#ixzz2sx6CZwyO.
26 An article in Il Giornale in March 2011 accused Viganò of being a reactionary who was upset with the reforms in the church. The opposite was in fact true.
27 Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 54–55, 67–69.
28 Viganò letter to Bertone, quoted in Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 57.
29 Viganò letter to Pope Benedict, March 27, 2011, quoted in Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 58, and reproduced in the original Italian at 244. See also Pullella, “Corruption Scandal Shakes Vatican.”
30 Nuzzi, “Ratzinger Was Afraid,” 58.
31 Viganò letter to Pope Benedict, quoted in Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 58-62.
32 Ibid., 61. Pullella, “Corruption Scandal Shakes Vatican.” See also Sandro Magister, “Vatican Diary/Viganò, the Untouchable,” L’Espresso, January 26, 2012.
33 Giacomo Galeazzi, “Vatican, the New Appointments,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, February 11, 2011.
34 They were ex-Secretary of State, Angelo Sodano; the former chair of the Congregation of Bishops, Giovanni Battista Re; Raffaele Farina, head of the Vatican Library;, and Agostino Cacciavillan, who had been the ambassador to the U.S. for eight years. See Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 70.
35 Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 71–72. Also Author interview with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, in Rome, September 2013.
1 Sandro Magister, “No Glorious Sunset for Cardinal Bertone,” L’Espresso, February 2, 2012.
2 Author interviews, Rome, September 2013.
3 John Hooper, “Gentleman of his Holiness and his Prostitutes Stun Vatican: Papal Usher Linked to Gay Prostitution,” The Guardian (London), March 5, 2010.
4 Kertzer, The Pope and Mussolini, Kindle edition, locations1712–1832 of 10577.
5 Author interview with Peter K. Murphy, January 31, 2014.
6 Marinelli used the pseudonym “The Millenaria”; taken from the Latin millenarius, it refers literally to a society or religious movement “containing a thousand.” Because of that name, critics initially thought a group wrote the book. It was published the following year, 2000, in the U.S. under the title Shroud of Secrecy: The Story of Corruption Within the Vatican (Toronto: Key Porter, 2000).
7 Millenari, Shroud of Secrecy, 110–11.
8 Alessandra Stanley, “Tell-All Book Creates Furor at Vatican,” The New York Times, July 17, 1998.
9 Francis quoted in Daniel Burke, “Pope Francis: ‘Gay Lobby’ Exists Inside Vatican,” CNN, June 11, 2013.
10 Francis quoted in Rachel Donadio, “On Gay Priests, Pope Francis Asks, ‘Who Am I to Judge?,’ ” The New York Times, July 29, 2013.
11 Lizzy Davies, “Swiss Guard Veteran Claims Existence of ‘Gay Network’ at the Vatican,” The Guardian, January 20, 2014.
12 John Follian and Gretchen Achilles, City of Secrets: The Truth Behind the Murders at the Vatican (New York: William Morrow, 2003); John L. Allen Jr., “Power and Secrecy Feed Conspiracy Theories in Vatican City,” National Catholic Reporter, July 31, 1998; Barbie Latza Nadeau, “Vatican Murder Mystery: Was it a Gay Love Triangle,” The Daily Beast, November 14, 2011. See also Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 116.
13 Christina Boyle and Stephen Rex Brown, “Report: Vatican Owns Building That Houses Cardinals and Europe’s Biggest Gay Bathhouse,” New York Daily News, March 11, 2013.
14 David Badash, “Catholic Church Threatens Lawsuits: We Sell ‘Erotica,’ Not Pornography!,” The New Civil Rights Movement, November 3, 2011, online at http://thenewcivilrightsmovement.com/catholic-church-threatens-lawsuits-we-sell-erotica-not-pornography/news/2011/11/03/29594.
15 Author interview, Rome, September 2013; Katie McDonough, “The Vatican Plays Landlord to Europe’s Biggest Gay Bathhouse,” Salon, March 12, 2013, online at http://www.salon.com/2013/03/12/the_vatican_plays_landlord_to_europes_biggest_gay_bathhouse/.
16 Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 8.
17 Author interview with retired Vatican colleague of Gabriele, September 19, 2013.
18 Giacomo Galeazzi, “The ‘Family’ That Lives With Benedict XVI,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, May 26, 2012.
19 Magister, “Vatican Diary/Viganò, the Untouchable.” The Finance and Management Committee that was the focus of particular criticism consisted of Massimo Ponzellini, Pellegrino Capaldo, Carlo Fratta Pasini, and before he became the president of the IOR, Ettore Gotti Tedeschi. See also Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 28-30.
20 Nicole Winfield, “Exclusive: Vatican Rewrites Money Launder Law,” Associated Press, January 27, 2012; see also Andrea Tornielli, “The Vatican Anti-Money Laundering Law Has Responded to Moneyval,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, June 21, 2012.
21 Andrea Gagliarducci, “Holy See and Financial Transparency. The Path to the White List,” Monday Vatican, June 25, 2012.
22 “Fr. Lombardi: Statement Regarding Italian TV Program,” Vatican Radio, January 26, 2012.
23 Ibid.
24 Marco Tosatti, “The Secretariat of Mysteries and the Shadows of Accomplices,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, May 29, 2012.
25 Ibid; also Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 122.
26 Andrea Tornielli, “IOR: A Subtle Transparency,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, February 1, 2012; see also John L. Allen Jr., “Yet More Vatican Leaks,” National Catholic Reporter, February 15, 2012.
27 Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 21, 34.
28 Ibid., 18, 21, 29, 33. Tom Kington, “Pope’s Butler Arrested After Inquiry into ‘Vatileaks’: Documents Found in Search of Vatican Flat: Journalist Says Source Wanted to Fight ‘Hypocrisy,’ ” The Guardian, May 26, 2012, 34; Barbie Latza Nadeau, “VatiLeaks Exposes Internal Memos of the Catholic Church,” The Daily Beast, May 24, 2012.
