NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. Various historians and civil rights movement veterans provide slightly different tallies of the number of participants in the retreat. See Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2008), 188; Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 688; and David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Random House, 1986), 225.

2. News sources as quoted in Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 213, 216. On the Albany Movement, see Lee W. Formwalt, “Albany Movement,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, February 3, 2015, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/albany-movement; Anthony Phalen, “1961: The Albany Movement campaigns for full integration in Georgia (Fall 1961–Summer 1962),” Global Nonviolent Action Database, November 6, 2009, http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/albany-movement-campaigns-full-integration-georgia-fall-1961-summer-1962; and “Albany GA, Movement (Oct. 1961–Aug. 1962),” Civil Rights Movement Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961albany.

3. See Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 254; and Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 166–169.

4. On the attack on Cole, see Encyclopedia of African American Music, Vol. 3, ed. Emmett George Price (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 211; Brian Ward, “Civil Rights and Rock and Roll: Revisiting the Nat King Cole Attack of 1956,” OAH Magazine of History 24, no. 2 (April 2010): 21–24, April 2010, http://maghis.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/2/21.extract; and “In Birmingham: Negro Singer Nat (King) Cole Attacked; 6 White Men Held,” Florence Times 97, no. 12 (April 11, 1956), http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19560410&id=ZgQsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jsYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1533,1109350. On the closing of public parks, see Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 229.

5. As quoted in Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 229.

6. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1986), 291, 295.

7. Morris, Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, 274.

8. See “Wyatt Tee Walker,” in Voices of Freedom: Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), 126; Andrew Manis, interview with Dr. Wyatt Walker, conducted at Canaan Baptist Church, New York City, Birmingham Public Library: Digital Collections, April 20, 1989, http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15099coll2/id/69; and Branch, Parting the Waters, 690.

9. Martin Luther King Jr., The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. Clayborne Carson (New York: Warner Books, 1998), 174.

10. Young, An Easy Burden, 138.

11. In Davis W. Houck and David E. Dixon, Rhetoric, Religion, and the Civil Rights Movement 1954–1965 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2006), 539.

12. Young, An Easy Burden, 188.

13. Michael Kazin, “Stop Looking for the Next JFK,” Dissent, November 21, 2013, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/stop-looking-for-the-next-jfk.

14. See Ishaan Tharoor, “Occupy Wall Street Protests Spread,” Time, December 7, 2011, http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2101344_2101369_2101667,00.html; Marc Fisher, “In Tunisia, Act of One Fruit Vendor Sparks Wave of Revolution Through Arab World,” Washington Post, March 26, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html; and H.D.S. Greenway, “Of Men and Last Straws,” New York Times, April 19, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/20/opinion/20iht-edgreenway20.html.

15. See “Milosevic Under Pressure to Quit,” The People (London), October 1, 2000, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/MILOSEVIC+UNDER+PRESSURE+TO+QUIT.-a065627113; Greg Bloom, “U.S. Can’t Buy Revolution,” Moscow Times, December 23, 2004, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2004/12/article/us-cant-buy-revolution/226153.html; and Karin Brulliard, “More Immigration Demonstrations Planned,” Washington Post, August 31, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/30/AR2006083003161.html.

16. Morris, Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, vi, xiii.

17. Branch, Parting the Waters, 825.

18. King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 153.

19. See King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 167; and Branch, Parting the Waters, 631.

20. King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 167.

21. “Pride and power of nonviolence” quote can be found in King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 211.

CHAPTER ONE: THE STRATEGIC TURN

1. Einstein letter as quoted in Mairi Mackay, “A Dictator’s Worst Nightmare,” CNN, June 25, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/23/world/gene-sharp-revolutionary/index.html.

2. See James VanHise, interview with Gene Sharp, “Nonviolence and Civilian-Based Defense,” Fragments, June 1983, http://www.fragmentsweb.org/fourtx/sharpint.html; and Jeff Severns-Guntzel, interview with Gene Sharp, “Lessons from the Godfather: Interview with Gene Sharp,” UTNE, July–August 2010, http://www.utne.com/Politics/Gene-Sharp-Interview-Power-of-Nonviolence.aspx.

3. As quoted in Philip Shishkin, “American Revolutionary: Quiet Boston Scholar Inspires Rebels Around the World,” Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122127204268531319.html.

4. “Indeed, the greatest practitioners of nonviolence have viewed it not so much as a way to encounter adversaries, or even to change the world,” wrote historians Alice Lynd and Staughton Lynd in a 1966 appraisal that was typical for the era, “but rather as a journey in search of truth.” Staughton Lynd and Alice Lynd, eds., Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1995), xlv.

5. Metta Spencer, interview with Gene Sharp, “Gene Sharp 101,” Peace Magazine, July–September 2003, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v19n3p16.htm.

6. See Gene Sharp, Gandhi as a Political Strategist (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1979), 252, and Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part One—Power and Struggle (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973), vi. As noted later, Sharp himself avoids using “nonviolence” as a noun, preferring to use the word as an adjective. Instead of seeing himself as a proponent of “strategic nonviolence,” he advocates “strategic nonviolent action.”

7. Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 2005), 21.

8. “Waging of ‘Battles’” quote in Sharp, Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part One, 67.

9. Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three—the Dynamics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973), 556, 755.

10. As quoted in Sharp, Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three, 681.

11. See Paul Buhle (editor), Sabrina Jones, Gary Dumm, and Nick Thorkelson (artists), Radical Jesus: A Graphic History of Faith (Harrisonburg, VA: Herald Press, 2013), 111.

12. Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle, 436.

13. Sharp, Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three, 635.

14. Ibid., 741.

15. On Sharp’s arguments with pacifist groups, see Sharp, Gandhi as a Political Strategist, 251.

16. See Adam Winkler, “MLK and His Guns,” Huffington Post, January 17, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-winkler/mlk-and-his-guns_b_810132.html.

17. For an example of the appropriation of Martin Luther King by pro-gun groups, see: “Martin Luther King, Jr.—Man of Peace but No Pushover,” Gun Owners of America, http://gunowners.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/martin-luther-king-jr-man-of-peace-but-no-pushover/.

18. Phone threat as quoted in Martin Luther King Jr., The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. Clayborne Carson (New York: Warner Books, 1998), 77.

19. See King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 54; David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Random House, 1986), 68, 72; and Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 179.

20. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 73.

21. Branch, Parting the Waters, 180.

22. For King on Muste, see Branch, Parting the Waters, 179. For King on Black Power, see King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 317. On nonviolence as a “way of life,” see King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 68. On armed guards, see Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 232.

23. Clark as quoted in Michael Eric Dyson, April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Death and How It Changed America (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2008), 8. Details of the attack on King also in Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 221.

24. King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 68.

25. Branch, Parting the Waters, 205.

26. Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 175. Ransby quotes Aldon Morris on the SCLC’s self-image as the “political arm of the black church.”

27. As quoted in Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 116.

28. See Branch, Parting the Waters, 466.

29. See John Lewis with Michael D’Orso, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 166.

30. See Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2008), 186.

31. Ibid., 186.

32. Sharp cites early precedents for nonviolent action in Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part One, 75–78. For discussion of Tolstoy’s influence on Gandhi, see Sharp, Gandhi as a Political Strategist, 47; Mohandas K. Gandhi, An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), 137; and Anthony J. Parel, “Gandhi and Tolstoy,” in M. P. Mathai, M. S. John, Siby K. Joseph, Meditations on Gandhi: A Ravindra Varma Festschrift (New Delhi: Concept, 2002), 96–112.

33. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: HarperCollins, 1958), 97.

34. Sharp, Gandhi as a Political Strategist, 57.

35. As quoted in Metta Spencer, interview with Gene Sharp, “Gene Sharp 101,” Peace Magazine, July–September 2003, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v19n3p16.htm.

36. Sharp, Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part One, 101.

37. Ibid., vi.

38. Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle, 437.

39. Stephen Zunes, interview with the authors, June 21, 2013.

40. See Ruaridh Arrow, “Gene Sharp: Author of the Nonviolent Revolution Rulebook,” BBC News, February 21, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12522848.

41. Sharp, Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three, 808–810.

42. Among historians there is debate about how well formed the SCLC’s scheme actually was, particularly at the time of the initial Dorchester retreat. The cloak-and-dagger codename of “Project C” reflected Wyatt Walker’s flair for the dramatic, and some scholars, led by Glenn Eskew, charge that Walker’s after-the-fact interviews about his preparations also contain an element of theatrical self-aggrandizement—a streak that has colored the historical record ever since. These scholars take issue with the account provided in Taylor Branch’s monumental biography of King. Relying on interviews with Walker, Branch suggests that, after Walker presented the plan at the Dorchester retreat, “not a comma of the blueprint was altered.” See Glenn Eskew, But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 209–229, 376nn40, 42; and Branch, Parting the Waters, 690.

43. John H. Britton, “Man Behind Martin Luther King Jr.: Tough-Minded Cleric Is Fuel,” Jet, March 12, 1964, http://books.google.com/books?id=68EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=jet&source=gbs_toc&cad=2#v=onepage&q=jet&f=false.

44. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 291.

45. See Ralph David Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography (New York: HarperCollins, 1989), 235.

46. See Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 260.

47. Branch, Parting the Waters, 707.

48. See Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 118.

49. See Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 240.

50. Ibid., 242.

51. See King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 206.

52. The details of this incident are disputed, varying somewhat between different historical accounts. Descriptions can be found in: Branch, Parting the Waters, 710; Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 312; and Eskew, But for Birmingham, 226. See also: statement by Leroy Allen, “On the Use of Police Dogs During the 1963 Palm Sunday Demonstrations in Birmingham,” Documents on Human Rights in Alabama, April 27, 1963, http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson3/doc6-4.html.

53. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 239–240.

54. King, “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” 295.

55. See Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 250.

56. Ibid., 247.

57. Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 135.

58. Ibid., 134–135.

59. As quoted in Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Shy U.S. Intellectual Created Playbook Used in a Revolution,” New York Times, February 16, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/middleeast/17sharp.html.

60. Thierry Meyssan, “The Albert Einstein Institution: Non-Violence According to the CIA,” VoltaireNet.org, January 4, 2005, http://www.voltairenet.org/article30032.html.

61. On the use of Sharp’s work in Palestine, see Amitabh Pal, “Gene Sharp’s Nonviolent Impact,” The Progressive, February 17, 2011, http://www.progressive.org/ap021711.html.

62. As quoted in Mackay, “A Dictator’s Worst Nightmare.”

63. Stephen Lerner, “A New Insurgency Can Only Arise Outside the Progressive and Labor Establishment,” New Labor Forum 20, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 9–13.

CHAPTER TWO: STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT

1. See Peter Dreier, “Glenn Beck’s Attack on Frances Fox Piven,” Dissent, January 24, 2011, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/glenn-becks-attack-on-frances-fox-piven; and Glenn Beck, “Cloward, Piven and the Fundamental Transformation of America,” Fox News, January 5, 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2010/01/05/cloward-piven-and-fundamental-transformation-america/. Image available at http://www.pubtheo.com/images/beck-revolution.jpg.

2. Moberg offered this list when reflecting on the work of National People’s Action. See David Moberg, “New Rules for Radicals: How George Goehl Is Transforming Community Organizing,” In These Times, February 12, 2014, http://inthesetimes.com/article/16144/new_rules_for_radicals. Quotes from Saul Alinsky appear in Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), 126–130.

3. Mary Beth Rogers, Cold Anger: A Story of Faith and Power Politics (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1990), 85.

4. As quoted in Eric Norden, interview with Saul Alinsky, Playboy, March 1972, http://britell.com/alinsky.html.

5. Ibid.

6. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals, 3. On the use of Alinsky by FreedomWorks, see Elizabeth Williamson, “Two Ways to Play the ‘Alinsky’ Card,” Wall Street Journal, January 23, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204624204577177272926154002.html.

7. Frank Bardacke, Trampling Out the Vintage: Cesar Chavez and the Two Souls of the United Farm Workers (London: Verso, 2011), 68.

8. David Walls, “Power to the People: Thirty-Five Years of Community Organizing,” The Workbook, Summer 1994, 52–55. Updated version as posted at http://www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wallsd/community-organizing.shtml.

9. See P. David Finks, The Radical Vision of Saul Alinsky (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1984), 261.

10. Arlene Stein, “Between Organization and Movement: ACORN and the Alinsky Model of Community Organizing,” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 31 (January 1, 1986): 96, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035376.

11. Edward T. Chambers, Roots for Radicals: Organizing for Power, Action, and Justice (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2003), 80–81.

12. See Alinsky, Rules for Radicals, xx; and Nicholas von Hoffman, Radical: A Portrait of Saul Alinsky (New York: Nation Books, 2010), 155.

