Notes

“a martinet”: NA, KV 2/1552, H. Skinner to HA, 2.12.1950; Marianna Holzer, interview with author, May 4, 2013; Heidi Holzer, interview with author, Sept. 12, 2013.

“I’m jealous of you”: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, Nov. 2017.

mathematics and physics: LEIPZIG, doc. 577522.

His brother, Gerhard: LEIPZIG, docs. 577522 and 577513.

“It was totally futile”: Krause, Alma Mater Lipsiensis, 251–52.

Candidates from the Social: Krause, Alma Mater Lipsiensis, 252.

“But we know”: LEIPZIG, Plakat 0562.

Gerhard organized lectures: FAM, photos; GEHEEB, PG to Gerhard Fuchs, 3.13.1930, 7.4.1928, and EF to PG, 7.10.1929.

“To achieve something”: GEHEEB, Gerhard Fuchs to PG, 3.13.1930.

The petition accused: LEIPZIG, Socialist Student Union to Rector Falke, 5.10.1930.

Klaus would later say: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, March 2019.

The duplicity of the leaders: NA, KV 2/1263, 1.27.1950, 1.

As roommates, Klaus: STASI, video interview of Klaus Fuchs.

But to Klaus’s dismay: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, March 2017.

At semester break in August: GEHEEB, Edith Geheeb to Gerhard Fuchs, 9.27.1930.

The next day a meeting: Eisenach Online timeline.

a “hair-raising” experience: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:128; GEHEEB, EF to PG, 5.30.1930.

For two hours, Hitler: Yale University Avalon Project, chap. 7, no. 1; New York Times, Sept. 26, 1931, 1 (in Bill Downs, blogspot, May 16, 2017).

On November 18: LEIPZIG, Socialist Student Union (KF) to Rector, 11.25.1930.

“a decisive position”: LEIPZIG, Socialist Student Union to Rector, 11.25.1930 and 12.3.1930.

“The best should ‘prevail’”: LEIPZIG, Plakat 0529.

“The great unrest”: LEIPZIG, Socialist Student Union (KF) to Rector, 11.25.1930.

“a very passionate resistance”: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 10.30.1930.

“Of the three of us”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:190.

CHAPTER 2: LOSS, KIEL 1931

Kristel, he told him: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 10.29.1930.

In the early 1920s: Richard F. Hamilton, “The Rise of Nazism: A Case Study and Review of Interpretations—Kiel, 1928–1933,” German Studies Review 24, no. 1 (Feb. 2003): 44.

The culprit ran out: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1931, Rector’s Report, 7.2.1931.

Sunkel and his friend: Irene Dittrich, “Die ‘Revolutionäre Studentengruppe’ an der Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel (1930–1933),” Beirat für Geschichte in der Gesellschaft für Politik und Bildung Schleswig-Holstein e.V, 2012, n2; LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1103.

Klaus arrived in August: NA, KV 2/1245, 10.6.1934.

Klaus was the political leader: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 19.

“What comes now”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:205.

“Mother is on the floor!”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:205; Family genealogy documents, Silke and Dietmar Göbel.

“powerful and shattering”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:205.

Emil had immediately: GEHEEB, correspondence between EF and Odenwaldschule, 10.10–12.1931.

“We ask you to refrain”: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 10.12.1931.

Gerhard held his lecture: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1284.

In a letter printed: “Die Erhoehung der Gebühren,” Der Volkskampf, Nov. 14, 1931; LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1092, NS leaflet, 11.13.1931.

In their newsletter: Dittrich, “Die ‘Revolutionäre Studentengruppe,’” 176.

CHAPTER 3: REVOLT, KIEL 1932

They issued warnings: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1092, University Senate, 5.4.1932.

“the decision that determined”: FAM, Klaus Fuchs statement, n.d., after 1959.

the “bourgeois parties”: NA, KV 2/1263, KF confession, 1.27.1950.

The Fuchs brothers: NA, KV 2/1245, Gestapo note, 10.11.1934.

“They are all”: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 3.1.1932.

In communist neighborhoods: Hempel, Die Kieler Hitlerjugend, 5–6.

But Klaus transferred to the local: BA, R58/3622, police president, Kiel, 10.12.1931; Dittrich, “Die ‘Revolutionäre Studentengruppe,’” n15.

The troupe crisscrossed: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 21–22; interview with Lisa Behn, Berlin 2004, erinnerungsort.de/interviews.

“the sea-embraced Nordmark”: Mühlberger, Hitler’s Voice, 1:220.

According to her: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 18–19; Hempel, Die Kieler Hitlerjugend, 1–3.

Klaus and his colleagues: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 19.

One day, city authorities: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 8, 21.

“the Beast and the Devil”: NA, KV 2/1253, KF to the Skinners, 2.27.1950; interview with Lisa Behn, Berlin 2004, erinnerungsort.de/interviews.

“Heil Hitler”: Frank Omland, “Siegeszug in der Nordmark,” in Dohnke et al., Schleswig-Holstein und der Nationalsozialismus, 43; Hamilton, “Rise of Nazism,” 53.

The Nazis had rolled up: AFSC, Mary Goodhue Carey, MS, Jan. 15, 1932, chap. 1, p. 2.

“‘fascization’ of worker rights”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1353, 5.2.1932 and 5.28.1932.

Meanwhile, the Nazis: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Anlage D, in “Vorgeschichte,” and Abt. 47, no. 1932, Antwort an den VDA, in “Vorgeschichte.”

“The Nazi leadership”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Anlage C, in “Vorgeschichte.”

Lichtenfeld, seeing no overt conflict: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Anlage F and H, in “Vorgeschichte.”

“unspeakable ways”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Freie Kieler Studentenschaft to Rector, 6.23.1932, in “Vorgeschichte.”

The Nazis swiftly: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, NS Notice, 6.24.1932, in “Vorgeschichte.”

At the University Senate: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Senate Meeting, 6.25.1932, in “Vorgeschichte,” and LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1931, Rector Action notice, 6.27.1932.

“masters in the methods”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, flyer enclosure, Essmann to Hoepner, 7.5.1932.

“immediate dispersal of the Red Student”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Freie Kieler Studentenschaft to the Rector, 8.8.1932, copy of article in the Kieler Neueste Nachrichten, Aug. 1932, and note by Universitäts-Sekretariat, 7.18.1932.

On July 20: LV Schlüsseltexte zum NS: Hitler-Wahlreden, July 1932, 1n7.

“With subhumanity”: LV Schlüsseltexte zum NS: Hitler-Wahlreden, July 1932, 1n7.

When Klaus heard: NA, KA 2/1263, KF confession, 1.27.1950.

The broken spirit: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, “Ultimatum to the Rektor from the Hochschuler Gruppe der KPD,” n.d.

From then on: NA, KV 2/1263, KF confession, 1.27.1950.

When the winter semester: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Rector to Gerhard Fuchs, 11.7.1932; Essmann statement to Schepp, 7.13.1932; Gerhard Fuchs statement to Hoepner, 7.27.1932.

The communist leadership: NA, KV 2/1248, Robertson memo, 11.23.1949; Helmut Gruber, “Willi Münzenberg’s German Communist Propaganda Empire, 1921–1933,” Journal of Modern History 38, no. 3 (Sept. 1966): 287.

“Gerhard has the doggedness”: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 2.11.1933.

CHAPTER 4: LEADER, KIEL 1933

With the Nazi students: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932; Rector’s, University secretary to KF, 11.8.1932.

“Fighting the Suppression”: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

“the dragged-out battle”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Rector’s “Remarks,” 11.15.1932.

The new orders: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1294, Kossel to Rector, 12.18.1929.

“he would tell this”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Rector’s “Remarks,” 11.15.1932.

“On the basis”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, KF to Rector’s, 11.18.1932.

On November 22, Klaus: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, KF to Hoepner, 12.17.1932.

“Against the University”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, FRSG flyer, 12.8.1932.

“I therefore thought”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, KF to Hoepner, 12.17.1932.

Essmann, feeling besmirched: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Essmann to Hoepner, 12.13.1932.

“I came to accept”: NA, KV 2/1263, KF confession, 1.27.1950, 4. It is not entirely clear to which fee protest Fuchs’s feelings of guilt corresponds. His confession omits Gerhard’s role in the student group, so the chronology is confusing.

A few days later: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Skalweit note, 12.20.1932.

“a certain agitation”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Skalweit report, 2.22.1933.

In the meantime: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1353, meeting notices, Jan. 1933.

On a cold, wintry night: Pieper-Wöhlk and Wöhlk, Kiel, 46.

Kiel’s chief of police: Pusch, “Die Goldberg-Affäre.”

It took the Nazi students: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

On Friday afternoon: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Skalweit report, 2.22.1933, 1; Dittrich, “Die ‘Revolutionäre Studentengruppe,’” 175; FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:220; Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 22.

Miraculously, he survived: NA, KV 2/1252, Herbert Skinner note, 2.12.1960. In Emil’s version, relayed to him by Elisabeth, Klaus escaped from the mob and ran to a friend’s house. His children shielded him from the truth. Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:220.

The Nazis’ calls for a strike: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Skalweit report, 2.22.1933.

“We knew, however”: FAM: KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

During the riot: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1231, Skalweit to KF, 2.22.1933.

Gerhard, in Kiel: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:221; USHMM, AFSC Refugee case file no. 18809.

“In ten years”: Kieler Zeitung, Feb. 9, 1933.

The morning of February 28: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:220.

“Even anti-communist journals”: WIENER, “More Arrests in Germany,” Reuters, March 2, 1933.

“as a defensive measure”: German History in Documents and Images, germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org.

The number one student: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 22.

At four o’clock: NA, KV 2/1263, KF confession, 1.27.1950, 3.

“Why are you searching”: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 23.

The authorities searched: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:220–21; Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 23.

“It concerns your son”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:237.

Emil stayed in Kiel: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:219–20.

“Please wear dark”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1584, announcement, 3.4.1933.

On orders from the Prussian: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Wolf to Haupt, 12.14.1933.

With the new regime: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1232, Frei Kieler Studenten to Rector Scheel, 4.2.1933.

“All my children”: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 12.16.1932.

CHAPTER 5: UNDERGROUND, BERLIN 1933

Despite this menace: STASI, video interview, Klaus Fuchs; Brothers, Berlin Ghetto, 55.

Liddell, who spoke fluent German: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 4; Hamilton, “Rise of Nazism,” 55.

“Those in authority”: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 17.

Liddell himself was not convinced: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 2–3.

Liddell’s specific interest: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 13.

“The Liquidation of Communism”: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 17.

Klaus had no footprint: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

Klaus had an aunt: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

Rackwitz’s combined rectory: Brothers, Berlin Ghetto, 65.

Hitler’s simple and fiery message: WIENER, “Germany’s Choice,” Manchester Guardian, March 4, 1933; “Fruits of Efficient Propaganda,” Manchester Guardian, March 7, 1933.

The press reported: WIENER, “Large Nazi Gains,” Manchester Guardian, March 6, 1933; “Large Guns,” Press Assoc. Foreign Special, March 6, 1933; “Disorder.”

“It is these hitherto”: WIENER, “Fruits of Efficient Propaganda.”

“Yes,” one German: AFSC, Hertha Krause to Clarence Pickett, 3.27.1933; HAV, Yarnall, n.d., summer/fall 1933.

Beggars vanished: HAV, Yarnall, end of 1933.

“For in the last analysis”: HAV, Yarnall, n.d., summer/fall 1933.

“Few passers-by”: WIENER, “Imperial and Foreign, Violence in Germany,” Manchester Guardian, March 14, 1933.

The auxiliary police: WIENER, “The NS Terror Goes On,” March 16, 1933.

The communist leadership: WIENER, “Efforts to Escape,” Manchester Guardian, February 4, 1933.

The mid-level staff: Beatrix Herlemann, “Communist Resistance,” in Benz and Pehle, Encyclopedia of German Resistance to the Nazi Movement, 14–24.

“without bourgeois Germany”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:223.

Emil had little to fall back on: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 225–26.

The election and tensions: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936, 2. Today these mountains are between Poland and the Czech Republic.

But Karin, just twenty: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936, 2.

The Gestapo estimated: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 2.4.1936, 2.

Klaus’s girlfriend Lisa: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 23–24; BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937.