29 Magister, “No Glorious Sunset for Cardinal Bertone.”
30 See generally http://www.vatileaks.com/_blog/Vati_Leaks/post/The_leaked_Vatican_documents/.
31 John L. Allen Jr., “Roman Notebook: Yet Another Vatican Financial Scandal,” National Catholic Reporter, February 8, 2012.
32 Francesco Antonio Grana, “Dalla finanza alla sanità: le manovre di Bertone, vero potere nel papato Ratzinger,” Il Fatto Quotidiano, February 23, 2013.
33 “Holy See Press Office Rejects Unfounded Claims About the IOR and the AIF,” Vatican Information Service, Vatican City, February 9, 2012.
34 “Vatican Rejects Prelate’s Corruption Allegations,” Associated Press, Vatican City, February 4, 2012.
35 Stacy Meichtry, “After Centuries of Secrecy, Vatican Vexed by Leaks,” The Wall Street Journal, February 18, 2012.
36 John L. Allen Jr., “Vatican Abuse Summit: $2.2 Billion and 100,000 Victims in U.S. Alone,” National Catholic Reporter, February 8, 2012; Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 80, citing “Vatican Insider.” The estimate of the total amount paid to victims does not include the amounts in sealed settlements. In those cases, a condition of the victim dropping the case is agreeing not to disclose what the church paid.
37 “The Catholic Church’s Vatileaks Scandal: A Guide,” The Week, July 27, 2012.
38 Nick Squires, “Vatileaks: ’20 People Involved in Stealing Documents,’ Says Pope’s Butler,” The Telegraph, September 6, 2012.
39 Nick Squires, “Vatican Ruled by ‘Omerta’ Code of Silence, Whistle-blower Claims,” The Telegraph, February 23, 2014.
40 Magister, “No Glorious Sunset for Cardinal Bertone.”
41 The other cardinals were Salvatore De Giorgi, Julián Herranz, and Jozef Tomko.
42 Rachel Donadio, “After Pledging Loyalty to Successor, Pope Leaves Vatican,” The New York Times, February 28, 2013; “The Vatican Gendarmerie for a year has intercepted all the curia—Clarification of Panorama; “Lombardi: ‘Checks may have been carried out on two or three individuals’,” “Vatican Insider” and Panorama.it, February 28, 2103.
43 Winfield, “22 Cardinals Join Club to Elect Pope’s Succcessor.”
44 Pope Benedict quoted in Ingrid D. Rowland, “The Fall of the Vice-Pope,” The New York Review of Books, June 16, 2014.
45 Winfield, “22 Cardinals Join Club to Elect Pope’s Succcessor.”
1 Philip Pullella, “U.S. Adds Vatican to Money-Laundering ‘Concern’ List,” Reuters, March 8, 2012; Nick Squires, “Vatican Bank Faces Fresh Controversy,” London Telegraph, March 19, 2012.
2 Phillip Pullella and Lisa Jucca, “Vatican Bank Image Hurt as JP Morgan Closes Account,” Reuters, March 19, 2012; “Vaticano, dai dossier di Gotti Tedeschi spunta il giallo di JP Morgan Vaticano, dai dossier di Gotti Tedeschi spunta il giallo di JP Morgan,” Il Messaggero, June 10, 2012.
3 Rachel Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank,” The Financial Times Magazine, December 6, 2013.
4 Andrea Tornielli, “The Vatican and Transparency: Moneyval’s Objections,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, May 8, 2012. See Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism (MONEYVAL), June 2, 2014.
5 Author interview with former associate at the IOR, identity withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013.
6 Tornielli, “The Vatican and Transparency”; Andreas Wassermann and Peter Wensierski, “Transparency vs. Money Laundering: Catholic Church Fears Growing Vatican Bank Scandal,” Der Spiegel, July 2, 2012.
7 Author interview with former associate at the IOR, identity withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013.
8 Nick Pisa, “Prosecutors Investigate Vatican Bank Mafia Link,” The Telegraph, June 10, 2012.
9 Ibid.
10 The bishop, Francesco Micciché, was removed for “alienation of property,” a violation of canon law in which a prelate’s conduct puts the financial health of a diocese at risk. See John L. Allen Jr., “Hard Lesson for the Vatican: Firing a Bishop Doesn’t End the Story,” National Catholic Reporter, June 15, 2012; see also “Mafia Vatican Funds ‘Explosive,’ ” The Australian, June 18, 2012.
11 Gianluigi Nuzzi, Sua Santità: Le carte segrete di Benedetto XVI (Milan: Chairelettere Editorie, 2012); see also Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 27.
12 A few journalists were hesitant to accept as true everything leaked to Nuzzi. “First, this caution: The mere fact that a document exists does not automatically make its content credible. Some official documents, even if they’re stamped ‘top secret,’ do little more than record gossip, spin or self-serving opinion,” in John L. Allen, Jr., “Pondering the ‘What,’ Not the ‘Who,’ of Vatileaks,” National Catholic Reporter, June 1, 2012.
13 Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 85–86.
14 Ibid., 116–120.
15 Although Boffo had been accused in 2002 of sexual harassment, the part of the accusation that was false was that he was gay and it was known to the police. The document with that conclusion, that purported to be from the prosecutor’s office, was a forgery. Ibid., 33–35. See also Barbie Latza Nadeau, “VatiLeaks Exposes Internal Memos of the Catholic Church,” The Daily Beast, May 24, 2012; Nadeau writes that the false “allegations [were] that Boffo had harassed the wife of his gay lover.” In under a year, Boffo got a new job as an editor at Tv2000, the official bishop’s television channel.
16 Some generic published reports after Gotti Tedeschi was subsequently fired from the IOR said he had compiled a folder he was anxious to show the Pope, but no specifics were provided. See Nick Squires, “Ex-Head of Vatican Bank ‘Planned to Give Dossier to Pope,’ ” The Telegraph, June 8, 2012.
17 John L. Allen, Jr., “Hard Lesson for the Vatican: Firing a Bishop Doesn’t End the Story,” National Catholic Reporter. Also, author interview with former associate at the IOR and with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013.
18 Pisa, “Prosecutors Investigate Vatican Bank Mafia Link.”
19 John L. Allen, Jr., “Hard Lesson for the Vatican: Firing a Bishop Doesn’t End the Story,” National Catholic Reporter. Also, author interview with former associate at the IOR and with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013.
