Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
acacia-ant relationship, 89–91
acacia ants (Pseudomyrmex spp.), 84n, 99
Agra lavernae, 75n
Akre, Roger D., 121
Alliegro, Mark, 252
All Species Foundation, 103, 104, 105–106, 107, 108n
All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI), 99–102, 109
Alvin submersible, 171, 173, 176, 229–30, 235, 245
Amherst College, 150
amphibians, 97
Andromeda polifolia, 29–30
ANGUS (unmanned device), 171, 172, 173
ant species
-acacia relationship, 89–91
army ants, see army ants
-beetle relationship, 114–29
indigenous people’s naming and studying of, 14–15, 17
apes, 73n
Aphanus rolandri, 64
apostles of Linnaeus, 36–37, 118, 254
disease and death suffered by, 61
mission of, 60–61
Rolander, 62–64
archaea, 158, 159, 179–80, 184, 187, 189, 215, 216, 239, 254
distinguished from bacteria, 162–63
Arcobacter, 234, 234n
Arctic Circle
indigenous people’s knowledge of species of, 10
Linnaeus’s travels toward, 24
army ants, 115–29
bivouacs of, 122
Eciton burchelli, 122–23
Neivamyrmex sumichrasti, 120–21, 123–24, 125, 127, 128
phases of activity, 123
popular accounts of, 118–19
as predators of the tropics, 120
search for rare species of, 120–21
Artedi, Peter, 39
Astraptes fulgerator, 108
Bach, Bill, 155n
bacteria, 139, 158, 159, 162, 189, 254
deep-sea life, 233–35, 239
genomics and study of, x
Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of, 51–52
Martian meteorites and, 210, 212
nanobacteria, see nanobacteria
proteobacteria, 218
similarities between chloroplasts and, 137, 142
terrestrial subsurface and, 235–36, 237, 238–39
Ball, George, 67, 68, 73n, 75n
Ballard, Bob, 171n
Banks, Joseph, 61–62
Bastin, Edson, 235–36
Bates, Henry, 69–73, 78–79, 79n, 82n, 118
Batesiana, 79n
Beacon, HMS, 165–66
Beebe, William, 59
bees, 15
Swammedam’s study of, 41
beetles, 64, 109
-ant relationship, 114–29
Bates’s collections, 73
bombardier, 66
carabid, 64, 74, 76, 78
Ecitosius robustus, 121–22, 127
Erwin’s life work on, 66–67, 76–81, 85–86
Erwin’s master thesis on, 66
genitalia, 67
“ground,” 64, 68, 74, 75n
plant viruses and tropical, 14
taxonomy and systematics, 66–67
Bégouën brothers, 134n
Belém (formerly Para), Brazil, 69–70, 71
Belt, Thomas, 90–91, 92, 118
Beni River, 6–7, 8
Berkner, Lloyd, 203
biodiversity, 247–48
Bates’s and Wallace’s contributions to knowledge of, 69–73
estimates of number of species, see estimates of number of species on the Earth
status of our knowledge of, ix
Biodiversity Heritage Library, x
biological world, realization that humans are not the center of, 59–60, 73–74, 247–49
biosphere, ocean life and size of, 169
birds, 83, 97
of Amazonian forests, 10
extinction of species, 105
Linnaeus’s apostles and, 62
status of discovery of, ixbirth, 181–83
black smokers, 172n, 178
Bolivian Amazon, 5–22
Brazil nuts and, 12
rubber trees of, 12
bombardier beetles, 66
Boston Scientific Society, 196
Boston University, 142, 146
Boucher, Y., 216n
boundaries between species, 105–107
Bourignon, Antoinette, 44–45
Boyle, Robert, 49
Brand, Stuart, 103
Brandeis University, 138, 139, 140
Brazil nuts, 12
Bruno, 160
Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 199n, 206
butterfly species, 70, 71, 107, 108, 110
Janzen’s early fascination with, 87, 88, 89
California Conquistadors, 65
California Insect Survey, 89
Calvin, Melvin, 204
Camponotus dunni, 15
carabid beetles, 64, 74, 76, 78
Carpenter, William Benjamin, 167–68, 169–70
caterpillars, 94–95, 100, 107, 110
Swammerdam’s study of, 43
Cavanaugh, Colleen, 177
