abba (father), 120
Abraham, 73–80
children of, 133–34
and circumcision, 76–77
faith of, 73–80
faith versus works, 75–76
justification of, 77–78
AIDS, 42
anti-Semitism, 130
apocalyptic movement, 25
apostle, 154, 164, 192–93, 196
“apostle to the Gentiles,” 14–15, 154, 192–93
assurance, 84, 85, 87, 94, 125
atonement cover, 68
authorities (governing), 162, 170–72
baptism, 96–97
capital punishment, 172
Christians
and anti-Semitism, 130
and balance, 155
gentile, 6, 9, 10, 14–16, 17–19, 22, 25–27, 30, 31, 46, 50, 66, 70, 77, 106, 131, 138, 143, 146, 148, 153–58, 162, 180–82, 187
Jewish, 10, 16, 18–19, 27, 30, 66, 78, 106, 142, 150–58, 162, 180–82, 194
and Judaism, 130
judgment of each other, 181–85
persecution of, 167–68
Roman, 10, 17–19, 179–88, 192–97
and the Sabbath, 182
strong, 178–88
transformation of, 162–64
views of, 98
weak, 178–88
and the world, 170–76
See also church; gentiles; Jews
church
as body of Christ, 164–65
collection from, 16–17, 30, 193
conflict in, 10–11
diversity in, 193–96
division in, 178–83
Jews and, 10, 16, 18–19, 27, 30, 66, 78, 106, 142, 150–58, 162, 180–82, 194
Roman, 10, 17–19, 179–88, 192–97
unity in, 31, 167, 178–88, 193
women in, 195–96
See also Christians
Chrysostom, 125
circumcision, 51–53, 57, 76–77
compatibilism, 137
context, 4, 9, 10, 11–12, 14, 31, 68, 110, 147, 180
corporate solidarity, 89
covenant, 7–8, 10–11, 28, 46, 48, 51–53, 57, 58, 60, 132. See also bicovenantalism
covenantal nomism, 7
creation, 121–26
day, 174–75
day of the Lord, 175
death
and the law, 109
to the law, 106–7
and sin, 87–92
diakonos (deacon/servant), 196
double predestination, 136–37
Dunn, James D. G., 7–8
eating, 179–84
election, 7, 11, 124–25, 134–35, 151–52, 156, 158
Elijah, 151
environmentalism, 122
Esau, 134–35
eternal life, 87–92
exousia (authorities), 171
faith
versus circumcision, 76–77
justification by, 5, 6, 7, 66, 71, 72, 75–76, 77
and righteousness, 145–46
versus sight, 78–80
strong in, 178–88
weak in, 178–88
versus works, 75–76
false teachers, 194
freedom
from the law, 104–13
from sin, 94–101
gentiles
as Christians, 6, 9, 10, 14–16, 17–19, 22, 25–27, 30, 31, 46, 50, 66, 70, 77, 106, 131, 138, 143, 146, 148, 153–58, 162, 180–82, 187
Paul and, 192–93
and righteousness, 142–46
gifts, 165
God
faithfulness to Israel, 150–58
foreknowing of, 124
and government, 170–73
impartiality of, 46–49
judgment of, 46–49
justice of, 135–38
obedience to, 100–101
plan for humankind, 158
plan for Israel, 130–48
power of, 26–27
promises to Israel, 131–39, 187
and the prophets, 138–39
righteousness of God, 5, 26–30, 51, 66, 67, 69, 70, 84, 142–44
and salvation, 27
slavery to, 100–101
sovereignty of, 152–53
wrath of, 38–43
See also Jesus Christ; Spirit
gospel, 10
and God’s righteousness, 26–30
and God’s Son, 22–26
salvation and, 27
government, 170–73
groaning, 121–23
hilastērion (propitiation), 68–69
Holocaust, 130
homosexuality, 42–43
hope
of glory, 85–87
through the Spirit, 123–26, 187–88
Hosea, 138–39
hospitality, 166
human dilemma, 37–43, 51, 58, 59, 68
I (pronoun), 107–8
Illyricum, 15
inspiration, scriptural, 24, 193
intercession, 123
Ishmael, 134
Israel
covenant, 7–8
failure to believe, 146–48
future, 150–58
and the gentiles, 142–46
God’s faithfulness to, 150–58
and God’s plan, 130–39
God’s promises to, 131–39, 150, 187
and God’s righteousness, 142–46
plight of, 131–32
salvation of, 152–58
State of, 150
“two Israels,” 133–34
See also Jews; Judaism
Jacob, 134–35
Jerusalem, 15–16, 17, 30, 31, 193
Jesus Christ
and Adam, 87–92
as atonement, 68–69
body of (the church), 164–65
eternal life in, 87–92
faithfulness of, 67
faith in, 67
as a foundation stone, 144
the gospel and, 22–26
Israel’s rejection of, 132, 139
as Lord, 145
love of, 125–26
as Messiah, 130, 132, 133, 145, 151, 187
as propitiation, 68–69
righteousness of God in, 66–72
and salvation, 130
and sin, 117
Son of God, 22–26
stages in existence, 25
as a stumbling stone, 144, 150
unity in, 185–88
work of, 84–92
as Yahweh, 145
Jews, 46–53
as Christians, 10, 16, 18–19, 27, 30, 66, 78, 106, 142, 150–58, 162, 180–82, 194
and the church, 10, 16, 18–19, 27, 30, 66, 78, 106, 142, 150–58, 162, 180–82, 194