20 Author interview with former associate at the IOR, September 2013.
21 Ibid., and with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013.
22 “IOR, il memoriale di Gotti Tedeschi. Ecco chi non voleva la norma antiriciclaggio,” Il Fatto Quotidiano, June 12, 2012, 1.
23 Author interview with former associate at the IOR and with former Papal advisor/assistant, identity withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013. Requests to interview Monsignor Gänswein were submitted through press secretary, Father Federico Lombardi, and went unanswered.
24 Nicole Winfield, “Intrigue Mounts over Ouster of Vatican Bank Chief,” Associated Press, Vatican City, June 9, 2012.
25 John Hooper, “Vatican Bank’s Former President Accused of Negligence,” The Guardian, June 10, 2012.
26 Andrea Gagliarducci, “I.O.R., Is Something Going to Change?,” Monday Vatican, June 6, 2011.
27 Philip Pullella and Silvia Aloisi, “Insight: Vatican Bank—Money, Mystery and Monsignors.”
28 Author interview with former associate at the IOR, identity withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013 see also Pullella and Silvia Aloisi, “Insight: Vatican Bank—Money, Mystery and Monsignors.”
29 Marco Bardazzi, “No Transparency. That’s Why We Fired Gotti Tedeschi,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, May 27, 2012; “Vatican Bank Board Fires President, Citing Neglect of Duties,” The Catholic Register, May 25, 2012.
30 Pullella and Silvia Aloisi, “Insight: Vatican Bank—Money, Mystery and Monsignors.”
31 Bardazzi, “No Transparency. That’s Why We Fired Gotti Tedeschi.”
32 Philip Pullella, “Vatican Faces Widening of Leaks Scandal,” Vatican City, Reuters, May 27, 2012.
33 Andrea Tornielli, “Tobin and His Coming and Going from the Roman Curia,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, October 20, 2012, online at http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/world-news/detail/articolo/tobin-stati-uniti-united-states-estados-unidos-vescovi-bishops-obispos-19061/.
34 “Vatican Bank Board Fires President, Citing Neglect of Duties,” The Catholic Register.
35 Ibid.
36 Andrea Gagliarducci, “Holy See and Financial Transparency. The Path to the White List,” VaticanMonday, June 25, 2012; see also Francesca Biagiotti, “Ior, Gotti Tedeschi ai pm: ‘Tarantola mi fa sempre vedere le lettere che manda,’ ” Il Fatto Quotidiano, June 15, 2012.
37 Gotti Tedeschi quoted in “Vatican Bank Board Fires President, Citing Neglect of Duties,” The Catholic Register.
38 Gotti Tedeschi quoted in Pullella and Silvia Aloisi, “Insight: Vatican Bank—Money, Mystery and Monsignors.”
39 “Benedict XVI Surprised by IOR Chief Sacking, Says Secretary; Prelate Describes Relationship of Mutual Esteem Between Popes,” ANSA English Media Service, Vatican City, October 22, 2013.
1 Nick Pisa, “The Pope’s Butler Arrested Following Vatileaks Investigation,” The Telegraph, May 25, 2012, 1.
2 Tom Kington, “Vatican Leaks.” See generally Jeffrey Kofman and Phoebe Natanson, “Vatican Documents Leaked: Did Butler Paolo Gabriele Do It?” ABC News, May 28, 2012.
3 Anderson interviewed in Bardazzi, “No Transparency. That’s Why We Fired Gotti Tedeschi.”
4 Marco Lillo, “IOR, Gotti Tedeschi ‘spiato’ da un medico. ‘Disfunzioni psicopatologiche, va cacciato,’ ” Il Fatto Quotidiano, June 9, 2012, 1; see also John Hooper, “Vatican Bank’s Former President Accused of Negligence,” The Guardian, June 10, 2012.
5 Andrea Gagliarducci, “Holy See and Financial Transparency. The Path to the White List.”
6 Avi Jorisch, “The Vatican Bank: The Most Secret Bank in the World.”
7 Anderson interviewed in Bardazzi, “No Transparency. That’s Why We Fired Gotti Tedeschi.”
8 Ibid. See also Maria Antonietta Calabrò, “Così lo Ior ha sfiduciato Gotti Tedeschi,” Corriere della Sera, May 26, 2012.
9 Letters quoted in Winfield, “Intrigue Mounts over Ouster of Vatican Bank Chief.”
10 Kington, “Vatican Leaks: No Respite for Pope Benedict.”
11 Andrea Gagliarducci, “Vatican Communications, Changes in the Making?” Monday Vatican, July 2, 2012.
12 “Mafia Vatican Funds ‘Explosive,’ ” The Australian, June 18, 2012.
13 Unnamed priest quoted in ibid.
14 Author interview with former consultant to the IOR, identity withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013.
15 See Andrea Tornielli, “Vatican Bank’s Former Head Under Shock After House Search,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, June 6, 2012.
16 Ibid. Also author interview with attorney, name withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013; see also Wassermann and Wensierski, “Transparency vs. Money Laundering: Catholic Church Fears Growing Vatican Bank Scandal.”
17 See generally for Vatican resistance to EU oversight Pullella and Silvia Aloisi, “Insight: Vatican Bank—Money, Mystery and Monsignors.”
18 Author interview with attorney, name withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013.
19 There were four prosecutors waiting for Gotti Tedeschi: Vincenzo Piscitelli and Henry J. Woodcock from Naples, and Giuseppe Pignatone and Nello Rossi of Rome.
20 Author interview with attorney, name withheld at their request, Rome, September 2013.
21 See also John Hooper, “Vatican Bank’s Former President Accused of Negligence,” The Guardian, June 10, 2012.
22 Stacy Meichtry, “Vatican Peels Back Veil on Its Secretive Bank,” The Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2012, C3.
23 Memo entry quoted in Wassermann and Wensierski, “Transparency vs. Money Laundering: Catholic Church Fears Growing Vatican Bank Scandal.”