Cavinas, Bolivia, and the Cavineños, 5–22
local knowledge of plant and animal species, 14–17
missionaries’ influence on, 11
rubber’s effect on, 12
version of Adam and Eve story, 16n
cell origins, symbiotic theory of, 133, 137–38, 139–48
centrioles, 143, 143n, 163–64, 252
Chácobo of Bolivian Amazon, 17
Challenger, HMS, 168–70
Chimane of Bolivian Amazon, 17
Chlamydomonas, 137, 138
chloroplasts, 144, 146, 163, 178
endosymbiosis and, 137–38, 145
similarities between bacteria and, 137, 142
Church, G. E., 12n
Ciftcioglu, Neva, 217–21, 223
climate warming, 123
Clinton, Bill, 210–11
Clitoria, 33
Cocconi, Giuseppe, 203
Coe, Frederic, 217
coevolutionary relationships between ants and plants, 91–92
Coleopterist’s Bulletin, 81, 83
Colwell, Robert K., 97
Confederation of Indigenous People of Bolivia (CIDOB), 7
continental drift, 133, 145–46, 170
Copernicus, 59, 145, 160, 198, 244
Corliss, Jack, 171n, 172, 173
Costa Rica, 255
Janzen’s proposal to survey the species of, 95–102
Janzen’s tropical research in, 92–93
search for army ants in, 118–27
Costa Rican National Institute for Biodiversity, 102
Crick, Francis, 150
Cronquist, Arthur, 145
crust and subsurface of the Earth, 228–29, 235–39
cryptic species, 107
Culberson, William, 133
cyanobacteria, 143
cytoplasmic DNA, 136, 183
Danoff-Burg, James, 113
Darwin, Charles, 40, 62, 73n, 157
Dawkins, Richard, 147
DDT, 65, 76
deforestation, 123
de Graaf, Regnier, 48–49, 50
De Revolutionibus (Copernicus), 59n, 160
detailed layers of life, paying attention to, 111–12
Dillenius, J. J., 34
dinosaurs, 83
DNA barcoding, 108, 109
Donnelly, Jack, 172
Doolittle, Ford, 215, 216n
Drake, Sir Francis, 242–43
Drake, Frank, 202–6, 241–44
Dunn, Rob D. (author), 181–82
ant-beetle relationship, study of, 113–29
in Bolivian Amazon, 5–23
career path, 112–13
Dymond, Jack, 171n
Earth’s crust and subsurface, 228–29, 235–39
earwig, 111
Eciton burchellii, 122–23
Ecitosius robustus, 121–22, 127
Edmund, John, 171n, 230
Edwards, J. Gordon, 65–66, 76
Edwards, Jim, 96
Eichwort, George, 117n
Einstein, Albert, 133
Encyclopedia Britannica, 165
Encyclopedia of Life, x
endosymbiogenesis, 187–88
endosymbiosis, 137–38, 139–48, 187–88, 200
see also symbiotic theory of origin of the cell
Environmental Protection Agency, 236n
Erwin, La Verne, 75, 75n
Erwin, Terry, 64–69, 74–86, 103, 104, 111–12, 147
background of, 64–65
education in entomology, 65–66, 126
estimates of number of species on the Earth, 80–85, 96, 105, 109, 243
fogging of the tree canopy to collect insects, 76–78, 79, 120
life work on beetles, 66–67, 76–81, 85–86
Panama research, 68, 73, 74–78
scientific mentors, 65–66, 76
taxonomy and systematics and, 66–67
Erwiniana, 79n
estimates of number of species on the Earth
boundaries between species and, 105–107
constant change in number of species, 105
Erwin’s calculations, 80–85, 96, 105, 109, 126, 243
implications of, 84
May’s proposition, 86
Raven’s, 80
responses to Erwin’s estimates, 83–85
Euglena, 136–37, 139
eukaryotes, 138, 139, 142, 158, 159–60
“Evolutionary Criteria in Thallophytes: A Radical Alternative,” 140
evolutionary tree of life, 149–64, 188–89, 247–48
extinction of species, 105
megafauna extinction, 92
natural, 105
speculation on possibility of, 54
extraterrestrial life, 193–208
fetuin, 222
field biologists
dangers endured by, 61, 61n
Janzen’s reputation among, 93, 93n
Solander as model for, 62
fish, 83
Fitzcarraldo, 98
Flammarion, Camille, 195, 206
Flora Lapponica (Linnaeus), 31
flowering plants, status of discovery of, ix