13. See Mark R. Warren, Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 31.

14. Chambers, Roots for Radicals, 107.

15. Stein, “Between Organization and Movement,” 94.

16. Von Hoffman quotes on King in, Radical, 68–74.

17. As quoted in Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky—His Life and Legacy (New York: Knopf, 1989), 469, and in von Hoffman, Radical, 72.

18. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals, xiii–xiv.

19. Saul Alinsky, Reveille for Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), 228.

20. See Stein, “Between Organization and Movement,” 98.

21. Frances Fox Piven, Challenging Authority: How Ordinary People Change America (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 1.

22. See Frances Fox Piven, Who’s Afraid of Frances Fox Piven: The Essential Writings of the Professor Glenn Beck Loves to Hate (New York: The New Press, 2011), 244–245.

23. Francis Fox Piven quote from interview with the authors, March 5, 2015. Piven and Cloward quotes from Piven, Who’s Afraid of Frances Fox Piven, 9, 17.

24. See Doug McAdam and Hilary Schaffer Boudet, Putting Social Movements in Their Place: Explaining Opposition to Energy Projects in the United States, 2000–2005 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 4; and Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, “Collective Protest: A Critique of Resource Mobilization Theory,” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 4, no. 4 (Summer 1991): 435, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20007011.

25. Doug McAdam and W. Richard Scott, “Organizations and Movements,” in Social Movements and Organization Theory, ed. Gerald F. Davis, Doug McAdam, W. Richard Scott, and Mayer N. Zald (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6.

26. See Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 16; and McAdam and Boudet, Putting Social Movements in Their Place, 17.

27. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), xv.

28. Frances Fox Piven, “Symposium: Poor People’s Movements: Retrospective Comments,” Perspectives on Politics 1, no. 4 (December 2003): 707.

29. See Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, 96; and Piven, “Retrospective Comments,” 709.

30. Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, xv.

31. Ibid., xi.

32. Ibid., xxi–xxii.

33. Chris Maisano, “From Protest to Disruption: Frances Fox Piven on Occupy Wall Street,” Democratic Socialists of America, October 2011, http://www.dsausa.org/from_protest_to_disruption_frances_fox_piven_on_occupy_wall_street.

34. Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, xi.

35. Ibid., xxi.

36. Charles M. Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 3 (emphasis added).

37. Stokely Carmichael, Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) (New York: Scribner, 2003), 445.

38. Ibid., 445.

39. As quoted in Sanford Schram, “The Praxis of Poor People’s Movements: Strategy and Theory in Dissensus Politics,” Perspectives on Politics 1, no. 4 (December 2003): 715.

40. See Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, “Foreword,” in Roots to Power: A Manual for Grassroots Organizing, 2nd ed., ed. Lee Staples (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), xvi; and Joseph G. Peschek, “American Politics Today: An Interview with Frances Fox Piven,” Common Dreams, September 19, 2010, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/09/19-4; and Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movement, xvi, 174.

41. Frances Fox Piven, interview with the authors, March 5, 2015.

42. In her book Stir It Up, Rinku Sen provides a history of such internal challenges: Rinku Sen, Stir It Up: Lessons in Community Organizing and Advocacy (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003), xlix–lxv. See also Stein, “Between Organization and Movement,” 111–112. More recently, David Moberg profiled George Goehl’s efforts in “New Rules for Radicals.”

43. See Rogers, Cold Anger, 95–96; and Michael Gecan, Going Public: An Organizer’s Guide to Citizen Action (New York: Anchor Books, 2004), 9.

44. See von Hoffman, Radical, xiii, 167; and Alinsky, Rules for Radicals, 169.

45. See Stanley Nelson, “Roster of Freedom Riders,” in Freedom Riders (American Experience Films, 2011), documentary film, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/people/roster; and Terry Sullivan, “The Freedom Rides: Were They in Vain?,” The Register: Diocese of Peoria Edition, July 22, 1962, http://www.crmvet.org/riders/frvain.htm.

46. See Gavin Musynske, “Freedom Riders End Racial Segregation in Southern U.S. Public Transit, 1961,” Global Nonviolent Action Database, December 2009, http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/freedom-riders-end-racial-segregation-southern-us-public-transit-1961.

47. Stanley Nelson, “Transcript,” in Freedom Riders (American Experience Films, 2011), documentary film, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/about/transcript.

48. See Charles Person, video interview, in Freedom Riders—Charles Person (PBA30, May 3, 2011), http://video.pba.org/video/1907104380/; and “Transcript,” in Freedom Riders.

49. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, 400.

50. Ibid., 401.

51. Ibid., 401–404.

52. Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, 358–359.

53. Piven and Cloward quote Alinsky in their foreword to Lee Staples, Roots to Power, xv.

54. See Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, 37; and Piven, “Symposium,” 708.

CHAPTER THREE: THE HYBRID

1. See David S. Bennahum, “The Internet Revolution,” Wired, April 1997, http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/5.04/ff_belgrad_pr.html; Chris Hedges, “100,000 Serbs Take to Street Against Milosevic,” New York Times, November 26, 1996, http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/26/world/100000-serbs-take-to-streets-against-milosevic.html; and “Serb Protesters Festive Amid Signs of Military Backing,” CNN, December 29, 1996, http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9612/29/yugo/.

2. On the OSCE, see Srdja Popovic, Slobodan Djinovic, Andrej Milivojevic, Hardy Merriman, and Ivan Marovic, Canvas Core Curriculum: A Guide to Effective Nonviolent Struggle (Serbia: CANVAS, 2007), 269. The phrase “The Internet Revolution” was used in a Wired magazine feature of that name by David S. Bennahum. As with virtually every other use of the phrase since, the actual importance of online technologies in organizing and propelling the uprising is disputed. It may be telling that this prominent early appearance of the phrase ended up being hyperbole, because the mass protests of 1996–1997 fizzled.

3. As quoted in Bennahum, “The Internet Revolution.”

4. See Matthew Collin, The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions (London: Profile Books, 2007), 11–12.

5. See Tina Rosenberg, Join the Club: How Peer Pressure Can Transform the World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 220.

6. See Rosenberg, Join the Club, 221.

7. Ivan Marovic, “Yes Lab Creative Activism Thursdays with Ivan Marovic,” April 10, 2010, https://youtu.be/dleNVu0PNsI.

8. Ivan Marovic, “Tavaana Interview: Ivan Marovic, Part 2,” Tavaana, May 3, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQMPtV00Gtw.

9. Marovic, “Yes Lab Creative Activism Thursdays.”

10. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, February 26, 2015.

11. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, September 20, 2013.

12. Regarding groups other than the political parties, analyst Ivan Vejvoda lists a variety of prominent civil society organizations operating in Serbia in the 1990s. See Vejvoda, “Civil Society versus Slobodan Milosevic: Serbia, 1991–2000,” in Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, ed. Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

13. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, September 20, 2013.

14. Ibid.

15. See Collin, Time of the Rebels, 4; and Danijela Nenadic and Nenad Belcevic, “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy: The Role of Otpor,” in People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity, ed. Howard Clark (London: Pluto Press, 2009), 26. Vladimir Ilic as quoted in Nenadic and Belcevic.

16. Nenadic and Belcevic, “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy,” 28.

17. See Collin, Time of the Rebels, 22; and Rosenberg, Join the Club, 231.

18. See “Barrel of Laughs,” Narco News TV, June 15, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc1CcxHwypE.

19. Nenadic and Belcevic, “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy,” 29.

20. On Radio B92, see Vejvoda, “Civil Society versus Slobodan Milosevic,” 298.

21. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, February 26, 2015.

22. Jovanovic as quoted in Tina Rosenberg, Join the Club, 220. Ivan Marovic quoted from “Tavaana Interview: Ivan Marovic, Part 3,” Tavaana, May 14, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q87fu530bfo. See Rosenberg, Join the Club, 220–221.

23. Ivan Marovic as quoted in “Interview with Tavaana,” May 13, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbfbip-JOsw. Vladamir Ilic’s research published in Ilic, “Otpor—In or Beyond Politics,” Helsinki Files No. 5 (Belgrade, Serbia: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, 2001), http://www.helsinki.org.rs/hfiles02.html.

24. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, February 26, 2015.

25. Marovic, “Tavaana Interview, Ivan Marovic, Part 3.”

26. Nenadic and Belcevic quoted from “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy,” 28.

27. As quoted in Rosenberg, Join the Club, 242–243.

28. Marovic, “Tavaana Interview, Ivan Marovic, Part 4,” Tavaana, May 14, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQkq_qtB8YE.

29. As quoted in Collin, Time of the Rebels, 24.

30. The arrest of “Sixty-seven activists in thirteen cities” cited in Collin, Time of the Rebels, 30. Regarding other arrest numbers, Danijela Nenadic and Nenad Belcevic cite 1,559 arrests by October 2000 in “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy,” 32. Tina Rosenberg cites at least 2,500 arrests of Otpor activists in Join the Club, 249. Threats against Popovic reported in Rosenberg, Join the Club, 221, 226, and in Collin, Time of the Rebels, 17. The threat against Marovic is as quoted in Collin, Time of the Rebels, 46.

31. The timing of Marko’s arrival in the latter incident is a matter of some debate. One account can be found in Collin, Time of the Rebels, 36–37. “You will not be the last one . . . ,” as quoted in Collin, Time of the Rebels, 37.

32. Ilic quoted from “Otpor—In or Beyond Politics.” Otpor posters as described in Rosenberg, Join the Club, 251–252.

33. As quoted in Joshua Paulson, “Removing the Dictator in Serbia—1996–2000,” in Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential, ed. Gene Sharp (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 2005), 323.

34. “Part political movement, part social club” from Roger Cohen, “Who Really Brought Down Milosevic?,” New York Times, November 26, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/26/magazine/who-really-brought-down-milosevic.html.

35. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, April 24, 2015.

36. Attendance numbers for Otpor’s Congress cited in Paulson, “Removing the Dictator in Serbia,” 319. The number of Otpor members overall is debated. Vladimir Ilic cites 60,000 as the number claimed by Otpor’s Belgrade office, but he believes this count to be inflated; see Ilic, “Otpor—In or Beyond Politics.” Ivan Vejvoda cites 18,000 members throughout the country; see Vejvoda, “Civil Society versus Slobodan Milosevic,” 308. On the higher side, Roger Cohen cites 70,000 Otpor members in Cohen, “Who Really Brought Down Milosevic?”

37. On the repression of Otpor and allied media outlets, see Collin, Time of the Rebels, 39, and Rosenberg, Join the Club, 264. “An average of more than seven arrests of activists per day” as cited in Rosenberg, Join the Club, 249. Nenadic and Belcevic quoted from “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy,” 31.

38. See Collin, Time of the Rebels, 52; and Rosenberg, Join the Club, 230–231.

39. On voter turnout among youth, see Paulson, “Removing the Dictator in Serbia,” 326; and Rosenberg, Join the Club, 272.

40. See Paulson, “Removing the Dictator in Serbia,” 327.

41. The New York Times as quoted in Joshua Paulson, “Removing the Dictator in Serbia,” 328. Regarding the Kolubara coal mines, Paulson cites 7,500 workers on strike in “Removing the Dictator in Serbia,” 329; Ivan Marovic cites September 29 as the beginning of the strike in “What Happened on October 5th: How Did the Plan Play Out?,” Retired Revolutionary, February 1, 2012, http://www.retiredrevolutionary.com/2012/02/how-plan-played-out.html. On the copper miners in Majdanpek, see Paulson, “Removing the Dictator in Serbia,” 332.

42. See Vejvoda, “Civil Society versus Slobodan Milosevic,” 316. Ivan Marovic quote from interview with the authors, May 8, 2015.

43. Ivan Marovic, “In Defense of Otpor,” openDemocracy, December 6, 2013, https://www.opendemocracy.net/civilresistance/ivan-marovic/in-defense-of-otpor; see also Nenadic and Belcevic, “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy,” 33; and Jorgen Johansen, “External Financing of Opposition Movements,” in People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity, ed. Howard Clark (London: Pluto Press, 2009), 198–205.

44. “A sort of People Power International” quoted from Jesse Walker, “The 50 Habits of Highly Effective Revolutionaries,” Reason.com, September 21, 2006, http://reason.com/archives/2006/09/21/the-50-habits-of-highly-effect/print. Stephen Zunes quoted from Zunes, “Serbia: 10 Years Later,” Foreign Policy In Focus, June 17, 2009, http://fpif.org/serbia_10_years_later/.

45. Popovic as quoted in Philip Shishkin, “American Revolutionary: Quiet Boston Scholar Inspires Rebels Around the World,” Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122127204268531319.html. Marovic as quoted in Adam Reilly, “The Dictator Slayer,” The Boston Phoenix, December 5, 2007, http://thephoenix.com/Boston/news/52417-dictator-slayer/.

46. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, July 18, 2013.