24 “If we continue with Bertone’s line, we’ll never get off the blacklist,” Gotti Tedeschi reportedly told the prosecutor. Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Marco Lillo, “IOR, Gotti Tedeschi ‘spiato’ da un medico. ‘Disfunzioni psicopatologiche, va cacciato,’ ” Il Fatto Quotidiano, June 9, 2012, 1.
27 Ibid. See also Andrea Gagliarducci, “Too much talking about Gotti Tedeschi. While the Holy See is working to gain financial transparency,” Monday Vatican, June 11, 2012.
28 Vatican statement quoted in Winfield, “Intrigue Mounts over Ouster of Vatican Bank Chief.”
29 Philip Pullella and Silvia Aloisi, “Insight: Vatican Bank—Money, Mystery and Monsignors,” Vatican City, June 8, 2012; see also Bardazzi, “No Transparency. That’s Why We Fired Gotti Tedeschi”; Winfield, “Intrigue Mounts over Ouster of Vatican Bank Chief.”
30 Bertone quoted in “Vatican Blames Media for Scandals,” The Independent (London), June 18, 2012.
31 Meichtry, “Vatican Peels Back Veil on Its Secretive Bank.”
32 As for how the brief visit to the IOR was reported, see Wassermann and Wensierski, “Transparency vs. Money Laundering: Catholic Church Fears Growing Vatican Bank Scandal.”
1 The report is dated July 4, which is the date on which Moneyval provided a copy to the Vatican. It then provided the city-state time to respond, causing some final edits to the draft. After that response period, the report was released publicly on the 18th. For a digital copy see http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round4/MONEYVAL(2012)17_MER_HS_en.pdf
2 Half the bank’s clients are from religious orders; 15 percent are Holy See institutions, 13 percent are cardinals, bishops, and clergy, 9 percent are from Catholic dioceses. The remainder should have some “affiliation to the Catholic Church.” See Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank.”
3 Povoledo, “Report Sees Flaws.”
4 Mutual Evaluation Report, Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (MONEYVAL).
5 Ibid., par. 797, 147.
6 “Moneyval Report: Giving Concrete Form To The Moral Commitment Of The Vatican And The Holy See,” Holy See Press Office, Vatican Information Services (VIS), Wednesday, July 18, 2012.
7 Nicole Winfield, “Pope’s Butler Pleads Innocent to the Theft Charge,” Vatican City, Associated Press, October 2, 2012; Elisabetta Povoledo, “Pope’s Former Butler Admits He Leaked Documents,” The New York Times, October 2, 2012.
8 See “Vatileaks, Sentenced to Two Months the Computer Sciarpelletti,” Il Fatto Quotidano, November 10, 2012; Giacomo Galeazzi, “The Poison-Pen Writer Has an Accomplice,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, August 13, 2012.
9 Gabriele trial testimony quoted in Nicole Winfield, “Pope’s Butler Pleads Innocent to the Theft Charge.”
10 Gabriele trial testimony quoted in Elisabetta Povoledo, “Pope’s Former Butler Admits He Leaked Documents.”
11 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013.
12 “On His Holiness’s Public Service: Can the Man Who Cleaned Up One Tiny State Do the Same for Another?,” The Economist, October 20, 2012.
13 Rachel Donadio and Andrew Higgins, “Power Struggle on Reforming Vatican Banks.”
14 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 “On His Holiness’s Public Service,” The Economist.
18 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013.
19 Ibid. Much of what he instituted was a rigorous KYC “know your customer” protocol. KYC had been in place since 2002 but poorly executed. Now, under Brülhart, client profiles are extensive. Background information is obtained about the account holder, the source of the money, and what it is used for. All of that is rudimentary to virtually every modern bank, but at the IOR, where secret proxies had controlled accounts for decades, it seemed revolutionary.
20 Elisabetta Povoledo and Harvey Morris. “Debit and Credit Card Purchases Shut Down at Vatican,” The New York Times, January 4, 2013.
21 Ibid.
22 Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank.”
23 “Vatican Radio—Vatican Finance Expert Responds to Moves by Bank of Italy,” January 13, 2013, as reported in M. Antonietta Calabro, “The Vatican Surprised to Block Bank of Italy,” Corriere della Sera, January 13, 2013.
24 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Declaratio (declaration) of Pope Benedict, February 10, 2013, online at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2013/february/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20130211_declaratio_en.html
28 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013. As for general speculation about why Benedict might have resigned, see generally Mark Dowd, “Why Did Pope Benedict XVI Resign,” BBC Radio 4, November 28, 2013.
29 The three cardinals were Spain’s Julián Herranz, Slovakia’s Jozef Tomko, and Palermo’s Salvatore De Giorgi. See generally John Hooper, “Papal Resignation Linked to Inquiry into ‘Vatican Gay Officials’, Says Paper,” The Guardian, February 21, 2013; Bill Hutchinson, “Vatican Clergy Gay-Sex Shock Priest Pics Real Drag for Benedict,” New York Daily News, February 23, 2013, 4.
30 Dowd, “Why Did Pope Benedict XVI Resign.”
31 Tom Kington, “Ex-Pope Benedict Says God Told Him to Resign During ‘Mystical Experience,’ ” The Guardian, August 21, 2013; Cindy Wooden, “Retired Pope’s Secretary Says ‘Mystical Experience’ Story Is Untrue,” Catholic News Service, August 26, 2013.
32 Assorted author interviews, names withheld on request, Rome, September 19, 21, 23, 2013; as for general speculation about why Benedict might have resigned, see generally Dowd, “Why Did Pope Benedict XVI Resign.”
33 Paolo Rodari, quoted in Rachel Donadio, “ ‘Constant Drumbeat’ Hastened the Pope’s Exit,” The New York Times, February 13, 2013, A11.
34 Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 9–10.
35 Lombardi statement quoted in Mark Dowd, “Why Did Pope Benedict XVI Resign?” BBC News Magazine, BBC Radio 4, November 27, 2013.
36 Rachel Donadio, “Pope Names German Industrialist to Head Vatican Bank,” The New York Times, February 16, 2013, A6.
37 “Pope Approves German Lawyer to Head Embattled Bank,” USA Today, February 15, 2013.