Fonseca, Gustavo, 103
food chains, 119
Forbes, Edward, 165–66, 175
Fornari, Daniel, 230
Foster, Dudley, 230, 231–32
Fox, George, 155n, 157
Fuller, Adam, 118, 125, 127
Fuller, Charlene, 118, 125
fungi, 144, 160, 188
as aphrodisiacs, 28
status of discovery of, ix
Gaill, Françoise, 234n
Galerita americana, 64
Galileo, 37, 59, 145, 160, 220
Gardenfors, Ulf, 255
Gaston, Kevin, 85
genera, 35
genetic sequencing, 179–80
genomics, x
Gentry, Alwyn, 61n
Geographer, The (Vermeer painting), 55n
Glacier National Park, 66
Goksoyr, Jostein, 136n
Gold, Dr. Thomas, 236
Goldin, David, 210
Gordon, Louis, 171n
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 102–5, 109
Greer, Frank E., 235–36, 237
Guanacaste Conservation Area, 92–93, 94, 98–99, 101, 102, 109, 110, 255
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 116
Haldane, J. B. S., 79, 111
Hallwachs, Winnie, 93–94, 97
Harvard College Observatory, Agassiz Station of, 202
Harvard University, 67
Hasselqvist, Fredrik (apostle of Linnaeus), 61
Haymon, Rachel, 229–32, 235
Hebert, Paul, 107–8, 108n, 109
Herzog, Werner, 98
Homo sapiens, 35, 37
Hooke, Robert, 47, 49
Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries and, 50, 53
on viewing microbes, 56
host-specific species, 84, 85
humans as center of biological world, realizations about notion of, 59–60, 73–74, 247–49
Hurd, Paul, 68
hydrogen sulfide, 174, 175, 176, 178, 233–34
Ignicoccus, 215
InBio, 95, 102, 102n
indigenous peoples, naming, grouping, and knowledge of local species of, 3–5, 10–11, 14–19, 28, 35
insects, 83
Bates’s and Wallace’s expeditions, 69–73
described, 40
Erwin’s studies of, see Erwin, Terry
genitalia used in distinguishing closely related species of, 67n
indigenous people’s naming and studying of, 14–16
Linnaeus’s apostles and, 62, 63–64
Linnaeus’s naming of, 55
pharmaceuticals from, 84, 84n, 99
status of discovery of, ix
Swammerdam’s study of, 40–44
invertebrates
seafloor, 169
status of discovery of, ix
Jannasch, Holger, 175–76, 179, 179n
Janzen, Dan, 87, 107–10, 255
background of, 87–88
on coevolutionary relationships, 91–92
early fascination with butterflies, 87, 88, 89
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, inventory of species of, 102–5
as research biologist, 89–102
survey of species of Costa Rica, 95–102
Johnston, Don, 117n
Kajander, Olavi, 213–23
Kayapo of Brazil, 15, 16, 17
Kelly, Kevin, 103
kidney stones, nanobacteria and, 217
kingdoms of life, 138–39
Kirchner, Anton, 146
Klein, Richard, 145
Knoll, Andrew, 215
Knorr, 171, 172, 174
Koppel, Ted, 211
Krane, Kathy, 171n
Langdon, Keith, 103
Lapps, see Sami (Lapps)
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 45–56, 59, 80, 196, 212, 250, 256
background of, 46–47
bacteria discovered by, 51–52
lifetime of microscopic observations, 54–56
microscopes built by, 48, 54
protists discovered by, 50–51, 52
Royal Society of London and, 49–50, 51, 53–54, 198
self-doubt, 52
Leiningen Versus the Ants, 119
Lessem, Don, 93
lichens, 144, 188
Life magazine, 116
Lightning, HMS, 167
Lindroth, Carl, 67, 76
Linnaeus, Carl, 14, 18–19, 23–39, 59, 249–50, 251, 253–54, 256
apostles of, see apostles of Linnaeus
cabinets of, 37–38, 60–61
Flora Lapponica, 31
goal of naming everything, 60, 97, 104
Species Plantarum, 36
Systema Naturae, 34, 36
travels of, 23–24, 26–31, 34, 60
writings on his travels, 26–27
Linnaeus’s system for naming species, 18–19, 31–39
adoption of, 35–37, 38, 62
animal jawbones and teats used in, 33
critics of, 34
emotions involved in, 61n