Gerhard’s job was: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

Gerhard relied on his brother: I thank Cristina Fischer for her valuable information on the TH.

It had had no official: Hans Ebert, “The Expulsion of the Jews from the Berlin-Charlottenburg Technische Hochschule,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 19, no. 1 (Jan. 1974): 161.

“German Students!”: TH, Die Technische Hochschule, Nachrichtenblatt der Studentenschaft no. 1 (May 1933): 1.

“cautiously living illegally”: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

For those on the streets: Herlemann, “Communist Resistance,” 18.

everyone had a code name: Taleikis, Aktion Funkausstellung, 7; BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936, 2; BA, p. 2.

Whatever Klaus learned: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936, 2; BA, p. 19.

Since newsletters: Taleikis, pp. 41–45, Ehrlich, pp. 12–15 (general descriptions), Brothers, 66.

“Certainly, these people”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:227.

They parted amicably: HAV, Howard Yarnall, “Trial of Pastor Emil Fuchs,” handwritten, Sept. 1933; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:227; HAV, Gilbert MacMaster, 4th installment, “Visiting Political Prisoners,” 1933, 11.

Wary of the police: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:227; HAV, MacMaster, 4th installment, “Visiting Political Prisoners,” 1933, 11.

A week later: HAV, MacMaster wrote “a son,” but Gerhard was still in Riesengebirge.

Emil had been arrested: HAV, MacMaster, 4th installment, “Visiting Political Prisoners,” 1933, 11.

“The whole horror”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:228.

“Why did so very many”: Fuchs, Christ in Catastrophe, 9.

The young couple hid: Pusch, “Die Goldberg-Affäre,” 157–58.

The court sent Guschi: USHMM, ITS Archive, doc. 30466334#1; Wiki, “KZ Gründung 1933.”

Elisabeth languished in the women’s jail: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:237.

Emil’s Quaker friend: HAV, Gilbert MacMaster, 1933 diary, 160.

Gerhard reassembled the shack: Mary Flowers, interview with author, Oct. 22, 2011; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:238–39.

He said goodbye: FAM, KF Fragebogen, 1961; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:239.

CHAPTER 6: INTERLUDE, PARIS 1933

As arranged with his father: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:239.

When he had to fill out: NA, KV 2/1245, registration card.

About eighty other: Taleikis, Aktion Funkausstellung, 23.

A longtime party member: “Grete Keilson,” German Wikipedia.

As Grete organized: “Keilson, Max,” Biographische Datenbanken, Bundesstiffung zur Aufarbeitung der SER-Diktauer.

Klaus spent his Parisian summer: NA, KV 4/4/471, information from first interview with Skardon, Liddell diary, 12.21.1949.

Emil’s trial took place: “Trial of a German Friend at Weimar, Times (London), Sept. 29, 1933, 833–34; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:235.

By the time the World Congress: Moorehead, Traitors, 75, in a letter from Jessie Gunn.

His father contacted: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

“the shock brigade”: Pikarski, Jugend im Berliner Widerstand, 44; MEPO, 38-16 pt. 1, 7, Henri Barbusse, “You Are the Pioneers.”

“the living incarnation”: MEPO: 38-16 pt. 1, 3–4, Barbusse, “You Are the Pioneers.”

“We will win”: L’Humanité (Paris), Sept. 25, 1933, 1.

CHAPTER 7: SAFETY, BRISTOL 1933

When the immigration officer: NA, KV 2/1245, “Conditional Landing,” 9.25.1933.

“white-faced, half-starved”: Moorehead, Traitors, 75, in a letter from Jessie Gunn.

Klaus was deemed: NA, KV 2/1245, “Conditional Landing,” 9.25.1933.

The photograph on Klaus’s registration: NA, KV 2/1245.

He could also continue: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960, 2.

Ronald was at least: NA, KV 2/3223, 3.9.1944.

Klaus attended a few: BRISTOL, Fuchs course card, 1933–36; Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 61.

It was with another article: Dieter Hoffmann, “Fritz Lange, Klaus Fuchs, and the Remigration of Scientists to East Germany,” Physics in Perspective 11 (2009): 415. Fuchs wrote the article “The Conductivity of Thin Metallic Film According to the Electron Theory of Metals” in 1936, but it wasn’t published until 1938 in the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

“Be careful what you write”: USHMM, Kraus to William Eves, 4.21.1936.

In the spring of 1934: NA, AB 46/232, 9.13.1949.

Gerhard, whose underground work: BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937.

Gerhard looked for: BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937, 4.

Early on, the family: FAM, “PS zu einem Lebenslauf,” Studio 80 am Vormittag, 10.20 Radio DDR II, n.d.

The government had granted her: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 5.16.1934.

In October 1934, Klaus’s stateless condition: BODLEIAN-S, [Klaus Fuchs files], 10.23–11.28.1934.

Registering with the police: BODLEIAN-S, [Klaus Fuchs files], 11.30–12.28.1934.

Unknown to Klaus: NA, KV 2/1245, 8.7–11.5.1934.

Students and faculty often: FBI, Hans Bethe statement, 2.14.1950.

Klaus didn’t participate: NA, KV 2/1254, Edward Corson, 3.17.1950.

He also belonged: NA, KV 2/1255, Rev. L. G. Folkard, 4.13.1950.

Studying Marx and Lenin: NA, KV 2/1256, “The Case of Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs,” 11.24.1950, 1.

Gunn was chairman: Society for Co-operation in Russian and Soviet Studies, London, 11th Annual Report, 1934–35, 8.

The 1934–35 annual report: Society for Co-operation in Russian and Soviet Studies, London, 11th Annual Report, 1934–35, 1–2.

MI5 considered the SCR: archive.org/stream/KlausFuchs/fuchs79_djvu.txt, 99.

But Mott also knew: Mott, Life in Science, 52.

“Half a million”: CAMB, Nevill Mott to his mother, 9.29.1934.

millions were exiled: Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, 84.

Mott also saw the physicist: CAMB, Nevill Mott to his mother, 9.10–21.1934.

It began with Karin: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 5.16.1934; BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936.

In 1935, the Gestapo: BFC, 7 letters, 9.30.1935–2.10.1937, FCRA/19/2 c-F, correspondence with Mrs. Mary Ormond.

According to the Gestapo report: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936; BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937.

With Gestapo agents: BFC, 7 letters, 9.30.1935–2.10.1937, FCRA/19/2 c-F, correspondence with Mrs. Mary Ormond; GEHEEB, Basel Liechtenhan to group of subscribers, 12.26.1935; EF to PG, 5.16.1934.

Guschi, now Elisabeth’s husband: USHMM, Kurt Cassirer to Hertha Kraus, 2.6.1936.

The Gestapo had figured out: BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937, 4–5; GEHEEB, EF to PG, 12.28.1934.

Working as a liaison: BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937, 4.

Guschi was in prison: USHMM, Kurt Cassirer to Hertha Kraus, 2.6.1936.

While Klaus waited: BRISTOL, Bristol Evening Post, Jan. 23, 1937.

As in Kiel with the agitprop: www.phy.bris.ac.uk/history/11.%20Mott%27s%20Memories.pdf.

He told Born: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 51.

CHAPTER 8: WAR, EDINBURGH 1937

“weak in appearance”: Born, My Life, 285.

Born’s daughter Irene: Irene Born Newton-John, interview with author, Jan. 1997.

Refugee aid organizations: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 69–70.

Throughout the day: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 50.

When Hedi became a Quaker: National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh monthly meeting minutes, 1927–38, ref: CH10/1/13. I thank Andrew Farrar for this information.

Klaus also played: Walter Ledermann, interview with author, March 2007; Ralph Elliott, interview with author, Jan. 1997.

Fuchs had amassed: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

the Carnegie Trust: Carnegie Trust, 1938–39, Appendix B, 30.

Born frequently described: BODLEIAN-S, Born to Simpson, 7.5.1940.

Klaus continued to send: BODLEIAN-S, Born to Esther Simpson, 11.5.1937; GEHEEB, Clara Ragaz to friends, 5.2.1939.

“Dear Frau Geheeb”: GEHEEB, KF to Edith Geheeb, 1.11.1938.

Emil heard a whistle: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 256–57.

He acted as a conduit: Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, 6.

The Borns knew Klaus: Renate Koenigsberger and Ralph Elliott, interviews with author.

Klaus lived in a miserable: Walter Kellermann, interview with author, March 2007.

Afternoons often found: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 69–70.

Many Britons, especially those: Walter Ledermann, interview with author, March 2007.

Gerhard was still in Prague: GEHEEB, Clara Ragaz to friends, 5.2.1939.

In July, he flew: NA, KV 2/1248, Robertson, 11.23.1949.

Elisabeth calmed herself: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 256–61; family photos, Marianna Holzer.

On the morning of August 7: USHMM, AFSC Refugee case file no. 18809.

A few months later: FAM, EF to friends, 10.24.1939.

Within a week: NA, CSC 11/103, 11.4.1948.

Two days later: Dorothee Rausch von Traubenberg Fuchs, interview with author, 1997.

Klaus argued that: Walter Kellermann, interview with author; Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 67–68.

The government watched: NA, HO/45/25521, 9.28.1939.

On November 2, 1939: NA, CAB 67/6/15, 4.29.1940.

Those in attendance: NA, KV 2/1259, 5.7.1951.

Fuchs had a new grant: Carnegie Trust, 1939–40, Appendix B, 32.

A tribunal classified Jürgen: NA, KV 2/1871; Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, 4.

“Obviously, no decision”: NA, CAB 67/6/15, 4.29.1940.

On May 11, he had to issue: NA, CAB 66/13/43, 11.25.1940.

“All male Germans”: CHURCH, Hedi Born diary, 5.11.1940.

“Fanaticism versus fanaticism”: CHURCH, Born to Hedi Born, 5.25.1938.

Churchill and others: NA, CAB 67/6/31, 5.17.1940.

The situation in Britain: NA, CAB 65/7/23, 5.18.1940.

The War Cabinet met: NA, CAB 67/8/109, 11.20.1940.

“a considerable number”: NA, CAB 65/8/18, 7.17.1940.

According to Born: Born, My Life, 286.

CHAPTER 9: INTERNMENT, ENGLAND 1940

Guard towers that loomed: Seidler, Internment, May 29 and 31, 1940, 40–41.

Each man filled a sack: IWM, Hermann Wallach diary, 6.

Klaus and Walter shared a room: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 77–78; Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, 7; Walter Kellermann, interview with author.

In the chaos, an internee: NA, KV 2/1561, 4.23.1940.

Local police had picked him up: Lynton, Accidental Journey, 20.

“He never raised his voice”: Lynton, Accidental Journey, 22.

Internees later described: KV, 2/1252, 2.16.1950.

In the first weeks: Seidler, Internment, May 26, 1940, 42.

Finally, the camp commander: Seidler, Internment, May 25, 1940, 42.

In the mess tent: IWM, Hermann Wallach diary, 4.

“Today again we got”: Seidler, Internment, May 30, 1940, 43.

The government later admitted: NA, CAB 66/13/43.

He told Kellermann: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 80.

As the government came: NA, KV 4/390, 6.22.1940.

In the early morning dew: Seidler, Internment, June 14, 1940, 49–50.

Workers had grappled: “Spectators’ Searchlight,” Isle of Man Examiner, May 17, 1940, 4.

A newspaper reported: “Internment of Aliens,” Governor’s statement, Isle of Man Examiner, May 31, 1940, 1, 7.

A local newspaper: Seidler, Internment, June 20, 1940, 53.

The refugees referred: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 79.

With a nod to democracy: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 81.

With limited resources: NA, CAB 67/6/48, 6.13.1940.

John Anderson stressed: Koch, Deemed Suspect, 74–75.

The pragmatists insisted: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, xii; NA, CAB 67/7/20, 7.2.1940.

No one told the Canadian government: NA, CAB 67/7/20, 7.2.1940.

“Dear Professor Born”: CHURCH, STABI, KF to Born, n.d. (approximately July 2, 1940).

At nine o’clock that night: NA, HO/215/267.

He was also classified: NA, HO/215/265.

Once in Liverpool: “Launched 1938: MV Ettrick,” Shipping Times, www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship/asp?id=4095; IWM, Hermann Wallach diary, 14.

The thirteen hundred refugees: IWM, Hermann Wallach diary, 14–16.

“There is no way out”: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 34.