38 Alessandro Speciale, “Ernst von Freyberg: Controversial New Vatican Bank President Appointed By Pope Benedict,” The Huffington Post, February 15, 2013.
1 Tracy Wilkinson, “As a New Pope Is Chosen, Latin America Hopes for More Sway—Although a Latin American Pope Appears Unlikely, the 19 Cardinals from the Region Who Have a Vote at Next Month’s Conclave Are Hoping to Have More Influence This Time,” Los Angeles Times, February 23, 2013.
2 John L. Allen Jr., “Profile: New Pope, Jesuit Bergoglio, Was Runner-up in 2005 Conclave,” National Catholic Reporter, March 3, 2013.
3 Howard Chua-Eoan and Elizabeth Dias, “Pope Francis, the People’s Pope,” Time, December 11, 2013.
4 Paul Byrne, “Will the Next Pope Be Black?; Benedict XVI Quits—Who’ll Succeed Him? Ghanaian Cardinal Is Front-runner to Take Over,” Daily Mirror, February 12, 2013, 6–7.
5 Matthew Fisher, “Ouellet Was ‘Very Close’ to Papacy; Canadian Cardinal Was in a Two-Man Race with Argentina’s Bergoglio, Media Reports Claim,” The Gazette (Montreal), March 16, 2013, A3.
6 Nick Squires, “Division Among Cardinals Paved Way for Selection of Pope Francis,” The Christian Science Monitor, March 15, 2013.
7 Fisher, “Ouellet Was ‘Very Close’ to Papacy,” A3.
8 Brady and Dolan quoted in Squires, “Division Among Cardinals Paved Way for Selection of Pope Francis.”
9 “Pope Francis Reveals Why He Chose His Name,” Catholic Herald, March 16, 2013.
10 Squires, “Division Among Cardinals Paved Way for Selection of Pope Francis.”
11 Sharon Churcher and Tom Worden, “Special report: The damning documents that show new Pope DID betray tortured priests to the junta,” The Daily Mail, March 16, 2013; “Pope Francis: What Did He Really Do in Argentina in the 1970s?” The Guardian, March 20, 2013; Jeevan Vasagar, “Pope Francis Pledged to Fight for Priest Kidnapped by Junta, 1976 Letter Reveals,” The Telegraph, March 18, 2013.
12 Pope Francis: From the End of the Earth to Rome, compiled by reporters from The Wall Street Journal (New York: ePub, 2013), Kindle edition, 406-466 of 1782.
13 Ibid., 558, 560, and 615 of 1782.
14 See “Jorge Mario Bergoglio is the new Pope of the Catholic Church: Francis I,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, March 13, 2013.
15 See Sandro Magister, “The ‘Segretariola’ of Francis, the Pope Who Wants To Do It All Himself,” L’Espresso, August 9, 2013. Benedict, meanwhile, moved into a 600-year-old unused convent in the Vatican. The internet carried the unsourced story that he wanted to retire and end his days in his native Germany but he feared that without the protection of Vatican sovereignty, he could be arrested by the International Criminal Court in the Hague for crimes against humanity for protecting pedophile clerics. In fact, some U.S. sex abuse victims had made such a request in 2011, but the Hague never acted on it. The Vatican dismissed it at the time as a “ludicrous publicity stunt.” Manuel Roig-Franzia, “Despite Investigating Catholic Scandals, Author Jason Berry Keeps the Faith,” The Washington Post, September 20, 2011.
16 See generally “Cardinal Pell: Pope Francis’s Good Press Won’t Last Forever,” Catholic Herald, August 8, 2013.
17 Pope Francis quoted in Jon Favreau, “The Social-Minded Pope Francis is a Very Different Kind of Pontiff,” The Daily Beast, January 14, 2014.
18 Pope Francis quoted in Laurie Goodstein and Elisabetta Povoledo, “Pope Sets Down Goals for an Inclusive Church, Reaching Out ‘on the Streets,’ ” The New York Times, November 26, 2013. In September 2014, Pope Francis witnessed the marriages of twenty Roman couples, some of whom had lived together or had previous annulments. Some press reports cited it as further evidence that Francis was breaking with tradition. But Catholic periodicals pointed out that the Pope had not in fact formally veered from church dogma. See “No Scandal Here: The 20 Couples Married by Pope Francis Were Legit,” National Catholic Register, September 16, 2014.
19 Pope Francis quoted in Antonio Spadaro, S.J., “A Big Heart Open to God,” America—National Catholic Review, September 19, 2013.
20 Pope Francis quoted in Laurie Goodstein and Elisabetta Povoledo, “Pope Sets Down Goals for an Inclusive Church, Reaching Out ‘on the Streets;’ ” and Chua-Eoan and Dias, “Pope Francis, the People’s Pope.”
21 “Pope Francis, The People’s Pope,” TIME, December 11, 2013; “Person of the Year,” The Advocate, December 16, 2013.
22 Mark Binelli, “Pope Francis: The Times They Are A-Changin’,” Rolling Stone, January 28, 2014.
23 William Saletan, “Pope Francis Is a Liberal,” Slate, September 19, 2013.
24 See Marshall Connolly, “The Secret to Pope Francis’ Fame REVEALED,” Catholic Online, December 26, 2013, online at https://www.catholic.org/hf/faith/story.php?id=53689.
In 2014, Fortune ranked Francis number one on its list of “World’s Greatest Leaders.” And a magazine focused just on Francis was launched. Il Mio Papa promised to run pictures and news weekly to update Pope Francis’s followers and fans. See Elisabetta Povoledo, “A New Magazine for Fans of the Vatican’s Biggest Star,” The New York Times, March 4, 2014; “Fortune Ranks the World’s 50 Greatest Leaders,” Fortune, March 20, 2014.
25 Eric Marrapodi, CNN Belief Blog editor.
26 Simon Edge, “Top of the Popes: Could Pope Francis Be the Most Popular One Yet?,” Express, January 10, 2014.
27 Antonio Spadaro, S.J., “A Big Heart Open to God.”
28 Pope Francis quoted in Francis X. Rocca, “Pope Condemns Abortion as Product of ‘Throwaway Culture,’ ” Catholic News Service, September 20, 2013.