as God-given mission, 18–19, 29
microorganisms, 55
number of and geographic origin of species named, 70
plant sex parts used in, 14, 30, 33, 34, 36, 38, 62
specimen sheets, 37, 38
two name genus species system, 35, 73
local knowledge of plant and animal species, 3–5, 10–11
Löfling, Pehr (apostle of Linnaeus), 61
Lowell, Percival, 195–98, 202, 206, 212
Lowman, Margaret, 83
Lubertazzi, David, 118, 123–24, 125, 129
Lulu, 171
Lund University, 67
Luria, Salvador, 159
Mackay, Bill, 15
McKay, David, 210, 211, 212n, 213, 216, 223
McKay, Gordon, 212n
Madre de Dios River, 6
Malaysia, 120
Wallace’s ideas on natural selection formed in, 72
Malpighi, 44–45
mammals, 83, 97
Linnaeus’s apostles and, 62
man-jaguars, myths about, 7
Mann, W. M., 8n
Margulis, Jennifer, 140–41, 142
Margulis, Lynn, 134–44, 162, 163–64, 183, 188–89, 200–201, 208, 250, 251–52
background of, 135
education of, 135, 201
PhD thesis, 136–37, 138, 139
symbiotic cells on the seafloor and, 178, 179
symbiotic theory of the origin of the cell, 137–38, 139–43, 145–48, 184, 187–88
Woese’s support for serial endosymbiosis theory, 163, 187
Margulis, Thomas W., 140
Mariner 4
project, 207
marine snow, 170, 170n
Mars, search for life on, 193–99, 202–8, 206–7, 227–28
“Canals of Mars,” 194–95, 197–98, 199
Lowell and, 195–98
Martian meteorites, fossil microbes in, 209–13, 216, 222–23
Schiaparelli and, 194–95
May, Sir Robert, 86
Mayo Clinic, 217, 218n
medicinal plants, 7, 14, 17, 84
Linnaeus’s documentation of, 28
medicines derived from insects, 84
Megalesia, 256
Merezhkovsky, Konstantin S., 144, 145
meteors, 193
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, 155
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, 179n, 179–80
methanogens, 154–58, 155n
Metrodorus, 193
microbes, 41, 74, 189
bacteria, see bacteria
deep sea, chemicals providing energy for, 175–80, 233–35, 239–41
evolutionary tree of life and, 151–52, 158, 159–60
Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries, 51–56, 59, 212
Linnaeus’s naming of, 55
smallest life, physical limits on, 216
in space, finding microbial life, 208
status of discovery of diversity of, ix
Micrographia (Hooke), 47
microscopes
failure to grasp potential of, 111
Hooke’s confirmation of Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries with, 53
Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries and, see Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van
Swammerdam’s use of, 41–42, 43
microtubules, 142, 143n
migration of humans to the New World, 10
mites, 41, 116, 117, 118, 121, 127, 128–29
mitochondria, 135, 138n, 139, 142, 143, 145, 146, 163, 187, 189
mitrochondrial DNA, 183–86
Mittlefehldt, David (“Duck”), 209
Molyneaux, Thomas, 54
Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, 122
morphological concept of species, 107, 108n, 109
Morrison, Philip, 203
moths, 94–95, 97–98, 100, 107, 110
myths
about large vertebrates, 7, 19–20
local explanation of natural phenomena, 17
naming the species
common language for, see Linnaeus’s system for naming species
by indigenous peoples, 3–5, 10–11, 14–19, 28, 35
by longer and longer names, 24–25
number of named species, 111
number of studies species, 111
problems limiting ability of, 105–7
in 1700s, 24–26
Nanoarchaeum equitans, 215m216
Nanobac Life Sciences, 219
nanobacteria, 213–23
disease and, 217, 220, 223
isolation of RNA from, 217–18, 222
Kajander’s patent for, 215
Nanobacterium, 215
nanons, 221–22
Nass, Margit, 138n
Nass, Sylvan, 138n
National Academy of Sciences, 72, 188