CHAPTER FOUR: THE PILLARS

1. Statistics from 1990 as cited by Michael J. Klarman, “How Same-Sex Marriage Came to Be: On Activism, Litigation, and Social Change in America,” Harvard Magazine, March–April 2013, http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/03/how-same-sex-marriage-came-to-be. Bill Clinton quoted from “President’s Statement on DOMA,” September 20, 1996, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/scotts/ftp/wpaf2mc/clinton.html.

2. “In some ways worse than terrorism” and “resounding, coast-to-coast rejection of gay marriage” as quoted in Klarman, “How Same-Sex Marriage Came to Be.”

3. As quoted in Roberta Kaplan, “Gay Marriage Battle Hinged on a Great Love Story,” CNN, June 25, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/25/opinion/kaplan-doma-edie-windsor/.

4. See Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 2005), 26–27.

5. See Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part One—Power and Struggle (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973), 16; and Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle, 28.

6. As quoted in Matthew Collin, The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions (London: Profile Books, 2007), 5.

7. See Brian Martin, “Gene Sharp’s Theory of Power,” Journal of Peace Research 26, no. 2 (1989): 213–222; and Kate McGuinness, “Gene Sharp’s Theory of Power: A Feminist Critique of Consent,” Journal of Peace Research 30 (1993): 101–115.

8. See Robert L. Helvey, On Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: Thinking About the Fundamentals (Boston: Albert Einstein Institution, 2004), 9–18.

9. The Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action and Strategies (CANVAS), “Chronology of Events—a Brief History of Otpor,” http://www.canvasopedia.org/images/books/OTPOR-articles/Chronology-OTPOR.pdf?pdf=History-of-Otpor-Chronology.

10. On the “Powder Keg” incident, see CANVAS, “Chronology of Events.”

11. See Ivan Vejvoda, “Civil Society versus Slobodan Milosevic: Serbia, 1991–2000,” in Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, ed. Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 308. Vejvoda writes, “Many academics were ousted from the university at this time for siding with the protesters. As a reaction they set up the Alternative Academic Education Network . . . which was in essence a parallel university.” This network “quickly established itself as a hub of academic excellence and a gathering point for students and professors.”

12. Ivan Marovic quoted from “Why Didn’t They Shoot?,” Retired Revolutionary, January 25, 2012, http://www.retiredrevolutionary.com/2012/01/why-didnt-they-shoot.html. Stanko Lazendic as quoted in Tina Rosenberg, Join the Club: How Peer Pressure Can Transform the World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 259.

13. Analyst Joshua Paulson writes, “One of the major differences between the opposition demonstrations of 1996 and those of October 2000 was that the former included few, if any, workers. The fact that miners had gone out on strike against the Socialist regime of President Milosevic had an important symbolic effect similar to that produced by the workers of Poland’s Solidarity movement when they struck against a workers’ state in 1980.” See Joshua Paulson, “Removing the Dictator in Serbia—1996–2000,” in Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential, ed. Gene Sharp (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 2005), 332–333. On religious leaders, see Serbian Orthodox Church statement, cited in the New York Times, September 27, 2000, A10, also quoted in Paulson, “Removing the Dictator in Serbia,” 327.

14. Vejvoda, “Civil Society versus Slobodan Milosevic,” 314.

15. Ivan Marovic, “Tavaana Interview: Ivan Marovic, Part 4,” Tavaana, May 14, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQkq_qtB8YE.

16. Michael Signer quoted from Signer, “How the Tide Turned on Gay Marriage,” Daily Beast, June 20, 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/20/house-votes-to-defund-nsa-backdoor-searches0.html.

17. Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?,” Chapter 5, as printed in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 612.

18. Frank Rich (frankrichny) wrote on Twitter, “For a journalist to claim that marriage equality revolution began in 2008 is as absurd as saying civil rights struggle began with Obama.” April 17, 2014, https://twitter.com/frankrichny/status/456848932161589248. Andrew Sullivan responded to Becker’s work at Sullivan, “Jo Becker’s Troubling Travesty of Gay History, Ctd,” The Dish, April 17, 2014, http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/04/17/jo-beckers-troubling-travesty-of-gay-history-ctd/.

19. See Andrew Sullivan, “Jo Becker’s Troubling Travesty of Gay History,”; and Justin McCarthy, “Same-Sex Marriage Support Reaches New High at 55%,” Gallup, May 21, 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/169640/sex-marriage-support-reaches-new-high.aspx.

20. Andrew Sullivan, “Dissent of the Day,” The Dish, April 18, 2014, http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/04/18/dissent-of-the-day-57/.

21. Linda Hirshman, Victory: The Triumphant Gay Revolution (New York: Harper-Collins, 2012), 315.

22. As quoted in Marc Sandalow, “Exuberant Gay March in D.C. / Hundreds of Thousands Join Call for Equality,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 1, 2000, http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Exuberant-Gay-March-in-D-C-Hundreds-of-3240157.php.

23. As quoted in Adam Liptak, “A Tipping Point for Gay Marriage?,” New York Times, April 30, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/weekinreview/01gay.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

24. See Linda Hirshman, “DOMA Laid Bare,” Slate, March 10, 2011, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2011/03/doma_laid_bare.html.

25. Statistics as cited in Klarman, “How Same-Sex Marriage Came to Be” and Justin McCarthy, “Same-Sex Marriage Support Reaches New High at 55%.”

26. Wolfson as quoted in Peter Freiberg, “Wolfson Leaves Lambda to Focus on Freedom-to-Marry Work,” Washington Blade, March 30, 2001, http://www.geocities.ws/evanwolfson/ftm_washblade.htm, and in Josh Zeitz, “The Making of the Marriage Equality Revolution,” Politico Magazine, April 28, 2015, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/04/gay-marriage-revolution-evan-wolfson-117412_full.html#.VUd7-GbcOGM.

27. Josh Zeitz, “Making of the Marriage Equality Revolution.”

28. Ibid.

29. See McCarthy, “Same-Sex Marriage Support Reaches New High at 55%.”

30. Richard Kim quoted from Kim, “Why Gay Marriage Is Winning,” The Nation, July 2, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/article/175091/why-gay-marriage-won.

31. See Ed Payne, “Group Apologizes to Gay Community, Shuts Down ‘Cure’ Ministry,” CNN, July 8, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/20/us/exodus-international-shutdown/.

32. President of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary as quoted in Klarman, “How Same-Sex Marriage Came to Be.” See also Gram Slattery, “After Years-Long Debate, Presbyterians Allow Gay Marriage Ceremonies,” Christian Science Monitor, June 20, 2014, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2014/0620/After-years-long-debate-Presbyterians-allow-gay-marriage-ceremonies-video; and Scott Neuman, “Methodists Reinstate Minister Who Officiated at Son’s Gay Marriage,” NPR, June 24, 2014, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/06/24/325331463/methodists-reinstate-pastor-who-officiated-at-sons-gay-marriage.

33. See Dylan Matthews, “In 2011, Only 15 Senators Backed Same-Sex Marriage. Now 49 Do,” Washington Post, April 2, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/02/in-2011-only-15-senators-backed-same-sex-marriage-now-49-do/.

34. Regarding President Obama: On the campaign trail in 2008, Obama had claimed that he was opposed to gay marriage for religious reasons. Top advisor David Axelrod, in a 2015 memoir, revealed that Obama never actually held any such religious objection but considered it politically expedient to say that he did. A few short years later, political winds were blowing in the opposite direction, and Obama, with the approval of his aides, deemed it appropriate to begin revealing his “true” position. See Zeke J. Miller, “Axelrod: Obama Misled Nation When He Opposed Gay Marriage in 2008,” Time, February 10, 2015, http://time.com/3702584/gay-marriage-axelrod-obama/. On Bill Clinton, see Bill McKibben, “Is the Keystone XL Pipeline the ‘Stonewall’ of the Climate Movement?,” Grist, April 8, 2013, http://grist.org/climate-energy/is-the-keystone-xl-pipeline-the-stonewall-of-the-climate-movement/. On Hillary Clinton, see Alan Rappeport, “Hillary Clinton’s Changing Views on Gay Marriage,” New York Times, April 16, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/04/16/hillary-clintons-changing-views-on-gay-marriage/; and Sam Biddle, “Remember When Hillary Clinton Was Against Gay Marriage?” Gawker, June 26, 2015, http://gawker.com/remember-when-hillary-clinton-was-against-gay-marriage-1714147439.

35. As quoted in John Nichols, “Not Just Hillary Clinton: Why So Many Republicans Are Embracing Marriage Equality,” The Nation, March 19, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/blog/173405/not-just-hillary-clinton-why-so-many-republicans-are-embracing-marriage-equality.

36. Kim, “Why Gay Marriage Is Winning.”

37. As quoted in “From DOMA to Marriage Equality: How the Tide Turned for Gay Marriage,” NPR, July 9, 2015, http://www.npr.org/2015/07/09/421462180/from-doma-to-marriage-equality-how-the-tide-turned-for-gay-marriage.

38. Erica Chenoweth, “My Talk at TEDxBoulder: Civil Resistance and the ‘3.5% Rule,’” Rational Insurgent, November 4, 2013, http://rationalinsurgent.com/?s=My+Talk+at+TEDxBoulder&submit=Search.

39. See Erica Chenoweth, “About,” http://www.ericachenoweth.com/; and Chenoweth, “The Origins of the NAVCO Data Project (or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Take Nonviolent Conflict Seriously),” Rational Insurgent, May 7, 2014, http://rationalinsurgent.com/2014/05/07/the-origins-of-the-navco-data-project-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-take-nonviolent-conflict-seriously/.

40. Chenoweth, “My Talk at TEDxBoulder.”

41. Chenoweth, “Origins of the NAVCO Data Project.”

42. The research found that nonviolent campaigns boasted a 50 percent success rate, while violent struggles saw victories just 26 percent of the time. See Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 7–9.

43. “The Leading Global Thinkers of 2013: Erica Chenoweth: For Proving Gandhi Right,” Foreign Policy, 2013, http://2013-global-thinkers.foreignpolicy.com/chenoweth.

44. Chenoweth, “My Talk at TEDxBoulder.”

45. With regard to the idea that “researchers used to say that no government could survive if five percent of its population mobilized against it,” Chenowith cites Will H. Moore, “The 5% Rule and Indiscriminate Killing of Civilians,” Will Opines, July 19, 2012, https://willopines.wordpress.com/2012/07/19/the-5-rule-and-indiscriminate-killing-of-civilians/; and Mark I. Lichbach, The Rebel’s Dilemma (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998). “No campaigns failed once they’d achieved the active and sustained participation of just 3.5 percent . . . ” quoted from Chenoweth, “My Talk at TEDxBoulder.”

46. On the “active and observable engagement of individuals in collective action,” see Chenoweth and Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works, 30.

47. Dick Morris as quoted in “Chapter 4: The Clinton Years,” PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/chapters/4.html. The Associated Press quoted from Ryan J. Foley, “Obama Says No to Triangulation Politics,” Washington Post, October 15, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/15/AR2007101501049_pf.html.

48. David Roberts quoted from Roberts, “Supply, Demand, and Activism: What Should the Climate Movement Do Next?” Grist, February 22, 2013, http://grist.org/climate-energy/supply-demand-and-activism-what-should-the-climate-movement-do-next/.

49. Ivan Marovic quoted from interview with the authors, September 3, 2014. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward quoted from Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 24.

CHAPTER FIVE: DECLARE VICTORY AND RUN

1. See Geoffrey Ashe, Gandhi: A Biography (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000), 286–287.

2. Regarding arrest numbers, Geoffrey Ashe cites the figure of 100,000 arrested: Ashe, Gandhi, 293. Judith Brown cites the lower figure of 60,000 people imprisoned: Judith M. Brown, Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 242. Tagore as quoted in Ashe, Gandhi, 290, and in Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 274.

3. See Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), 195, 200. Nehru as quoted in Stanley Wolpert, Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 126; and Arthur Herman, Gandhi and Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age (New York: Bantam Books, 2008), 354.

4. Saul Alinsky quoted from Alinsky, Reveille for Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), 225. Rinku Sen quoted from Sen, Stir It Up: Lessons in Community Organizing and Advocacy (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003), xlvi, lvi. See also Arlene Stein, “Between Organization and Movement: ACORN and the Alinsky Model of Community Organizing,” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 31 (January 1, 1986): 93–115, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035376.

5. See Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: HarperCollins, 1958), 109.

6. As quoted in Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, Voices of Freedom: Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), 25.

7. “At no time have we raised . . . ” as quoted in David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Random House, 1986), 59.