29 Pope Francis quoted in Steven Ertelt, “Pope Francis: Catholic Church Must Minister More to Women After Abortion,” LifeNews, September 19, 2013, online at http://www.lifenews.com/2013/09/19/pope-francis-catholic-church-must-minister-more-to-women-after-abortion/. See generally Cheryl K. Chumley, “Pope Francis Takes Veiled Swipe at ‘Progressive’ Democrats,” The Washington Times, November 26, 2013.
30 Pope Francis quoted in Matthew Schmitz, “Pope Francis on How to Talk About Abortion, Gay Marriage, and Contraception,” First Things, online at http://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2013/09/pope-francis-advice-on-how-to-talk-about-abortion-gay-marriage-and-contraception/.
31 “UN Panel Confronts Vatican on Child Sex Abuse by Clergy,” BBC News Europe, January 16, 2014.
32 Kharunya Paramaguru, “Vatican Snubs U.N. Probe on Sex Abuse Cases,” Time, December 4, 2013.
33 “U.N. Expresses “Deepest Concern” over Widespread Sexual Abuse by Clergy, Finding Vatican Failed to Protect Children,” Center for Constitutional Rights, February 5, 2014; “The Vatican: Criticism From the U.N. Panel, The New York Times, May 24, 2014, A7. To its credit, in September 2014, the church put Archbishop Jozef Wesolowski under house arrest inside the Vatican and announced it would hold its first ever criminal trial of a cleric on charges of sex abuse. The Polish-born Wesolowski had been recalled to Rome in 2012 after numerous allegations of sex with young boys in the Dominican Republic, where he was stationed as Nuncio. Laurie Goodstein, “Former Vatican Ambassador Is Facing Sexual Abuse Trial,” The New York Times, September 23, 2014. In November, Francis excommunicated an Argentine priest who had been criminally convicted in 2011 of molesting four boys. Victims had been outraged that he had been allowed to spend all but 15 days of his sentence in a Buenos Aires monastery.
34 O’Malley quoted in John L. Allen Jr. and Lisa Wangsness, “Pope Softening Tone, Not Stance, O’Malley Says,” The Boston Globe, February 9, 2014.
35 Ross Douthat, “The Pope and the Precipice,” The New York Times, October 25, 2014.
36 Francis echoed many of his predecessors in condemning the greed and excesses of capitalism. But what set him apart was the vigor with which he tried to redirect the church toward serving the poor. When President Barack Obama met with Francis in 2014, they focused on a subject about which both agreed: the need to fight the growing disparity between rich and poor. See “A Pope for the Poor,” TIME, July 29, 2013; “Obama Meets Pope Francis; Stressing Fight Against Inequality,” Boston Globe, March 27, 2014.
37 “CNN Poll: Pope’s Approval Rating Sky-High,” CNN, December 24, 2013, online at http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/24/cnn-poll-popes-approval-rating-sky-high/.
38 Simon Edge, “Top of the Popes: Could Pope Francis be the most popular one yet?” The Express, January 10, 2014.
39 “U.S. Catholics Admire the Pope Yet Differ With Many of His Views,” ABC/Washington Post poll: The Pope and the Church,” October 13, 2003, released October 15, 2003.
40 Kay Campbell, “Rock Star Pope Francis Makes Cover of ‘Rolling Stone’—What’s up with That?,” AL.com, February 12, 2014, online at http://www.al.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/02/rock_star_pope.html.
1 Carol Glatz, “Vatican says number of Catholics, priests, bishops worldwide increased,” Catholic News Service, March 12, 2012; Nuzzi, Ratzinger Was Afraid, 81.
2 Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank.”
3 Phillip Pullella, “Insight: Pope to Review Vatican Bureaucracy, Scandal-Ridden Bank,” Reuters, Vatican City, April 2, 2013.
4 For a full online copy of the 64-page AIF annual report for 2012, see http://goo.gl/715NOC. Andrea Tornielli, “Vatican Insider First Report by Vatican Financial Watchdog Reveals Suspicious Transactions,” La Stampa, May 22, 2013.
5 Vatican Radio interview with IOR President Ernst von Freyberg, May 31, 2013.
6 Freyberg interviewed in ibid.
7 Cipriani quoted in Andrea Tornielli, “The Vatican Bank’s Media ‘War,’ ” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, June 14, 2013.
8 The members were Cardinal Raffaele Farina, president; Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran; Bishop Juan Ignacio Arrieta Ochoa de Chinchetru; Monsignor Peter Bryan Wells, secretary; and Dr. Mary Ann Glendon, a Harvard law professor and former U.S. ambassador to the Holy See. Letter of the Holy Father Francis for the Establishment of a Representative School Papal Commission for the Works of Religion, Vatican.va, June 26, 2013.
9 Rachel Donadio, “Pope Fills Key Job at Troubled Vatican Bank,” The New York Times, June 16, 2013, 11.
10 Sandro Magister, “The Prelate of the Gay Lobby,” L’Espresso, July 18, 2013.
11 Michael Day, “Pope’s Bank Clean-Up Man Found Stuck in Elevator with Rent Boy,” Belfast Telegraph, July 20, 2013; see also “Catholic Bishop in Charge of Cleaning Up Vatican Finances Got Stuck in a Lift with a Rent Boy and Lived with his Gay Lover in Uruguay,” Daily Mail Online, July 20, 2013.
12 John Hooper, “Francis in Brazil: Vatican Politics: Sex Claims Raise Questions Over Key Papal Decision,” The Guardian, July 22, 2013; see Barbie Latza Nedeau, “A Reformer in Rome: Pope Francis Appears Serious About Changing the Vatican, but a Scandal Looms,” Newsweek, July 24, 2013.
13 “New Vatican Bank Official Reportedly Part of ‘Gay Lobby,’ ” Catholic News Agency, July 18, 2013; John L. Allen, Jr., “Vatican Denies Scandal Report on Vatican Prelate,” National Catholic Reporter, July 19, 2013.
