NOTES

Please note that some of the links referenced throughout this work are no longer active.

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  1.   1.  State Board of Charities, 1905.

  2.   2.  Massachusetts General Court Committee on Paupers Laws and Josiah Quincy 1821: 14.

  3.   3.  Ibid: 10.

  4.   4.  Katz, 1996.

  5.   5.  An 1857 report revealed that 50 of the 177 inmates at the poorhouse in Ulster County, New York, had died in the past year. See also David Wagner, Ordinary People: “for nearly thirty years almost every one of the many hundreds of foundlings sent to [Massachusetts state poorhouse] Tewksbury died.” (Wagner, 2008: 25).

  6.   6.  Trattner, 1999: 53–54.

  7.   7.  The Washington National Republican, 1877, quoted in Bellesiles, 2010: 144.

  8.   8.  Richmond, 1917: 39.

  9.   9.  Almy, 1910: 31.

  10. 10.  Priddy from Lombardo, 2008: 128; Buzelle from Trattner, 1999: 100.

  11. 11.  274 U.S. 200 (1927), Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/200/case.html#207. [Accessed July 21, 2017.]

  12. 12.  Peel, 2007: 133.

  13. 13.  Nadasen, 2012: 18.

  14. 14.  Kennedy, 1963.

  15. 15.  Nadasen, 2012: 12.

  16. 16.  Ibid: 107.

  17. 17.  Gilens, 2003: 102.

  18. 18.  Jackson and Johnson, 1973: 201.

  19. 19.  Rockefeller, 1959.

  20. 20.  New York State Department of Social Services, 1975: 1.