02

An A–Z Guide to Ailments and Injuries

Read through this chapter before you need it. Make sure your first-aid supplies (see chapter 4 for complete lists) are readily available. Many of the supplies and remedies you need are in your kitchen, garden, and natural food stores. If you don’t have what’s called for, improvise.

The information in this chapter is not meant to replace competent medical care when needed, but to guide appropriate action until help can be obtained. Call for help as soon as possible, but do your best not to leave the injured person alone. Keep calm and encourage the person to breathe deeply and slowly. Identify yourself and ask for permission to help, keeping in mind the injured person may be temporarily irrational. Speak positively but not more than necessary. Be conscious of not invading the person’s sense of modesty unnecessarily.

Abdominal Injuries

(See also Bruises or Stomach Pain )

Seek immediate medical attention if the injured individual experiences:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Keep the injured person as comfortable and still as possible. Loosen tight clothes at neck and waist, and cover the injured person with a blanket. If you suspect internal injuries, do not move the individual. If he or she is bleeding from an abdominal wound, however, position the person as follows (after slipping on a pair of latex gloves, if possible):
    • If the wound is lengthwise to the body, place the injured person on his or her back, with the feet slightly elevated. Do not raise the head, as that will tense abdominal muscles that affect the wound.
    • If the wound is across the abdomen, have the individual lie on his or her back, but place a pillow or a clean folded cloth behind the head and knees. This will relax the abdominal muscles and help keep the wound closed.
    • If bleeding, try to keep the injured area clean. Gently remove the clothing surrounding the injury. If any internal parts are protruding, do not push them back inside. Place a dressing or folded clean cloth on the wound and bind it loosely in place with tape or a bandage. Do not press down on the bandage.
  2. 2.Do not allow the injured person to eat or drink. If he or she asks for a drink, dip a cloth in water and moisten the lips. Two drops of Rescue Remedy can be added to 8 ounces (240 ml) of water and the cloth dipped in that solution, if desired.

Abrasions and Lacerations

See Bleeding and Shock

Alcohol Poisoning

(See also Drug/Alcohol Overdose )

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1. Loosen any tight or restrictive clothing.
  2. 2.If the individual is unconscious, place him or her in the recovery position.
  3. 3.Monitor breathing; if the individual stops breathing, initiate CPR.

Allergic Reaction (Acute)

(See also Hives )

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Think. Ask the victim if he or she has any known allergies. Do your best to figure out what caused the allergic reaction. Prevent further ingestion or contact.
  2. 2.Reach for ephedra. If breathing is impaired, give 2 dropperfuls of ephedra (Ephedra sinica) tincture to dilate bronchioles and prevent anaphylactic shock. In emergencies of severe allergies, take in addition a dose of 1 teaspoon (5 ml) baking soda mixed in a glass of water to alleviate symptoms. Caution: Ephedra should not be used by those taking medication for heart conditions or high blood pressure. Ephedra should be used with caution by those suffering from angina, diabetes, glaucoma, heart disease, high blood pressure, enlarged prostate gland, or overactive thyroid gland — do not exceed the recommended dosage!

    Note: Ephedra tincture was banned by the FDA in 2004 and is no ­longer sold in the United States but is still available online from Canada and other countries, and it can be wildcrafted by a trained herbalist from the fresh plant. Administer strong black tea if ephedra is unavailable.

Ankle Injury

See Sprains and Strains

Asthma Attacks

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Follow the doctor’s instructions. Asthma attacks can be fatal, so make sure you administer any medication that was prescribed by the individual’s doctor.
  2. 2.Have the individual sit up straight in a chair. Then ask the person to lean forward and rest his or her forearms on a table. Elbows should be pointed away from the body.
  3. 3.Offer a beverage. Coffee, black tea, or a hot liquid like clear soup can help break up congestion and dilate the airway. If readily available, lobelia tea is also beneficial.
  4. 4.Apply a cold-water compress to the chest. In some cases, it may help stop the attack.

At-Home First Aid for Asthma Attacks

Asthma attacks can be fatal, so if the symptoms are not relieved by natural remedies, seek medical attention. For more mild attacks of asthma, or for wheezing or general congestion of the airway, there are several simple remedies that can be useful.

Household Remedies

Warming spices. Ginger can help increase circulation to the lungs — have the individual chew on a piece of candied ginger or apply a towel soaked in ginger tea to the chest or back. If the person feels up to eating, garlicky or spicy foods can help dilate constricted airways.

Herbal Remedies

Beneficial herbal teas to try include:

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). This will help break up mucus and subdue inflammation of the respiratory system.

Lobelia (Lobelia inflata). Tea made from this lobelia stimulates the respiratory system and helps stop lung spasms. Make the tea with one-fourth the normal amount of herbs (1⁄4 teaspoon [1 ml] per cup [240 ml] water), or just add 5 to 10 drops of tincture to 1 cup (240 ml) of warm water.

Garlic. Blend a clove of garlic into 1 cup (240 ml) of hot water and sip.

Homeopathic Remedies

For each of the situations described, try 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue of the remedy indicated.

Arsenicum can help control a mild asthma attack.

Ipecac is appropriate if there is excess mucus that the patient is unable to cough up or if cough spasms result in vomiting.

Spongia tosta can be used for loud wheezing.

Follow-Up Care and Prevention for Asthma Attacks

If you have asthma, be on the lookout for possible food allergens. Avoid food additives such as sulfur dioxide — often added to dried fruits and wine, it’s a common asthma trigger — and eat lots of beta-carotene–rich foods like carrots, winter squash, and sweet potatoes. Chlorophyll-rich greens such as kale and collards are good, too, because they strengthen the mucous membranes and improve oxygen metabolism. Pungent foods like garlic and onions can help open the airway. Minimize your intake of dairy and wheat products, and any products that contain yeast, as they are common allergens and can also contribute to excess phlegm.

Strengthen your respiratory system by keeping air passages clean and avoiding pollutants such as smoke, dust, and inhaled chemicals.

Back and Neck Injuries

Seek immediate medical assistance for any spine or neck injury. Symptoms include:

  • Pain in the back
  • Pain in the back of the neck
  • Lack of feeling in the lower limbs

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Do not move the injured person.
  2. 2.Caution him or her to lie still.
  3. 3.Immobilize the body by carefully putting soft, solid objects (such as rocks covered with towels) against it.
  4. 4.Make a cervical support by placing a folded towel on either side of the neck.

Bad Drug Trip

A bad trip is when one has a difficult time, psychologically, after ingesting a consciousness-altering (currently illegal) substance such as LSD, mushrooms, or mescaline.

If you are the one going through a bad trip, take off your shoes and socks and stand on the ground if it is safe to. Avoid traffic, driving, or any dangerous pursuit during the experience. It’s good to have a trusted friend nearby.

If you are comforting someone who is having a bad trip, show the person honor and respect. Remind the person that you are there to keep his physical body safe. Hug a frightened tripper if he gives you permission to touch him, or simply hold his hand. Get him to breathe deeply, and divert his attention with music, dance, gardening, art, or looking at plants. Get the tripper to a quiet place. If the weather is cool, offer a blanket that is thick and weighty for comfort.

Remind the person that this bad experience will not last. Give him an idea of when it will end by saying something such as, “This should be over in 4 hours.” Walk with the person, with or without talking. Offer to sit with him. Offer a crystal or a stuffed animal as a distraction or comfort. Change the music or turn it off. If the person is indoors, consider going outdoors; if outdoors, consider going indoors.

It is always best to create a safe setting before ingesting such powerful substances. It is also good to have an intention and be with people you know and trust during the experience.

Bee Stings

(See also Stings [Bee, Hornet, and Wasp] )

Seek immediate medical attention if:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Remove the stinger. Being careful not to squeeze the venom sac at the base of the stinger, gently pull out the stinger by dragging the edge of the fingernail or a credit card across the embedded stinger in the opposite direction from its entry. If this is ineffective, then use tweezers. Remove the stinger as quickly as possible, as the venom sac can release poisons for 2 or 3 minutes.
  2. 2.Inject epinephrine, if available. If the individual is allergic (and only if the individual is allergic), check to see if she is carrying an automatic syringe (such as an EpiPen) that injects epinephrine. Many people who know they are allergic to bee stings carry these devices. The epinephrine will help dilate the airway and prevent anaphylactic shock.

Bites and Scratches from Animals

Seek immediate medical attention if the bite:

  • Was inflicted by a human or wild animal
  • Is on the face
  • Happens to a child who has allergic tendencies
  • Shows signs of infection, such as pus formation or fever, or signs of nerve or blood vessel damage — a bluish discoloration

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Clean the wound. Wash the bitten or scratched area with an antiseptic soap and hot water. After washing, flush the wound by running the hot water over it for 10 minutes. Because bleeding helps clean the wound, encourage the wound to bleed just a bit by gently pressing around the injured area.
  2. 2.Apply an antiseptic and dressing. Lavender or tea tree essential oil, echinacea tincture, or povidone iodine can all be topically applied to further disinfect the wound. Cover the wound with a dry, sterile dressing, and secure with a bandage or adhesive tape.

At-Home First Aid for Bites and Scratches from Animals

If the bite doesn’t require emergency care, clean and disinfect the wound as noted in the two steps above.

Follow-Up Care for Bites and Scratches from Animals

To prevent infection, take extra vitamin C (1,000 mg 3 times daily), as well as 1 dropperful of echinacea and/or calendula tincture several times daily for 3 days after the injury occurs.

You can also prevent infection with homeopathic remedies. Take 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue 4 times daily of the following, depending on the situation:

Black Eye

(See also Bruises )

Seek immediate attention if:

While you wait for medical attention:

Apply a cold compress or ice pack.

At-Home First Aid for Black Eye

A black eye is a common injury that is easy to care for at home. Here are some suggestions:

Household Remedies

Cold compress. Apply a cold compress over the closed eye to minimize swelling and reduce pain. Keep the compress in place for at least 30 minutes and then remove. If, after 10 minutes, pain and swelling persist, replace the cold compress. Continue this on/off cycle as necessary.

Poultice. Make a poultice from plantain or grated raw potato and place it over the closed eye.

Homeopathic Remedies

For the conditions described below, take 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue of the suggested remedy.

Ledum is useful if cold makes the area feel better and warmth makes it feel worse.

Hypericum can help relieve excessive pain.

Arnica can help if there is injury to the soft tissue above or below the eye, or if cold water applications help relieve the pain and the injury is either above or below the eye.

Follow-Up Care for Black Eye

To alleviate irritation and inflammation, take 1 dropperful of eyebright tincture and one or two 500-mg bilberry capsules 2 times daily for up to 6 weeks after the injury. Wear sunglasses to protect the injured eye, and seek medical attention if vision problems develop.

Bleeding

(See also Nosebleeds or Shock )

A superficial cut is called an abrasion. A deep cut is called a laceration.

Seek immediate medical attention if:

Protect Yourself

Whenever you are dealing with open wounds, wear latex (or latex substitute) gloves or use some other form of barrier to protect yourself against blood-borne pathogens, such as the HIV virus and hepatitis.