8. Bill Moyer quote from Moyer, Doing Democracy: The MAP Model for Organizing Social Movements (Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2001), 50. More generally, social movement writers Joshua Kahn Russell, Jonathan Matthew Smucker, and Zack Malitz make two distinctions in discussing these dynamics. They distinguish between the concrete and communicative aspects of protests as well as ways in which different tactics advance both expressive and instrumental ends. See Joshua Kahn Russell, “Principle: Make Your Actions Both Concrete and Communicative (but Don’t Confuse the Two),” Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution, ed. Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell (New York: OR Books, 2012), 154–155; and Jonathan Matthew Smucker, Joshua Kahn Russell, and Zack Malitz, “Theory: Expressive and Instrumental Actions,” in Beautiful Trouble, 232–233.

9. Tom Hayden, The Long Sixties: From 1960 to Barack Obama (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2009), 9.

10. Edward T. Chambers, Roots for Radicals: Organizing for Power, Action, and Justice (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2003), 131.

11. As quoted in Gopalkrishna Gandhi, “The Great Dandi March—Eighty Years After,” The Hindu, April 6, 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-great-dandi-march-eighty-years-after/article388858.ece.

12. Gandhi as quoted in Gene Sharp, Gandhi as a Political Strategist (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1979), 11. Geoffrey Ashe quoted from Ashe, Gandhi, 284.

13. Mohandas Gandhi as quoted in Gandhi, “Great Dandi March.”

14. See Ashe, Gandhi, 285.

15. Statistics on crowd size from Herman, Gandhi and Churchill, 336. Judith Brown quoted from Brown, “Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917–47: Key Issues,” in Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, ed. Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 50. On the resignation of local administrators, see Ashe, Gandhi, 286.

16. Ashe, Gandhi, 292.

17. See Brown, “Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India,” 50.

18. See Peter Ackerman and Jack Duvall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 100–101.

19. For discussion of the terms of the settlement, see Ackerman and Kreugler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict, 195.

20. Joan Bondurant quoted from Bondurant, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965), 38.

21. Geoffrey Ashe quoted from Ashe, Gandhi, 297. Churchill as quoted in Herman, Gandhi and Churchill, 359.

22. As quoted in Herman, Gandhi and Churchill, 357.

23. Ashe, Gandhi, 298.

24. Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 274–275. Although they present a generally critical-minded assessment of the Salt March’s outcomes, Ackerman and Kruegler write, “Strategic nonviolent conflict mounted a significant challenge to the British Raj and did lay the groundwork for subsequent struggles for independence that ended in success.” Writing about the Salt March, they acknowledge, “Most rational observers from this point onward considered eventual independence inevitable.” Ackerman and Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict, 199–200.

25. Brown, “Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India,” 54.

26. As quoted in Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 387.

27. See McWhorter, Carry Me Home, 388.

28. Smyer as quoted in Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 262. The New York Times quoted from Claude Sitton, “Birmingham Pact Sets Timetable for Integration,” New York Times, May 11, 1963. Time magazine as quoted in Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 129.

29. McWhorter, Carry Me Home, 403.

30. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 264.

31. President Kennedy as quoted in Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 134. Andrew Young quoted from Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2008), 252.

32. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 351.

33. Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 134.

34. William J. Dobson, The Dictator’s Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy (New York: Doubleday, 2012), 250–251.

35. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, September 3, 2014.

36. See Tina Rosenberg, Join the Club: How Peer Pressure Can Transform the World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 266.

37. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, September 3, 2014.

38. Patrick Reinsborough and Doyle Canning of the Center for Story-Based Strategy (formerly called smartMeme) use the concepts of “action logic” and “meta-verbs” to explain this principle. They write: “Action logic means that the actions you take have an overarching self-evident narrative logic that speaks for itself and tells a story. . . . Action logic is frequently summarized through the shorthand of a single action-oriented meta-verb that is part of how the action or campaign is publicized. The meta-verb you choose—Protest! Rally against! Shut down! Mobilize! Stop! Transform!—will likely become the benchmark of the action’s success, not only to the participants, but also to media observers and the general public.” See Patrick Reinsborough and Doyle Canning, Re:Imagining Change: How to Use Story-Based Strategy to Win Campaigns, Build Movements, and Change the World (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2010), 62.

39. This was just as well from the perspective of progressive critics who had previously taken issue with the march’s politics on a variety of fronts, ranging from the event’s exclusion of women to Farrakhan’s adoption of conservative tropes about the need for black men to accept “personal responsibility” for problems in their communities. For comments from critics, including Adolph Reed and Michelle Boyd, see Don Terry, “Black March Stirs Passion and Protests,” New York Times, October 8, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/08/us/black-march-stirs-passion-and-protests.html.

40. Ivan Marovic, interview with the authors, April 24, 2015.

41. Danijela Nenadic and Nenad Belcevic, “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy: The Role of Otpor,” in People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity, ed. Howard Clark (London: Pluto Press, 2009), 29.

42. Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 136–137.

43. Quotes from Brown, “Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India,” 50, 54, and 44, respectively.

CHAPTER SIX: THE ACT OF DISRUPTION

1. “Show Transcript: Countdown with Keith Olbermann,” The Countdown Library, October 21, 2011, http://www.countdownlibrary.com/2011_10_21_archive.html.

2. On the One Nation, Working Together march, see Peter Rothberg, “One Nation Working Together,” The Nation, September 21, 2010, http://www.thenation.com/blog/154943/one-nation-working-together.

3. “Show Transcript: Countdown with Keith Olbermann.”

4. As quoted in Henry Louis Gates Jr., “Who Designed the March on Washington?” PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/100-amazing-facts/who-designed-the-march-on-washington/.

5. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 24.

6. Francis Fox Piven, Challenging Authority (Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 21.

7. Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Two—The Methods of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973), 357.

8. See “Number of Occupy Arrests,” OccupyArrests.com, http://stpeteforpeace.org/occupyarrests.sources.html.

9. Krishnalal Shridharani, War Without Violence: A Study of Gandhi’s Method and Its Accomplishments (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1939), 283–284.

10. As quoted in Laura Secor, “War by Other Means,” Boston Globe, May 29, 2005, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/05/29/war_by_other_means?pg=full.

11. As quoted in Shridharani, War Without Violence, 284.

12. Gandhi as quoted in Norman G. Finkelstein, What Gandhi Says: About Nonviolence, Resistance and Courage (New York: OR Books, 2012), 51–52.

13. Lewis quoted from John Lewis and Michael D’Orso, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (Delran, NJ: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 99. On the Nashville sit-ins more generally, see Aly Passanante, “Nashville Students Sit-In for U.S. Civil Rights, 1960,” Global Nonviolent Action Database, January 1, 2011, http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/nashville-students-sit-us-civil-rights-1960.

14. See Eyes on the Prize: American’s Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985 (American Experience Films, 1987), documentary film. Transcript available at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_103.html.

15. As quoted in Randy Shaw, The Activist’s Handbook: Winning Social Change in the 21st Century, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 17.

16. Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 2005), 405–408.

17. Matthew Collin, The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions (London: Profile Books, 2007), 41–42. Danijela Nenadic and Nanad Belcevic similarly write, “Increased repression, rather than frighten off supporters, backfired. Instead it motivated people (including those previously passive) to offer greater support.” Danijela Nenadic and Nenad Belcevic, “Serbia—Nonviolent Struggle for Democracy: The Role of Otpor,” in People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity, ed. Howard Clark (London: Pluto Press, 2009), 31.

18. Celler as quoted in Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three—the Dynamics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973), 690. Alinsky as quoted in Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky—His Life and Legacy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 468.

19. An important early developer of the concept of the “dilemma demonstration” is George Lakey. See Lakey, Powerful Peacemaking: A Strategy for a Living Revolution (Philadelphia and Santa Cruz: New Society Publishers, 1987), 103–109.

20. Dennis Dalton, Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 112, citing The Bombay Chronicle March 28, 1930, 6. Dalton is also cited in Peter Ackerman and Jack Duvall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 88.

21. Of her nine “fundamental rules governing the campaign” of Gandhian satyagraha, Bondurant’s fifth rule is “Progressive advancement of the movement through steps and stages determined to be appropriate within the given situation”; see Joan V. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965), 38. In The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Sharp stresses, “In a long struggle phasing is highly important, and the choice and sequence of methods may be the most important single factor in that phasing”; see Sharp, Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three, 503.

22. See Barbara Epstein, Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direction Action in the 1970s and 1980s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 65.

23. Stephen Lerner, “A New Insurgency Can Only Arise Outside the Progressive and Labor Establishment,” New Labor Forum 20, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 9–13.

24. Tally of Occupy encampments at “Occupy Directory,” http://directory.occupy.net/. Regarding the October 5 march, see Christina Boyle, Emily Sher, Anjali Mullany, and Helen Kennedy, “Occupy Wall Street Protests: Police Make Arrests, Use Pepper Spray as Some Activists Storm Barricade,” Daily News, October 5, 2011, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/occupy-wall-street-protests-police-arrests-pepper-spray-activists-storm-barricade-article-1.961645; and Ryan Nagle, “SEIU’s Statement of Support for Americans Occupying Wall Street,” Service Employees International Union, October 5, 2011, http://www.seiuhealthcaremn.org/2011/10/05/seiu-statement-of-support-for-americans-occupying-wall-st/.

25. Aldon Morris quoted from Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 260.

26. See Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 324.

27. Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 125.

28. Nehru as quoted in Frank Morales, Jawaharlal Nehru (Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House, 2007), 167.

29. Judith Brown quoted from Brown, Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 241. Casualty and arrest statistics as cited in Geoffrey Ashe, Gandhi: A Biography (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000), 291–293.

30. Andy Ostroy quoted from Ostroy, “The Failure of Occupy Wall Street,” Huffington Post, May 31, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-ostroy/the-failure-of-occupy-wal_b_1558787.html. Andrew Ross Sorkin quoted from Sorkin, “Occupy Wall Street: A Frenzy That Fizzled,” New York Times, September 17, 2012, http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/occupy-wall-street-a-frenzy-that-fizzled/.

31. On the Cleveland action, see Josh Eidelson, “Now What?,” American Prospect, November 17, 2011, http://prospect.org/article/now-what-0. Bridgette Walker as quoted in “VICTORY: Occupy Atlanta ‘Occupy Our Homes’ Turning Point,” Occupy-OurHomes, December 20, 2011, http://www.occupyourhomes.org/blog/2011/dec/20/brigitte-walker-victory/.

32. Statistics on Bank Transfer Day cited in Jeff Gelles, “Bank Transfer Day a Boon to Credit Unions, Small Banks,” Philly.com, November 6, 2011, http://www.philly.com/philly/news/133311428.html. Andrew Leonard quoted from Leonard, “Why Bank Transfer Day Is Only the Beginning,” Salon, November 4, 2011, http://www.salon.com/2011/11/04/why_bank_transfer_day_is_only_the_beginning/. Kirk Kordeleski as quoted in Robert Dominguez, “Credit Unions See Huge Spike in Business Due to Debit-Card Fee Backlash Ahead of ‘Bank Transfer Day,’” Daily News, November 4, 2011, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/credit-unions-huge-spike-business-due-debit-card-fee-backlash-bank-transfer-day-article-1.972525#ixzz1cyOUldb8. Diane Casey-Landry as quoted in Simon van Zuylen-Wood, “How Bank Transfer Day Will Help the Banks It’s Trying to Hurt,” New Republic, November 4, 2011, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/97033/occupy-wall-street-bank-transfer-day.

33. See Ian Shapira, “Grad Katchpole, Who Sparked Bank of America Debit Fee Protest, Needs a Job,” Washington Post, November 6, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/art-grad-who-sparked-bofa-protest-could-use-some-cash-flow/2011/11/04/gIQA4uvMtM_story.html; and Martha C. White, “Occupy Wall Street, One Year Later: Did It Make a Difference?” Time, September 17, 2012, http://business.time.com/2012/09/17/occupy-wall-street-one-year-later-did-it-make-a-difference/.

34. These various campaigns were covered in such reports as: Josh Eidelson, “How Occupy Helped Labor Win on the West Coast,” Salon, February 24, 2012, http://www.salon.com/2012/02/24/occupy_helps_labor_win_on_the_west_coast/; Mercer R. Cook, “‘Occupy’ Bolsters Workers’ Cause in Midst of Contract Negotiations,” The Harvard Crimson, November 15, 2011, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/11/15/occupy_bolsters_workers_cause/; Josh Eidelson, “Occupy Verizon, Occupy the Labor Movement,” The Nation, October 24, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/164144/occupy-verizon-occupy-labor-movement; Emily Witt, “Occupy Book Publishing! HarperCollins, This Means You,” Observer, November 11, 2011, http://observer.com/2011/11/occupy-book-publishing-harpercollins-this-means-you/; and Jenny Brown, “Ending Lockout, Teamsters Wrap Agreement with Sotheby’s,” Labor Notes, June 1, 2012, http://www.labornotes.org/2012/06/ending-lockout-teamsters-wrap-agreement-sotheby%E2%80%99s. Jack Mulcahy as quoted in Cate Patricolo, “Occupy and ILWU Declare Victory as Contract Finalized with EGT,” Portland Occupier, February 14, 2012, http://www.portlandoccupier.org/2012/02/14/occupy-and-ilwu-declare-victory-as-contract-finalized-with-egt/.

