Please note that some of the links referenced throughout this work are no longer active.
1
1. State Board of Charities, 1905.
2. Massachusetts General Court Committee on Paupers Laws and Josiah Quincy 1821: 14.
3. Ibid: 10.
4. Katz, 1996.
5. An 1857 report revealed that 50 of the 177 inmates at the poorhouse in Ulster County, New York, had died in the past year. See also David Wagner, Ordinary People: “for nearly thirty years almost every one of the many hundreds of foundlings sent to [Massachusetts state poorhouse] Tewksbury died.” (Wagner, 2008: 25).
6. Trattner, 1999: 53–54.
7. The Washington National Republican, 1877, quoted in Bellesiles, 2010: 144.
8. Richmond, 1917: 39.
9. Almy, 1910: 31.
10. Priddy from Lombardo, 2008: 128; Buzelle from Trattner, 1999: 100.
11. 274 U.S. 200 (1927), Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/200/case.html#207. [Accessed July 21, 2017.]
12. Peel, 2007: 133.
13. Nadasen, 2012: 18.
14. Kennedy, 1963.
15. Nadasen, 2012: 12.
16. Ibid: 107.
17. Gilens, 2003: 102.
18. Jackson and Johnson, 1973: 201.
19. Rockefeller, 1959.
20. New York State Department of Social Services, 1975: 1.