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Unless you suspect a fracture, raise the wounded area above the heart to help reduce bleeding. If the individual is bleeding from the ears, mouth, or nose, help him or her into a semi-sitting position, and then turn the head slightly toward the side from which blood is draining.
  2. 2.Apply pressure to the wound. Slip on a pair of latex gloves if you have them. Then, as long as nothing’s embedded in the wound, cover it with the cleanest cloth available and apply direct pressure. If the cloth gets soaked through, add more cloths and continue to press firmly. Do not remove any of the cloths. If no cloth is available, use your hand or fingers. Maintain continuous pressure until the bleeding has ceased.

    If there is an embedded object in the wound, do not remove it. Cover the wound around the object with a clean cloth, adding more cloths as needed. Do not apply pressure to the injury site. If bleeding continues, control it by applying pressure to the main artery as described in step 4.

  3. 3.Try to keep the person calm. Stress can elevate blood pressure and thus increase blood loss.
  4. 4.Apply pressure to the main arteries. If bleeding continues, press on the appropriate point as indicated in the illustrations below. Stop pressing once bleeding has stopped.

    To stop bleeding in the arm, hold the limb up at a right angle to the body. Grasp the arm firmly with the thumb on the outside and the remaining fingers firmly on the inside of the upper arm, over the brachial artery.

    To stop bleeding in the legs, have the injured person lie flat on his or her back. Press the heel of your hand on the femoral artery as it crosses the crease between the thigh and groin.

  5. 5.If a limb has been amputated, apply a tourniquet. Wrap a strip of cloth twice around the affected limb just above the wound, tie one overhand knot, place a stick across the knot, and tie a full knot; the stick is held between these two knots. Twist the stick until the bleeding has stopped, and then tie the stick in place. Note the time of application. Tourniquets must not be left on for more than 15 minutes or you run the risk of further amputation. Release the tourniquet slowly when bleeding stops.
  6. 6.If a body part has been severed, try to keep it cold. Wrap it with a clean cloth, put it in a plastic bag, pack it in ice, and bring it with you to the medical facility.

At-Home First Aid for Bleeding

If the wound does not require immediate medical care, your job is to clean it, stop the bleeding, and set the stage for healing. Here’s how:

  1. 1.Clean the wound. Wash your hands and the injured area with soap and water, and then rinse with running water. Blot dry. Because bleeding allows the wound to clean itself, encourage the wound to bleed just a bit by gently pressing around the injured area. If there is visible dirt in the wound, use sterile gauze to wipe the dirt out. Do not use cotton balls, as they can leave little fibers in the wound.

    When the wound is clean, there are several household, herbal, and homeopathic remedies you can have ready in an instant to reduce blood flow. They’re listed on here.

  2. 2.Apply a bandage. If the wound is large or going to be exposed to dust and dirt, apply sterile gauze, and secure with adhesive tape.

If you’re in an area in which plantain grows, you can pick some leaves, wash and shred them, then mix with warm water until well saturated. Apply topically as a poultice under the bandage (or instead of a bandage, if one is unavailable).

Household Remedies

Cayenne powder. Applied topically, it stings but does indeed encourage wounds to stop bleeding.

Spiderwebs. Believe it or not, spiderwebs contain a coagulating substance that can be applied to cuts. Just make sure the spider has left the web!

Herbal Remedies

Herbal salves. Any herbal salve containing infection-fighting herbs — such as echinacea, calendula, goldenseal, chaparral, osha, or lavender — or bee propolis or tea tree essential oil may also aid healing.

Cranesbill, shepherd’s purse, tienchi ginseng (Panax pseudoginseng), and yarrow. Use any of these as a tincture, powdered in a blend, or crushed and applied as a poultice. (See instructions for making a tincture or poultice in chapter 5.)

Homeopathic Remedies

Depending on the situation described, take 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue of one of the following to help reduce bleeding:

Aconitum for severe bleeding, especially if the person is going into shock and exhibits anxiety and fear

Hypericum for wounds in which there are lots of nerve endings — fingertips, for example — and for wounds in which the injured person feels a sharp, shooting pain

Ledum for deep puncture wounds, especially if the area is swollen, reddish, and numb or cold

Phosphorus for small wounds that bleed heavily

Veratrum album for victims who are bleeding and on the verge of shock

Follow-Up Care for Bleeding

Echinacea tincture can be taken orally to help prevent infection; gotu kola tincture can promote connective tissue repair. Take 1 dropperful 4 times daily for 7 to 10 days.

Blisters

A blister is a small pocket within the upper layers of skin, often caused by friction from burning, freezing, chemical exposure, or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid — usually serum or plasma.

At-Home First Aid for Blisters

Relieve any pressure on the blister and leave it unbroken. Then:

  1. 1.Cleanse. Wash the area gently with soap and water.
  2. 2.Disinfect. If the blister is accidentally broken, apply a few drops of lavender oil or echinacea tincture to the area.
  3. 3.Bandage. Cover with a breathable adhesive dressing.

Follow-Up Care for Blisters

For both broken and unbroken blisters, apply lavender essential oil 3 times daily until the blister disappears.

Breathing Difficulties

(See also Asthma Attacks )

Seek immediate medical attention if:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Evaluate the need for CPR or abdominal thrusts to clear the airway.
  2. 2.If the individual is having trouble coughing or breathing, ask if he is choking:
    • If he can cough or speak, let him try to expel the blockage on his own.
    • If he can’t cough but is breathing, his airway is only partially obstructed. Arrange for immediate transport to an emergency medical facility to remove the blockage.
    • If he cannot speak, cough, or breathe, his airway is obstructed. Get someone to call for medical help while you perform lifesaving abdominal thrusts.

Broken Bones

See Fractures

Bruises

Bruises are a discoloration on the surface of the skin. We recognize them as black-and-blue marks. They occur when the skin is struck with such force that blood vessels break and leak, and blood fills the damaged tissues below the surface of the skin, yet the skin is unbroken.

At-Home First Aid for Bruises

A large, deeply discolored area may indicate underlying injuries and should be examined by a health-care professional. Keep in mind that some injuries may not be immediately apparent. If pain from a bruise gets worse rather than better during the 24 hours following the injury, see a doctor. In the meantime, here’s how you can help the bruise heal:

Household Remedies

Cold packs. Ice packs or towels soaked in cold water can be used to reduce swelling. Apply for 20 minutes, then remove for 20 minutes, and repeat as necessary.

Elevation. Elevate the bruised limb to minimize swelling.

Poultices. The inner skin of a fresh ripe banana, grated raw potato, grated onion, cabbage leaf, green clay mixed with apple cider vinegar, parsley, grated ginger, tofu, and wheatgrass all make good poultices for bruises.

Herbal Remedies

Comfrey. A poultice made from comfrey will help relieve the pain and swelling.

Lavender. The essential oil (no more than 5 drops) can be applied directly to the bruise to encourage healing.

Homeopathic Remedies

One of the most common remedies for bruising is arnica — rub gently on unbroken skin to soothe deep bruises. Other homeopathic remedies to take internally (4 pellets dissolved under the tongue 4 times daily) include:

Ruta graveolens to help relieve pain from a bruised bone; most often used when it is the elbow, kneecap, or shin that has been bruised

Hypericum for bruises to sensitive areas such as fingertips, lips, nose, or eyes

Bellis for bruising with swelling that is worse with pressure and better with active motion or rest

Ledum for bruising with extreme tenderness, when the tenderness is made better with cold and rest, worse with warmth and motion

Rhus tox when there is swelling and inflammation around soft tissue and the joint feels better after having moved a bit

Follow-Up Care for Bruises

If swelling and inflammation have subsided 24 hours after the bruise appears, begin to apply heat to stimulate healing blood flow to the area.

Prevention of Bruises

If you bruise easily, take a 1,000-mg supplement of vitamin C with bioflavonoids and rutin daily to help strengthen the capillaries. Also include plenty of leafy green vegetables and soybeans in your diet. Both are rich sources of vitamin K, a nutrient known to improve your blood’s ability to clot.

Bruising easily can also indicate a nutritional deficiency or weakness in the spleen and kidneys. Or it can be the side effect of certain medications or frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, such as ibuprofen. If you seem to get a lot of bruises for no apparent reason, check with your doctor.

Bug Bites

(See also Spider Bites or Stings [Bee, Hornet, and Wasp] )

Bug bites can make forays into nature perilous if they cause itching, stinging, swelling, redness, and irritation.

At-Home First Aid for Bug Bites

Here’s what to do for insect bites:

Ants and bees. Treat ant bites topically with apple cider vinegar, green clay moistened with vinegar or water, cucumber juice, or a plantain leaf poultice. You can also try applying mud, lavender or tea tree essential oil, or a paste of baking soda and apple cider vinegar to help neutralize the formic acid in the bite.

Caterpillars and centipedes. When brushing off hairy caterpillars, do so from tail to head, or irritating hairs may remain in your skin. Apply lavender essential oil to their bites. Echinacea tincture can be used topically and internally (1 dropperful 3 or 4 times daily).

Mosquitoes. Apply mud, witch hazel, lemon juice, moistened vitamin C powder, apple cider vinegar, peppermint, a plantain leaf poultice, or lavender or tea tree essential oils to the bite.

Ticks. Brush them off clothing or flick them off skin. If they are attached, it’s imperative that the ticks be removed without leaving their heads embedded in the skin. Do not traumatize the tick or squeeze its body in the center. Either use a tick scooper — a plastic device available from your vet — or sterile tweezers to grab the tick as close to the head as possible. Pull the tick straight out and use the tweezers to remove any part left in the wound. Afterward, wash the area and your hands well with antiseptic soap and water, dry, then apply a few drops of infection-fighting echinacea tincture or lavender or tea tree essential oil.

To remove a tick, grab it near the head and pull it straight out.

Ticks and Disease

Ticks have been a cause for special concern in the past few years because of their ability to transmit Lyme disease. The longer an infected tick remains attached, the greater the chance for infection. Symptoms of Lyme disease, which can take from 2 days to 2 weeks to manifest, include arthritis-like symptoms such as achy joints, chills, rashes, facial palsy, headaches, swollen glands, fatigue, numbness, irregular heart rhythms, and a bite mark that resembles a bull’s-eye. The longer Lyme disease remains undiagnosed, the more difficult it is to treat.

In addition, a tick pathogen, Rickettsia rickettsii, is known to cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which may appear 1 week after a tick bite, include intense headache, itching, a rash on the ankles and wrists, and fever.

As a precaution, if you are bitten by a tick, take 1 dropperful of echinacea or red root tincture 3 times daily for a few days to give the immune system a boost. You might also want to drink calendula and cleavers teas. Calendula is antiseptic and helps treat infections deep in the body, while cleavers reduces fever.

If despite your precautions, you suspect you have contracted Lyme disease or spotted fever, visit a health-care professional.

Follow-Up Care for Bug Bites

If you have lots of itchy bites, any one of the following ingredients added to a warm bath may provide some relief:

Prevention of Bug Bites

Mosquitoes and other insects are repelled by many natural substances. They include:

Herbal Insect Repellent

Instead of soaking your body with a potentially dangerous chemical, try this natural insect repellent that encourages insects to choose another target. You can make up a bottle before mosquito season and keep it handy in the refrigerator all summer long.