Down the middle of each deck: Lynton, Accidental Journey, 33.

Kellermann claimed a place: BA, NY/4301, KF to Horst Brasch, 9.1.1986.

The second night: IWM, Ernst Pollak interview, 30.

Finally, the colonel was persuaded: Coleman, Cornish, and Drake, Arndt’s Story, 35.

“The whip of hunger”: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 37.

The Nazis goaded: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 85.

At night they sang: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 39; IWM, Ernst Pollak interview, 25.

“A sight worse than anything”: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 38–40.

The refugee doctors: Seidler, Internment, July 10, 1940, 60; Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 40.

A detachment of volunteers: Coleman, Cornish, and Drake, Arndt’s Story, 35; Lynton, Accidental Journey, 32, 34.

Accenting the blur: Lynton, Accidental Journey, 35.

Klaus insisted that Lingen’s crew: Victor Ross, interview with author, March 2016; BA, NY/4301, KF to Horst Brasch, 9.1.1986; NA, HO/215/210, “Summary Report of the Internment of German and Austrian Refugees in Canada,” 2.

On the third day out: NA, CAB 66/13/43.

On the seventh day: Seidler, Internment, July 10, 1940, 60; Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 41.

“It was the longest 10 days”: IWM, Peter Wayne interview.

CHAPTER 10: INTERNMENT, CANADA 1940

One internee estimated: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 43.

By 4:00 p.m., the men: NA, HO/215/210, diary section, 1.

It was 7:30 before the refugees: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 44.

As motorcycle police: Seidler, Internment, July 13, 1940, 61–62.

The buses reached the heights: Seidler, Internment, July 18, 1940, 65.

Newly outfitted as a prison compound: NA, HO 215/210, diary section, 6.

The inspectors found: NA, KV 2/1253.

At one o’clock that morning: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 50–51.

In each hut that first night: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 78.

The next day a couple: Seidler, Internment, July 14, 1940, 62–63.

Pondering whether the Canadians: Seidler, Internment, July 14, 1940, 63.

Early in the morning: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 51–52.

The men did hear: Victor Ross, interview with author, London, March 11, 2016.

He was taken: Seidler, Internment, July 17, 1940, 64.

A report attributed the death: LAC, Camp L report no. 25, Red Cross, 8.29.1940.

The fact is: Koch, Deemed Suspect, 80.

The leaders of the Ettrick’s: IWM, Walter Wallich interview; Michaelis, Scientific Temper, 23.

Kahle and Klaus fumed: NA, KV 2/1249, KF, interview with Skardon, 12.21.41.

The majority of refugees: IWM, K. Hirsch diary and Walter Wallich interview; Koch, Deemed Suspect, 84–87.

Fearing negative publicity: NA, FO 371/24424/5873, CAB, 66/15/48.

The few times he was allowed: IWM, Walter Wallich interview.

The polar opposite: NA, KV 2/1561, 11.28.1939 and 10.18.1930.

Internees uniformly found Klaus: IWM, Walter Wallich, Alfred Lane, and Alfred Doerfel interviews; Koch, Deemed Suspect, 84.

Others found his “fanatical” expression: NA, KV 2/1252, 2.15.1950.

The camp’s intelligence officer: IWM, Walter Wallich interview.

At the first council meeting: IWM, Walter Wallich interview.

The Canadian government’s official answer: NA, HO 213/2391, from the Undersecretary of State, U.K., to a Canadian official, n.d.

Within the camp: Coleman, Cornish, and Drake, Arndt’s Story, 37–38.

“In contrast to the camp”: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.

While everyone resented: BA, NY/4301, KF to Horst Brasch, 9.1.1986.

One young Jewish refugee: Seidler, Internment, July 27, 1940, 67.

Canadian authorities prominently: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 62.

The censors in Ottawa: Seidler, Internment, July 17, 1940, 64.

Some refugees gave in: BA, NY/4301, KF to Horst Brasch, 9.1.1986; Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 62; Seidler, Internment, Aug. 7, 1940, 70.

“Friendly Aliens, Grave Injustice”: Times (London), Aug. 16, 1940.

A few outraged members: NA, HO/215/254, July and Aug. 1940; HO/215/150, Oct. 1940.

“I am not here to deny”: Koch, Deemed Suspect, 175.

He had already pushed: ROYSOC, Born to Francis Simon, 7.25.1940.

In a letter to von Neumann: LOC-N, Born to von Neumann, 8.20.1940; HARVARD-B, Born to Percy Bridgman, 8.30.1940.

His friends did comply: Kellermann, interview with author.

Then Born pressured: NA, KV 4/372, 10.24.1940, 3; STABI, Ralph Fowler to Born, 9.9.1940, and A. V. Hill to Born, 9.12.1940.

The bountiful Canadian fields: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 56–57.

The internees’ only assigned task: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 56–57; K. Hirsch diary, 65–67.

Initially, guards removed: LAC, report by Colonel H. de N. Watson, 7.22.1940; Seidler, Internment, July 22 and 26, 1940, 66–67.

“Some of the brainiest people”: IWM, Hermann Wallach diary, Aug. 22, 1940, 34.

From within the barbed wire: Michaelis, Scientific Temper, 23–24.

Fuchs, whose pupil Perutz: Seidler, Internment, Sept. 2, 1940, 78; Max Perutz, “Spying Made Easy,” London Review of Books, June 25, 1987, 6–7.

The sympathetic major Wiggs: Seidler, Internment, July 21, 1940, 65–66.

Through the layers of barbed wire: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 67; Seidler, Internment, Aug. 11, 1940, 73.

News of the white paper: Seidler, Internment, Aug. 23, 1940, 75.

As icy winds and rain: Seidler, Internment, Aug. 31–Sept. 3, 1940, 77.

Within two weeks, the director: Kellermann, interview with author.

The hut fathers called: NA, HO/215/166/8, 10.12.1940, 1.

That same day the guards: Seidler, Internment, Sept. 23, 1940, 82, and Oct. 2, 1940 84.

On September 27, the internees: Coleman, Cornish, and Drake, Arndt’s Story, 37; IWM, Walter Wallich interview.

“[We] should like to protest”: NA, HO/215/166/8, Appendix 1, 10.12.1940.

Canadian officials knew: NA, HO/215/166/8, 10.12.1940, 4.

Major Wiggs wanted: K. Hirsch diary, 95, and NA, HO/215/166/8, 10.12.1940, Nos. 39 and 56, pp. 4, 6.

Jews who considered: Koch, Deemed Suspect, 123, quoting the diary for Peter Heller on September 17.

“I was especially responsible”: BA, NY/4301, KF to Horst Brasch, 9.1.1986.

Major Wiggs sent off: NA, HO/215/166/8, 10.12.1940, no. 60, p. 6.

On the morning of October 15: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 100; Seidler, Internment, Oct. 15, 1940, 89.

The men looked out the windows: IWM, Heinz Bing interview.

When they objected: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 123.

An internee equated them: IWM, Hermann Wallach diary, 14.

The word “release” was in the air: NA, CAB 67/8/109, 11.20.1940.

“The rough and ready measures”: NA, CAB 65/10/13.

Paterson arrived at Camp N: Igersheimer, Blatant Injustice, 128.

Unlike during the trip over: IWM, Walter Wallich, Hermann Wallach diary, and Heinz Bing interviews; Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 95.

Air raid sirens screamed: www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/military-history/world-war-two/tra28260.

After the all clear: BODLEIAN-S, KF to Esther Simpson, 1.13.1941; Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 96.

CHAPTER 11: TUBE ALLOYS, BIRMINGHAM 1941

Born wanted Kellermann: ROYSOC, Born to Francis Simon, 10.23.1940.

An obvious employer: BODLEIAN-S, KF to Esther Simpson, 1.23.1941.

While Klaus was in Canada: NA, AB 1/572, RP to Born, 11.5.1940.

Ultimately, the uncertainty: NA, AB 1/572, RP to Born, 11.27.1940.

Born approached Peierls: NA, AB 1/572, correspondence between RP and Born, 3.12–22.1941.

needed a good physicist: NA, AB 1/574, correspondence between RP and KF, 5.10–22.1941.

He included a detailed letter: NA, AB 1/572, RP to Born, 5.12.1941.

Fuchs’s friends from the camps: NA, KV 2/1249, KF, interview with Skardon, 12.21.1949.

Kuczynski, an outsider: NA, KV 2/1879, 3.11.1941.

Bringing German art, literature: Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, introduction.

Klaus could easily see friends: NA, KV 2/1259, police note, 4.15.1941; FAM, Wilhelm Koenen to Fuchs, 1959; Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, 6, 27–29, 34–35. There are various accounts of where Fuchs and Kremer met. One is a party in April at the Kuczynski’s house. Fuchs himself reported a house on the south side of Hyde Park. He probably wouldn’t have named the house of a friend. During his trip in April, he did go to the league. So it is somewhat confusing.

an agent for the GRU: NA, KV 2/1561, 10.1939; AB 46/232, 9.6.1940; KV 2/1248, Robertson, 11.23.1949.

Klaus found himself: NA, KV 2/1259, Metropolitan Police memo, 4.15.1941.

“Vast Power Source”: NUFFIELD, New York Times, May 5, 1940, in D.30.

the article drew special attention: NUFFIELD, Simon to Frederick Lindemann, May 7, 1940, in D.230.

The outcome was a blithe memo: NUFFIELD, Lindemann to Churchill, n.d., D.230/3,4.

Government regulations excluded: NA, KV 2/1658, G. P. Thompson to Air Marshal R. H. M. S. Saundby, 5.3.1940.

they became full members: Farmelo, Churchill’s Bomb, 180.

“When Fuchs went to Birmingham”: CHURCH, Born to Gustav Born, 9.2.1945.

“And so all illusion”: Klaus Fuchs, “Wenn die Neugier nicht wär’!,” Meine Jugendstunden, Teilnehmerheft 77/78, 26.

the deadliest raids were over: ROYSOC, Born to Franz Simon, 8.2.1942.

Klaus became their lodger: Peierls, Bird of Passage, 163.

Peierls was enthusiastic about Fuchs: NA, AB 1/575, RP to Frisch, 5.31.1941.

Fuchs had recalculated: NA, AB 1/576, RP to Maurice Pryce, 6.8.1941.

Even though Fuchs: CHURCH, Born to Gustav Born, 6.25.1941; ROYSOC, Born to Simon, 8.8.1941; Peierls, Bird of Passage, 164.

he was the perfect fit: BODLEIAN-P, Rudolf Peierls, taped interview.

By August, Klaus was well: FBI, “VI. Fuchs’ Espionage Contacts Outside United States,” 109; NA, KV 2/1256, Nov. 1950.

They could build an atomic bomb: U.S. Department of Energy, Manhattan Project, MAUD Report, 1941.

create a partnership on the bomb: Farmelo, Churchill’s Bomb, 196–99, 203–5.

required filtering uranium gas: NA, AB 1/576, 12.23.1941; AB 1/572, 2.24.1942, 3.29.1942, 3.31.1942.

They plowed through the research: NA, AB 1/572, 8.15.1944.

examined German science journals: NA, AB 1/576, RP to Simon, 9.15.1941; Simon to RP, 2.1.1943; AB 1/578, W. A. Akers to Gorell Barnes, 6.22.1942; AB 1/574, RP to H. Halban, 8.22.1942.

Sonya and Klaus first met: NA, KV 2/1963, Fuchs note, 2.24.1950; Werner, Sonya’s Report, 250–52; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 86.

Fuchs didn’t limit himself: Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, introduction.

the involvement of both in the KPD: IWM, Alfred Doerfel interview.

Fuchs now had authority: NA, AB 1/574, 6.18.1942.

Fuchs became a naturalized British citizen: NA, CRIM 1/2052, 6.18.1942; KV 2/1263, 7.31.1942.

MI5 officers questioned employing him: NA, KV 2/1245, 10.10.1941.

“We must . . . face the fact”: Farmelo, Churchill’s Bomb, 215, as quoted from Margaret Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1964), 437–38.

The British and Americans reached consensus: NA, AB 1/578, 10.29.1943.

the agreement didn’t specify mutual trust: IWM, Rudolf Peierls, taped interview.