14 The six were Jochen Messemer, a director of the German insurer, ERGO; Jean-Baptiste de Franssu, ex-chief of Invesco Europe’s asset-management; George Yeo, Singapore’s ex-Foreign Minister; Joseph Zahra, the former chairman of Malta’s largest bank; Professor Enrique Llano, an economist from the University of Madrid; and Jean Videlain-Sevestre, a former senior executive at Citroën. Tully, “This Pope Means Business,” Fortune.
15 Pope Francis quoted in Tully, “This Pope Means Business,” Fortune.
16 The six laymen—together with a PR specialist, Francesca Immacolata Chaouqui, and a Spanish Bishop, Lucio Angel Vallejo Balda—became directors of the Pontifical Commission for Reference on the Organization of the Economic-Administrative Structure of the Holy See (COSEA). See “Chirograph of the Holy Father Francis for the Institution of a Pontifical Commission for Reference on the Organization of the Economic-Administrative Structure of the Holy See,” Communique from the Secretary of State, July 18, 2013; Anita Bourdin, “Le pape veut simplifier et rationaliser les organismes du Vatican,” Zenit, July 19, 2013.
17 Nick Schifrin, “Vatican Accountant Accused of Smuggling $26 Million in Private Jet with Ex-Italian Spy,” ABC News, June 28, 2013.
18 Brülhart told the author that it was an STR—a suspicious transaction report—generated by the IOR that tripped up Scarano. It was a system about which he took great pride since he had introduced it after he became AIF’s director. See also Michael Day, “The Bank of Keeping Mum or Being Dead: The Financial Scandals Just Keep Piling Up for the Vatican’s Money-Men,” The Independent, July 14, 2013, citing a report by Italian magistrates concluding a thirty month investigation into the Vatican Bank.
19 Philip Pullella, “A Look at the Arrested Vatican Monsignor’s Lush Life, “ABS.CBN News, July 5, 2013.
20 Nick Squires, “Spy, Monsignor and Banker Arrested in Vatican Bank Fraud ‘Plot,’ ” The Telegraph, June 28, 2013, 1. The tales about Scarano have grown more outlandish since his arrest. One acquaintance has told police he spotted the wayward monsignor in front of St. Peter’s Square loading two suitcases of gold bullion into a van. But, as with many other stories that are often recounted in press reports or on the internet as if a proven fact, it is impossible to determine whether or not it is true.
21 Alessandro Speciale, “Pope Francis Cleans House at the Vatican Bank,” Religion News Service, July 1, 2013.
22 Barbie Latza Nadeau, “Heads Roll at Vatican Bank,” The Daily Beast, July 2, 2013.
23 Rolando Marranci, the ex-CFO of BNP Paribas’s Italian subsidiary, became the deputy director and Antonio Montaresi, chief risk and regulatory officer for the New York branches of Italy’s Banca Nazionale del Lavoro and Banca di Roma, was selected as the chief risk officer. Speciale, “Pope Francis Cleans House at the Vatican Bank.”
24 Nicole Winfield, “Vatican Bank Director, Deputy Resign Amid Scandal,” Associated Press, Business News, July 1, 2013. One of the Vatican names that kept coming up with Scarano was Paolo Mennini, APSA’s Director General. He also happened to be one of the sons of Luigi Mennini, Marcinkus’s former right-hand man at the Vatican Bank. Mennini, however, has never been charged with any wrongdoing. See Day, “The Bank of Keeping Mum or Being Dead: The Financial Scandals Just Keep Piling Up for the Vatican’s Money-Men.”
25 Author interview, IOR official, Rome, September 2013.
26 Carlo Bonini, “The Sins of the Bank of God: Money Laundering Prevention Circumvented for Years,” La Repubblica, July 6, 2013.
27 “Ex-Vatican Bank Officials Broke Anti-Money Laundering Laws, Prosecutors Say,” Reuters, July 15, 2013.
28 Gotti Tedeschi quoted in Philip Pullella, “Former Vatican Bank Head’s Lawyers Threaten to Sue to Clear Name,” Reuters, March 28, 2014.
29 Rachel Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank,” The Financial Times Magazine, December 6, 2013.
30 John L. Allen Jr. “For Once, an Exposé That Helps the Vatican Bank,” National Catholic Reporter, September 28, 2013. See also Speciale, “Pope Francis Cleans House at the Vatican Bank”; and Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank.”
31 See for example “Secretive Vatican Bank Takes Step to Transparency,” The New Zealand Herald, October 1, 2013.
32 Andrea Tornielli, “Exit Bertone, Enter Parolin,” “Vatican Insider,”, La Stampa, August 31, 2013.
33 Sutherland quoted in Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank”; “Vatican Spurns UN Child Law Committee’s Call for Changes to Canon Law,” Catholic News Agency, September 30, 2014.
34 Pope Francis quoted in Laurie Goodstein, “Pope Assails Bureaucracy of Church as Insular,” The New York Times, October 2, 2013, A6; “Pope Francis Sets Up a Group of Eight Cardinals to Advise Him,” “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, April 13, 2013; “Secrets of the Vatican,” Frontline, PBS, February 2014.
35 Motu Proprio for the prevention and countering of money laundering, the financing of terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, October 8, 2013.
36 Statuto Dell’autorità Di Informazione Finanziaria, Vatican News.va, November 18, 2013.
37 “Pope Names Private Secretary to Supervise Vatican Bank,” Reuters, Rome, November 28, 2013.
38 Cheryl K. Chumley, “Pope Francis Sends Right-Hand Man to Oversee Vatican Inquiry,” The Washington Times, November 28, 2013.
39 Freyberg had been under pressure to fill the post left empty since Cipriani’s resignation in the spring, especially since it was only days before Moneyval was due back at the Vatican for yet another on-site evaluation. Kevin McCoy, “Rolando Marranci Named Vatican Bank General Director,” USA Today, November 30, 2013.
40 “Vatican Finance Group Signs Agreement with German Counterpart,” Patheos, December 4, 2013.
41 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013; see also Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank.”