  • 1⁄4 cup (60 ml) almond or sunflower oil
  • 5 drops each of eucalyptus essential oil, lavender essential oil, tea tree essential oil, citronella essential oil, and rosemary essential oil

Burns

First-degree burns leave a painful red mark without blisters and often occur from brief contact with a hot object. Mild sunburn is a first-degree burn. Only the first layer of skin is affected.

Second-degree burns develop blisters and swelling. They are more painful, are deeper, and may appear wet. There may be raw, red blisters. They may be caused by boiling water or contact with a very hot object, such as a woodstove. A severe sunburn could be classified as a second-degree burn. They are more likely to cause scarring than are first-degree burns.

Third-degree burns may look white and charred. They may be caused by electrical shock or prolonged contact with a hot object. Since skin and nerve endings are often destroyed, the pain may actually be less than with a first- or second-degree burn, but there is a greater likelihood of infection. Third-degree burns are frequently ­surrounded by lesser-degree burns that will probably be painful.

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • A large area of skin is burned (more than 10 percent in a child or 15 percent in an adult)
  • The burned area develops blisters or swelling
  • The burn has resulted from severe electrical shock
  • The burned area is on the face
  • The eyes are burned

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.If the eyes have been burned by fire, flush with cold water.
  2. 2.If the eyes have been burned by chemicals, flush with cool water for a full 5 minutes, then refer to Eyes — Heat and Chemical Burns.
  3. 3.If the face is burned, keep the injured person sitting or propped up and observe carefully for breathing difficulty.
  4. 4.If a large area is burned, do not apply cold water or ice, as this can cause further shock. Instead, help the burned individual lie down on a sheet or rug, then cover the burned area with a clean sheet or other material that is not fluffy.
  5. 5.In the case of white, charred burns (third-degree burns), do not apply water or even remove clothing. Wrap the area in a cold, wet cloth, and take 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue of homeopathic cantharis.
  6. 6.Provide electrolytes (available at most health food stores; see also recipe).
  7. 7.Treat for shock.

At-Home First Aid for Burns

At-home first aid is appropriate only for first-degree burns. Remove rings or tight clothing near the burn since they may be difficult to remove if swelling occurs.

Cool the burn to prevent further damage to the skin. Fill a basin of cold, not freezing, water and submerge the burned area in it for as long as it takes for the pain to subside. Should water be scarce, rinse with milk or beer or apply clean, wet compresses. Never apply anything to a burn before cooling it in water (or milk or beer) as you can actually seal in the heat, which will cause more damage.

After cooling the burn, there are several simple treatments to soothe and help heal the burned area.

Household and Herbal Remedies

Essential oils. After cooling the burn, either lavender or tea tree essential oil can be applied, undiluted, to the burned area to relieve pain, promote healing, and prevent infection.

Aloe. Keep a jar of aloe vera gel on hand in the refrigerator; aloe is the perfect remedy for relieving pain, preventing infection, and promoting healing. Or you can simply pull off and split the lower leaves of an aloe plant and apply the sticky inner gel.

Poultices. Poultices made of comfrey, grated carrot, tofu, raw potato, or plantain can help cool inflammation and promote healing.

Tea bags. Cooled black tea bags can be used the same way as poultices — plus they have the advantage of being quicker and ­easier to make.

St.-John’s-wort. An oil, lotion, or salve made with St.-John’s-wort can be applied regularly to the burned area to encourage healing.

Quick kitchen remedies. Spread raw honey or yogurt over the burn to cool inflammation and promote healing.

Homeopathic Remedies

For immediate shock, administer 2 drops of Rescue Remedy under the tongue or mixed in 1 cup (240 ml) of water. Then give 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue of the appropriate remedy for the situation.

Urtica urens can be given when an agonizing pain that feels like stinging occurs.

Hypericum can be used internally to help repair nerves damaged by burns.

Arsenicum album can be used for burned skin that is scaly, red, swollen, and sensitive to touch.

Chinese Medicine

A Chinese patent formula for burns is Jing Wan Hong (also known as Ching Wan Hung), which can be topically applied after the burn has cooled. Just smear onto clean gauze and bandage or tape in place over the burn. Change and reapply the bandage daily as necessary. Note: This remedy can discolor clothing, so wrap it well.

Follow-Up Care for First-Degree Burns

Burns that increase in pain more than 2 days after the incident, discharge pus, or cause problems with joint movement should be seen by a health-care professional. If a fever develops, the burn should also be checked whether or not any other symptoms occur.

Follow-Up Care for Second- and Third-Degree Burns

In addition to the guidelines for follow-up care of first-degree burns, there are techniques useful for treating more serious second- and third-degree burns. Avoid breaking blisters or removing tissue. Soak burned areas in salt water to promote healing.

A classic formula for the treatment of second- and third-degree burns is to blend 1/2 cup (120 ml) wheat germ oil with 1/2 cup raw honey and 1/2 teaspoon (2.5 ml) lobelia powder. Store the mixture in a clean glass jar in a cool place. When needed, add enough chopped or blended comfrey leaves to make a paste. Gently apply with a sterilized paintbrush. (To sterilize the brush, immerse it in boiling water for 1 minute.) Don’t clean the paste off the burn, but paint on additional layers 2 or 3 times daily to regenerate new skin.

Chemical Contamination

(See also Eyes — Heat and Chemical Burns )

Seek immediate medical attention for all chemical contamination.

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.If the chemical was a dry agent, protect your hands with rubber gloves, then brush as much of the chemical as possible away from the victim. Use a soft brush or duster. Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the person with cool water. Be sure to position the person so that the poison is not washed onto another part of the body.
  2. 2.If the chemical was wet, remove any contaminated clothing and then rinse the victim repeatedly with plenty of cool water for about 10 minutes.
  3. 3.If the chemical was inhaled, get the victim into fresh air as soon as possible. Open windows, get her outside, do whatever it takes. Encourage the individual to breathe deeply and evenly. Loosen tight clothing. If possible, stop the source of the fumes by turning off the car, stove, or any other possible source.

Follow-Up Care for Chemical Contamination

After an episode of contamination poisoning, eat foods high in pectin, such as apples and carrots, which will help flush out remaining contaminants. Drink 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of green clay dissolved in 1 cup (240 ml) of water daily for 2 weeks; the clay will absorb toxins and then will be excreted. Eat a low-fat diet to help prevent poisons from being absorbed deeper into the body. And include miso soup and seaweed in your diet, as both contain substances that will bind with some chemical residues and carry them out of the body.

Milk thistle seed can help protect the liver from absorbing poisons. Take two 500-mg capsules 3 times daily for several weeks following the poisoning episode.

Shiitake and reishi mushrooms are helpful adaptogens, substances that help the body acclimate to stress. Take two 500-mg capsules of either one (or 1 capsule of each) 3 times daily for several weeks.

You may also want to drink teas made with purifying herbs such as burdock root, dandelion root, and red clover blossoms. Drink 3 or 4 cups daily for several weeks following the poisoning episode.

Choking

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • Any foreign object obstructing the airway cannot be dislodged
  • The individual is not breathing
  • The individual’s breathing is noisy
  • A bluish color appears around the lips and ears
  • You are forced to perform abdominal thrusts

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Encourage the person who is choking to cough — this may be enough to dislodge any blockage.
  2. 2.If she is having trouble coughing or breathing, ask if she is choking:

Follow-Up Care for Choking

After the blockage has been expelled or removed, a cup of slippery elm or marshmallow root tea or papaya juice will soothe an irritated throat.

Cuts

See Bleeding

Diaper Rash

A diaper rash is characterized by red, chapped skin. It can be caused and aggravated by diapers left on too long, plastic pants, food sensitivities, and yeast growth. It most often occurs with babies, but it can also happen to older people suffering from incontinence.

At-Home First Aid for Diaper Rash

Here’s what you can do to relieve your baby’s discomfort and heal his or her bottom:

Household Remedies

Exposure. Expose the baby’s bottom to fresh air by laying him or her on the diaper rather than fastening it. When the baby does wear diapers, change them frequently. Avoid disposable diapers, and avoid rubber or plastic pants.

Apple cider vinegar. If you launder your own cloth diapers, add 1⁄4 cup (60 ml) apple cider vinegar to the final rinse water.

Diet. Diaper rash may occur when either the mother’s or the baby’s diet has become overly acidic. It may indicate that tomatoes, citrus products, sweets, and even fruits are being overconsumed or are otherwise aggravating. Try reducing amounts of these foods first. If that doesn’t work, talk to your doctor about eliminating them completely.

Ointment. The pharmacy favorite, vitamin A & D ointment, is a safe and effective treatment. Follow the package directions.

Calendula. Salves or teas made with calendula can be applied to soothe the irritation and promote healing. Apply after every diaper change.

Yogurt. Plain, raw yogurt can also be applied to soothe and help heal the rash.

Prevention of Diaper Rash

Consider giving your baby a probiotic supplement that is specifically formulated for infants. If you’re nursing, you may also want to use a probiotic supplement designed for adults. Probiotics are an array of friendly bacteria that naturally occur in yogurt and other lacto-fermented foods such as sauerkraut; probiotics help replenish friendly intestinal flora.

Diarrhea

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual:

  • Has blood in his or her stool
  • Vomits
  • Has dry, sticky saliva
  • Has dark, concentrated, or scanty urine
  • Has a temperature of 103°F (39°C) or more with a fast pulse, lethargy, and sunken eyes
  • Does not improve within a week (or within 24 hours, if an infant)

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. Give frequent sips of water or, if available, an electrolyte beverage. Avoid drinking juices.

At-Home First Aid for Diarrhea

Diarrhea is often nature’s way of eliminating something that probably shouldn’t be in the body in the first place. That’s why it’s always best to try to determine the cause of the problem. Possible causes include viruses, bacteria, intestinal parasites, side effects from medication, overuse of laxatives, and food intolerance. It is common for people to experience cramping along with the runs. Here are a few suggestions for soothing the intestinal tract while it’s under attack:

Fluid Therapy

Diarrhea can often lead to dehydration, so increase fluid intake. Make sure the beverage is at room temperature, and drink in small sips. Following are some healing formulations:

Carob Powder. 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of carob powder blended into 1 cup (240 ml) of spring water is an excellent remedy that can be used for children as well as adults.

Green Clay. 1 teaspoon (5 ml) green clay mixed with 1 cup (240 ml) water.

Herbal Teas. The following teas are recommended: blackberry leaf (for mild cases of diarrhea), blackberry root (for stronger cases), strawberry leaf (especially good for infants), or cinnamon bark, raspberry leaf, or white oak bark.

Slippery Elm. A spoonful of slippery elm powder and a pinch of ginger powder mixed with a cup of hot water, taken every hour or two, will help relieve symptoms.

Electrolyte Rehydration Drink

Whenever someone’s been dehydrated by illness or injury, make them an electrolyte-rich beverage by adding 1⁄8 teaspoon (0.5 ml) each of baking soda and sea salt to 8 ounces (240 ml) of water.