CHAPTER 12: MANHATTAN PROJECT, NEW YORK 1943

The East Coast headquarters: NA, KV 2/1255, Fuchs’s notebook (addresses) from Arnold on 5.31.1950; FBI Vault, “V. Fuchs’ Scientific Knowledge and Disclosures to Russians,” 100. The building occupies a corner. Some references cite the address as 37 Wall Street.

Meetings between the British team: NBLA, Williams Collection [DOE Archives], box 2, folder 11, War Department, 12.8.1943; FBI: “V. Fuchs’ Scientific Knowledge and Disclosures to Russians,” 88.

They needed special permission: NBLA, Williams Collection [DOE Archives], box 2, folder 11, War Department, 3.18.1944.

Permission was granted automatically: FBI, File no. 5, 2.13.1950, 79–80.

the plant’s thousands of components: IWM, Rudolf Peierls, taped interview.

her life had changed dramatically: USHMM, correspondence between Christel Fuchs, Hertha Kraus, and members of Quaker and refugee organizations, March–June 1938.

An intensive refugee crisis: USHMM, “Immigration to the United States, 1933–41,” Holocaust Encyclopedia.

From Cambridge, she worked tirelessly: USHMM, correspondence between Christel Fuchs, Hertha Kraus, and members of Quaker and refugee organizations, June–Jan. 1939.

This, their first encounter: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 2.5.1944.

Klaus explained his assignment: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, B, 2.5.1944, 31.

Before going their separate ways: Williams, Gold FBI statement, 197.

Klaus had brought no materials: LANL, Fuchs FBI interviews, LA-UR-14-27960, 3, 7, 10.

He began his report: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, B, 2.5.1944, 31.

The KGB knew a lot about Klaus: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 1.29.1944, 119, 121.

But there were also reservations: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, C-NY 2.15.1944, 148.

they had fleeting encounters: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 2.25.1944, 150.

Raymond had his own drill: LANL, Fuchs FBI interviews, LA-UR-14-27960, 14.

Klaus asked about the reaction: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, B, 48, NY-C 3.22.1944.

Why had he, “Goose”: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, C—to May, 7.28.1944, 416.

fabricated a detailed cover story: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, B, 48.

The work of the British team: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, B, 49; C/t NY-C, 6.15.1944, A, 171.

The scientists and engineers at Los Alamos: NA, AB 1/5, RP to KF, 6.14.1944, 74.

Fuchs’s deployment remained a subject: NA, AB 1/639, James Chadwick to RP, 7.14.1944.

bringing Fuchs back to England: NA, AB 1/639, James Chadwick to RP, 7.14.1944.

“He was a student of Born”: LANL, Teller to Mayer, 2.8.1944.

Fuchs sent Peierls his latest report: NA, AB 1/575, KF to RP, 6.17.1944.

he complained to Peierls: NA, AB 1/575, Fuchs report, 7.22.1944.

Fuchs succinctly summarized their work: LANL, Klaus Fuchs, personnel form, 6.27.1945, 5.

the British mission’s seventeen reports: NA, AB 1/575, KF to RP, 7.17.1944; AB 1/575, 7.22.1944.

Klaus made two more trips: LANL, Fuchs FBI interviews, LA-UR-14-27960, 16.

It returned a qualified: NA, KV 2/1245, 1.17.1944.

Klaus and Raymond were to meet: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, cipher cable NY to C, 8.29.1944, D, 154.

Fuchs was on his way to Camp Y: NA, KV 2/1249, Patterson, 1.10.1950.

he learned that Klaus had left: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, cipher cable NY to C, 8.29.1944, D, 154.

CHAPTER 13: TRINITY, LOS ALAMOS 1944

transported Klaus to a new world: McKibbin, “Under a Pinon Tree,” 13, 15, 17.

Dorothy McKibbin, the indispensable gatekeeper: McKibbin interview, 1965, Voices of the Manhattan Project, Atomic Heritage Foundation.

The research site: Densho Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.densho.org. Today it is the Japanese Internment Remembrance Site on La Loma Vista Road in Santa Fe.

they reached the Pajarito Plateau: Jette, Inside Box 1663, 31–32; Lilli Hornig, interview with author, Aug. 2011; Patricia Shaffer, interview with author, Oct. 2016.

Fuchs’s next-door neighbor: Gleick, Genius, 190, 187.

Evenings when they were free: FBI, Feynman interview, 78.

Fuchs worked in the Theoretical Division: FBI, “V. Fuchs’ Scientific Knowledge and Disclosures to Russians,” 103s; LANL, Theoretical Divisions—Personnel, Building E, 9.1.1944, “Inter-office Memorandum, 11.8.1944, Bethe to Oppenheimer.

Implosion was a completely different: Bruce Cameron Reed, in “Electronics and Detonators,” Atomic Heritage Foundation.

Teller was a brilliant physicist: Lilli Hornig, interview with author, Aug. 11, 2011.

When he refused to head: BRITLIBE, Rotblat interview C464/17/01-17; Joel N. Shurkin, “Edward Teller, ‘Father of the Hydrogen Bomb,’ Is Dead at 95,” Stanford Report, Sept. 23, 2003.

The best minds in physics: NA, AB 1/576, RP to George Placzek, 9.10.1944.

Los Alamos a “scientific paradise”: BRITLIBE, Nicholas Metropolis, taped interview, in Moss, “We Built the Bomb.” BBC Radio 4, July 16, 1985, T8056R C1.

a perfect research environment: NBLA, Williams Collection [DOE Archives], box 2, folder 11, War Department, 4.24.1944, 3.7.1945, 3.17.1945.

Fuchs’s first invitation to a colloquium: NBLA, Williams Collection [DOE Archives], box 2, folder 11, War Department, 4.24.1944, 3.7.1945, 3.17.1945.

Bethe considered him vital: Bethe, interview with author, 1997; FBI, Bethe interview, 2.14.1950; Lilli Hornig, interview with author, Aug. 2011.

Weisskopf was yet another: Teller, interview with author, Dec. 1999.

The scientists were sworn to silence: John Wickerham interview, Voices of the Manhattan Project, Atomic Heritage Foundation.

The British team was particularly close knit: BODLEIAN-P, Genia Peierls, taped interview.

He dated a couple: NA, KV 2/1253, KF to the Skinners, 2.27.1959; FBI, Skyrme interview, 78.

filling the few down hours: Conant, 109 East Palace, 260.

He also had a reputation: BODLEIAN-P, Special Collections D.54, R. Peierls to Schneir, Dec. 1962, and to Hans Bethe, 2.15.1950.

Everyone on the Hill was entitled: McKibbin, “Under a Pinon Tree,” 77; Szasz, British Scientists and the Manhattan Project, 27.

Raymond and Rest were reunited: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 70–73. Klaus, Christel, and Gold all gave separate descriptions of this encounter from memory. This account is from Gold’s contemporaneous notes to the KGB.

principles of the A-bomb construction: FBI, “Fuchs’ Scientific Knowledge and Disclosure to the Russians,” 107H-I.

He did have a request: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 73.

Fuchs remained an enigma: Jette, Inside Box 1663, 118; Laura Fermi, in Conant, 109 East Palace, 245.

“He was willing to help”: Teller, Memoirs, 185.

Fuchs was everyone’s favorite: BODLEIAN-P, Genia Peierls, taped interview.

the creation of an atomic bomb should end: BRITLIBE, Moss, “We Built the Bomb.”

Churchill and Roosevelt had secretly agreed: The Roosevelt-Churchill “Tube Alloys’ Deal,” 10.19.1944, Atomicarchives.com.

But also in April: Fuchs, “Wenn die Neugier nicht wär’!,” 26.

Fuchs, in a lecture to students: Fuchs, “Wenn die Neugier nicht wär’!,” 26.

On June 2, 1945, Fuchs: Daniel Lang, “Letter from Harwell,” New Yorker, Oct. 6, 1956, 153.

the bomb would not be ready: Williams, Appendix C, FBI Gold statement, 213–14.

the nuclear detonation would ignite: McKibbin, “Under a Pinon Tree,” 102–5; Jette, Inside Box 1663, 94, 198–200; Lilli Hornig, interview with author, Aug. 11, 2011.

Russian radio interference: BRITLIBE, Norris Bradbury, interview, in Moss, “We Built the Bomb.”

“an unholy light”: McKibbin, “Under a Pinon Tree,” 106.

“bedraggled and depressed”: BRITLIBE, Mrs. Deutsch and Martin Deutsch, interviews, in Moss, “We Built the Bomb.”

One exception to the funereal mood: Bird and Sherwin, American Prometheus, 313.

The next day a petition circulated: Szilard petition, Atomic Heritage Foundation.

Whatever warning the Japanese: Alex Wellerstein, “A Day Too Late,” Restricted Data: Nuclear Secrecy Blog, April 26, 2013.

The military argued that: BRITLIBE, Rotblat interview, tape side A, 5, 7.25.1999. Some historians believe that Rotblat’s memory was faulty, that it was out of character for Groves to have said this at a dinner party. Rotblat repeated this claim many times in interviews. Although memories are often faulty, it’s usually not the content but the context: who said it, when, and where. That Rotblat heard this from some important person is likely, if not Groves.

After learning of the massive: FBI, interview of associates of Fuchs, Martin Deutsch, 80.

Scientists gravely cautioned their governments: NA, AB 16/705, “Memorandum from British Scientists at the Los Alamos Laboratory, New Mexico,” n.d.

“We, a group of the scientists”: LANL, “An Open Letter to the President,” Bethe, draft memo, n.d.

they rendezvoused on the outskirts: Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy, 214–15.

His first remark was: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 76.

Fuchs later related: LANL, LA-UR-14-27960, issued 10.10.2014, 24.

Alamogordo is approximately: Hornblum, Invisible Harry Gold, 149.

What had been theory: FBI, “V. Fuchs’ Scientific Knowledge and Disclosure to the Russians,” 107J.

Before parting, they set: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 76.

Fuchs’s only time away: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.2.1949.

The foursome had a relaxed trip: Teller, Memoirs, 223; Peierls, Bird of Passage, 205–6.

When Raymond met with his contact: VENONA, Vassiliev black notebook, 11.12.1945, 125.

caution was very much in order: VENONA, Vassiliev black notebook, 126.

one more visit to Cambridge: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 12.27.1946, 80.

During Fuchs’s twenty-two-month stay: LANL, Alan Brady Carr, “Lists of Material Held at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Research Library,” Project Y Inventory, 11/5/2009.

“I developed the theory”: LANL, Klaus Fuchs, personnel form, 6.27.1945, 5.

CHAPTER 14: DIRECTOR, HARWELL 1946

Britain’s stature was declining: Hyde, Atom Bomb Spies, 124; Leebaert, Fifty-Year Wound, 42, 43, 203.

He accepted the offer: NA, AB 1/444, 3.6.1946, 3.11.1946, 3.14.1946.

advised Fuchs on staff possibilities: NA, AB 1/574, RP to KF, 3.29.1946.

“The location of the place”: NA, AB 1/574, RP to KF, 5.6.1946.

The similarities with Los Alamos: NA, AB 27/8; Alan Dick, “Didcot Days: Atom Scientist Lifts the Veil.”

Fuchs advised the British: NA, AB 6/30, KF and Chadwick correspondence, 4.1–6.3.46.

he visited Christel in Cambridge: NA, AB 1/574, KF to RP, 8.7.1950; memoir of Christel Fuchs Heinemann, family material of Dietmar and Silke Goebel.

Harwell was impatient: NA, AB 1/444, McMillan to KF, 6.25.1946.

One of his first “duty calls”: Flowers, “Friends and Fences,” in Atomic Spice.

required a more extensive background check: NA, KV 4/202, 9.27–12.4.1946.

the counterspies opened an investigation: NA, KV 2/1658, 12.20.1946.

ordered mail inspections on both men: NA, KV 2/1658, 1.23.1947.

Fuchs was to meet his new handler: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 80–81; Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 189–93.

nuclear energy for domestic use: NA, AB 27/8, Cockcroft to Basil Schonland, 2.22.1950.

use in an atomic bomb: Farmelo, Churchill’s Bomb, 371–72.

preserve its monopoly on atomic energy: NBLA, Williams Collection, T. O. Jones and Ralph Carlisle Smith report, 9.18.1945.

“As a result of the passage”: NA, AB 1/444, McMillan to KF, 8.21.1946.

the British moved forward: NA, AB 27/8, Cockcroft to Basil Schonland, 2.22.1950.