35. Zaid Jilani, “CHART: Thanks to the 99 Percent Movement, Media Finally Covering Jobs Crisis and Marginalizing Deficit Hysteria,” ThinkProgress, October 18, 2011, http://thinkprogress.org/special/2011/10/18/346892/chart-media-jobs-wall-street-ignoring-deficit-hysteria/.

36. Dan Beucke, “Occupy Wall Street After 2 Months: A Scorecard,” Bloomberg, November 17, 2011, http://www.businessweek.com/finance/occupy-wall-street/archives/2011/11/scorecard_occupy_wall_street_after_2_months.html. See also Dylan Byers, “Occupy Wall Street Is Winning,” Politico, November 11, 2011, http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1111/Occupy_Wall_Street_is_winning.html.

37. Richard Morin as quoted in Sabrina Tavernise, “Survey Finds Rising Perception of Class Tension,” New York Times, January 11, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/12/us/more-conflict-seen-between-rich-and-poor-survey-finds.html. On numbers of mentions of “income inequality” in US newspapers, see Jackie Smith and Patrick Rafail, “Media Attention and the Political Impacts of Occupy Wall Street,” Common Dreams, May 8, 2012, http://www.commondreams.org/views/2012/05/08/media-attention-and-political-impacts-occupy-wall-street.

38. Andy Kroll, “Tomgram: Andy Kroll, Occupy Wall Street’s Political Victory in Ohio,” TomDispatch, November 20, 2011, http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/175470/tomgram%3A_andy_kroll,_occupy_wall_street%27s_political_victory_in_ohio/.

39. As quoted in Meghan Barr and David Caruso, “Now What? Few Tangible Effects of Wall St Protests,” Bloomberg, November 16, 2011, http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9R27I4G1.htm.

40. On Cuomo’s reversal, see Michael Gormley, “New York Tax Bill, Backed by Governor Cuomo, Hits Millionaires and Helps Middle-Class,” Huffington Post, December 8, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/08/new-york-tax-bill-backed-_n_1136579.html; and Thomas Kaplan, “Albany Tax Deal to Raise Rates for Highest Earners,” New York Times, December 6, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/nyregion/cuomo-and-legislative-leaders-agree-on-tax-deal.html?pagewanted=all. The Associated Press quoted from, “You Can Thank the Occupy Movement for These New Taxes on Millionaires in California and New York,” Business Insider, December 10, 2011, http://www.businessinsider.com/occupy-taxes-millionaires-2011-12.

41. Los Angeles Times quoted from Andrew Tangel, “Occupy Movement Turns 1 Year Old, Its Effect Still Hard to Define,” Los Angeles Times, September 15, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/15/business/la-fi-occupy-anniversary-20120915. For a partial record of Occupy Our Homes victories, see “Occupy Our Homes,” Occupy Our Homes, October 16, 2012, http://occupyourhomes.org/stories/2012/oct/16/ooh-victories/. On the California Homeowner Bill of Rights, see “California Homeowner Bill of Rights,” State of California Department of Justice, http://oag.ca.gov/hbor. See also “California Passes Homeowners Bill of Rights,” Foreclosure Nation, http://foreclosurenation.org/democrats/california-passes-homeowners-bill-of-rights/; and Carlos Marroquin, “Occupy Homeowners Advocates Key to Passage in California Homeowners Bill of Rights,” Occupy Fights Foreclosures, July 2, 2012, http://www.occupyfightsforeclosures.org/occupy_homeowners_advocates_key_to_passage_in_california_homeowners_bill_of_rights.

42. Cara Buckley, “Beyond Seizing Parks, New Paths to Influence,” New York Times, November 15, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-organizers-consider-value-of-camps.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&hp.

43. See Tavernise, “Survey Finds Rising Perception of Class Tension.”

44. Chris Cillizza quoted from Cillizza, “What Occupy Wall Street Meant (or Didn’t) to Politics,” Washington Post, September 17, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/17/what-occupy-wall-street-meant-or-didnt-to-politics/. Andrew Ross Sorkin quoted from Sorkin, “Occupy Wall Street: A Frenzy That Fizzled.”

CHAPTER SEVEN: THE WHIRLWIND

1. See Amy Offner, “Winning a Sit-In,” Labor Notes, January 4, 2010, http://www.labornotes.org/blogs/2010/01/winning-sit; Victoria A. Baena, “A Decade Ago, Another Occupation,” The Harvard Crimson, December 1, 2011, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/12/1/2001-occupy/; and “The Harvard Living Wage Campaign in the Media,” The Harvard Living Wage Campaign, http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/pslm/livingwage/media.html.

2. See Amy C. Offner, “The Harvard Living Wage Campaign: Origins and Strategy,” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 25, no. 2 (June 2013).

3. The testimonials were first printed on the website of the Harvard Living Wage campaign and subsequently published as a book by oral historian and photographer Greg Halpern. The online posting used pseudonyms (“Jane Mawson” for Carol-Ann Malatesta and “David Morrissey” for Frank Morley), while the book used real names. See “Workers’ Words,” Harvard Living Wage Campaign, http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/pslm/livingwage/newworkers.html; and Greg Halpern, Harvard Works Because We Do (New York: Quantuck Lane Press, 2003), 29.

4. See “Worker’s Words”; and Greg Halpern, Harvard Works Because We Do, 138.

5. The May 2000 report of the Ad-Hoc Committee on Employment Policies concluded, “Harvard provides very generous compensation and benefit packages and a favorable work environment.” As quoted in Xavier de Souza Briggs and Marshall Ganz, “The Living Wage Debate Comes to Harvard,” April 2002, http://marshallganz.com/files/2012/08/Living-Wage-A.pdf.

6. Amy Offner, interview with the authors, May 1, 2015.

7. Bob Herbert, “In America; Harvard’s Heroes,” New York Times, May 3, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/03/opinion/in-america-harvard-s-heroes.html.

8. See “Old Announcements,” Harvard Living Wage Campaign, http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~pslm/livingwage/announce.html.

9. McKean quoted from Benjamin L. McKean, “At Harvard, Living Wage Meets the Ivy League,” Los Angeles Times, May 6, 2001, http://articles.latimes.com/2001/may/06/opinion/op-59888. Offner quoted from interview with the authors, May 1, 2015.

10. As cited in Occupation: The Harvard University Living Wage Sit-In, documentary film, October 3, 2003, http://www.spike.com/video-clips/dsfkhh/occupation-the-harvard-university-living-wage-sit-in.

11. Amy Offner, interview with the authors, May 1, 2015.

12. Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky—His Life and Legacy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 401.

13. Aristide Zolberg quoted from Zolberg, “Moments of Madness,” Politics and Society 2, no. 2 (Winter 1972): 183. In a related vein, sociologist Sidney Tarrow has studied “cycles of contention,” such as the Revolutions of 1848, the student-led uprisings of 1968, and the democratic upheavals that brought about the fall of the Soviet bloc starting in 1989; according to Tarrow, these are periods in which heightened social conflict have reached their fullest expression and widest geographical diffusion. See Sidney Tarrow, “From ‘Moments of Madness’ to Waves of Contention,” in Strangers at the Gates: Movements and States in Contentious Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012); and Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 91–105.

14. A notable exception to Cloward and Piven’s typical focus is their essay “Disruptive Dissensus: People and Power in the Industrial Age,” in which they consider the use of disruption as a “mobilizing model, as contrasted to an organizing model.” See Richard A. Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, “Disruptive Dissensus: People and Power in the Industrial Age,” in Reflections on Community Organization, ed. Jack Rothman (Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers, 1999), 176.

15. See Bill Moyer with JoAnn McAllister, Mary Lou Finley, and Steven Soifer, Doing Democracy: The MAP Model for Organizing Social Movements (Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2001), 186. Additionally, a memorial statement prepared after Moyer’s death noted a variety of biographical details from his early life. This document is available at http://web.archive.org/web/20120204070517/http://www.sfquakers.org/arch/mem/bill_moyer_memorial.pdf.

16. Moyer, Doing Democracy, 186.

17. Bill Moyer, “The Movement Action Plan: A Strategic Framework Describing the Eight Stages of Successful Social Movements,” Spring 1987, 3, https://www.indybay.org/olduploads/movement_action_plan.pdf.

18. Moyer quoted from Moyer, Doing Democracy, 4. For an example of a popular training manual in the Alinskyite lineage, see Kim Bobo, Jackie Kendall, and Steve Max, Organizing for Social Change: Midwest Academy Manual for Activists (Orange County, CA: Forum Press, 2010).

19. Circulation numbers for the MAP as cited in Moyer, “The Movement Action Plan.”

20. Moyer, Doing Democracy, 54.

21. Ibid.

22. On February 15, 2003, the day of action, see Phyllis Bennis, “February 15, 2003. The Day the World Said No to War,” Institute for Policy Studies, February 15, 2013, http://www.ips-dc.org/february_15_2003_the_day_the_world_said_no_to_war/. On protests in San Francisco, see “Protest Creates Gridlock on SF Streets,” SFGate, March 20, 2003, http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Protest-creates-gridlock-on-SF-streets-2627975.php; and Tim Gee, Counterpower: Making Change Happen (Oxford: New Internationalist Publications, 2011), 170.

23. See “Immigrant Rights Protests Rock the Country: Up to 2 Million Take to the Streets in the Largest Wave of Demonstrations in U.S. History,” Democracy Now!, April 11, 2006, http://www.democracynow.org/2006/4/11/immigrant_rights_protests_rock_the_country.

24. Moyer, Doing Democracy, 54.

25. Colvin as quoted in Margot Adler, “Before Rosa Parks, There Was Claudette Colvin,” NPR, March 15, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101719889. See also David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Random House, 1986), 15.

26. On Yacoub Ould Dahoud, see “Man Dies After Setting Himself on Fire in Saudi Arabia,” BBC, January 23, 2011, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12260465. On Charles Moore, see Lindsey Bever, “A Texas Minister Set Himself on Fire and Died to ‘Inspire’ Justice,” Washington Post, July 16, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/07/16/79-year-old-retired-reverend-set-himself-on-fire-to-inspire-social-justice/.

27. See Hardy Merriman, “The Trifecta of Civil Resistance: Unity, Planning, Discipline,” openDemocracy, November 19, 2010, https://www.opendemocracy.net/hardy-merriman/trifecta-of-civil-resistance-unity-planning-discipline.

28. Merriman, “Trifecta of Civil Resistance.”

29. See Moyer, Doing Democracy, 138.

30. King quoted from Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?” Chapter 5, as printed in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 167–168.

31. James Farmer as quoted in Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 135. “The surge of nonviolent protest . . . ” quoted from Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 141. Regarding arrest statistics, Fairclough cites the figures of “about 1000 demonstrations involving more than 20,000 arrests” by the end of the summer (135). Using a slightly more confined time frame, Taylor Branch cites “758 racial demonstrations and 14,733 arrests in 186 American cities” in the ten-week period after the Birmingham settlement: Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 825.

32. Krishnalal Shridharani, War Without Violence: A Study of Gandhi’s Method and Its Accomplishments (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1939), 278.

33. Shridharani, War Without Violence, 279.

34. Regarding other living wage and antisweatshop sit-ins, see Aaron Kreider, “Sit In! A Tactical Analysis,” January 19, 2005, http://www.bhopal.net/old_studentsforbhopal_org/Assets/sit-in-tactical-analysis.pdf; Rosanna Kim, “John Hopkins University Community Demand a Living Wage for Campus and Health System Employees, 1996–2000,” Global Nonviolent Action Database, September 16, 2012, http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/johns-hopkins-university-community-demand-living-wage-campus-and-health-system-employees-199; and Guido Girgenti, “Wesleyan Student-Labor Coalition Wins Living Wages and Unionization for Campus Janitors, 1999–2000,” Global Nonviolent Action Database, February 2, 2014, http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/wesleyan-student-labor-coalition-wins-living-wages-and-unionization-campus-janitors-1999-200.

35. Tina Rosenberg, Join the Club: How Peer Pressure Can Transform the World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 265.

36. Edward T. Chambers, Roots for Radicals: Organizing for Power, Action, and Justice (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2003), 80–81. “Sending busloads of inner-city residents to picket . . . ” and “filling the lobby of City Hall . . . ” reference tactics described by Saul Alinsky himself. See Saul Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), 144 and 160.