Household Remedies

Diet. Try the BRAT diet. BRAT is an acronym for bananas, rice, applesauce, and tea or burnt toast. Other beneficial foods include yogurt with active cultures, cooked carrots, miso soup, and oatmeal.

Charcoal absorbs toxins. Take two 500-mg activated charcoal capsules every 2 hours (while you’re awake) to stop even the most stubborn cases. Continue treatment for a day or two after diarrhea has stopped.

Umeboshi plum paste. Stir 1 teaspoon into a cup of hot water and drink every 2 hours (while awake — discontinue while sleeping). Take an additional 3 times daily for 1 to 2 days after diarrhea has stopped.

Supplements

Psyllium seed. Although it’s usually used as a laxative, psyllium can solidify the stool. Take two 500-mg capsules 3 times a day or stir 1 rounded teaspoon (5 ml) of psyllium into a bit of water.

Electrolytes. Since diarrhea causes a loss of minerals, use an electrolyte supplement from a natural food store or make an Electrolyte Rehydration Drink.

Probiotics. A probiotic supplement may also help by encouraging your intestine to recolonize itself with friendly bacteria that work to prevent future problems. Follow dosage instructions on the package.

Homeopathic Remedies

Take 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue 4 times daily of the appropriate remedy for the situation described.

Arsenicum album. Use for food poisoning and sudden-onset conditions in which the affected individual is restless, so weak he or she wants to lie down, and doesn’t want to be left alone. Other indications: The individual is worse in early morning or after midnight and feels chilled and thirsty but only drinks small amounts of water at a time. Sometimes the stool is acidic and irritates the rectum. The individual may also vomit, especially after consuming food or drink.

Nux vomica. Use when the affected individual is irritable and oversensitive to light, noise, and odor; when food poisoning is suspected; or when the diarrhea has been brought on by over-indulgence in food or alcohol. Other indications: The individual may complain of chills, have poor appetite, and feel worse in the morning. There is usually abdominal cramping. Elimination gives temporary relief, but the stool is scanty and contains mucus.

Phosphorus is indicated when diarrhea is copious and without pain. Other indications: The patient is weak, very thirsty, inclined to vomit, and easily startled. He or she may also have night sweats.

Podophyllin is often used for sudden-onset children’s diarrhea when it is painless yet profuse. The stools are often watery and ­yellowish-green with a bad odor. The condition is often aggravated by teething, eating, a fruit binge, moving around, or overexcitement.

Sulphur is indicated for diarrhea that is worse at 5:00 or 6:00 a.m. The odor is sulfurous, like rotten eggs, and the anal area may be irritated.

For children, I suggest chamomilla (2 pellets dissolved under the tongue 4 times daily). It’s especially useful in cases of children who are irritable and want to be held. Other indications: the diarrhea was brought on by fear and nervousness; the child is usually worse in the evening; one cheek may be red, the other pale; the diarrhea is often greenish with mucus.

Chinese Medicine

Acupressure. Massaging around the navel for 2 minutes in a circular motion is an effective acupressure technique.

Drowning

(See also Shock )

Seek immediate medical attention for all rescued drowning victims.

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.If the individual is not breathing, begin CPR.
  2. 2.Once the individual is breathing, turn the victim onto his or her sidein the recovery position.
  3. 3.Rub the feet, hands, and ears to encourage good circulation. Keep the individual warm. Do not administer food or drink.
  4. 4.If the patient is conscious, consider homeopathic remedies, if available. Rescue Remedy is helpful for shock — 2 drops under the tongue. Try 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue of any of the following for the particular conditions described:
  5. 5.When the patient revives, offer ginger tea. Once the patient is conscious and breathing easily, ginger tea can help warm the body and calm nausea.

Follow-Up Care for Drowning

Following the instructions on the bottle, take garlic and ginkgo supplements for a few days following an almost-drowning episode. Garlic will help prevent a lung infection, and ginkgo helps the body better utilize oxygen.

Drug/Alcohol Overdose

(See also Alcohol Poisoning )

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.If breathing stops, check the airway for an obstruction and begin CPR.
  2. 2.If the individual convulses, do not administer anything or induce vomiting. After convulsions have subsided, place the individualin the recovery position so fluids can drain from her mouth.
  3. 3.Ask the victim what she has taken as soon as possible in case she loses consciousness.
    • If the victim is conscious, give 2 activated charcoal capsules, 500 mg each, taken with a glass of water.
    • If the victim has overdosed on alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, or opiate derivatives and is conscious, also give her strong black tea or coffee as a stimulant.
  4. 4.Loosen clothing to help keep the airway open. Open a window to allow fresh air in.
  5. 5.Keep the individual calm. Keep her away from crowds, bright lights, intense movement, and loud sounds, all of which can worsen the crisis.
  6. 6.Gather a sample of any vomit, drugs, syringes, or containers associated with the overdose. Give it to medical personnel when they arrive.

Follow-Up Care for Drug/Alcohol Overdose

To prevent a hangover: Take 1 teaspoon of honey or a 100-mg B-complex tablet before bed and upon arising. Drink plenty of fluids. A shot of angostura bitters in the morning will also help.

Ear Injury

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • Any part of the ear is detached
  • The victim cannot hear from one or both ears
  • Fluid is leaking from the ear

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Elevate the victim’s head.
  2. 2.If the eardrum has been perforated, place a clean piece of gauze in the outer ear to provide protection. Do not clean the ear or stop any fluid from leaking out.
  3. 3.If there are any wounds, lightly apply a dressing using even pressure.
  4. 4.Place the individual on his or her injured side to allow fluid to drain. Place a small pillow under the head and shoulders.

Follow-Up Care for Ear Injury

If an infection develops, check with your doctor and consider taking echinacea every couple of hours while you’re awake — 1 dropperful of tincture, 1 cup (240 ml) of tea, or two 500-mg capsules.

Electric Shock

(See also Shock )

Seek immediate medical attention!

Remember, electric burns may be deeper than what is apparent on the skin. Even a tiny burn mark can indicate serious injuries.

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Check to see if the victim is breathing.
  2. 2.If he or she is not breathing, begin CPR.

Breaking the Circuit

The most important point to remember is this: Don’t touch someone who is still in contact with an electric current! You could get shocked as well. Here are some tips for approaching the victim of an electric shock so you can begin first aid.

Follow-Up Care for Electric Shock

Treat the person with 1 dropperful of black walnut tincture given orally 3 or 4 times daily for 3 to 4 days. Black walnut contains ellagic acid, which may help people recover from electric shock by stimulating the nervous system.

Four pellets of homeopathic phosphorus can be taken, dissolved under the tongue, every half hour for 2 to 3 days after the shock to help the patient, who may be weak, fearful, and anxious.

Eyes — Heat and Chemical Burns

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • The victim complains of a burning sensation in his or her eyes

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Flush the affected eye with a gentle stream of water for at least 5 minutes. Do not rub. Do not pause to remove contact lenses. If the victim does wear contacts, simply engage the drain stopper so that the contacts don’t wash down the drain. If just one eye is contaminated, make sure the victim’s head is tilted with the contaminated eye down. That way, chemicals will not be washed from one eye to the other.
  2. 2.If the victim’s eyes have been burned by an acid, flush the eyes a second time with a solution of 1 teaspoon (5 ml) baking soda in 1 quart (950 ml) of water.
  3. 3.After rinsing, cover the affected eyes with a clean, dry cloth or bandage. Do not use cotton balls, which can leave particles in the skin.
  4. 4.If the victim’s eyes have been burned by heat, such as from spitting fat or fire embers, follow the instructions above, then cover both eyes with a cold-water compress.

Follow-Up Care for Eyes — Heat and Chemical Burns

The homeopathic remedy euphrasia may also help heal any inflammation — take 4 pellets, dissolved under the tongue, 4 times daily for 2 to 3 days.

Fainting

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual:

  • Does not regain consciousness within 5 minutes
  • Is known to have a serious health condition
  • Is elderly

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Place the person who fainted in the recovery position.
  2. 2.Periodically check the individual’s breathing and heart rate. Should either stop, begin CPR.

At-Home First Aid for Fainting

When someone faints but does not need immediate medical care, here’s what to do:

Prevention of Fainting

If someone complains of feeling faint, have the person lie down (preferably) or sit and bend over with head between the knees. Pinch the fleshy skin between the upper lip and nose using a slightly upward pressure (it’s an acupressure point that awakens the heart).

If the individual is fainting from heat, try rubbing an ice cube on the wrists. Have the person lie down in a cool place and drink cool liquids.

Fever

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • A child has a fever over 103°F (39°C) that lasts for more than 12 hours
  • A child or adult has a fever of 105°F (41°C)
  • A pregnant woman has a fever over 102°F (39°C)

While you wait for medical attention:

Place the individual in a cool (96°F/36°C) bath.

At-Home First Aid for Fever

Fever is actually an ally. It heats the body until it fries invading bacteria. So don’t try to lower a fever unless it’s higher than 103°F (39°C), because the body is simply doing its job to destroy viruses and bacteria.

Caution: Do not give aspirin to someone who has the flu or chicken pox. It can increase susceptibility to Reye’s syndrome (a condition affecting mostly children that causes abnormal liver and brain function). When you do need to lower fever, here are some nonaspirin natural alternatives.

Household Remedies

Fluids. Keep the person hydrated with plenty of cool water. If you like, add a few slices of fresh lemon, as its crisp, clean scent always makes people feel better, and it has a cooling effect. If the person has been sweating or had diarrhea, give an electrolyte-rich beverage or oatstraw tea.

Soaks. Soak the individual’s feet in cool water.

Herbal Remedies

Compresses. Prepare cool compresses and add 5 drops of peppermint or lavender essential oil. Apply them to the groin area, wrists, and neck, and then use them to sponge the individual’s hot body.

Teas. Offer teas of elder flower, ginger, peppermint, and yarrow, all of which are diaphoretic (they help increase perspiration), which will help the body cool down.

Food Poisoning

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea persists for longer than 3 days
  • There is blood in the stool
  • Dehydration becomes severe (symptoms include lack of urination, sticky saliva, rapid pulse, and sunken eyes)

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Keep the individual warm.
  2. 2.Offer fluids.

At-Home First Aid for Food Poisoning

If food poisoning is not an emergency, any one of the remedies below will help alleviate the symptoms of nausea and diarrhea:

Household Remedies

Vinegar and honey. Mix 1 tablespoon (15 ml) each of apple cider vinegar and honey into 1 cup (240 ml) of warm water and drink. Repeat every 2 to 3 hours.

Charcoal. Take two 500-mg activated charcoal capsules mixed with 1 cup (240 ml) of water. Repeat every 2 to 3 hours. (This treatment may make the stool look black.)

Green clay. Mix 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of green clay in a cup of water and drink. Repeat every 2 to 3 hours.

Umeboshi plum paste. Mix 1 teaspoon (5 ml) in a cup of water and drink. Repeat every 2 to 3 hours.

Herbal Remedies

Ginger or peppermint tea will help calm the stomach.

Follow-Up Care for Food Poisoning

When the individual feels like eating again, offer him or her small amounts of easily digested foods such as miso soup, broth, applesauce, or yogurt.