Fuchs’s Theoretical Division: NA, AB 27/8, Cockcroft to Basil Schonland, 2.22.1950.

he took a personal hand: Hyde, Atom Bomb Spies, 94, as quoted from Gowing, Independence and Deterrence, 144.

He kept his ties to American scientists: NA, AB 6/30, Awbery to KF, 7.16.1946.

He brought back invaluable intelligence: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 82.

Fuchs’s approach to running the division: BRITLIBE, Flowers, interview.

a director who energetically intervened: BODLEIAN-P, RP to Hans Bethe, 2.15.1950.

She saw none of the “opinionated conceit”: Flowers, “Friends and Fences,” in Atomic Spice.

all of the disparate assessments: BODLEIAN-P, RP to Hans Bethe, 2.15.1950.

In 1948, Rudi Peierls: ROYSOC, LC/1951/08.

Klaus missed his first meeting: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 82–83; Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 195–96, 205.

“kind, generous, quiet”: Michael Buneman, interview with author.

Mary remembered a hesitant Klaus: Flowers, “Harwell and Hamburg,” in Atomic Spice.

The two men became good friends: Kathy Behrens Cowell, interview with author, Oct. 27, 2016.

asked them to search: NA, ES 1/493, KF to Akers, 2.8.1946.

to exit Germany was almost impossible: USHMM, memo on conference, 6.5.1947.

What it was and what he had done: USHMM, AFSC memo to Jones and Gallagher, 6.10.1950.

assumed name of Strauss: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 225.

He reported back that his father: Flowers, “Harwell and Hamburg,” in Atomic Spice; NA, KV 2/1254, Skardon memo on questions, 4.5.1950; Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, March 15, 2017.

Surviving the war: All information on these war years from author interviews with Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski.

It was a harsh life: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 10.18.1945; Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, March 2014.

Emil suffered from exhaustion: USHMM, AFSC correspondence, 6.5.1947.

he found a niche lecturing: NA, KV 2/1247, 10.6.1949; AFSC correspondence, 8.19.1946; GEHEEB, EF to PG, 11.3.1947.

Emil’s ultimate objective: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 9.11.1947.

provided a visa for Emil only: AFSC correspondence, 4.22.1948.

Eventually, they both received: USHMM, AFSC correspondence, 8.22.1947, 3.8.1948, 5.14,1948.

trying to immigrate to the United States: USHMM, Kraus to Pendle Hill, 12.13.1948.

the university wanted him: USHMM, EF to “Friends,” 6.16.1949.

Christel sat despondent: USHMM, AFSC note for file, 4.4.1949.

Klaus and Eugene met: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 198.

They ended the meeting: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 83.

he developed bronchial pneumonia: NA, AB27/8, KF to John Cockcroft, 6.8.1949; Moorehead, Traitors, 126.

Another reason for increased caution: John Simkin, “Venona Project,” Spartacus, Yuri Bruslov, memorandum on William Weisband, Feb. 1948.

Mary Buneman was there: Mary Flowers, interview with author, March 2012.

if young Klaus came with him: USHMM, AFSC note, 1.1.1949.

the progressive Shady Hill School: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author.

Emil had another concern: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author.

CHAPTER 15: SUSPECTS, LONDON, SEPTEMBER 1949

“Comparison of evidence”: NA, KV 6/134, no. 11, 9.5.1949.

“Consider evidence against Fuchs”: NA, KV 6/134, no. 10, 9.5.1949.

Martin labeled “adverse traces”: NA, KV 6/134, no. 12, 9.5.1949.

It was an obvious role: Charles Perrin, interview with author.

Perrin would follow up: NA, KV 6/134, 9.7.1949.

Robertson was very much: Nigel West, interview with author.

a comprehensive surveillance web: NA, AB 46/232, 9.7.1949; Nigel West, interview with author.

they would check every contact: NA, AB 46/232, 9.12.1949.

Fuchs must not sense: NA, AB 46/232, minutes 116 and 135.

Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs was born: NA, AB 4/232, no. 120, 9.8.1949, and KV 2/1245, no. 32, 8.30.1943.

he now required scrutiny: NA, AB 46/232, minutes 120 and 123.

a discrepancy piqued Valentine: NA, KV 6/134, 9.13.1949.

a clerk accidentally transposed: NA, KV 2/1245, registration.

duly recorded Perrin’s frank opinions: NA, KV 6/134, 9.8.1949.

summarizing Perrin’s information: NA, AB 46/232, 9.9.1949, and KV 6/134, 9.7.1949.

surveillance plan included: NA, AB 46/232, minute 115, 9.7.1949.

Arnold was a perfect source: Lang, “Letter from Harwell,” 148.

his talents as a sympathetic listener: Flowers, Atomic Spice.

Arnold had a philosophy: KV 2/1257, 1–7.

His warmth also hid: KV 2/1257, article.

he watched carefully for those: NA, KV 2/1245.

Fuchs was just the kind of person: KV 2/1257, “Notes on Dr. K E J Fuchs,” 1.

Arnold invited Fuchs to his house: KV 2/1257, “Notes on Dr. K E J Fuchs,” 4.

“In the early days”: KV 2/1257, “Notes on Dr. K E J Fuchs,” 2.

What Arnold might have missed: Kathy Behrens Cowell, interview with author, Oct. 27, 2016.

He dodged talking to Oscar: Mary Flowers, interview with author, March 2012.

he contacted MI5: NA, AB 46/232, Robertson’s minutes of meeting, 9.7.1949.

a lax attitude toward security: NA, KV 2/1245, minutes 45 and 46.

Serpell spoke with the field operative: NA, KV 2/1245, minute 47.

information contained an unsettling sentence: NA, KV 2/1245, minute 48.

Serpell wrote a piercing summary: KV 2/1245, no. 49, 11.13.1946.

danger to security would be a prime issue: KV 2/1245, no. 55, 12.4.1946.

Serpell’s memo also: KV 2/1245, nos. 51 and 49, 11.26.1946.

Serpell’s attack ruffled staff: KV 2/1245, no. 57, 12.20.1946.

Hollis ordered warrants: KV 2/1245, Nos. 50, 53, 57, 58, 59.

Arnold’s suspicions about Fuchs: AB 46/232, 9.9.1949.

supply ample background: AB 46/232, 9.9.1949.

CHAPTER 16: SURVEILLANCE, HARWELL, SEPTEMBER 1949

recorded Fuchs’s every word: NA, AB 46/232, Progress Report, 9.16.1946; Wright, Spy Catcher, 55.

Fuchs’s incoming and outgoing mail: Wright, Spy Catcher, 57.

a select team of Watchers: NA, AB 46/232, Progress Report, 9.16.1946.

The chief of the Watchers: Wright, Spy Catcher, 63; Hyde, Atom Bomb Spies, 100.

a basic description: NA, AB 46/232, 9.12.1949.

Fuchs’s pattern was office: NA, AB 46/232, Skardon to Storrier, note, 9.12.1949.

kept tabs on his plans: NA, AB 46/232, 9.16.1949.

With holes, the whole system: NA, AB 46/232, Progress Report, 9.16.1946; NA, AB 46/232, night duty officer, 9.17.1946.

tracking had their tribulations: NA, AB 46/232, 9.19–20.1949.

Fuchs invited Arnold: NA, AB 46/232, 9.22.1949 and 9.26.1949.

Arnold reported to MI5: NA, AB 46/232, Robertson note, 9.19.1946; AB 46/232, call with Arnold, 9.19.1949; AB 46/232, visit to Harwell, 9.20.1949.

The first real test: NA, KV 46/232, 9.21.1949.

recapped the trip’s arrangements: NA, AB 46/232, 9.26.1949.

The only person disappointed: NA, KV 2/1266, 9.21.1949.

The investigation slogged along: NA, AB 46/232, 9.21.1949.

Listeners reported two visitors: NA, KV 2/1266, 9.20.1949.

The friendship between the Skinners: Flowers, Atomic Spice.

he and Erna saw each other: Flowers, Atomic Spice.

prefer older women: Fuchs’s girlfriend in Kiel, Erna Skinner, and his later wife were all older.

Arnold described Erna: NA, KV 2/1246, 9.29.1949.

she talked a lot: Mary Flowers, interview with author.

details from British passport records: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.11.1949, and KV 2/2080, 3.9.1950.

her father was a respected journalist: JTA, “Daily New Bulletin,” March 19, 1952, 6.

The Skinners had married: NA, KV 2/2080, draft book review, 1952.

Skinner a proper English gentleman: Moorehead, Traitors, 62.

He knew of her affairs: Mary Flowers, interview with author, March 2012.

Erna to be Fuchs’s mistress: NA, KV 2/1248, minute note, no. 335, 11.21.1949.

Fuchs visited the Skinners: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.7.1949.

MI5 had a tap on: NA, AB 46/232, note and passport request, 9.19.1949; KV 2/1247, passport check, 9.28.1949; KV 2/1246, 9.29.1949.

MI5 was following: NA, KV 2/1658, 10.6.1949 and 10.7.1949.

an explosive finding: NA, KV 6/134, 9.19.1949 and 9.21.1949.

unlikely to consider transferring: NA, KV 6/134, 9.21.1949.

didn’t want the timetable embedded: NA, KV 6/134, 9.30.1949.

The presence of a sister: NA, KV 6/134, 9.15.1949 (2) and 9.16.1949.

requested any records on Kristel: NA, AB 46/232, 9.16.1949 and 9.21.1949.

His minute on September 20: NA, AB 46/232, 9.20.1949.

another troubling fact about Kristel: NA, KV 6/134, 9.14.1949, and Liddell diary, approx. 9.9.1949, date redacted.

Martin pressured his main contact: NA, KV 6/134, 9.21.1949.

Could they at least confirm: NA, KV 6/134, 9.23.1949.

MI5 couldn’t eliminate: NA, AB 46/232, Sillitoe letter, 9.30.1949.

suspicions of Western intelligence: NA, KV 2/1266, 9.24.1949.

CHAPTER 17: DISPOSAL, LONDON, OCTOBER 1949

Fuchs went to London: NA, AB 46/232, Arnold meeting, 9.26.1949.

Their first sighting: NA, KV 2/1246.

They stayed in Fuchs’s shadow: NA, AB 46/232, 9.27.1949 and 9.28.1949.

ended their preliminary report: NA, AB 46/232, 9.27.1949 and 9.28.1949.

Fuchs spent the next day: NA, AB 46/232, 9.29.1949.

details on Fuchs’s health: NA, AB 46/232 and KV 2/1266, both 9.29.1949.

Watchers swiftly garnered facts: NA, KV 2/1247, 10.6–19.1949.

According to that dossier: NA, AB 46/232, note, 9.29.1949; KV 2/2080, 3.9.1950, and 2/1247, 10.5.1949.

it was time to intensify the investigation: NA, KV 2/1247, 10.4.1949.

Erna’s friends concerned Robertson: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.23.1949, 12.

to open a file on Erna: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.4.1949 and 11.24.1949, and KV 2/1247, 10.13.1949.

Erna had been diagnosed with anxiety: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.2.1949, 11.4.1949, 11.23.1949, 14.

This was Tatiana Malleson: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.23.1949, 13.

her then husband had been in touch: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.8.1949.

Arnold kept an eye on the visitors: NA, KV 2/2080, 10.16.1951.

the Skinners’ seemed like a boardinghouse: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.3.1949.

required the setting of priorities: NA, KV 2/1247, 10.4.1949.

data cluttered the investigation timeline: NA, KV 2/1247, 10.17.1949.

Robertson ordered all letters: NA, KV 2/1247, 10.7.1949.

Fuchs’s bank records: NA, AB 46/232, 9.22.1949; KV 2/1247, 10.5.1949.

a curious trip to photography supply shops: NA, KV 2/1247, report, 10.7.1949; KV 2/1248, general October surveillance, 11.2.1949.

scour the administrative files: NA, KV 6/134, 10.7.1949.

MI5 and the government would pull back resources: NA, KV 6/134, 10.7.1949.

Patterson promised Martin: NA, KV 6/134, 10.14.1949.

scoured the British mission’s files: NA, KV 6/134, 10.13.1949.

framework with disquieting facts: NA, KV 6/134, 10.19.1949.

There was still no evidence: NA, KV 6/134, 10.19.1949.