42 Nigel Baker interviewed in Laura Powell, “Inside the World’s Most Secretive Bank,” Economia, December 12, 2013.
43 They were Vienna’s Christoph von Schönborn, Toronto’s Thomas Christopher Collins, and Cardinal Santos Abril y Castelló, archpriest of the Papal Basilica of St. Mary Major. Arjun Kharpal, “Pope Sacks 4 Cardinals in Vatican Bank in Cleanup,” CNBC, January 16, 2014.
44 Di Taranto quoted in Arjun Kharpal, “Pope Sacks 4 Cardinals in Vatican Bank in Cleanup.”
45 John L. Allen Jr., “Francis Taps Reformer for Financial Cleanup,” National Catholic Reporter, January 30, 2014. When Moneyval made its first on-site evaluation in November 2001, Corbellini was undersecretary of the Vatican City administration, and in that role dealt with the European inspectors.
46 Andrea Gagliarducci, “Vatican’s Financial Intelligence Authority Receives new President,” Catholic News Agency, January 31, 2014.
47 Kharpal, “Pope Sacks 4 Cardinals in Vatican Bank in Cleanup.”
48 Guy Dinmore, “Pope Decrees Sweeping Overhaul of Vatican’s Financial System,” Financial Times, February 24, 2014; see also Andrea Gagliarducci, “Pope Francis Shapes Vatican Finances Under Advice from His Cardinals,” Catholic News Agency, April 1, 2013.
49 “Australian Cardinal to Head New Vatican Secretariat for Economy,” News.Va (The Official Vatican Network), February 24, 2014. British Monsignor Brian Ferme, the ex-dean of the Faculty of Canon Law at Washington’s Catholic University, was appointed as Pell’s deputy. At the same time, Francis formed the Council for the Economy—with eight clerics and seven lay experts—which was tasked with setting broad economic polices that the new Secretariat would then implement. Guy Dinmore, “Pope Decrees Sweeping Overhaul of Vatican’s Financial System,” Financial Times, February 24, 2014. The Pope also promised to name an auditor-general, who the Vatican said “will be empowered to conduct audits of any agency of the Holy See and Vatican city-state at any time.”
50 Tom Kington, “Pope Francis Opts to Keep Scandal-Plagued Vatican Bank Alive,” Los Angeles Times, April 7, 2014.
51 Barbie Latza Nadeau, “The Vatican Bank Is Back from the Dead,” The Daily Beast, April 9, 2014.
52 Josephine McKenna, “Vatican’s Financial Watchdog Reports ‘Notable’ Spike in Shady Transactions,” Religion News Service, May 19, 2014.
53 Massimo Faggioli quoted in Sanderson, “The Scandal at the Vatican Bank.”
54 Rachel Sanderson and Giulia Segreti, “Pope Cuts Scandal-Prone Vatican Bank Down to Size,” Financial Times, July 7, 2014.
55 This write-off was part of the reason for the IOR’s lower net profit of €2.9 million versus 2012’s €86.6 million.
56 Cindy Wooden, “Vatican Denies Cardinal Bertone is Under Criminal Investigation,” Catholic Herald, May 23, 2014.
57 Philip Pullella, “Pope Fires Entire Board of Vatican Financial Watchdog,” Reuters, June 5, 2014.
58 Pope Francis quoted in Liam Moloney, “Pope Appoints Outside Experts to Oversee Vatican Finances,” The Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2014, A7.
59 The new AIF directors include Juan C. Zarate, a Harvard law school professor and advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington, DC, think tank; Marc Odendall, who administers philanthropic groups in Switzerland; Joseph Yuvaraj Pillay, a former managing director of Singapore’s Monetary Authority; and Maria Bianca Farina, head of two Italian insurance companies.
60 Nicole Winfield, “Pope Francis Shakes Up Vatican Financial Watchdog,” Associated Press, June 5, 2014.
61 Ibid.
62 Pope Francis quoted in Tully, “This Pope Means Business,” Fortune.
63 Franssu was a director appointed the previous year to COSEA, one of Francis’s financial advisory boards.
64 Glendon had been appointed to a less formal commission looking over the bank in 2013. Franssu had been one of the six financiers summoned to Rome in the summer of 2013 to brief Pope Francis on possible reforms.
65 Mark Thompson, “Vatican Turns to Wall Street to Fix Bank,” CNN/Money, July 9, 2014.
66 Press Release for Financial Statement and Results, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, July 9, 2013. As of December 31, 2013, “The IOR had 17,419 customers (2012: approximately 18,900), of which 5,043 were Catholic institutions accounting for more than 80% of clients’ assets and 12,376 individuals making up less than 20%. The recorded decrease in customers corresponds with a decrease in overall clients’ assets of 5.9 %.”
67 “Managing Mammon,” The Economist, July 12, 2014.
68 Philip Pullella, “Vatican Bank To Be Scaled Back, Restructured: Sources,” Vatican City, Reuters, July 7, 2014.
69 Pell quoted in Cindy Wooden, “Vatican Names New Bank President, Restructures Financial Offices,” National Catholic Reporter, July 9, 2014.
70 Pell interviewed in John L. Allen Jr., “Finance czar aims to steer Vatican ‘off the gossip pages,’ ” The Boston Globe, July 9, 2014. In November 2014, Pell distributed to all Vatican departments a 45-page manual on financial ethics and good behavior. It included new policies, emphasizing transparency and international accounting standards, all set to become effective January 1, 2015. Philip Pullela, “Vatican Issues Staff with Financial Ethics Guidebook,” Reuters, Vatican City, November 6, 2014.
71 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013. Estimates from ranking cardinals advising Pope Francis about the reforms to Vatican finances is that they will not be complete until at least 2015. According to the NCR’s John L. Allen Jr., all the financial changes are “revolutionary” and a “complete earthquake.” But he notes, “The jury is still out on whether this reform will succeed.” John L. Allen Jr., “If You Want More Evidence of the Francis Earthquake, Look at the Finances,” Crux, November 6, 2014. See “Pope-C8 Meeting: Curia Reform Process Will Not Be Complete Until 2015,” Iacopo Scaramuzzi, “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, April 29, 2014.