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 211, 212, 212n, 219n, 224
National History Museum, Denmark, 63
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 203
National Research Council, 80
National Science Foundation, 96–97, 224
Naturalist in Nicaragua, The (Belt), 90
Naturalist on the River Amazon, The (Bates), 73n
natural selection, 72, 188, 251
Nature, 93
Neivamyrmex sumichrasti, 120–21, 123–24, 127, 128
Newton, Sir Isaac, 49
New York Times, 157–58, 179–80, 195
Nightline, 211
nucleotides, 153, 153n
number of species on the Earth, see estimates of number of species on the Earth
Ober, Karen, 77n
Occult Japan (Lowell), 195
ocean floor, study of, see seafloor
Onstott, Tullis, 239–41
Osterhoudt, Sarah, 7, 9, 16, 21
Pace, Norman, 235
Panama, Erwin’s research in, 68, 73, 74–78
Para (later Belém), Brazil, 69–70, 71
parasitoids, 109
Parker, Ted, 61n
Parkes, John, 236–37
pharmaceuticals, 99
from insects, 84, 84n, 99
from plants, see medicinal plants
photosynthesis, ocean life and, 166n, 170, 176, 177, 239
phylogenic concept of species, 107, 108
Pickering, John, 102, 103, 104
Planète Mars et ses Conditions d’Habitabilité (Flammarion), 195
Planet X, 199n
plants, 83, 160
Linnaeus’s apostles and, 62
medicinal, see medicinal plants
serial endosymbiosis and, 143
sex parts, identification by, 14, 30, 33, 34, 36, 38, 62
sexual reproduction of, 30n
specialized toxins of, 119
plate techtonics, 146, 170–71
Plaut, W. S., 137–38
Porcupine, HMS, 167
Princeton University, 239
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 157
prokaryotes, 139
proteobacteria, 218
protists (single-celled creatures), Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of, 50–51, 52, 160, 254
Raoult, Didier, 221–22
Raven, Pater, 80–81, 147, 147n
Ray, John, 38–39
reptiles, 97
Rettenmeyer, Carl, 114–29
army ants and their guests, study of, 115–29
Schneirla as mentor of, 115
Rettenmeyer, Marian, 118, 124, 126, 128, 129
Rettenmeyerius carli, 129
Rheticus, 59n
rheumatism, 84n, 99
Riberalta, Bolivian Amazon, 5–6
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 150, 151, 187, 196, 234
evolutionary tree of life and, 152–54, 159
Woese’s support for Margulis’s serial endosymbiosis theory, 163, 187
ribosome, 150–51
Ris, Hans, 136, 137–38, 144
Robbins, Lawrence, 133
Rolander, Daniel, 62–64, 68, 74
Romanek, Chris, 210
Ross, Captain John, 167n
Royal Academy of Sciences, 93n
as arbiter of scientific knowledge, 48–49
funding for Linnaeus, 23
Leeuwenhoek and, 49–50, 51, 53–54, 198
Rumi, 231
Sagan, Carl, 84, 135, 138, 140, 193, 198, 199–202, 204, 206, 211, 241, 251
Sami (Lapps), 24, 27, 35, 36
Linnaeus’s descriptions of, 27–28
Sanchez, Monica, 5, 8, 9, 181–82
San Jose State College, 65, 66
Saxe, John Godfrey, 224, 226, 227
Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 193–94, 195, 198
Schneirla, T. C., 115–16
Science, 206, 210
Score, Roberta, 209
seafloor, 165–80, 229–35, 239–41
black smokers, 172n, 178
Challenger findings, 168–70
chemicals providing energy for life forms on, 175–80, 233–35
Clambake site, 172, 173
deep-sea vents, discovery of, 171–72, 174, 175, 229, 245
expedition of 1977
near the Galapagos, 171–74
Forbes’s Aegian expedition of 1840, 165–66
Forbes’s predictions about lifeless, 166–67, 175
historical beliefs about a lifeless deep, 166–67, 170
life around the sea vents, 172, 173–74, 175, 237–38
symbiotic cells on the, 177–80
volcanoes, 229–33, 234
Wyville-Thompson’s dredging expeditions, 167–68
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), 204–6, 208