Fuchs might break: NA, KV 6/134, 10.19–22.1949.

advice concerning his father: NA, KV 2/1247, 10.17.1949.

a letter from an old family friend: NA, KV 2/1247, Hertzsch letter, 10.5.1949.

He requested a mail check: NA, KV 2/1247, 11.7.1949.

Arnold and Fuchs met again: NA, KV 2/1247, 10.17.1949, and KV 4/471, Liddell, 195–96, 10.31.1949.

Arnold described in a memo: NA, Arnold to Robertson, note, KV 2/1247.

Fuchs’s response about reacting to pressure: NA, KV 2/1247, MS, 10.26.1949.

CHAPTER 18: INTERROGATION, LONDON, NOVEMBER 1949

Sillitoe subscribed to the argument: NA, KV 4/471, Liddell diary, 10.31.1949.

Sillitoe and Liddell were very different: NA, KV 6/134, 11.1.1949; KV 4/471, 10.31.1949, 176.

Sillitoe cabled Patterson in Washington: NA, KV 6/134, 11.1.1949.

Weighing whether Fuchs would confess: NA, KV 6/134, 11.2.1949.

Fuchs’s ultimate fate: NA, KV 6/134, 11.2.1949 and 11.4.1949.

Listeners heard Fuchs mention his passport: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.10.1949.

agreement for an interrogation: NA, KV 6/134, 11.10.1949.

edging Fuchs out of Harwell: NA, KV 4/471, 11.15.1949 and KV 6/134, 11.16.1949.

Fuchs’s value to Harwell: NA, KV 6/134, 11.17.1949.

agreed with the strategy of interrogation: NA, PREM 18/1279, 11.17.1949.

not pursuing Fuchs outside London: NA, KV 2/1248, Marriott, minute 293, 11.3.1949.

suspending the Listeners’ services: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.1.1949.

Robertson delved more deeply: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.3.1949 and 11.7.1949.

An inquisitive postman had informed: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.7.1949.

Gunn could be involved in: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.23.1949 and 11.22.1949.

theory about potential spies: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.21.1949.

Americans had rejected Peierls’s recommendation: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.21.1949.

the discovery of the Russian machine: NA, KV 4/471, 11.21.1949.

Martin received a list: NA, KV 6/134, 11.22.1949.

Fuchs kept going about: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.12.1949.

The Watchers followed: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.14–17.1949.

Fuchs played host: NA, KV 2/1248, 11.19.1949 and 11.21.1949.

“all necessary clearance”: NA, KV 6/134, 11.25.1949.

Jim Skardon, their top interrogator: NA, KV 6/134, 12.15.1949.

Watchers and Listeners on alert: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.21.1949.

“to detain FUCHS on any pretext”: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.21.1949.

not to forewarn Fuchs: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.21.1949.

Skardon opened up: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.21.1949.

denied being a spy: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.21.1949.

Fuchs’s office tap recorded: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.21.1949.

Liddell summarized MI5’s evening meeting: NA, KV 4/471, 12.21.1949.

Liddell’s conclusion: NA, KV 4/471, 12.21.1949.

Listeners came back on: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.21.1949.

Erna’s call to him: NA, KV 2/1269, 12.22.1949.

recorded a knock on the front door: NA, KV 2/1249, 12.21.1949. The surveillance sheet is very confusing on the time of the knock on the door. The typed notation directly follows “midnight” on December 21, 1949. It reads, “21.15 (22.12.49) There was a knock on the front door—unanswered.” The time signature would translate to 9:15 p.m. on the next day. Following this note is “08.45 R. [Ramsey] got up.” I have assumed that the time recorded is a typo, and the time is either 1:15 a.m. or 2:15 a.m. This surveillance sheet covers through 9:35 a.m. of December 22, 1949, only.

many unanswered questions: NA, KV 2/1269, 1.21.1950. Erna called Klaus on that night, and he also didn’t answer. Perhaps he was out both nights, but no departure and return were picked up on the bug.

MI5’s records focused on: NA, KV 6/134, 12.22.1949.

“FUCHS volunteered or admitted”: Venona changed names a few times. Early on it was STOCK, and in this message “STOCK” was used.

analysis of the evidence: NA, KV 4/471, 12.22.1949.

all signs still pointed to him: NA, KV 6/134, 12.23.1949.

what was to become of Fuchs: NA, KV 6/134, 12.28.1949.

MI5 group reviewed: NA, KV 6/134, 12.29.1949.

The decoders in Arlington: NA, KV 4/471.

CHAPTER 19: DISPOSAL AGAIN, LONDON, JANUARY 1950

Liddell reviewed the case: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.2.1950.

finalize Fuchs’s disposal: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.4.1950.

no real interest in absolving her: NA, KV 6/134, 1.4.1950.

he had to resign from Harwell: NA, KV 2/1269, several surveillance records, 1.10.1950.

Cockcroft’s account disturbed them: NA, KV 2/1250, Marriott memo, 1.13.1950; KV 2/1249, Robertson memo, 1.11.1950; KV 2/1263, 2.1.1950, summary report.

exposed another travel option: NA, KV 2/1249, 1.11.1950, and KV 2/1269, 1.11.1950.

MI5 picked up hints: NA, KV 2/1249, 1.11.1950. Little in the conversation of January 10, 1950, that MI5 released to the public suggests that Fuchs told Erna much. There are later suggestions that he told her about giving the Russians information on diffusion. Erna’s conversations with friends the next day also don’t hint at anything. It is possible that MI5 didn’t release a document that contained that discussion.

plans to reduce surveillance: NA, KV 2/1249, Marriott note, 1.5.1950, restated in KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.24.1950.

The regular taps on Fuchs’s home: NA, KV 2/1249, 1.11.1950.

“He had been told that”: NA, KV 2/1263, Skardon report, 1.18.1950.

Fuchs’s understanding about his departure: NA, KV 2/1250, White note, 1.18.1950.

Fuchs needed to leave Harwell: NA, KV 2/1250, 1.19.1950.

In the convoluted world of espionage: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.20.1950.

the Skinners to talk: STASI, Klaus Fuchs, filmed interview.

he called Henry Arnold: NA, KV 2/1269, phone bug, 1.21.1950; KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.23.1950.

then discussed the Bunemans: NA, KV 2/1269, phone bug, 1.22.1950.

Seemingly, Arnold made his call to MI5: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.23.1950.

he asked to speak to the MI5 security officer: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.23.1950.

both men were at the Skinners’: NA, KV 2/1269, phone bug, 1.23.1950.

She was concerned about Klaus’s level: NA, KV 2/2081, Arnold to Robertson, 10.7.1952; KV 2/1250, Robertson memo, 1.23.1950.

It was just the two: NA, KV 2/1250, 1.20.1950.

The Fuchs who opened: Moorehead, Traitors, 139; NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.25.1950.

seemed to drain Fuchs: Moorehead, Traitors, 139.

Seeing Fuchs’s emotional stress: NA, KV 2/1263, 4th–7th interviews, 1.31.1950; Moorehead, Traitors, 138.

Fuchs was distracted: Moorehead, Traitors, 140.

CHAPTER 20: CONFESSION, HARWELL, JANUARY 1950

“About the middle of 1942”: Moorehead, Traitors, 140. Fuchs pegged his spying as beginning in 1942. In fact, it began in August 1941, six weeks after Hitler invaded Russia. Whether the invasion played a role or he misremembered isn’t clear.

This second half of the narrative: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.24.1950; Moorehead, Traitors, 141. Even though Moorehead wrote that Skardon didn’t take notes, this may not be true. MI5 still retains documents on this interview. Moorehead used Skardon as his main source along with documents shown to him. MI5 saying it had no documents excused them from providing any. Moorehead wouldn’t necessarily have known the truth. That there was no SF does seem true. That decision was made as of January 5. NA, KV 2/1249, 1.5.1950.

Fuchs understood the risk: NA, KV 2/1263, 4th interview, 1.24.1950.

“a duty to the world”: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.25.1950.

he had cut the tie: NA, KV 2/1263, 4th interview, 1.24.1950; KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.25.1950.

Fuchs had made a full confession: NA, KV 2/1269 (2), KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.24.1950; Moorehead, Traitors, 141.

reestablish monitoring with Listeners: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.11.1950.

report suspicious activity: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson memo, 1.24.1950.

do no investigating: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 1.25.1950; Moorehead, Traitors, 147–48.

extract as much information: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson diary of events, 1.25.1950.

what had finally made Fuchs break: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.25.1950.

Without Fuchs’s trust in Arnold: Hyde, Atom Bomb Spies, 123.

it was the deeper psychology: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.25.1950.

Skardon had not cautioned Fuchs: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson minutes of Perrin meeting, 1.25.1950.

Did the government gain: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson minutes of Perrin meeting, 1.25.1950.

“In his present state of mind”: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson minutes of Perrin meeting, 1.25.1950.

a tape recording might embarrass him: NA, KV 2/1250, Dick White to Marriott, 1.25.1950; KV 2/1250, Robertson minutes on Perrin call, 1.27.1950.

No one expected Fuchs: NA, KV 2/1250, MI5 meeting with Perrin, 1.25.1950.

Arnold knew more than he admitted: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson diary of events, 1.25.1950.

An ordinary day: NA, KV 2/1269, phone records, 1.25.1950.

Arnold asked Fuchs if he had handed: NA, KV 2/1263, Appendix B to MI5 report on Fuchs, n.d.

They discussed Fuchs’s main concern: NA, KV 2/1263, interviews, 12.24–30.1949, 2.

Fuchs generally described his rendezvous: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson minutes on Perrin call, 1.27.1950.

he was going to see Mary Buneman: NA, KV 2/1269, Skinners’ phone check, 1.26.1950.

It was a ruse: NA, KV 2/1250, note on White’s call with Perrin, 1.27.1950.

Fuchs’s statement gave a largely accurate: NA, KV 6/134, Fuchs’s written confession, 1.27.1950.

“namely to give information”: NA, KV 2/1263, KF confession, 2.24.1950, 8.

if Fuchs made his confession: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.27.1950.

government could bury those words: Moorehead, Traitors, 143.

Klaus puttered about: NA, KV 2/1269, phone checks, 1.28–29.1950.

Skinner planned to take steps: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson minutes on Perrin call, 1.27.1950; KV 2/1250, note on White call with Perrin, 1.27.1950.

The FBI, as yet, had received no report: NA, KV 2/134, Martin cable from Washington, 1.26.1950; KV 2/1250, White to Perrin, 1.27.1950.

Russians had other sources: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 2.1.1950.

What had surprised Fuchs: FBI, “V. Fuchs’ Scientific Knowledge and Disclosures to Russians,” 107F; NA, AB 1/695, Perrin report, 1.30.1950.

Fuchs’s details of the plutonium bomb: David Holloway, interview with Cindy Kelly, May 14, 2018, Atomic Heritage Foundation.

“From what I have seen”: Teller, Memoirs, 276.

The state of Russian electronics: Hans Bethe, interview with Richard Rhodes, 1993, Atomic Heritage Foundation.

the Russians faced additional hurdles: David Holloway, interview with Cindy Kelly, May 14, 2018, Atomic Heritage Foundation.

he confessed because of his friends: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.31.1950.

“I would deal a grave blow”: NA, KV 6/134, Fuchs’s written confession, 1.27.1950.

Fuchs took the train back to Harwell: NA, KV 2/1269, phone check, 1.30.1950.

Perrin later reflected: “Profile: Michael Perrin, the Man to Whom Fuchs Confessed,” New Scientist, Jan. 24, 1957, 28.

He wanted her to come to Germany: NA, KV 2/1250, EF to KF, 1.19.1950, rec’d 1.30.1950.

Fuchs called Henry Arnold: NA, KV 2/1269, phone check, 1.31.1950.

Arnold pleaded ignorance: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note, 2.1.1950.

CHAPTER 21: ARREST, LONDON, FEBRUARY 1950

Hill outlined the evidence: NA, KV 2/1263, Hill memo, 2.1.1950.

Humphreys would present: NA, KV 2/1263, note on the case against Fuchs for the Director General and the Prime Minister, 1.31.1950; KV 2/1263, Hill note on 2.1.1950 conference, 2.2.1950.

Fuchs, unsuspicious, kept his schedule: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson note on 1.31.1950 meeting, 2.1.1950.