37. Bill Moyer quoted from Moyer, Doing Democracy, 57.

38. Patrick Reinsborough and Doyle Canning, Re:Imagining Change: How to Use Story-Based Strategy to Win Campaigns, Build Movements, and Change the World (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2010), 105. Piven and Cloward concur. “Disruptive protests have communicative power, the capacity—through the drama of defiant actions and the conflicts they provoke—to project a vision of the world different from that in ruling-class propaganda, and to politicize millions of voters,” they write; Cloward and Piven, “Disruptive Dissensus,” 173–174.

39. Zolberg, “Moments of Madness,” 206. This passage is also quoted in Tarrow, “From ‘Moments of Madness’ to Waves of Contention,” 144.

40. Moyer, Doing Democracy, 57–58.

41. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals, xx; and Cloward and Piven, “Disruptive Dissensus,” 186.

42. Moyer, “Movement Action Plan,” 2.

43. Ibid.

44. Moyer, Doing Democracy, 60, 5.

45. See Nathan Schneider, “Breaking Up with Occupy,” The Nation, September 11, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/article/176142/breaking-occupy?page=0,0; and “Glenn, Pat and Stu Run Through the 8 Steps of a Successful Movement,” Glenn Live!, June 26, 2014, http://www.glennbeck.com/2014/06/26/where-does-the-tea-party-fall-on-the-movement-action-plan/.

46. Moyer, Doing Democracy, 85.

47. Amy Offner quoted from Offner, “The Harvard Living Wage Campaign,” 141. Economics Professor Caroline Hoxby as quoted in “Airing Out the Living Wage,” Harvard Magazine, January–February 2002, http://harvardmagazine.com/2002/01/airing-out-the-living-wa.html.

48. McKean, “At Harvard, Living Wage Meets the Ivy League.” See also Brad S. Epps, Tom Jehn, and Timothy Patrick McCarthy, “Why Hoxby Is Wrong,” The Harvard Crimson, October 25, 2001, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/10/25/why-hoxby-is-wrong-when-professor/.

49. Bill Moyer quoted from Moyer, Doing Democracy, 16.

CHAPTER EIGHT: THE DIVIDERS

1. See Lawrence K. Altman, “Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals,” New York Times, July 3, 1981, http://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/03/us/rare-cancer-seen-in-41-homosexuals.html; Joe Wright, “Remembering the Early Days of ‘Gay Cancer,’” NPR, May 8, 2006, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391495; and Elizabeth Landau, “HIV in the ’80s: ‘People Didn’t Want to Kiss You on the Cheek,” CNN, May 25, 2011, http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/05/25/edmund.white.hiv.aids/.

2. As quoted in Landau, “HIV in the ’80s.”

3. Falwell as quoted in Hans Johnson and William Eskridge, “The Legacy of Falwell’s Bully Pulpit,” Washington Post, May 19, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/18/AR2007051801392.html. On Reagan and AIDS, see “History of HIV and AIDS in the U.S.A.,” AVERT, http://www.avert.org/history-hiv-aids-usa.htm.

4. Los Angeles Times poll as cited in Emma Mustich, “A History of AIDS Hysteria,” Salon, June 5, 2011, http://www.salon.com/2011/06/05/aids_hysteria/. On Ryan White, see Dirk Johnson, “Ryan White Dies of AIDS at 18; His Struggle Helped Pierce Myths,” New York Times, April 9, 1990, http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/09/obituaries/ryan-white-dies-of-aids-at-18-his-struggle-helped-pierce-myths.html, as cited in Mustich. See also Evan Thomas, “The New Untouchables,” Time, September 23, 1985, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959944,00.html#ixzz1ODE14wsi, as cited in Mustich.

5. Deborah Gould quoted from Gould, Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP’s Fight Against AIDS (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 50.

6. See “Massive Demonstration by ACT UP: Hundreds of Protesters Paralyze Wall Street,” ACT UP, http://www.actupny.org/%2010thanniversary/10th%20repor.html; and “Larry Kramer on the 20th Anniversary of ACT UP, the Government’s Failure to Prevent the AIDS Crisis and the State of Gay Activism Today,” Democracy Now!, March 29, 2007, http://www.democracynow.org/2007/3/29/larry_kramer_on_the_20th_anniversary.

7. See Michael Specter, “Public Nuisance,” The New Yorker, May 13, 2002, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/05/13/public-nuisance.

8. “Interview with Larry Kramer,” ACT UP Oral History Project, November 15, 2003, http://www.actuporalhistory.org/interviews/images/kramer.pdf.

9. See Janos Marton, “Today in NYC History: ACT UP Fights Back Against AIDS Crisis,” Janos.nyc, March 10, 2015, http://janos.nyc/2015/03/10/today-in-nyc-history-act-up-fights-back-against-aids-crisis-1987/; and Abigail Halcli, “AIDS, Anger, and Activism: ACT UP as a Social Movement Organization,” in Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties, ed. Jo Freeman and Victoria Johnson (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 139–140.

10. Specter, “Public Nuisance.”

11. See Douglas Crimp, “Before Occupy: How AIDS Activists Seized Control of the FDA in 1988,” The Atlantic, December 6, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/12/before-occupy-how-aids-activists-seized-control-of-the-fda-in-1988/249302/; and “Transcript: Acting Up,” Sound Portraits, June 15, 2001, http://soundportraits.org/on-air/acting_up/transcript.php.

12. On the Jesse Helms action, see Mark Allen, “I Wrapped a Giant Condom Over Jesse Helms’ House,” WFMU, January 18, 2006, http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/01/i_wrapped_a_gia.html.

13. See David Handelman, “Act Up in Anger,” Rolling Stone, March 8, 1990, http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/act-up-in-anger-19900308; and Jason DeParle, “Rude, Rash, Effective, Act-Up Shifts AIDS Policy,” New York Times, January 3, 1990, http://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/03/nyregion/rude-rash-effective-act-up-shifts-aids-policy.html.

14. Quote on Kramer from Jose Antonio Vargas, “The Pessivist,” Washington Post, May 9, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/08/AR2005050800988.html. See also Josh Getlin, “Kramer vs. Kramer: Activism: Even Friends Say that Incendiary AIDS Activist Larry Kramer Is Sometimes a Man at War with Himself,” Los Angeles Times, June 20, 1990, http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-20/news/vw-179_1_larry-kramer; and Michael Shnayerson, “Kramer vs. Kramer,” Vanity Fair, October 1992, http://www.vanityfair.com/news/1992/10/larry-kramer.

15. “Interview: Larry Kramer,” PBS, May 30, 2006, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/kramer.html. Others in ACT UP group offered a subtler take: “The key to a good demo of this sort is to break the rules enough so people can’t help but pay attention to what you’re doing,” activist Mark Allen would later write, “but not break them to the point where people hate you once they start paying attention to you.” See Allen, “I Wrapped a Giant Condom Over Jesse Helms’ House.”

16. Petrelis as quoted in Handelman, “Act Up in Anger.”

17. See “History of HIV and AIDS in the U.S.A.” Randy Shaw quoted from Shaw, The Activist’s Handbook: Winning Social Change in the 21st Century, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 201.

18. See Joel Roberts, “Helms Sorry on AIDS, Not Race,” CBS, June 9, 2005, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/helms-sorry-on-aids-not-race/.

19. Jose Antonio Vargas quoted from Vargas, “The Pessivist.”

20. See Steven Heller, “How AIDS Was Branded: Looking Back at ACT UP Design,” The Atlantic, January 12, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/how-aids-was-branded-looking-back-at-act-up-design/251267/; and Handelman, “Act Up in Anger.”

21. As quoted in Specter, “Public Nuisance.”

22. Specter, “Public Nuisance.”

23. DeParle, “Rude, Rash, Effective, Act-Up.”

24. See Andrew Tangel, “Occupy Movement Turns 1 Year Old, Its Effect Still Hard to Define,” Los Angeles Times, September 15, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/15/business/la-fi-occupy-anniversary-20120915; and Tom Jacobs, “Study: Everyone Hates Environmentalists and Feminists,” Salon, September 26, 2013, http://www.salon.com/2013/09/26/study_everyone_hates_environmentalists_and_feminists_partner/.

25. Frederick Douglass, “The Significance of Emancipation in the West Indies” speech, Canandaigua, New York, August 3, 1857; collected in pamphlet by author. As printed in The Frederick Douglass Papers, Series One: Speeches, Debates, and Interviews—Volume 3: 1855–63, ed. John Blassingame (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985), 204.

26. Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three—the Dynamics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973), 523.

27. Ibid., 524.

28. Ibid., 523–525.

29. Gene Sharp quoted from Sharp, Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three, 525–526.

30. Richard A. Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, “Disruptive Dissensus: People and Power in the Industrial Age,” in ed. Jack Rothman, Reflections on Community Organization (Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers, 1999), 173–174.

31. Francis Fox Piven, Challenging Authority (Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 104.

32. See Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” as printed in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 289.

33. “White Clergyman Urge Local Negroes to Withdraw Support for Demonstrations,” Birmingham News, April 13, 1963. The open letter is also posted at: http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/popular_requests/frequentdocs/clergy.pdf.

34. King, “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” 291.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid., 295.

37. See Andrew B. Lewis, “The Sit-Ins That Changed America,” Los Angeles Times, January 31, 2010, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/31/opinion/la-oe-lewis31-2010jan31; and Richard K. Scher, Politics in the New South: Republicanism, Race, and Leadership in the Twentieth Century (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 238.

38. See “Show Transcript: Interview on ‘Meet the Press,’” The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project, April 17, 1960, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol5/17Apr1960_InterviewonMeetthePress.pdf; and “‘Meet the Press’ with Martin Luther King, Jr.,” March 28, 1965, http://www.c-span.org/video/?324749-1/reel-america-meet-press-martin-luther-king-jr-1965.

39. Numan V. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950’s (1969; repr., Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 90. Gayle as quoted in “White Citizens’ Council,” The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_white_citizens_councils_wcc/.

40. Political scientist Joseph Luders writes, “In addition to the Council, the Klan in Mississippi revived in the early 1960s with the escalation of civil rights protests.” As a result, “organized segregationists wielded considerable clout in Jackson, and Mississippi more generally, until the mid-1960s.” See Joseph E. Luders, “Civil Rights Success and the Politics of Racial Violence,” Polity 37, no. 1 (January 2005): 122–123.

41. “I will never be out-niggered again,” as quoted in “Wallace Quotes,” PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/sfeature/quotes.html.

42. Nick Kotz, as quoted by Katrina vanden Heuvel in “Film ‘Selma’ Is About More Than ‘Dreamers,’” Washington Post, January 6, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/katrina-vanden-heuvel-film-selma-portrays-more-than-dreamers/2015/01/05/257d00be-950f-11e4-aabd-d0b93ff613d5_story.html.

43. Donie Jones, as quoted in Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s, Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, (New York: Random House, 2011), 24.

44. Aldon Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 213.

45. Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS: The Rise and Development of the Students for a Democratic Society (New York: Random House, 1973), 23, as quoted in Morris, Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, 221.

46. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971 (New York: Random House, 1972), 1894, as cited in Joseph E. Luders, “Civil Rights Success,” 125. Michael Kazin quoted from Kazin, “Stop Looking for the Next JFK,” Dissent, November 21, 2013, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/stop-looking-for-the-next-jfk.

47. Luders, “Civil Rights Success,” 126.

48. As quoted in Keith M. Finley, “Southern Opposition to Civil Rights in the United States Senate: A Tactical and Ideological Analysis, 1938–1965” (doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University, August 2003), 333–334, http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-0702103-151627/unrestricted/Finley_dis.pdf.

49. Howell Raines, “George Wallace, Segregation Symbol, Dies at 79,” New York Times, September 14, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/14/us/george-wallace-segregation-symbol-dies-at-79.html.

50. See “S. 2454 (109th): Securing America’s Borders Act,” GovTrack, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/s2454; and “S. 2611 (109th): Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006,” GovTrack, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/s2611.

51. See “Rallies Across U.S. Call for Illegal Immigrant Rights,” CNN, April 10, 2006, http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/10/immigration/; and “Immigrant Rights Protests Rock the Country: Up to 2 Million Take to the Streets in the Largest Wave of Demonstrations in U.S. History,” Democracy Now!, April 11, 2006, http://www.democracynow.org/2006/4/11/immigrant_rights_protests_rock_the_country.

52. See Rachel L. Swarns, “Immigrants Rally in Scores of Cities for Legal Status,” New York Times, April 11, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/us/11immig.html?pagewanted=all; Tara Bahrampour and Maria Glod, “Students Walk Out in 2nd Day of Immigration Rights Protest,” Washington Post, March 29, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/28/AR2006032800982.html; Joel Roberts, “Thousands Rally for Immigrants’ Rights,” CBS, March 24, 2006, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/thousands-rally-for-immigrants-rights/; and Joel Roberts, “Student Immigration Protests Continue,” CBS, March 28, 2006, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/student-immigration-protests-continue/.