Probiotics can help recolonize the digestive tract with healthy bacteria; take 1 capsule 3 times daily, 30 minutes before meals, for 2 weeks. Garlic can help kill any lingering pathogens acquired from eating the tainted food. Taking a dropperful of echinacea tincture 2 times daily and boosting vitamin C intake for a few days after ­recovery can help protect against food poisoning in the future.

Fractures

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • An area of injury appears swollen, misshapen, or discolored
  • The injured individual is unable to move or has great pain on moving or touching the area
  • You or the injured person heard or felt a bone snap

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Immobilize the injured area. Use a splint or sling, if possible. Move the victim as little as possible. Don’t attempt to reset a bone yourself. If a bone is protruding, don’t attempt to push it back into place. Once the limb is splinted, it may be elevated to help control the bleeding.
  2. 2.Do not allow the individual to eat or drink. He or she may need surgery. Recently ingested food and liquid can be life-threatening while the individual is under anesthesia. Ask when he or she last ate so that you can relay the information to medical personnel should the victim lose consciousness.

Follow-Up Care for Fractures

Follow-up care is designed to help rebuild bone. Besides eating well-balanced, high-protein meals, you might consider calcium, magnesium, and essential fatty acid supplements. Teas of nettles, oatstraw, horsetail, and raspberry leaf may also help. And you might consider the homeopathic ledum for the first 2 to 3 days, followed by 2 to 3 days of homeopathic symphytum (for each, 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue 4 times daily). To aid in healing, apply comfrey daily, in the form of a poultice or salve, to the injured area; cover with a hot, moist towel and leave on for 30 minutes.

Frostbite

(See also Hypothermia )

Areas farthest from the heart — the feet, hands, nose, ears, and face — are most at risk for developing frostbite. The early stage, called frostnip, manifests as numbness and tingling. As the skin freezes further, it may become white, grayish, glossy and pale, or bluish. Blisters can appear. Pain may be felt early on but later subside. Consider extreme frostbite a medical emergency.

Seek immediate medical attention if:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Cover any frozen part.
  2. 2.Get the victim indoors. Remove jewelry, watches, and any constrictive clothing. (Caution: If the frostbitten area is in danger of freezing again before medical attention is available, do not attempt to thaw it out.)
  3. 3.Let your skin warm theirs. If the individual’s fingers or toes are frostbitten, place these appendages in a warm place such as in your armpit or between your thighs. Do not use radiant or dry heat, such as from a lamp, because it can warm the affected area too quickly. Do not rub or massage frostbitten areas, as doing so may cause tissue damage.
  4. 4.If frostbite is in the mild (incipient) stage, the affected member can be rewarmed by placing the frozen part in water that is 105 to 110°F (41 to 43°C). Use the milder temperature for children. Offer the homeopathic remedy apis for burning and stinging pain as the area is being warmed. If warm water is inaccessible, gently wrap the affected area in a warm blanket or sheet.
  5. 5.After warmth has returned to the area, cover the area with a cloth, and then with a blanket or sleeping bag.
  6. 6.Offer something warm to drink (avoid alcohol or caffeinated beverages). Ginger tea is ideal.
  7. 7.Once circulation has been reestablished, the area may become itchy, red, and painful. Stop warming at this point. Swelling is likely to develop after thawing, and further warming will only make the swelling worse.
  8. 8.After the frostbitten body part has been rewarmed, flex or exercise it if possible.
  9. 9.Do not break any blisters that form.

Follow-Up Care for Frostbite

After medical assistance has been rendered, here’s how to help the affected area heal:

Household Remedies

Chile pepper. Crush 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of chile peppers into 1⁄2 cup (120 ml) of sesame oil and apply to the skin to improve circulation to the area. Avoid mucous membranes.

Niacin. Ask your doctor about taking 100 mg of niacin. It will dilate capillaries and veins, thus improving circulation to the affected skin.

Supplements. Vitamin C (1,000 mg), vitamin E (400 IU), coenzyme Q10 (50 mg), zinc (25 to 50 mg), and bromelain (500 mg), each taken 2 times daily, can reduce inflammation, speed healing, increase circulation, and prevent infection.

Herbal Remedies

Essential oils. Mix 5 drops geranium, ginger, or eucalyptus essential oil in 1 teaspoon (5 ml) vegetable oil and gently apply to the skin.

Ginger. The day after the frostbite crisis, take a ginger tea bath. To prepare, simmer, covered, 8 teaspoons (40 ml) dried or 1 pound (454 g) fresh ginger in 2 gallons (7.6 l) of water for 20 minutes. Strain out the liquid, and add to a full tub.

Aloe. Apply aloe vera gel to frostbitten areas to help tissue repair.

Homeopathic Remedies

Take 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue 4 times daily of the appropriate remedy:

Head Injury

(See also Bleeding and Shock )

Seek immediate medical attention if the injured person:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Do not give food or liquid, other than to moisten the lips with water.
  2. 2.If the individual is conscious, give 2 to 4 drops of Rescue Remedy under the tongue.
  3. 3.If he or she is not conscious, apply Rescue Remedy to the wrists or behind the ears.

Follow-Up Care for Head Injury

Observe the victim for at least the next 24 hours for signs of disorientation, irritability, unequally dilated pupils, and lack of muscle control in the mouth. If any of these symptoms appear, seek medical attention.

Homeopathic natrum sulphuricum (4 pellets dissolved under the tongue 4 times daily) is good for head injuries where mental capabilities have been impaired. Also consider taking 1 to 3 teaspoons (5 to 15 ml) daily of the supplement lecithin, which is rich in nutrients for the brain and nerves.

To repair memory and mental functions after a head injury, both calamus and rosemary essential oil are good aromatherapy remedies. Place a few drops in an aromatherapy diffuser, add 5 to 7 drops to a bath, or use 15 drops to 1/2 cup (120 ml) of carrier oil for a massage.

Heart Attack

A heart attack occurs when the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart is cut off. It can be fatal.

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual shows any symptoms of a heart attack. These include:

  • Lightheadedness or loss of consciousness
  • Uncomfortable or crushing chest pain or pressure
  • Shortness of breath
  • Heavy sweating
  • Pain beneath the sternum, sometimes spreading to the shoulders, arms, neck, and jaw
  • Confusion
  • Pale or bluish tint to skin
  • Anxiety and fear of death

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.If the victim has been prescribed medication for just such an occurrence, help the person take it.
  2. 2.Have the victim lie down. Prop up his or her head and shoulders with pillows, but don’t move unnecessarily as it will strain the heart. Make the person comfortable by loosening clothing, especially around the neck, chest, and waist.
  3. 3.Encourage the individual to breathe deeply and slowly.
  4. 4.Keep the person warm. Provide good ventilation but avoid chilling drafts.
  5. 5.Don’t allow him or her to eat or drink.
  6. 6.Bite firmly but gently down on the outsides of both of the victim’s little fingers. This stimulates the heart meridian and can help open up blockages.
  7. 7.If the individual is fully conscious, offer 1 dropperful of cayenne tincture mixed in 1 cup (240 ml) of water every 5 minutes until help arrives. Cayenne helps block pain and stimulates blood circulation. Alternatively, offer 2 ginger capsules to improve circulation.
  8. 8.If the individual becomes unconscious, place him or herin the recovery position.
  9. 9.If the person stops breathing or if the heart stops, give CPR.

Heatstroke

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Place the victim in the recovery position.
  2. 2.Start cooling the person down. Bathe the individual’s bare skin with cool water, and fan vigorously with anything available.
  3. 3.Make cool compresses. Soak washcloths in cool water (if you have them on hand, add 5 drops of lavender or peppermint essential oil to the sink). Put one on the back of the victim’s neck and one under each armpit.

!

Heatstroke can be fatal.

If you suspect an attack of heatstroke, seek immediate medical attention!

At-Home First Aid for Heatstroke

First aid for overheating is the best way of preventing heatstroke. If you suspect that the heat is getting to you, try some of the following simple preventive treatments.

Homeopathic Remedies

Veratrum album for weakness, clammy skin, nausea, and dizziness

Carbo vegetabilis for the exhausted person who seems ready to collapse

Bryonia for a splitting headache due to overexposure to heat accompanied by excessive thirst and dry throat

Gelsemium for heat that leaves the individual dizzy, weak, and drowsy

Glonoine for hot, sweaty skin with a throbbing headache

Magnesia phosphorica for heat exhaustion where spasms occur in the abdomen, arms, and legs

Prevention of Heatstroke

Hives

(See also Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac )

Hives are an allergic response. They are frequently the first indication that someone is having a life-threatening reaction to a food, a medication, or an herb.

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Think. Ask the victim if he or she has any known allergies. Do your best to figure out what caused the allergic reaction. Prevent further ingestion or contact.
  2. 2.If breathing is impaired, reach for ephedra. If the individual is having problems breathing and is exhibiting the symptoms listed above, he or she is having a severe allergic reaction. Give 2 dropperfuls of ephedra tincture, if available, to dilate bronchioles and prevent anaphylactic shock. In emergencies of severe allergies, take in addition a dose of 1 teaspoon (5 ml) baking soda mixed in a glass of water to alleviate symptoms. In the U.S., ephedra is only available through an acupuncturist or online; it is available more widely in Canada. If ephedra is unavailable, administer strong black tea. Caution: Ephedra should not be used by those taking medication for heart conditions or high blood pressure. Ephedra should be used with caution by those suffering from angina, diabetes, glaucoma, heart disease, high blood pressure, enlarged prostate gland, or overactive thyroid gland — do not exceed the recommended dosage!

At-Home First Aid for Hives

As long as you do not need to seek immediate medical attention, the following may help reduce itchiness and swelling:

Household Remedies

Oatmeal. Tie a couple of handfuls of oatmeal into a washcloth, toss it into your bath, and soak in the tub until the water cools. Pat onto your skin any oatmeal mucilage that oozes out.

Cornstarch. Dust your body or the affected area with cornstarch to keep the skin dry and cool.

Baking soda. Add half a box of baking soda to a bath to calm hives.

Herbal Remedies

Tea. Drink calendula, chamomile, dandelion leaf and root, nettles, plantain, or red clover tea.

Aloe. Apply aloe vera juice to the hives after bathing and drying off.

Hypothermia

(See also Frostbite )

Hypothermia, which is brought on by exposure to cold, wind, or rain, lowers the body’s temperature to the point that vital organs can no longer function. The brain is one of the first organs affected.

Seek immediate medical attention if the hypothermia victim:

  • Develops stiff muscles or loses consciousness
  • Slurs his speech
  • Stumbles or acts irrational, confused, or intoxicated
  • Has sudden bursts of energy followed by fatigue
  • Develops a headache
  • Develops blurry vision
  • Develops abdominal pains

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Get the person out of the weather.
  2. 2.Remove any wet clothing and replace with dry.
  3. 3.Insulate the person with whatever’s available — sleeping bag, extra clothing. Make sure the head is covered.
  4. 4.Apply hot water bottles to the person’s groin and sides of torso (high heat-loss areas).
  5. 5.Handle the person carefully, and move him no more than necessary.
  6. 6.If the person is conscious, offer sips of hot, sweet liquids. Note: Do not rub or massage an individual with hypothermia.