Perrin called Fuchs: NA, KV 2/1270, phone check, 2.2.1950.

they laid out two counts: NA, KV 2/1263, Hill, meeting in public prosecutor’s office, 2.2.1950.

possible embarrassment to the FBI: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.2.1950.

Portal’s point overrode the objections: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.2.1950; NA, KV 2/1263, Hill, meeting in public prosecutor’s office, 2.2.1950.

Bostwick folding security gate: Interview with Charles Perrin and observations of author

Perrin was at Shell Mex: Some sources report that Burt arrived at 3:15. Burt distorted most of the information on Fuchs in his autobiography. Given the times that Hill wrote in his memo, it would have been impossible for Burt to be there then. Liddell writes in his diary on February 2 that it was at 3:45.

he wanted to speak to Perrin: NA, KV 2/1252, KF to the Skinners, 2.3.1950.

Fuchs said the first thing: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.2.1950; NA, KV 2/1252, KF to the Skinners, 2.3.1950.

He later said of the remark: NA, KV 2/1252, KF to the Skinners, 2.3.1950.

formally charged and processed: NA, KV 2/1263, Inspector Smith, Metropolitan Police note, 3.6.1950, and AB 126/383, 2.3.1950.

He spent the night in a cell: NA, KV 2/1252, KF to the Skinners, 2.3.1950.

Burt traveled on to Harwell: NA, KV 2/1270, phone checks, 2.2.1950.

Robertson collected his own cache: NA, KV 2/1250, Robertson notes, 2.2.1950 and 2.3.1950.

“According to what we heard”: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.2.1950; Moorehead, Traitors, 150.

Fuchs was remanded into custody: NA, AB 126/383, 2.3.1950.

MI5 expected calls from the press: NA, KV 2/1263, Hill memos, 2.3.1950.

they pondered how they had overlooked: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 1.25.1950.

Fuchs case was front-page news: NA, CSC 11/103, “Scientist Accused of Atomic Leak,” Daily Telegraph, Feb. 4, 1950.

juxtaposed the FBI’s rapid exposure: NA, KV 2/1263, Arthur J. Cohen to Elwyn Jones, MP, 2.7.1950.

“It is re-assuring to note”: NA, AB 126.383, British Embassy Washington to Cabinet, 2.8.1950.

the Brits had been lax: NA, KV 2/1263, Arthur J. Cohen to Elwyn Jones, MP, 2.7.1950.

The Skinners had left: NA, KV 2/1270, Skinners’ phone check, 2.1.1950 and 2.3.1950.

Burt interviewed Peierls: NA, KV 2/1263, Marriott note, 2.6.1950.

Peierls asked Fuchs why he had spied: NA, KV 2/1661, Metropolitan Police note, 2.6.1950.

Scotland Yard installed a microphone: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.4.1950.

Fuchs who was depressed: NA, KV 2/1270, Skinner phone check, 2.4.1950; KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.4.1950.

Klaus had told Erna details: NA, KV 2/1970, Skinner’s phone call to Cherwell, 2.5.1950.

They felt the hurt and betrayal: NA, KV 2/1254, Skinners to KF, 3.17.1950; KV 2/1259, minute 968, Robertson, and Skardon note, 9.24.1950.

Klaus’s work pressure: NA, KV 2/1661, RP to Commander Burt, rec’d 2.6.1950.

At what point does the price: BODLEIAN-P, Special Collections, RP to Bohr and Bethe, 2.14–15.1950.

Anyone who had worked with Fuchs: FBI, B. interviews of associates of Fuchs, 84Fn2.

Henry Arnold wrote to Oscar: Flowers, Atomic Spice, 10.

MI5 put mail and/or phone warrants: Sir Norman Wooding, CBE, “Christopher Frank Kearton, Baron Kearton of Whitchurch, Bucks, Kt, O.B.E., 17 February 1911–2 July 1992,” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 224; Cathy Cowell, interview with author, Oct. 2016.

Peierls tried to reconcile: Peierls, Bird of Passage, 9.

Klaus had taken the fate: BODLEIAN-P, Genia Peierls, taped interview.

Brixton meted out Fuchs’s perquisite: NA, KV 2/1270, Gunn’s visit, 2.16.1950.

The bug didn’t capture much: NA, KV 2/1270, Skinner phone check, 2.6.1950; prison bug, 2.8.1950.

She wrote a direct, honest: NA, KV 2/1661, Genia Peierls to KF, 2.4.1950.

Klaus responded in kind: BODLEIAN, KF to Genia Peierls.

Liddell, who had access: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.7.1950.

colleagues questioned the news: Conant, 109 East Palace, 244.

Fuchs’s former next-door neighbor: Gleick, Genius, 191.

In an interview with the FBI: FBI, File no. 5, 2.5.1950, 25; interview with Hans Bethe, 2.14.1950.

considered Fuchs’s motives: MI5 website, 1950 box, comment by Dick White.

none of them knew that he was a spy: NA, AB 27/8, Philip Lee to Cockcroft, 3.15.1950.

The obliviousness of MI5: NA, KV 2/1252, Robertson note, 2.15.1950.

Those from the internment camps: NA, KV 2/1252, Martin J. Muller to Mr. Sykes, 2.13.1950.

Fuchs asked Skardon: NA, KV 6/134, Skardon notes, 2.8.1950.

Martin cabled Washington: NA, KV 6/134, Martin cable to Washington, 2.8.1950; KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.3.1950 and 2.8.1950.

Genia Peierls reflected on the years: BODLEIAN-P, Genia Peierls, taped interview.

Klaus wrote to his father: FAM, KF to EF, 2.21.1949.

his last rendezvous: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 199n61. Feklisov explains that information in the KGB archives says the meeting was on April 1. Since he would never meet on such a day—they usually met on a Saturday—he wrote that they met on April 2.

Sitting in a prison cell: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to EF, 5.10.1950.

When MI5 received a telegram: NA KV 6/134, Patterson memo about PH.60, 8.16.1949.

As for suspecting: NA AB 46/232, 9.27.1949 and 9.27.1949; AB 46/232 and KV 2/1266, both 9.29.1949; KV 2/1247, report, 10.7.1949.

CHAPTER 22: TRIAL, LONDON, MARCH 1950

wires between the U.S. and the U.K. security: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.7.1950.

he testified that Fuchs: Marshall Andrews and Alfred Friendly, “Hydrogen Bomb Secret Feared Given Russians,” Washington Post, 4.2.50, 1.

They had a noncooperative security service: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.7.1950.

“Wrong in principle”: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.7.1950.

British legal procedures restricted: NA, KV 2/1263, DG to Hoover, cable, 2.6.1950.

the FBI warned the Foreign Office: NA, FO 371/82902, 2.6.1950.

The British political air: BODLEIAN-P, RP to Bethe, 3.30.1950.

Liddell agreed with the necessity: NA, KV 4/472, 6.2.1950, and Liddell diary, 6.9.1950.

That morning, police drove Fuchs: Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy, 126; NA, KV 2/1263, “Confession Alleged in Atom Case,” Daily Telegraph, Feb. 11, 1950.

Fuchs’s confidence in the rightness: NA, KV 2/1263, Humphreys’s opening statement, 2.10.1950.

Humphreys omitted a few sentences: NA, KV 2/1265, Hill note, 2.8.1950.

Humphreys called four witnesses: NA, KV 2/1263, Humphreys’s conference meeting, 2.3.1950; CRIM 1/2052, Skardon testimony, 2.10.1950.

“What Skardon said”: NA, KV 2/1270, Skinners’ prison visit, 2.25.1950.

At the end of the hearing: NA, KV 2/1263, Humphreys statement; CRIM 1/2052, court documents; KV 2/1263, Hill note, all on 2.10.1950.

Skardon made a visit to Brixton: NA, KV 6/134, Skardon memo, 2.15.1950.

the governor of Brixton Prison alerted: NA, PCOM 9/2377/2, minute from governor, 2.15.1950.

Fuchs had arrived basically healthy: NA, PCOM 9/2377/3, note from physical exam, 2.14.1950.

On the afternoon of Fuchs’s arrest: NA, KV 6/134, cable to Washington, 2.2.1950.

Two FBI agents found Christel: Heidi Holzer and Marianna Holzer, interviews with author.

she was perfectly rational: FBI, Fuchs File no. 8, 3.3.1950, 93–94. Technically, it was deleted. It was not released by the FBI.

She didn’t know much: NA, KC 6/134, Washington to Martin, 2.13.1950.

FBI agents interviewed: FBI, 3.24.1950.

MI5 questioned Fuchs: NA, KV 2/1251, Martin to Washington, 2.7.1950.

The interest in Halperin’s diary: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 3.31.1950.

Hoover whipped up a storm: FBI, no. 3, 2.20.1950, 29–33.

American and British code breakers: NA, KV 6/134, Patterson to Martin (Sillitoe), 8.16.1949; KV 6/134, Oldfield to Martin, 8.17.1949; Hamrick, Deceiving the Deceivers, 36–38.

Sillitoe agreed emphatically: FBI, no. 3, 2.20.1950, 29–33, and no. 6, 2.28.1950, 65.

American embassy’s FBI liaison: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 2.16.1950.

Brixton was a real prison: NA, KV 2/1252, KF to the Skinners, 2.21.1950.

The Skinners came down: NA, KV 2/1270, Skinners’ visit, 2.25.1950.

The Peierlses visited: NA, KV 6/134, Skardon memo, 2.15.1950.

Fuchs identify places involved: NA, KV 6/134, Skardon memo, 2.11.1950.

Fuchs described the young woman: NA, KV 6/134, Fuchs note, 2.17.1950.

he gave Skardon a couple of names: NA, KV 2/1879, Skardon note, 3.9.1950. MI5 seemed to use the Soviet secret police organizations GRU and OGPU interchangeably.

Johanna Klopstech, German-born: NA, KV 6/135, DG to Patterson, 3.17.1950.

He wasn’t to be tried for treason: Moorehead, Traitors, 152.

“Strangely enough at that instant”: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 216, as translated from 1983 Stasi interview of Fuchs.

the date for Fuchs’s trial: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to HA, 4.14.1950.

the charges against Fuchs: NA, CRIM 1/2052.

Shawcross opened with Fuchs’s motives: NA, KV 2/1264, trial transcript, 10.

Shawcross’s portrayal of Fuchs: NA, KV 2/1257, McBarnet minute and White to Perrin, 4.6.1951 and 5.18.1951.

Hoping to soften Fuchs’s sentence: NA, KV 2/1264, trial transcript.

“Luckily, the Americans were not”: “Thank You, My Lord,” Time, March 13, 1950.

“gross fabrication since Fuchs”: TASS, March 7, 1950, archive.org/stream/KlausFuchs/fuchs98_djvu.txt.

CHAPTER 23: THE FBI, LONDON, MAY 1950

Fuchs’s attorney had three weeks: FBI, no. 8, Ladd to Hoover, 3.6.1950.

MI5 provided the FBI: NA, KV 6/135, Sillitoe to Patterson, 3.9.1950.

Whitson’s sop that MI5: FBI, 3.17.1950.

Director General Sillitoe had his own problems: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 3.17.1950.

Parliament had buzzed: NA, KV 2/1253, “The Case of Klaus Fuchs.”

Relying on Sillitoe’s brief: NA, PREM 18/1279, extract from the PM’s address, 3.6.1950; KV 2/1263, Hill note, 2.20.1950; Liddell to Mathew, 2.23.1950.

the most insidious spies: NA, KV 2/1263, Edward Bridges to Sillitoe, 3.8.1950.

“I hope you understand”: NA, KV 2/1270, Serpell interview, 3.23.1950.

Serpell considered Radomysler’s judgment: NA, KV 2/1254, Serpell memo, 3.23.1950.

The report allowed: NA, PREM 18/1279, memos to Sir Edward Bridges and the PM, 3.30.1950.

MI5 hadn’t contacted internees: NA, CAB 126/338, 6.16.1950; NBLA, Williams files, “Talks on Security Standards at Washington, July 19–21, 1950.”

unearth his American contact: NA, KV 6/135, D.C. to Martin, cable, 3.8.1950.

Fuchs was settling into prison: NA, KV 2/1253, Skardon memos, 3.9–10.1950; KV 2/1255, Skardon memo, 5.11.1950.