and circumcision, 51–53, 57, 76–77
and the covenant, 51–53
judgment on, 46–49
privileges, 56–58
and righteousness, 142–46
See also Israel; Judaism
joy, 86–87
Judaism
and Christianity, 130
covenantal nomism, 7
monotheism, 71
See also Israel; Jews
Christians and, 181–83
of God, 46–50, 58, 70, 85, 181, 182
justice, 135–38
justification
of Abraham, 75–78
circumcision, 76–77
by faith, 5, 6, 7, 66, 71, 72, 75–76, 77
and righteousness, 66
by works, 6, 7, 8, 11, 47, 60, 70, 71, 75–76, 77, 145
language games, 4
law
bondage to, 105–7
and the Christian, 105
coming of, 107–9
and death, 108–9
death to, 106–7
effects of, 109–13
freedom from, 104–13
fulfillment of, 173–74
and grace, 99–100
and justification, 70–72, 77–78, 85
life under, 109–13
and love, 173–74
Mosaic, 11, 60, 66, 67, 89, 90, 99, 105–6, 108, 113, 117, 174, 180
purpose of, 60–61
of righteousness, 143–44
righteousness by the, 145–46
torah, 11, 49, 51, 52, 66, 70, 100, 104, 105–6, 110, 112, 130, 144, 145, 156, 174, 180, 181
See also legalism; torah
legalism, 7
legalism in Judaism, 8, 9, 10, 11
linguistics, 68
love
and the law, 173–74
manifestations of, 165–68
Luther, 4–5, 6, 7, 11, 28, 66, 105, 181
mercy seat, 68–69
Messiah, 6, 130, 132, 133, 145, 151, 187
Moses, 131–33. See also law: Mosaic
names, 195–96
natural revelation, 39–40, 41, 43, 46, 187
nature, 121–23
new age (of redemption), 25, 118, 120, 146, 174
new perspective, 8–9, 10, 11, 60
night, 174–75
nomos (law), 7, 11, 66, 71, 105, 112, 143, 174
obedience, 26, 48, 100, 119, 172, 174
obedience of faith, 15, 26, 27
old age (of redemption), 25, 118, 120, 174
old self/new self, 98
Old Testament
connection to New Testament, 131–32, 147
and the gentiles, 187
and sin, 59–61
original sin, 91
origins of church in Rome, 17
Pascal, Blaise, 91
patriarchs, 132–34, 155–58, 187
Paul, 14–18
apostolic authority, 14, 192–93
as church planter, 16
and the gentiles, 14–15, 154, 192–93
introduction of self, 14–15, 30
use of the Old Testament, 138–39, 146–48
writing style, 24
“people” issue, 6–7
Peter, 17
Pharaoh, 136
pneuma (spirit), 53, 116, 163. See also Spirit
prayer, 123
predestination, 123–25, 136–37
prophecy, 165
propitiation, 68–69
providence, 123–24
radical new perspective, 8–9
realm transfer, 99
reconciliation, 87
redemption
justification and, 68
new age of, 25, 53, 163, 174–75
old age of, 25
and the Trinity, 117
Reformation approach, 8–11, 22, 60
remnant (of Israel), 133–39, 142, 150–52
resurrection, 96–98
revelation of God’s wrath, 38
righteousness
and faith, 5, 26, 28–30, 66–67, 142–46
and the gentiles, 142–46
of God, 5, 26–30, 51, 66, 67, 69, 70, 142–48
and the Jews, 142–46
and justification, 66
law of, 143–44
new era, 66–70
righteousness of God, 5, 26–30, 51, 66, 67, 69, 70, 84, 142–44
ring composition, 84
Romans, Letter to the
basic message, 6
introduction, 14–18
as letter, 4–6
new perspective, 8–9, 10, 11, 60
purposes of, 30–32
radical new perspective, 8–9
Reformation approach, 8–11, 22, 60
structure, 32–34
history (see salvation history)
hope and, 123
of Israel, 152–58
Jewish, 130
need for, 67
obedience and, 119
Romans and, 6
two steps of, 123
salvation history, 25, 27, 31, 57, 66–67, 74–80, 87–92, 99–100, 104, 132, 135, 142, 153, 155, 158, 185–86, 192–93, 197
sexual perversion, 40–41, 42–43
shame, 87
sin
Adam’s, 87–92
death and, 87–92
gentiles and, 58–61
and God’s wrath, 40–43
and Jesus Christ, 117
and the law, 107–9
original, 91
slavery to, 100–101
universal power, 56–61
slavery
to God, 100–101
to sin, 100–101
Sonderweg, 130
Spirit, 116–26
of adoption, 119–20
and glory, 120–25
hope through, 125–26
intercession for us, 123
of life, 116–19
spiritual beings, 126
submission to government, 170–73
telos (end), 144–45
torah (law), 11, 49, 51, 52, 66, 70, 100, 104, 105–6, 110, 112, 130, 144, 145, 156, 174, 180, 181
transformation, 162–64
weaker brother, 178–88
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 4
women, 195–96
works
Abraham’s, 75–76
versus faith, 75–76
justification by, 6, 7, 8, 11, 47, 60, 70, 71, 75–76, 77, 145
and the law, 60
salvation through, 7, 11, 47, 119
wrath of God, 38–43
reason for, 38–40
results, 40–43
revelation, 38
Yahweh, 145