Follow-Up Care for Hypothermia

Offer sweet, hot drinks such as spiced cider or ginger tea, but not alcohol or drinks containing caffeine, both of which affect the cardiovascular system. Then, as the individual is able to eat, offer cooked, warm foods such as soup and oatmeal. Since garlic and ginger improve circulation, use them liberally in whatever you prepare. Avoid cold foods such as salad and ice cream.

Insect Bites

See Bug Bites and Stings [Bee, Hornet, and Wasp]

Jellyfish Stings

Anaphylactic shock is possible from jellyfish stings.

Seek immediate medical attention if you or someone else experiences any of the symptoms of an allergic reaction:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Prevent further stinging by brushing away tentacle fragments.
  2. 2.Scrape off any remaining stinging cells with a sharp-edged object such as a credit card. A towel will suffice if nothing else is available.
  3. 3.Rinse with seawater, not ever with fresh water.
  4. 4.Neutralize the sting. Apply up to 5 drops of lavender essential oil to help neutralize the sting. Reapply every 15 minutes. (Pouring urine on the stung area will have the same effect.)
  5. 5.Start healing. Apply vitamin E or aloe vera juice to heal tissue and reduce inflammation.

Follow-Up Care for Jellyfish Stings

Taking 1 dropperful of echinacea tincture 3 times daily for 1 to 2 days and boosting your vitamin C intake can reduce inflammation and help the body neutralize any toxins.

Nettle Rash

Stinging nettle is a wonderful plant, rich in minerals and beneficial for many health conditions, such as allergies and anemia. However, tiny hairs on the plant inject formic acid (found in red ant bites and bee stings) into the skin, causing a burning rash when the plant is touched.

At-Home First Aid for Nettle Rash

It is widely believed that wherever nettles grow, a remedy to soothe their sting is close at hand. And in fact nettle juice, applied topically, is an antidote to nettle rash.

Chop any of the following herbs, mix with a bit of water, and apply as a poultice. In an emergency, simply chew the herb and apply it to your skin.

Nosebleeds

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • Blood flows from both nostrils and doesn’t stop for 20 minutes
  • The nosebleed has occurred after a head injury
  • The bleeding lasts for longer than half an hour despite applications of cold and pressure
  • The bleeding resulted from a severe blow that also caused dizziness and nausea
  • The nose looks crooked or ­displaced in any way
  • The individual is elderly
  • The individual has high blood pressure
  • The individual is using blood-thinning drugs

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Sit down and lean forward. Have the individual lower her head and leave her mouth open. Try to stop the bleeding by pinching the soft part of the nostril closed by pressing with the thumb and index finger, below the cartilage, for at least 10 minutes. Release the pressure slowly.

    Tip

    To calm a frightened child who has a nosebleed, sprinkle 2 drops of lavender essential oil on a tissue and have the child hold the tissue to the nose.

  2. 2.Loosen any clothing around the neck.
  3. 3.Apply a cold water compress to the base of the skull and top of the nose to help constrict blood vessels. After 10 minutes, gradually release the nostrils, but still sit quietly and avoid blowing the nose for at least 3 hours.

At-Home First Aid for Nosebleeds

If the nosebleed does not require medical assistance, try to stop the bleeding with the “while you wait” steps above. If they prove unsuccessful, try any of the following remedies:

Household and Herbal Remedies

Apple cider vinegar. Snuff a bit of apple cider vinegar diluted in water — the strength of the solution will depend on your tolerance for it.

Cayenne. Drinking 1⁄8 teaspoon (0.6 ml) cayenne powder mixed in a cup of warm water can help stop the bleeding.

Cold water. Drinking plain cold water can help stop a nosebleed.

Yarrow leaf. Place a pinch of crushed yarrow leaf in the nostrils.

Homeopathic Remedy

Four pellets dissolved under the tongue of the homeopathic remedy ferrum phos may help curb profuse bleeding.

Follow-Up Care for Nosebleeds

Most nosebleeds don’t last longer than 15 minutes. Take it easy, and rest for at least half an hour afterward. Avoid vigorous exercise for a day or two so that the nose doesn’t start bleeding again. Avoid tobacco smoke, since it can dry out the nasal passages and make them prone to bleeding.

Prevention of Nosebleeds

If you frequently get nosebleeds, check with your doctor. Consider taking a supplement of vitamin C with bioflavonoids, and add doses of nettles or shepherd’s purse (1 dropperful of tincture 3 times daily) to strengthen the capillaries and promote healthy blood clotting.

If your nose bleeds due to excessive dryness, apply a bit of herbal salve inside your nose. Consider placing humidifiers in your home and work environments.

Panic Attacks

Anxiety is an overreaction of the autonomic nervous system, where the “flight or fight” mechanism is activated and usually accompanied by a rush of adrenaline. Panic is a sudden onset of anxiety.

At-Home First Aid for Panic Attacks

When panic occurs, encourage the person stay put and focus on something else as a distraction. Remind the person that this feeling will pass and not harm him. Have him sit calmly at a table, with both feet on the floor; have him place hands firmly on the table and say “stop” aloud, keeping the body relaxed. Encourage him to say a comforting prayer or sacred chant or mantra; count backward from 100 by threes; or focus on a still object in the room, describe it over and over again, and get lost in its details. Continue with the prayer, counting, or focus until the person feels calm.

To help calm anxiety, gently press or rub the space between the eyebrows in the center of the forehead. Apply firm pressure to the center of the left palm with the right hand for 1 minute. Hold the thumb of one hand with the other hand as a calming technique. Hold the middle toe to bring the energy down from the head and ground it. Keep repeating these steps.

Breathe deeply and slowly. If someone is breathing rapidly, carbon dioxide levels drop from “overbreathing,” which causes the panicked person to feel worse. The idea is to breathe normally into an empty paper bag (not plastic) for 10 breaths so that the panicked person inhales more carbon dioxide.

Herbal Remedies and Supplements

Herbal teas should be of a soothing sort, such as catnip, chamomile, hawthorn, hops, lemon balm, oatstraw, passionflower, and reishi mushroom. Hops and valerian calm anxiety but do not taste pleasant, so tinctures or capsules would be best. Hops and valerian can also produce sedative effects, so try them at night initially, or use a smaller amount during the day. Kava kava extract was recently approved in Germany for its antianxiety effects.

Calcium/magnesium and B complex supplements can help alleviate anxiety. The calming B vitamin inositol that works as a cell messenger is found in our spinal cord, brain, and nerves.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) supplements help protect the brain from excitatory messages. Many fearful people have low levels of GABA.

5-HTP (5- hydroxytryptophan) is a precursor to serotonin and is effective against anxiety.

Homeopathic Remedy

Have Rescue Remedy with you in several convenient places — such as a briefcase, desk, purse, and glove compartment — and dispense it when anxiety starts to come on. Two drops under the tongue is all it takes.

Prevention of Panic Attacks

Keep blood sugar on an even keel instead of on a sugar-powered roller coaster. Be wary of coffee, MSG (monosodium glutamate), stimulants, asthma medications, and decongestants. Food allergy reactions can trigger a panic attack. If prone to panic attacks, oatmeal and yogurt, both high in calming calcium, are beneficial. Eat nutrient-dense grounding foods such as buckwheat, millet, black quinoa, black rice, black sesame seeds, sweet potatoes, and winter squash.

Learn what the triggers are. Think about the most recent panic attacks. Are there any common denominators, such as a food, place, theme, or certain person, or situation? Make a list of the people and places typically encountered, and ask which of those feel safe and which don’t. Put a mark by all those that feel threatening, and try to limit those situations. To minimize anxiety and prevent panic attacks, avoid the dangerous.

Poisoning

(See also Food Poisoning )

Seek immediate medical attention for all poisoning! Symptoms may include:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Call your local poison control center. Have the poison container in your hand when you call. Be prepared to give the approximate weight and age of the person poisoned. Try to find out if he or she has vomited. If there is a sample of vomited material, scoop it into a container and hold it — along with the poison container — for medical personnel.
  2. 2.Do not induce vomiting unless directed by poison control and never in an unconscious person. Vomiting up strong acids, strong alkalis, and petroleum products can burn the esophagus and airway and be inhaled and absorbed into the lungs. Burns around the lips are a sign that these products have been ingested.
  3. 3.If the poison control center suggests you help the victim vomit, sticking a finger or spoon in the back of the throat can also induce vomiting. Vomiting is often recommended for noncorrosive substances such as toxic plants and most drugs.
  4. 4.Once the person has vomited, give the person 1 to 2 tablespoons (15 to 30 ml) activated charcoal in a glass of water to absorb remaining poisons.
  5. 5.If the poison control center suggests diluting the poison rather than vomiting, give the victim lots of water or milk. Have the person drink slowly so as not to induce vomiting.
  6. 6.If the poison control center suggests using an absorbent material, give 1 to 2 tablespoons (15 to 30 ml) of activated charcoal mixed in 1 cup (240 ml) of water.

Quick Fix

A universal antidote for poisoning is:

  • 2 parts burnt toast (charcoal to absorb toxins)
  • 1 part milk of magnesia (alkaline to offset acids)
  • 1 part strong black tea (tannic acid to offset alkaline)

Check with your poison control center before using this formula.

Prevention of Poisoning

Most poisoning fatalities occur in children between the ages of 1 and 3. Aside from keeping chemicals and medicines out of their reach, here’s how you can help keep them safe:

What Got You

The toxic substance in poison ivy, oak, and sumac is called urushiol. It is one of the most potent toxins on Earth. Its toxicity can persist for years after the plant is dead. One-quarter ounce (7 g) of urushiol has the potential to affect everyone on Earth!

Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac

(See also Hives )

Reactions to poison ivy, oak, and sumac may occur any time between 6 and 72 hours after exposure. Be alert for signs of an allergic reaction, as they can be life-threatening.

Seek immediate medical attention if:

At-Home First Aid for Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac

If you think you’ve been in contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac and you do not need immediate medical attention, here’s how to minimize its effects:

  1. 1.Clean the affected area(s). Remove your clothing and toss it in the washing machine as soon as you realize you’ve been exposed.
  2. 2.Wipe the affected area with a clean, dry rag or washcloth to absorb the plant oils, and then wash the area under warm, running water.
  3. 3.Use an alkaline soap without an oil base, such as Fels-Naptha soap, to avoid spreading the oily irritant urushiol.

Herbal Remedies

Teas. A tea made from burdock leaf and root, calendula, goldenseal root, grindelia, myrrh, plantain leaf, or white oak bark can be used topically to reduce itching and swelling. Chop up a bit of any of the above herbs; steep, covered, in simmering water for 5 to 15 minutes (as long as you can wait!); then strain and apply to the affected area. For long-term use, put 1 cup (240 ml) of the herb in a large glass or stainless steel container. Cover with boiling water. Cover and let stand 1 to 2 hours. Strain the tea, and apply the liquid to the afflicted area.

Jewelweed juice. Another excellent herb for topical use is jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), which is rich in natural tannins that help reduce inflammation. Simply run the fresh herb through a juicer or blender, collect the juice, and dab it on the affected areas every 2 to 3 hours. Since jewelweed is available only during the summer months, and the toxic irritant in poison ivy, oak, and sumac is active year-round, freeze the jewelweed juice into ice cubes and store it in plastic bags in the freezer. Apply the juice or frozen cubes directly to the skin.