“That guy Skardon of yours”: NA, KV 26/135, Washington to Martin, 3.9.1950.

they wanted Fuchs in America: NA, KV 6/135, Martin to D.C., 3.8.1950; Washington to Martin, 3.9.1950.

Would MI5 transport him?: NA, KV 6/135, Sillitoe to Patterson, 3.14.1950.

granting the FBI access: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 3.24.1950.

The Home Office feared the precedent: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 4.28.1950.

Sillitoe cabled Patterson: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 4.28.1950.

It was the fourth leak: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 5.6.1950.

He saw the interrogation: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 5.19.1950.

they needed Fuchs’s agreement: NA, KV 2/1253, Skardon memos, 3.9–10.1950; KV 2/1255, Skardon memo, 5.11.1950.

He assumed that protecting Christel: Lamphere interview, in “Secret Victories of the KGB,” Red Files, PBS.

Lamphere and Clegg had brought: NA, KV 2/3797, Marriott to D.C., 5.20.1950; KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 5.20.1950.

Fuchs saw the film again: FBI, FBI confession, edited by Roger Allen and Linda S. Meade, July 26, 1950.

“Yes, that is my American contact”: Hornblum, Invisible Harry Gold, 208. Marshall Perlin, an American attorney, visited with Fuchs in prison years later. According to him, Fuchs said that he never identified Gold as his courier. Hyde, Atom Bomb Spies, 120. However, according to KGB files, Fuchs told them he did after Gold had confessed.

the FBI had taken Gold: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 64.

Gold engaged in small-scale industrial espionage: Hornblum, Invisible Harry Gold, 32–58.

called the FBI’s attention to Gold: FBI, File no. 4, Teletype between FBI offices, 2.24.1950, 76.

his defenses crumbled: FBI, “VII. Identification of Harry Gold as ‘Goose’ and Subsequent Developments,” 125–30; Hornblum, Invisible Harry Gold, 207.

When Fuchs visited Christel: Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War, 156.

he never involved Christel: Heidi Holzer and Marianna Holzer, interviews with author.

“He had several further meetings”: NA, AB 1/695, Perrin notes on Fuchs interview, 1.3.1950.

When Gold’s arrest: Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War, 147.

Hoover demanded that all FBI: Henry T. Gallagher, “Behind Hoover’s FBI and Ole Miss, Clegg Was a Force,” Clarion Ledger, June 13, 2015.

“The arrest of Harry GOLD”: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 5.22.1950.

Patterson sent a telegram: NA, KV 2/3797, D.C. to MI5, 5.25.1950.

Liddell considered the tactics: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 6.9.1950; KV 6/135, Patterson cable, 5.25.1950.

Fuchs signed two statements: Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War, 152.

Klaus wrote to Erna: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to Christel, 6.5.1950; and KF to Erna, 6.6.1950.

He asked Lamphere and Clegg to meet: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 6.1.1950; Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War, 158–59.

According to Clegg’s report: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 6.9.1950, 6.13.1950, 6.26.1950.

CHAPTER 24: PRISON, WORMWOOD SCRUBS, 1950 AND ON

Skardon wrote a letter: NA, KV 6/135, Skardon to Paice, 6.8.1950.

Klaus wrote to Christel: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to Christel, 6.5.1950.

her family had paid a price: Stephen Heinemann, interview with author, Sept. 2013.

every day was the same: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to Christel, 6.5.1950; FAM, Catchpool to EF, 5.23.1950.

officials moved him to HM Prison Stafford: NA, KV 2/1255, Skardon note, 6.29.1950.

Fuchs was held in maximum security: NA, PCOM 9/2377/4, 1950 reports from Stafford prison.

Letters were fewer: NA, KV 2/2030, H. Skinner to KF, 12.20.1950; KV 2/1257, E. Skinner to KF, 2.20.1951.

Klaus decided to forgo physics: NA, PCOM 9/2377/2, letter to Paice, 2.26.1953.

Ursula claimed never: Werner, Sonya’s Report, 285–88; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 86.

MI5 realized that their approach: NA, KV 4/472, Liddell diary, 4.21.1950.

reverse naturalization as a punishment: NA, KV 2/1255, KF to Under Secretary of State, 6.28.1950.

“There is no doubt”: NA, KV 2/1255, Skardon memo, 7.14.1950.

The Deprivation of Citizenship Committee: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 95.

read parts of Fuchs’s letter: NA, KV 2/1265, “British Nationality of Fuchs,” Times (London), Dec. 21, 1950.

the Home Office canceled his citizenship: NA, KV 2/1265, Home Office, 2.12.1952.

Emil visited Gerhard: NA, KV 2/1257, EF to KF, 2.18.1951.

ended the letter with good wishes: NA, KV 2/1257, KF to EF, 5.12.1951.

two governments had established talks: NA, CAB 126/338, 6.16.1950.

MI5 took an opportunity: NA, KV 2/1257, Prison Commission to Sillitoe, 3.7.1951.

“anti-Communist propaganda”: NA, PCOM 9/377, note on Sillitoe visit, 3.7.1951.

Moorehead proceeded without meeting Fuchs: CHURCH, Moorehead to Born, 10.27.1951, and Born to Moorehead, 11.2.1950.

Skardon was Moorehead’s minder: Moorehead, Traitors, 143.

featured Fuchs and two other atomic spies: “Atom-Verrat,” Der Spiegel, Sept. 24, 1952.

“How that conscience was formed”: Moorehead, Traitors, 66.

reminded him of the martyrs: Raymond Mortimer, “Three Traitors,” Times (London), July 1950.

Emil Fuchs had his own unique response: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:128.

stories of Fuchs sold newspapers: NA, CAB 21/4320, memo to Frank Newsam, 7.17.1952, and PREM 11/2079, DMF to PM, 7.16.1952.

Fuchs continued to do research: NA, CAB 126/339, Washington, D.C., to Cabinet office, 4.24.1951.

MI5’s Guy Liddell was: NA, ES 1/493, Liddell to Morgan, 6.10.1952.

Penney, Skardon, and an MI6 officer: NA, ES 1/493, Morgan to Penney, 2.9.1953.

the prison system had moved Fuchs: NA, PCOM 9/2377/4, 1954 reports from Wakefield prison.

the distance from Harwell increased: NA, PCOM 9/337/2, letter to Paice, 2.26.53.

twenty-one-year-old nephew, Klaus Kittowski: NA, PREM 11/2079, CR to PM, 5.17.1957.

Finally, father and son reunited: NA, PREM 11/2079, CR to PM, 5.17.1957.

Fuchs’s good behavior: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 57.

more than a model prisoner: NA, PCOM 9/2377, W. F. Roper, 1.31.1958.

He shared his cigarettes: BA, NY/4301, KF to Horst Brasch, 9.1.1986; NA, PCOM 9/2377/4, reports from Wakefield prison.

began to contemplate Fuchs’s release: NA, PCOM 9/2377, Cunningham and Hoyer-Millar, 12.13.1957 and 1.6.1958.

Fuchs went to East Germany: NA, CAB 128/33/32, 5.28.1959, 5; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 64.

Emil could still draw on: FAM, EF to Ministry of the Interior, East Germany, 2.12.1959, and EF to Stephen Thorne, 3.2.1959.

As the KGB wrote: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 58.

Arrangements for him to leave: NA, CAB 301/108, 6.11.1959, 1176.

“Dear Klaus”: FAM, RP to KF, 6.15.1959.

The one person Fuchs did trust: NA, PCOM 9/2377, J.H.W. memo, 4.29.1958.

“I’ll be glad enough”: Lang, “Letter from Harwell,” 154.

“I can’t call him a friend”: Moss, Klaus Fuchs, 127.

They were driving to London Airport: London Airport is now Heathrow Airport.

he sat in a private room: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 225.

Mixed feelings accompanied his departure: NA, PCOM 9/2377, newspaper reports, 6.23–24.1959.

he expressed some regret: NA, PCOM 9/2377, Hugh McLeave, “Fuchs: No Resentment,” 6.23.1959.

CHAPTER 25: EAST GERMANY, BERLIN 1959

ensure Klaus’s safe arrival: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 59.

reporters, who jumped into their cars: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, March 2012.

Johnson called at Wandlitz: Johnson, Reuter Reporter Among the Communists, 158–63.

“I could not have embraced”: Mott, Life in Science, 51.

Other requests were equally tied: FAM, A. W. Miles to KF, 1.7.1960.

He relived memories with old friends: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Nitschke, 8.13.1959 and 9.12.1959.

Nitschke, impressed with Klaus’s humble: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Nitschke, 7.29.1959.

the cloud over Fuchs’s reputation: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Nitschke, 7.29.1959; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 63.

extended an invitation from the KGB: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 226.

Barwich wanted Fuchs to create: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, n.d.

Fuchs’s positions as deputy director: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, signature illegible, approx. 1.9.1959; BA DY30 7970, form.

Klaus had been enamored: Heidi Holzer and Marianna Holzer, interviews with author.

he had sent her amusing letters: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 224.

Klaus and Grete were opposites: Heidi Holzer, interview with author, Sept. 2013.

Klaus took a short break: FAM, Hermann Scherzich (?) to KF, 7.22.1959.

“Fuchs is an outstanding”: Hoffmann, “Fritz Lange, Klaus Fuchs, and the Remigration of Scientists to East Germany,” 418.

He struggled with this: FAM, KF, interview with Sonntag, 1.8.1987.

there were intrigues: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Nitschke report, 9.29.1959.

When he applied for admission: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, March 2017.

Klaus acknowledged to the reporter: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Maye report, 9.9.1962.

Declaring the article: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Maye report, 9.29.1962.

Everyone was a potential informant: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, Nov. 2018.

Klaus was ready for another cure: BA, DY30–9293627.4.60.

He had a hard entry: There is confusion over whether Fuchs went to Russia immediately after arriving in Berlin.

CHAPTER 26: EXPECTATIONS, DRESDEN 1960

the bureaucracy that Klaus faced: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 5.15.1960, 61.

how much he told counterintelligence: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 3.15.1960 and 5.15.1960, 60–61.

Klaus saw breeder reactors: Klaus Fuchs, “The Promise of Nuclear Power,” special issue, Kernenergie 7, no. 6/7 (1964): 368.

the peaceful use of atomic energy: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, Kvasnikov memo on 5.28.1960 meeting, 63.

Fuchs canceled his activities: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, May and June 1960, 61–65.

Hans described Klaus: VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, 5.28.1960, 61.

A Stasi informant reported: STASI, “Sonderabt. Ltr.,” signature redacted, 7.13.1960; VENONA, Vassiliev yellow notebook no. 1, Starikov memo, 6.2.1960.

Klaus had helped the Chinese: Communication with Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski and Guenther Flach.

He complained to the SED: Hoffmann, “Fritz Lange, Klaus Fuchs, and the Remigration of Scientists to East Germany,” 419.

a cheap and plentiful supply: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, memo, unsigned, 9.1.1959.

Klaus informed Werner: STASI, “Sonderabt. Ltr.,” Werner memo, 1.23.1964.

Klaus did add an interesting aside: STASI, “Sonderabt. Ltr.,” Werner memo, 1.23.1964.

a quick political evaluation: STASI, “Sonderabt. Ltr.,” “Schwarzdorn” memo, 4.25.1965; STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Maye report, 12.4.1961.

his minder wrote: STASI, MfS AIM no. 8234/73, Teil P/1, Maye report, 6.1.1973.

Klaus explained that at Harwell: FAM, Fuchs, interview with Sonntag, 1.8.1987.

he repudiated Stalinism: STASI, Klaus Fuchs, taped interview, 1983.

Klaus and Grete experienced life: Heidi Holzer, interview with author, Sept. 2013.

Klaus never used his position: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, Nov. 2018.

Released from Westborough Hospital: Marianna Holzer, interview with author, May 2013.

On weekends, Heidi: Heidi Holzer, interview with author, Sept .2013.

His funeral, a solemn state affair: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, Oct. 2012.

music accompanied every movement: BA, DY30, 9819, file on funeral of Klaus Fuchs.

The disintegration would: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, interview with author, Nov. 18, 2019.

EPILOGUE: REMEMBRANCES, BERLIN, MARCH 1989

Friedrichsfelde Cemetery: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 227–31. This contains all information on meeting with Grete.

Feklisov recorded in his memoir: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 232.

he offered a simple moral reckoning: Feklisov, Man Behind the Rosenbergs, 232.