Serial Endosymbiosis Theory (SET), 140, 147, 163, 184, 187
Sermo de Structura Florum (Vaillant), 30n
Smithsonian Institution, 67, 68
Smithsonian Magazine, 93
snails, Swammerdam’s study of, 42–43
Society of Protozoologists, 136
Solander, Daniel (apostle of Linnaeus), 61–62
space, life in, 193–208
estimates of probabilities of detecting intelligent life, 204–6, 243–44
Mars, see Mars, search for life on
meetings of astrobiologists, 224–26, 227–28, 241–44, 247
radio waves as indication of, 201, 202–4, 241
Species Plantarum (Linnaeus), 36
spirochetes, 142
Stanier, R. Y., 149
Stephenson, Carl, 119
Stetter, Karl, 215
Stork, Nigel, 120
Sumichrast, François, 120–21
Suriname, 62–63
survival of the fittest, 72
Swammerdam, 40–45, 47, 55, 111, 116, 182
Bourignon and, 44–45
Sweden, Linnaeus’s travels through, 23–24, 26–31
Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, 93n
Swift, Jonathan, 116
Swinhoe’s soft-shelled turtle, 20
symbiogenesis, 139n, 144n
symbiotic theory of origin of the cell, 133, 137–38, 139–48, 187
seafloor, symbiotic cells on the, 177–80
Systema Naturae (Linnaeus), 34, 36
systematics, 66–67, 100–101
Tacana of Bolivian Amazon, 17
tachinid flies, 109
Tärnström, Christopher, 61, 62
Taylor, Craig, 233–34, 234n
Tefé, Brazil, 70, 71
telescopes, 193–94, 196, 197, 198, 243
radio, 202–4, 206
termite species, indigenous people’s knowledge of, 17
terrestrial crust and subsurface, 228–29, 235–39
Thailand, attitude toward insect species in, 17
Thermoplasma, 143n
Thomas-Keprta, Kathie, 210
Thoreau, Henry David, 251
Thunberg, Carl Peter (apostle of Linnaeus), 61
Tower of Babel, destruction of, 28–29, 36
Tree of Life initiative, ix, x
trophosome, 177, 178
tropical forests
army ants of, see army ants
Bates’s and Wallace’s expeditions, 69–73
canopy, 64, 74–78
Janzen and, 92–93
tube worms, 173, 177–78, 231, 232, 233
Tupi-Guarini groups of Bolivian Amazon, 17
Tuttle, Jon, 175–76
Twain, Mark, 149
UNESCO, 96
Unité des Rickettsies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 221
U.S. Geological Survey, 236n
University of Alberta, 67
University of Bristol, 236–37
University of California, Berkeley, 89, 136, 201, 202
University of Chicago, 135, 200, 201, 217, 235–36
University of Colorado, 144
University of Connecticut, 117
University of Illinois, 150
University of Minnesota, 88–89
University of Pennsylvania, 93, 96
University of Wisconsin, 135, 201
Urbano, Francesco, 220–21
Urbano, Pasquale, 220–21
van Andel, Tjeer (“Jerry”), 171n, 172, 173–74
Van Dover, Cindy, 230
Venter, Craig, 179–80
Venus, 201, 207
Vermeer, Johannes, 55
vervet monkeys, 11
viruses, 254
Viviparus viviparus, 42
Von Damm, Karen, 230–32
von Haller, Albrecht, 34
Von Herzen, Dick, 171n
Voyager probes, 207
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 69–72, 118, 251
natural selection, 72
Wallace, Herbert, 71, 72
Wallin, Ivan, 144–45
Watson, James, 150
Wegener, Alfred, 146
Wheeler, W. M., 8n
Whitehead, Don, 75n
Wickramasinghe, N. C., 223
Wickramasinghe, J. T., 223
Williams, David, 171n
Wilson, E. O., ix–x, 84, 103
Wirsen, Carl, 175, 176, 233–34, 234n
Woese, Carl, 93n, 149–64, 179–80, 183, 186–87, 189, 234, 247, 250, 251, 252
criticism of, 159, 161
education of, 150
evolutionary tree of life, 149–64
Margulis’s serial endosymbiosis theory and, 163, 187
Wolfe, Ralph, 154–55, 157, 158, 159
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 175, 233
Wyville-Thompson, Charles, 167–68, 169
yeasts, species of, 126
Yerkes Observatory, 201
Zare, Richard, 210