Poultice. A poultice can also be made of green clay or gumweed (Grindelia spp.) and apple cider vinegar.

Follow-Up Care for Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac

If you do develop hives after coming into contact with one of these plants, don’t scratch! You may find that bathing brings some relief when you add 1 cup (240 ml) of apple cider vinegar, oatmeal, baking soda, or cornstarch to the bathwater.

Liquid Swedish bitters, available at health food stores, is also helpful. It is designed to be a digestive aid, but used topically, it dries the hives quickly.

There are also a number of topical home remedies that can help relieve and speed healing of “the awful itch.” Here are just a few:

Prevention for Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac

The wisest precaution is to learn to identify the plant and avoid it. Wear gloves and clothing that cover you well before going out in infested areas. One folk remedy for prevention is to rub fresh artemisia leaves on exposed skin when going out. Many people find that homeopathy can help them better resist poison ivy. Try:

Scorpion Stings

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • The victim experiences nausea, fever, dizziness, muscle spasms, or breathing difficulty
  • The bite is from the sculptured or bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) commonly found in the southwestern United States

At-Home First Aid for Scorpion Stings

If immediate medical attention is not needed, wash the wound with soap and water. Watch for any breathing difficulty and swelling — both signs of anaphylactic shock. Remedies to help heal the bite:

Seizures or Convulsions

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • Seizures last longer than 5 minutes, or happen consecutively
  • The victim does not regain consciousness between seizures
  • The victim is pregnant
  • The victim is having difficulty breathing
  • The seizure happens when the individual is in the water

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Help the victim lie on the floor, and clear a space around him. Do not restrain him, since holding a seizing person down can result in injury. Despite what you may have heard, don’t put anything in the victim’s mouth.
  2. 2.Place a soft pillow under the head as a cushion. Loosen clothing and remove glasses.
  3. 3.Monitor breathing. If the individual stops breathing, begin CPR.
  4. 4.Monitor the seizures. Time the duration of the seizure, and if there are more than one, keep count of how many. Relay this information to medical personnel when they arrive.

At-Home First Aid for Seizures or Convulsions

When the individual comes out of the seizure, give him comfort and reassurance. Stay with him until he’s fully recovered. Suggest that he rest as you do the following:

Prevention of Seizures and Convulsions

Chlorella, an edible microalgae, is a good food supplement for people prone to seizures, as it provides oxygen for the brain. Try one or two 500-mg capsules 3 times daily. Other super supplements to use on an ongoing basis are calcium, magnesium, taurine (an amino acid), B-complex vitamins, and lecithin. Black cohosh, catnip, and skullcap are antispasmodic herbs.

Eat healthfully, and avoid aspartame, other sweeteners, and foods contaminated with heavy metals. Avoid camphor and sage essential oils, as in rare cases they may trigger a seizure.

Practice yoga breathing techniques for relaxation, and keep your vertebrae in proper alignment by practicing good posture.

Shock

Shock results from suppression of the body’s vital systems through injury or illness. Heart and respiration rates go up, while blood vessels become constricted. Rough handling of an injured person or delayed treatment for an injury can exacerbate the symptoms of shock. Even if an injury or illness does not seem severe, shock can be fatal.

!

Do not move anyone with a possible head, neck, or spine injury.

Seek immediate medical attention if an injured or ill person develops:

  • Cold, clammy, pale, moist skin
  • A rapid (over 100 beats per minute), faint pulse
  • Irregular breathing
  • Thirst
  • Weakness and nausea
  • Restlessness and anxiety
  • Disorientation and incoherent talking

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Check breathing and heart rate. Be prepared to administer CPR if it becomes necessary. If breathing becomes labored or the individual vomits, place the individual in the recovery position.
  2. 2.Help the victim lie down. Loosen clothing at chest, neck, and waist. If the individual becomes unconscious or has severe wounds of the jaw or lower portion of the face, turn the victim on her side to drain oral fluids and prevent choking.
  3. 3.Elevate the feet 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) using a folded coat or whatever else is handy. This will facilitate breathing and blood circulation.
  4. 4.Slightly elevate the head (unless you suspect a head or neck injury). Lower it if the victim complains of chest pain.
  5. 5.Keep the person warm. Cover only enough to prevent the body from losing heat.
  6. 6.Hold the individual’s hand and reassure her. Avoid panic and loud noises.

If the person is conscious, there are several soothing liquid formulations you might offer her. Adults can ideally be given about 1/2 cup (120 ml) every 15 minutes until medical assistance arrives. Children (ages 1 to 12) should take 1/4 cup (60 ml) and babies under a year 1/8 cup (30 ml) over a 15-minute period. If the victim gets nauseous or vomits, discontinue fluids. Some of the choices include:

Snakebite

A bite from a poisonous snake can be fatal! Seek immediate medical attention if you or someone else has been bitten by a poisonous snake.

Signs of poisonous snakebite include:

  • Bruising or swelling
  • Sharp pain around a bite of one or two puncture wounds
  • Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
  • Blurry vision
  • Breathing problems, convulsions, or seizures

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Wash the area with soap and water. Wipe outward, away from the wound.
  2. 2.Remove the venom. If you have a snakebite kit, use the suction cup to remove the venom, preferably in the first 5 minutes after the bite occurred, before the venom starts circulating. Do not use your mouth to suck out venom, as you could end up being poisoned. Do not cut into the flesh. Remove constrictive items such as rings, bracelets, or shoes, as swelling may occur.
  3. 3.Apply ice. If ice is not available, place the limb in a cool stream. Immobilize the bitten area and keep it at or below the heart level.
  4. 4.Use any strip of cloth to make a constricting bandage — not a tourniquet. Apply a constricting band for pit viper bites 2 inches above the bite. Make sure the band is not tight and that a finger can easily be slipped underneath it. Loosen the band every 15 minutes.
  5. 5.Give the victim fluids to drink (but not alcohol).
  6. 6.Keep the victim calm. Agitation increases blood flow, bringing the venom into the bloodstream. If the victim must walk any distance, make sure it is very slowly.
  7. 7.Monitor the victim’s airway. Be ready to administer CPR if necessary.

Common Sense Beats Copperhead

Years ago I was bitten by a copperhead snake, many miles away from a hospital or even a telephone. Fortunately, we did have electricity. My husband, without missing a beat, turned on the vacuum cleaner and sucked the venom out with the wand. Just goes to show that sometimes you need to improvise!

Follow-Up Care for Snakebite

Follow-up treatments for snakebite focus on neutralizing the venom and boosting the body’s antibodies. Here are some suggestions:

Spider Bites

Seek immediate medical attention if the victim:

  • Has difficulty breathing
  • Goes into shock
  • Experiences nausea, vomiting, or convulsions
  • Has a history of allergic ­reactions to insect bites
  • Has increasing pain
  • Is a young child

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Immediately wash the bitten area.
  2. 2.Keep the bitten area lower than the heart to slow down assimilation of the spider’s venom. Icing the bitten area will also help.
  3. 3.Neutralize the venom. Depending on what you have on hand, topical application of any of the following quick remedies will help neutralize the venom and help the tissues heal:

At-Home First Aid for Spider Bites

The steps and remedies listed above for use in an emergency situation will also provide relief for nonvenomous but itchy or painful spider bites.

Sprains and Strains

Sprains occur when a ligament or tendon (tissues connected to the muscles and bones near a joint) is stretched beyond its normal range of motion. Strains occur when muscles are stretched beyond their normal range. Both result in pain and swelling.

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • Pain or swelling from an injury is severe
  • A fracture is suspected
  • A joint is swollen or out of alignment
  • Loss of sensation occurs in any part of the body

While you wait for medical attention:

The trick to remembering how to treat sprains and strains is this acronym: RICE. The letters stand for rest, immobilize, cold, and elevation.

  1. 1.Rest. Sit down; get ready to immobilize, ice, and elevate; and be sure to rest the injured limb for a couple of days.
  2. 2.Immobilize. Move the injured area as little as possible.
  3. 3.Cold. Apply a cold compress to help constrict the blood vessels, which will minimize bleeding and swelling. A good compress can be made by mixing 1 tablespoon (15 ml) arnica tincture or homeopathic arnica oil with 1 pint (470 ml) of cold water, soaking a cloth with the solution, and applying it to unbroken skin over the injured area. If the area begins to feel numb from the cold, remove the compress until the numbness subsides. Then reapply. Repeat for at least 6 to 12 hours following the injury.
  4. 4.Elevation. Keep the injured area higher than the heart to minimize swelling.

At-Home First Aid for Sprains and Strains

If you’re sure the injury is not a medical emergency, follow the instructions above. Then try these remedies to reduce swelling and speed healing:

Household and Dietary Remedies

Cold compresses. In addition to cold water or ice, cold compresses can be made with apple cider vinegar, tofu, chopped comfrey, plantain, green clay, cabbage, chopped onion, grated raw potato, tea tree essential oil, burdock, or ginger tea. A solution of apple cider vinegar mixed with sea salt can be gently applied to the area.

Herbal liniment. A liniment for sprains can be made by stirring 1 tablespoon (15 ml) cayenne pepper and 1⁄2 teaspoon (2.5 ml) wintergreen essential oil into a pint of apple cider vinegar. Apply topically to the inflamed area 3 or 4 times daily.

Phytochemicals. Eat foods rich in the phytochemical antho-cyanin — blackberries, blueberries, cherries, and raspberries, for example. They’ll strengthen blood vessels and muscles.

Supplements. Take a 500-mg calcium and 1,000-mg magnesium supplement to keep muscles supple. Boost your intake of vitamin E (to help oxygen utilization) and potassium (to bring energy to the cells). A 500-mg dose of bromelain 3 times daily can help reduce pain and swelling. Two 500-mg capsules of turmeric 3 times daily for 2 to 3 days may help reduce inflammation.

Homeopathic Remedies

Bryonia is used when the injury is hot, red, and swollen. Pain is worse with movement, and the injury needs to be held tightly.

Ledum is for sprains that are purple and puffy. The injury feels cold, yet cold compresses bring relief.

Rhus tox is for sprains that feel worse when initially moved but better after repeated motion.

Ruta graveolens is for old sprains that are worse from being still and better with movement.

Prevention of Sprains and Strains

When the injured area has been pain-free for at least 10 days, light exercise can be reinstated. To help prevent these injuries in the future, stretch for at least 10 minutes before athletic activities.

Stingray Stings

A stingray has venomous spines in its tail that can puncture the skin and in some cases cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. One flick next to your leg while you’re wading along the Florida coast, and you’ll find out just how painful they can be.

Seek immediate medical attention if the individual has:

  • Trouble breathing or swallowing
  • Itchiness
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Rapid pulse
  • Dizziness
  • Loss of consciousness

At-Home First Aid for Stingray Stings

Here’s what to do if a stingray leaves one of its spines in your leg:

  1. 1.Carefully remove the barb if it is still embedded.
  2. 2.Soak the affected area for 20 minutes in a saltwater or hot-water bath to help break down the neurotoxin the barbs release.
  3. 3.Neutralize the sting. After soaking, make a paste of baking soda and water or baking soda and apple cider vinegar, and apply to the stung area. Papain powder derived from the unripe papaya — the main ingredient in meat tenderizer — can also be mixed into a paste and applied to break down the venom.