53. As quoted in Bahrampour and Glod, “Students Walk Out.”

54. Shaw, Activist’s Handbook, 217.

55. Elizabeth G. Olson, “Where Will Occupy Wall Street Take Us?” Fortune, October 14, 2011, http://fortune.com/2011/10/14/where-will-occupy-wall-street-take-us/.

56. See Liz Goodwin, “The End of the Minutemen: Tea Party Absorbs the Border-Watching Movement,” Huffington Post, April 16, 2012, http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/lookout/end-minutemen-tea-party-absorbs-border-watching-movement-173424401.html; and Lourdes Medrano, “What Happened to Minuteman Project? It’s Still Roiling Immigration Reform,” Christian Science Monitor, April 30, 2014, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2014/0430/What-happened-to-Minuteman-Project-It-s-still-roiling-immigration-reform.

57. David Holthouse, “Minutemen, Other Anti-Immigrant Militia Groups Stake Out Arizona Border,” Southern Poverty Law Center, Summer 2005, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2005/summer/arizona-showdown.

58. See “CNN: Lou Dobbs or Latinos in America?” video, October 13, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqKvSxmUoVQ.

59. “State and Local Immigration Laws,” ACLU, https://www.aclu.org/issues/immigrants-rights/state-and-local-immigration-laws?redirect=immigrants-rights/state-anti-immigrant-laws.

60. On the “Today we march. Tomorrow we vote!” slogan, see, as one example, Swarns, “Immigrants Rally in Scores of Cities.”

61. In the end, We Are America was not able to raise as much money or register as many voters as it had wanted to. Nevertheless, as the Los Angeles Times reported, “Angelica Salas, executive director of the Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles . . . and others said the pro-immigrant marches and rallies this year had energized record numbers of immigrants into volunteering for voter outreach and education programs.” Teresa Watanabe and Nicole Gaouette, “Latinos Throw More Support to Democrats,” Los Angeles Times, November 10, 2006, http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/10/nation/na-latino10.

62. Andres Oppenheimer, “The Oppenheimer Report: Immigration Issue May Have Doomed GOP in Midterm Vote,” Orange County Register, August 21, 2013, http://www.ocregister.com/articles/immigration-197273-percent-republican.html.

63. As cited in Oppenheimer, “Oppenheimer Report: Immigration Issue.” See also Michelle Mittelstadt, “Economy, War Cited for Hispanics Deserting GOP,” Houston Chronicle, November 28, 2006, http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Economy-war-cited-for-Hispanics-deserting-GOP-1858192.php.

64. Karl Rove as quoted in Amy Clark, “‘Today We March, Tomorrow We Vote,’” CBS, July 15, 2006, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/15/eveningnews/main1807172.shtml; and in Joshua Hoyt, “Full Throttle on Wrong Track,” Chicago Tribune, December 5, 2008, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-12-05/news/0812040798_1_hispanic-vote-immigration-reform-sen-john-mccain.

65. On the 2012 election, see Elise Foley, “Latino Voters in Election 2012 Help Sweep Obama to Reelection,” Huffington Post, November 7, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/07/latino-voters-election-2012_n_2085922.html.

66. See Dara Lind, “The Massive Prisoner’s Dilemma the GOP Faces on Immigration,” Vox, January 5, 2012, http://www.vox.com/2015/1/5/7494179/immigration-republican-president.

67. As quoted in Kelsey Whipple, “Update: Undocumented Immigrant Activists Call Off Hunger Strike, Sit-In,” Westword, June 11, 2012, http://www.westword.com/news/update-undocumented-immigrant-activists-call-off-hunger-strike-sit-in-5884616.

68. Statistic on undocumented immigrant population cited in Jens Manuel Krogstad and Jeffrey S. Passel, “5 Facts About Illegal Immigration in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, November 18, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/24/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/.

69. See Julia Preston and Helene Cooper, “After Chorus of Protest, New Tune on Deportations,” New York Times, June 17, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/18/us/politics/deportation-policy-change-came-after-protests.html; “DREAM Act Protesters Who Staged Sit-In at Obama’s Denver Campaign Office, Call Off Hunger Strike, Vow More Actions to Come,” Huffington Post, June 13, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/13/dream-act-protesters-who-_n_1593739.html; and “National Immigrant Youth Alliance Responds to Obama Administration’s New Policy Toward Immigrant Youth,” National Immigrant Youth Alliance, June 15, 2011, https://solidarity-us.org/node/3630.

70. Preston and Cooper, “After Chorus of Protest.”

71. See “Trail of DREAMs Walkers Arrive in Washington, D.C. to Deliver Message to President Obama,” Trail of DREAMs, http://www.trail2010.org/press/obama/; Bertrand M. Gutierrez, “Young Immigrants Arrested During Charlotte Protest,” Winston-Salem Journal, September 6, 2011, http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/young-immigrants-arrested-during-charlotte-protest/article_139bc926-665f-5159-a64f-71ba3a4f2e94.html; Julianne Hing, “Six Undocumented Students Arrested for Protesting Georgia’s HB 87,” Colorlines, June 28, 2011, http://www.colorlines.com/articles/six-undocumented-students-arrested-protesting-georgias-hb-87; and “Rep. Luis Gutierrez Arrested Outside White House Protesting Record Deportations Under Obama’s Watch,” Democracy Now!, July 29, 2011, http://www.democracynow.org/2011/7/29/rep_luis_gutierrez_arrested_outside_white.

72. As quoted in Andrea Long Chavez, “DREAM Act Student-Activists Ramp Up Tactics, Risk Deportation for Cause,” Huffington Post, December 16, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/16/dream-act-students-risk-deportation_n_1152874.html.

73. See Julia Preston, “Young Immigrants Say It’s Obama’s Time to Act,” New York Times, November 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/us/dream-act-gives-young-immigrants-a-political-voice.html.

74. DREAMer as quoted in Julia Preston and John H. Cushman Jr., “Obama to Permit Young Migrants to Remain in U.S.,” New York Times, June 15, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/us/us-to-stop-deporting-some-illegal-immigrants.html; see also Elise Foley, “Obama Moves to Protect Millions from Deportation,” Huffington Post, November 20, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/20/obama-immigration-plan_n_6178774.html.

75. See “CBS News Poll,” July 29–August 2, 2005, available at: http://www.pollingreport.com/immigration4.htm.

76. See “CBS News/New York Times Poll,” April 22–26, 2009, available at: http://www.pollingreport.com/immigration3.htm; and “CBS News/New York Times Poll,” April 30–May 3, 2015, available at: http://www.pollingreport.com/immigration.htm.

77. David Noriega, “Alabama’s Draconian Anti-Immigrant Law Dies with a Whimper,” BuzzFeed, October 13, 2014, http://www.buzzfeed.com/davidnoriega/alabamas-draconian-anti-immigrant-law-dies-with-a-whimper#.rkj67qyR1. Mark Potok as quoted in Lourdes Medrano, “What Happened to Minuteman Project?”

78. “President Obama’s Unilateral Action on Immigration Has No Precedent,” Washington Post, December 3, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/president-obamas-unilateral-action-on-immigration-has-no-precedent/2014/12/03/3fd78650-79a3-11e4-9a27-6fdbc612bff8_story.html. See also Michael D. Shear, “Obama, Daring Congress, Acts to Overhaul Immigration,” New York Times, November 20, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/21/us/obama-immigration-speech.html?gwh=41DCD9819D6FEE8BD439BC01D3BC72F7&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_now. Given the sweeping nature of the president’s action, opponents have promised a legal battle; their challenges are now winding their way through the courts.

CHAPTER NINE: THE DISCIPLINE

1. As quoted in Judi Bari, Timber Wars (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994), 267.

2. See Zachary Fryer-Briggs and Malcolm Cecil-Cockwell, “The Radicals: How Extreme Environmentalists Are Made,” The Atlantic, February 8, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/02/the-radicals-how-extreme-environmentalists-are-made/252768/; and Mickey Z., “From Earth First! to Climate Ground Zero, Mike Roselle Is a Radical Lifer,” Truthout, October 8, 2010, http://truth-out.org/archive/component/k2/item/92225:from-earth-first-to-climate-ground-zero-mike-roselle-is-a-radical-lifer.

3. Dean Kuipers quoted from Kuipers, Operation Bite Back: Rod Coronado’s War to Save American Wilderness (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2009), 48.

4. As quoted in Bari, Timber Wars, 274.

5. See Bari, Timber Wars, 269; and Mike Roselle with Josh Mahan, Tree Spiker: From Earth First! to Lowbagging: My Struggles in Radical Environmental Action (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009), 125.

6. Press statements as quoted in Bari, Timber Wars, 267. See also Dean Miller, “Environmentalist Sabotage Threatens Loggers. Idaho Senator Wants to Make Tree-Spiking a Federal Offense,” Christian Science Monitor, August 11, 1987, http://www.csmonitor.com/1987/0811/aspike.html.

7. Roselle, Tree Spiker, 126.

8. Ibid., 124.

9. See Jesse McKinley, “Judi Bari, 47, Leader of Earth First Protest on Redwoods in 1990,” New York Times, March 4, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/04/us/judi-bari-47-leader-of-earth-first-protest-on-redwoods-in-1990.html; and Nicholas Wilson, “Judi Bari (1949–1997),” Albion Monitor, March 1997, http://www.iww.org/history/biography/JudiBari/1.

10. As quoted in Wilson, “Judi Bari.”

11. Environmental activist Betty Ball reflected that Bari “innately understood the importance of community-based organizing, as opposed to the nomadic style that Earth First! had before that.” As quoted in Wilson, “Judi Bari.”

12. Bari, Timber Wars, 221.

13. See Douglas Bevington, The Rebirth of Environmentalism: Grassroots Activism from the Spotted Owl to the Polar Bear (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009), 44; and Bari, Timber Wars, 14–15, 85.

14. Foreman as quoted in Bari, Timber Wars, 268. Alexander as quoted in Timber Wars, 267, 270.

15. Bari, Timber Wars, 219.

16. Ibid., 281.

17. Ibid., 222, 282.

18. Steve Ongerth, “The Secret History of Tree Spiking, Part 3,” Earth First! Newswire, April 23, 2015, http://earthfirstjournal.org/newswire/2015/04/23/the-secret-history-of-tree-spiking-part-3/.

19. Bari, Timber Wars, 57–58.

20. See Bevington, Rebirth of Environmentalism, 41; and Bari, Timber Wars, 70.

21. See Bevington, Rebirth of Environmentalism, 45.

22. See Bari, Timber Wars, 127.

23. See Bevington, Rebirth of Environmentalism, 98.

24. Bevington, Rebirth of Environmentalism, 103–104. See also Bari, Timber Wars, 73.

25. See Bevington, Rebirth of Environmentalism, 46; Bari, Timber Wars, 72–78; and Roselle, Tree Spiker, 133.

26. Roselle, Tree Spiker, 135.

27. See Bevington, Rebirth of Environmentalism, 98.

28. As cited in Bevington, Rebirth of Environmentalism, 149.

29. Roselle, Tree Spiker, 209.

30. Michael Albert, The Trajectory of Change (Brooklyn, NY: South End Press, 2002), 26, as quoted in Matt Dineen, “Violence vs. Nonviolence,” Indybay, August 15, 2002, https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2002/08/15/1409331.php.

31. Gene Sharp quoted from Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Two—the Methods of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973), 112–113; and Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three—the Dynamics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973), 601.

32. “Bring to the surface the hidden tension that is already alive” quoted from Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” as printed in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 295.

33. King, Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., 329.

34. See Bari, Timber Wars, 50, 285.

35. Bari, Timber Wars, 284.

36. See “Little or No Change in Attitudes on Abortion; Clinic Bombings Are Universally Condemned,” Family Planning Perspectives 17, no. 2 (March–April 1985): 76–78, http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=417631; and Laurie Goodstein and Pierre Thomas, “Clinic Killings Follow Years of Antiabortion Violence,” Washington Post, January 17, 1995, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/abortviolence/stories/salvi3.htm.

37. Boots Riley, “The use of the blac bloc tactic in all situations is not useful,” Boots Riley’s Facebook page, October 8, 2012, https://www.facebook.com/boots.riley/posts/10151186157408664.

38. As quoted in Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three, 594.

39. See Seth Rosenfeld, “Man Who Armed Black Panthers Was FBI Informant, Records Show,” The Center for Investigative Reporting, August 20, 2012, http://cironline.org/reports/man-who-armed-black-panthers-was-fbi-informant-records-show-3753; and Rosenfeld, “New FBI Files Show Wide Range of Black Panther Informant’s Activities,” Reveal (The Center for Investigative Reporting), June 9, 2015, https://www.revealnews.org/article/new-fbi-files-show-wide-range-of-black-panther-informants-activities/.