Follow-Up Care for Stingray Stings

To help prevent infection and stimulate healing, use tincture of echinacea internally, 1 dropperful 3 times daily for 1 to 2 days.

Prevention of Stingray Stings

To avoid running into a stingray, give it fair warning that you’re around. Stingrays bury themselves under the sand in shallow areas of coastal waters, so make sure you shuffle your feet when walking in the shallows.

Stings (Bee, Hornet, and Wasp)

Stings can be fatal. If you or someone with you experiences any of the signs of an allergic reaction listed below, seek immediate medical attention!

Seek immediate medical attention if:

  • The individual’s tongue swells
  • The individual is wheezing or has difficulty breathing
  • You observe skin flushing or a sudden-onset rash
  • The individual develops a severe cough
  • The individual complains of blurred vision
  • The individual vomits or ­complains of nausea

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Remove the stinger. Being careful not to squeeze the venom sac at the base of the stinger, gently pull out the stinger by dragging the edge of a fingernail or a credit card across the imbedded stinger in the direction opposite from its entry. If this is ineffective, use tweezers. Remove the stinger as quickly as possible, as the venom sac can release poisons for 2 or 3 minutes.
  2. 2.If the individual is allergic, inject epinephrine, if available. If (and only if) the individual is allergic, check to see if she is carrying an automatic syringe (such as an EpiPen) that injects epinephrine. Many people who know they are allergic to bee stings carry them. The epinephrine will help dilate the airway and prevent anaphylactic shock.

At-Home First Aid for Stings (Bee, Hornet, and Wasp)

Remove the stinger, clean the wound, and then stop pain and swelling:

  1. 1.Extraction. Remove the stinger as directed in step 1 on page 115.
  2. 2.Cleansing. Wash the area with soap and water.
  3. 3.Find relief. Try any of the remedies listed below.

Garden Remedies

Some of the simplest topical remedies that relieve pain and swelling can be found right at your feet. They include mud, green clay, and freshly chewed plantain leaf.

Kitchen Remedies

Other remedies to reduce pain and swelling are found in your kitchen. Try:

Meat tenderizer (papain powder). Mix with water into a paste, and paint over the wound with your fingers.

Baking soda. Mix with vinegar into a thick paste, and plop it on the wound.

Onion. Cut fresh slices, and lay over the wound.

Cold milk. Dip a clean cloth in milk, wring out, fold, and apply.

Herbs

A dropperful of echinacea tincture taken 3 times daily can help reduce swelling. Two drops of lavender essential oil or a moistened tobacco leaf are also effective when applied topically to neutralize the venom.

Homeopathic Remedies

All homeopathic remedies should be taken internally by dissolving 4 pellets under the tongue.

Apis is ideal for stings that cause redness, hot and rapid swellings, and pain that is worsened by heat.

Vespa is for stings from wasps.

Follow-Up Care for Stings (Bee, Hornet, and Wasp)

One thousand to 5,000 mg of vitamin C and 100 mg of pantothenic acid up to 5 times during the day for the first day help provide a natural antihistamine effect, thus reducing swelling. Other supplements to consider:

Prevention of Stings (Bee, Hornet, and Wasp)

If you’re allergic to bee stings, carry an emergency epinephrine “pen” (EpiPen) at all times. Discuss with your health-care provider if you think you need one.

If you’re attacked by an angry swarm of bees, hornets, or wasps, run into thick bushes or jump into a body of water — if, that is, you can swim!

Stomach Pain

(See also Food Poisoning )

Seek immediate medical attention if you or someone with you is experiencing symptoms of appendicitis:

!

Never apply heat to stomachaches of unknown origin. Heat can cause the appendix to rupture in cases of appendicitis.

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Do not allow the victim to eat.
  2. 2.To alleviate pain and inhibit toxicity, try one or more of the following, if the ingredients are available:
    • Give 1 dropperful of echinacea tincture every 2 hours.
    • Dip half of a toothpick in ume concentrate; dissolve the ­concentrate in a cup of chamomile tea and drink.
    • Apply a cool castor oil compress over the inflamed area.
  3. 3.Rinse the mouth with sips of water, but if you suspect appendicitis, avoid drinking.
  4. 4.Keep the patient quiet in a semi-sitting position.

At-Home First Aid for Stomach Pain

If you’re sure the individual does not need medical assistance, in addition to the remedies outlined above, a few simple teas can often ease the pain. Try agrimony, slippery elm, chamomile, peppermint, or ginger.

Stroke

Seek immediate medical attention if you or someone else experiences any symptoms of stroke, including:

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.If the person is unconscious, place him in the recovery position.
  2. 2.If the person is conscious, help him lie down. The head should be slightly higher than the feet.
  3. 3.Loosen clothing around the neck, chest, and waist.
  4. 4.Keep the victim cool to minimize damage. Try fanning him and applying cold compresses to the wrists, neck, and pelvic area.
  5. 5.Do not give food or drink.
  6. 6.Monitor breathing. Be prepared to administer CPR if necessary.

Follow-Up Care for Stroke

Treatment can include cerebral tonics such as the herbs ginkgo or gotu kola (one to two 500-mg capsules or 1 dropperful of tincture 3 times a day), the antioxidant lipoic acid (one 1,000-mg capsule), and the essential fatty acid DHA (according to label specifications) as part of a daily nutritional protocol.

Sunburn

(See also Burns or Heatstroke )

At-Home First Aid for Sunburn

Here’s how to soothe the burn:

Household Remedies

Rehydration. Drink plenty of water to rehydrate the skin.

Soaks. Soak in a tepid bath. Add 1 cup (240 ml) of apple cider vinegar, 1 cup of black or green tea, or 7 drops of peppermint or lavender essential oil. Or add 1⁄2 cup (120 ml) of baking soda and a small handful of sea salt.

Yogurt. Blend yogurt and cucumber, and apply to the skin. Leave on for 20 to 30 minutes, and then rinse off.

Milk compress. Soak a clean cloth in cold milk. Squeeze out excess liquid, and apply to the burned area.

Herbal Remedies

Aloe juice. Add a few drops of lavender essential oil to aloe vera juice, and smooth over your skin.

Peppermint. Drink peppermint tea to cool you from the inside.

Chamomile poultices. For sunburned eyes, apply damp, cooled, chamomile tea bags as a poultice.

St.-John’s-wort. Apply an oil or cream made with St.-John’s-wort. Caution: Do not expose skin to further sun, as St.-John’s-wort can increase sun sensitivity.

Homeopathic Remedies

Depending on the situation, try 4 pellets dissolved under the tongue 4 times daily of the appropriate remedy:

Cantharis for burns with blisters relieved by cold compresses (do not break blisters); also helps minor sunburn

Urtica urens for minor sunburn

Toothache

A toothache can be due to injury or infection. Pain may be sharp, throbbing, or continuous.

At-Home First Aid for Toothache

Every toothache needs to be checked by a dentist. Until you can see one, however, try the following remedies to quell the pain.

Household Remedies

Salt water. Add 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of salt to 1 cup (240 ml) of water (hot or cold), and swish it around in your mouth. Repeat every couple of hours.

Garlic. Place a piece of garlic on the tooth for about an hour.

Ice. Put small pieces of ice in your mouth.

Herbal Remedies

Essential oils. Apply 2 drops of clove or tea tree essential oil on the tooth and surrounding gum area. For children and for those who prefer a milder solution, dilute the clove oil with equal parts vegetable oil or vodka.

Poultice. Apply a plantain poultice.

Pine resin. Apply resin from a pine tree.

Ginger compress. Apply it to the cheek area over the afflicted tooth.

Herbal footbath. A hot ginger or mustard tea footbath will help draw pain away from the head. Soak your feet for 3 minutes in hot tea, and then plunge them into icy cold water for 1 minute. Alternate back and forth for about 15 minutes, always beginning with the hot and ending with the cold.

Valerian. Take two 500-mg valerian capsules up to 3 times daily.

Homeopathic Remedies

Dissolve 4 pellets of the appropriate remedy under the tongue 4 times daily:

Belladonna can help reduce the swelling and pain of a rapid-onset infection in the early stages.

Hepar sulph helps to drain pus from an infected abscess.

Chamomilla is for severe toothaches in which the person is sensitive to heat and feels worse at night. People who need this may have a low pain threshold. Pain sometimes radiates toward the ear.

Coffea is for intense stinging pain that is worse from chewing and warm drinks.

Magnesia phosphorica is for intense piercing pain shooting along the tooth’s nerve. The pain improves when cold water is in the mouth.

Staphysagria should be used when major decay is causing the pain.

Chinese Medicine

Acupressure. Apply pressure using a rapid, circular massage to the tips of your index fingers on each side of the fingernail.

Unconsciousness

(See also Fainting, Head Injury, or Shock )

Seek immediate medical attention for all cases of unconsciousness.

While you wait for medical attention:

  1. 1.Check for breathing. If the individual is not breathing, begin CPR.
  2. 2.If the victim is breathing, check to see if she is responsive. Ask: “Are you okay?” Gently tap or shake. Do not harshly shake or slap the person, as this could aggravate spinal or neck injuries.
  3. 3.Treat for bleeding if necessary.
  4. 4.If you are absolutely certain there is no spinal injury, place the personin the recovery position.
  5. 5.Rub the individual’s ear to stimulate acupressure points. Call to her.
  6. 6.Do not give an unconscious person anything to eat or drink, as it could cause choking.
  7. 7.Crush some aromatic herbs, and wave them in front of the individual’s nose. Lavender or peppermint essential oil is also effective.
  8. 8.In a firm voice, command the individual to breathe and awaken.
  9. 9.Prevent shock by keeping the individual warm.

Vomiting

Seek immediate medical attention if vomiting:

  • Causes uncontrollable dehydration
  • Lasts for more than 24 hours
  • Is excessively violent
  • Smells like feces
  • Is dark green or brown

While you wait for medical attention:

Follow any of the suggestions outlined below under At-Home First Aid for Vomiting.

At-Home First Aid for Vomiting

If the person does not need medical attention, try any one of these remedies:

Household Remedies

Lemon. Have the person suck on a piece of lemon.

Ume. Offer some ume concentrate in a bit of water, or 1 teaspoon (5 ml) umeboshi plum paste in 1 cup (240 ml) of water.

Ginger ale. Encourage the person to sip some real ginger ale made from the herb.

Compress. An apple cider vinegar compress can be applied to the abdomen to curb vomiting.

Herbal Remedies

Drink peppermint or ginger tea.

Homeopathic and Other Remedies

Four pellets of nux vomica dissolved under the tongue can help relieve emergency digestive ailments.

Massage. Rub the stomach gently in a counterclockwise direction.

Acupressure. Press on the acupressure point for nausea. It is located in the middle of the inner forearm, two-and-one-half finger widths above the crease of the wrist.

Wounds

See Abdominal Injuries or Bleeding