40. See Michael Linfield, Freedom Under Fire: U.S. Civil Liberties in Times of War (Brooklyn, NY: South End Press, 1990), 140; Todd Gitlin, “The Wonderful American World of Informers and Agents Provocateurs,” The Nation, June 27, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/article/175005/wonderful-american-world-informers-and-agents-provocateurs; “Materials on the Tommy the Traveler Incident, 1970–1975,” Hobart and William Smith Colleges Archives and Special Collections, https://library.hws.edu/archives/findingaids/findingaid.cfm?name=tommy; William Morrissey, “Who’s Tommy the Traveler?” New Orleans States-Item, July 13, 1970, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20%20Files/Informers%20And%20Provocateurs/Info-Prov%20012.pdf; and Jeremy Varon, Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 171–172.

41. See Rory Carroll, et al., “Men in Black Behind Chaos,” The Guardian, July 22, 2001, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jul/23/globalisation.davidpallister. Regarding activist accusations, see “Blackbloc FAQ,” Infoshop, January 31, 2004, http://www.infoshop.org/Blackbloc-Faq.

42. See Michael M. Phillips and Yaroslav Trofimov, “Police Infiltrate Radical Protest Groups to Stop Antiglobalization Demonstrations,” Wall Street Journal, September 11, 2001, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000154442745453472; and “Genoa Police ‘Admit Fabrication,’” BBC News, January 7, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2636647.stm.

43. Jeffrey S. Juris, Networking Futures: The Movement Against Corporate Globalization (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008), 195–196.

44. See Rick Perlstein, “How FBI Entrapment Is Inventing ‘Terrorists’–and Letting Bad Guys Off the Hook,” Rolling Stone, May 15, 2012, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/how-fbi-entrapment-is-inventing-terrorists-and-letting-bad-guys-off-the-hook-20120515; Jake Olzen, “Entrapment of Cleveland 5 and NATO 3 Is Nothing New,” Waging Nonviolence, May 20, 2012, http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/entrapment-of-cleveland-5-and-the-nato-3-is-nothing-new/; and Ryan J. Reilly, “Occupy Cleveland Distances Itself from May Day Bridge Bomb Plot,” Talking Points Memo, http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/occupy-cleveland-distances-itself-from-may-day-bridge-bomb-plot?ref=fpblg.

45. Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 189.

46. As quoted in Varon, Bringing the War Home, 81.

47. Mark Rudd quoted from Rudd, Underground: My Life with SDS and the Weathermen (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 156. Dohrn as quoted in Rudd, Underground, 189; and Varon, Bringing the War Home, 160.

48. SDS membership estimates as cited in Max Elbaum, Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che (Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2002), 69. FBI report as quoted in Rudd, Underground, 190.

49. Rudd, Underground, 190.

50. Ibid., ix.

51. See Rudd, Underground, 161, 191; and Varon, Bringing the War Home, 171.

52. Rudd, Underground, 156.

53. See “Insurrectionary Anarchy,” Do or Die, no. 10 (2003), http://www.eco-action.org/dod/no10/anarchy.htm; and Peter Gelderloos, “Insurrection vs. Organization,” 2007, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/peter-gelderloos-insurrection-vs-organization.

54. Rebecca Solnit quoted from Solnit, “Throwing Out the Master’s Tools and Building a Better House: Thoughts on the Importance of Nonviolence in the Occupy Revolution,” Common Dreams, November 14, 2011, http://www.commondreams.org/views/2011/11/14/throwing-out-masters-tools-and-building-better-house-thoughts-importance.

55. Roselle, Tree Spiker, 205.

56. Gene Sharp, Politics of Nonviolent Action: Part Three, 606.

57. “Deadwood Bummer” and “leading lambs to the slaughter” quoted from Kuipers, Operation Bite Back, 64.

58. As quoted in Kuipers, Operation Bite Back, 272.

59. Kurt Schock, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), 47.

60. See Erica Chenoweth, “Nonviolent Discipline and Violent Flanks” (conference presentation, Fletcher Summer Institute for the Advanced Study of Nonviolent Conflict, Medford, MA, June 10, 2015), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VlVsRWF9y8.

CHAPTER TEN: THE ECOLOGY OF CHANGE

1. Ahmed Salah, interview with the authors, January 31, 2014.

2. See Simon Tisdall, “Hosni Mubarak: Egyptian ‘Pharaoh’ Dethroned Amid Gunfire and Blood,” The Guardian, February 11, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/11/hosni-mubarak-resigns-analysis. Salah as quoted in Ahmed Salah and Alex Mayyasi, “The Spark: Starting the Revolution,” Huffington Post, July 29, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-salah/egypt-january-25-revolution_b_3671877.html.

3. Ahmed Salah, interview with the authors, January 31, 2014.

4. “Ahmed Salah” interview, International Center on Nonviolent Conflict, http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/learning-and-resources/on-the-ground/1547-ahmed-salah.

5. David D. Kirkpatrick, “Egypt Erupts in Jubilation as Mubarak Steps Down,” New York Times, February 11, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html.

6. As quoted in Tom Perry, “Egyptian Liberal Finds Enemies on All Sides,” Aswat Masriya, January 26, 2014, http://en.aswatmasriya.com/analysis/view.aspx?id=04634519-6119-413a-a06a-911c4aa9812c.

7. Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui, “Bitter Anniversary for Egyptian Women,” Amnesty International, January 24, 2015, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/01/bitter-anniversary-for-egyptian-women/.

8. See Robert Dreyfuss, “What Is the Muslim Brotherhood, and Will It Take Over Egypt?” Mother Jones, February 11, 2011, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/02/what-is-the-muslim-brotherhood; Nadine Farag, “Between Piety and Politics: Social Services and the Muslim Brotherhood,” Frontline, February 22, 2011, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/inside-muslim-brotherhood/piety-and-politics.html; and Salah and Mayyasi, “The Spark.”

9. David Wolman, “How the January 25 Egyptian Revolution Was Organized,” The Atlantic, May 4, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/05/how-the-january-25-egyptian-revolution-was-organized/238336/.

10. See Fatma Naib, “Women of the Revolution,” Al Jazeera, February 19, 2011, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/02/2011217134411934738.html.

11. Salah and Mayyasi, “The Spark.”

12. Ahmed Salah quoted from interview with the authors, January 31, 2014. For an overview of the structural and institutional forces activated by the growing uprising, see Paul Amar, “Mubarak’s Phantom Presidency,” Al Jazeera English, February 3, 2011, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/02/20112310511432916.html.

13. See Dreyfuss, “What Is the Muslim Brotherhood?”

14. For examples of the use of “breaking the fear barrier,” see “Egypt’s Revolution Two Years On: ‘The Fear Is Gone,’” The Guardian, February 1, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/video/2013/feb/01/egypt-revolution-fear-video; and Naib, “Women of the Revolution.”

15. The Square, Noujaim Films, 2013, documentary film.

16. Abdul-Fatah Madi, “Where Are the Youth of the Egyptian Revolution?” Middle East Monitor, November 23, 2013, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/africa/8467-where-are-the-youth-of-the-egyptian-revolution-.

17. See “Egypt Three Years On, Wide-Scale Repression Continues Unabated,” Amnesty International, January 23, 2014, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/01/egypt-three-years-wide-scale-repression-continues-unabated/.

18. See David D. Kirkpatrick, “Revolt Leaders Cite Failure to Uproot Old Order in Egypt,” New York Times, June 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/15/world/middleeast/egyptian-revolts-leaders-count-their-mistakes.html.

19. Ahmed Salah, interview with the authors, January 31, 2014.

20. Gene Sharp, From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation (Boston: Albert Einstein Institute, 2008), 73.

21. See Adrian Karatnycky and Peter Ackerman, “How Freedom Is Won: From Civil Resistance to Durable Democracy,” International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 7, no. 3 (June 2005), http://www.icnl.org/research/journal/vol7iss3/special_3.htm.

22. Matthew Collin, The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions (London: Profile Books, 2007), 183.

23. See “The 1936–37 Flint, Michigan Sit-Down Strike,” BBC, January 28, 2002, http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-london/A672310.

24. Regarding the forces that organized the strike, most conventional narratives credit the UAW and the larger CIO; as an example, see “Sit-Down Strike Begins in Flint,” History, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sit-down-strike-begins-in-flint. However, Jeremy Brecher’s history Strike! as well as Piven and Cloward’s Poor People’s Movements dispute this standard account. See: Jeremy Brecher, Strike! Revised, Expanded, and Updated (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2014), 169–207; and Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 96–180.

25. See Brecher, Strike!, 191.

26. See Brecher, Strike!, 191, 204; and Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, 141.

27. As quoted in Sit Down and Fight: Walter Reuther and Rise of the Auto Workers Union (American Experience Films), documentary film, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0bXOOjR_Uw.

28. The CIO later changed its name from the Committee for Industrial Organization to the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Regarding the efforts of John L. Lewis to capitalize on the sit-down strikes, see Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, 151–153; and “John L. Lewis (1880–1969),” AFL-CIO, http://www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-People-in-Labor-History/John-L.-Lewis-1880-1969. Union membership numbers from Sit Down and Fight.

29. Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, 157.

30. Moyer quoted from Bill Moyer with JoAnn McAllister, Mary Lou Finley, and Steven Soifer, Doing Democracy: The MAP Model for Organizing Social Movements (Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2001), 56.

31. Piven quoted from interview with the authors, March 5, 2015. Richard A. Cloward and Frances Fox Piven quoted from “Disruptive Dissensus: People and Power in the Industrial Age,” in Reflections on Community Organization, ed. Jack Rothman (Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers, 1999), 176, 179.

32. See Piven and Cloward, Poor People’s Movements, xvi.

33. As quoted in Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky—His Life and Legacy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 401.

34. Cloward and Piven, “Disruptive Dissensus,” 178.

35. Rinku Sen, Stir It Up: Lessons in Community Organizing and Advocacy (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003), 21.

36. Ibid., 23.

37. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (1967; repr., Boston: Beacon Press, 2010), 167. Page references are to the 2010 edition.

38. King, Where Do We Go from Here, 167–168.

39. Martin Luther King Jr., “Nonviolence: The Only Road to Freedom,” as printed in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 60–61.

40. See Martin Luther King Jr., “The Trumpet of Conscience,” as printed in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 651.

41. Steven Greenhouse, “Nike Shoe Plant in Vietnam Is Called Unsafe for Workers,” New York Times, November 8, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/08/business/nike-shoe-plant-in-vietnam-is-called-unsafe-for-workers.html.

42. “Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ),” Workers Rights Consortium, http://www.workersrights.org/faq.asp.

43. Ibid.

44. See Randy Shaw, The Activist’s Handbook: Winning Social Change in the 21st Century, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 201.

45. See Tom Hayden, The Long Sixties: From 1960 to Barack Obama (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2009), 9–11.

46. See Luke Yates, “Rethinking Prefiguration: Alternatives, Micropolitics and Goals in Movements,” Social Movement Studies 14, no. 1 (2015), http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14742837.2013.870883#.VdKhBJf1_gA.

47. Wini Breines, “Community and Organization: The New Left and Michels’ ‘Iron Law,’” Social Problems 27, no. 4 (April 1980): 421.

48. See Jonathan Matthew Smucker, Joshua Kahn Russell, and Zack Malitz, “Theory: Expressive and Instrumental Actions,” Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution, ed. Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell (New York: OR Books, 2012), 232–233.

49. Saul Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), xix.

50. Jonathan Matthew Smucker, “Theory: Political Identity Paradox,” in Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution, ed. Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell (New York: OR Books, 2012), 254.

51. Berkeley in the Sixties (Kitchell Films, 1990), documentary film.

52. Cheryl Greenberg quoted from Greenberg, “Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC (review),” Kentucky Historical Society 109, no. 1 (Winter 2011), http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/register_of_the_kentucky_historical_society/summary/v109/109.1.greenberg.html.

53. Ori Brafman and Rod A. Beckstrom, The Starfish and the Spider (New York: Penguin Group, 2006), 96.

54. Claudine Ferrell as quoted in Ralph Dannheisser, “Quakers Played Major Role in Ending Slavery in United States,” IPP Digital, November 12, 2008, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/11/20081112170035abretnuh3.838748e-02.html#ixzz3dS1KoPyt.

55. As quoted in Mary Lou Finley and Steven Soifer, “Social Movement Theories and MAP: Beginnings of a Dialogue,” in Doing Democracy: The MAP Model for Organizing Social Movements (Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2001), 110.

56. Hayden, Long Sixties, 16.

CONCLUSION

1. For details about the Dorchester center, see David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Random House, 1986), 151, 161; and Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2008), 134, 144.

2. See “Minutes of Staff Conference Held at Dorchester,” September 5–7, 1963, box 153, file 21, Southern Christian Leadership Conference Papers, Martin Luther King Center, Atlanta.

3. Saul Alinsky quoted from Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), xviii.