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Index

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Aachen, 71

Academy of Arts (Berlin), 350

Academy of Fine Arts (Leipzig), 22, 24

Acheson, Dean, 318

Air Force, U.S., 1

Air Ministry, 130, 132, 133–35

Alamogordo test. See Trinity test

“Alexander.” See Kremer, Simon

Anderson, John, 97, 98, 107, 119, 141, 142

Andes, 143

anti-Semitism, 107, 204

Arandora Star, 111–12, 119

Arlington Hall Station, 3, 5–6, 189–90, 292–93

arms race, 169–71

Army Air Force, U.S., 168

Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 143–44

Arnold, Henry, 202–6

background of, 202

Erna and, 215, 216, 224, 251–53, 254, 261–62, 279, 337

Fuchs’s relationship with, 204–6, 208–9, 219, 229–30, 232–33, 238–39, 251–54, 258–59, 269–70, 323, 326–27

Fuchs’s trial, 289, 295

at Harwell, 190, 191, 219, 228, 249, 278

surveillance, 202–6, 208–9, 212, 213, 216, 221, 229–30, 238–39, 258–59, 261–62, 269–70, 300

Atlantic Charter, 7, 140–41, 176, 198

atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2, 165, 166, 168, 267, 321

atomic bomb research. See also Central Institute for Nuclear Physics; Los Alamos; and specific scientists

of Chinese, 344

nuclear fission, 132–34, 136, 137–39, 149

nuclear weapon design, 157–58, 164, 173

Quebec Agreement between U.S. and U.K., 141–42, 182, 198, 201

of Soviet Union, 1–2, 169–70, 219, 266, 267–68, 322

Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (McMahon Act), 169, 172, 178, 182–83, 262, 318, 324

Atomic Energy Research Establishment (Harwell Laboratory), 176, 177–79, 181–85, 189–90, 193, 202–9, 211–17

attack on Pearl Harbor, 141

Attenberger, Lisa, 42, 56, 66

Attlee, Clement, 2, 4, 175, 182, 247, 300, 301, 304

Austria, 92, 97

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 19, 23, 25

Bad Freienwalde, 69–70

Bad Pyrmont, 93, 186

Barbusse, Henri, 72, 74

Barwich, Heinz, 335–36

Battlefields Park, 120–21

Battle of Dunkirk, 13

Battle of the Atlantic, 125

Battle of the Plains of Abraham, 114

Behrens, Derek, 183–84, 185, 205, 278

Belgian Congo uranium mine, 318

Bell Cinema, 152

Bell for Adano, A (Hersey), 160

Bentley, Elizabeth, 173, 180, 190, 307, 309

Beria, Lavrentiy, 268

Berlin Police, 60, 61

Berlin Wall, 344, 350

Bethe, Hans

background of, 150

at Cornell, 178

Fuchs’s loyalties, 152, 280

at Los Alamos, 150, 152, 157, 158, 160, 178, 350

at Odenwaldschule, 150

opposition to use of atomic bomb, 170

Peierls’s letters to, 277–78, 287

Birmingham, 65, 135–36, 139–40, 200. See also University of Birmingham

Blackett, Patrick, 82

Blitz, the, 2–3, 12–13, 106–7, 124, 125, 131

Blitzkrieg, 94, 106, 119, 124

Bohr, Niels, 237, 277–78

Born, Gustav, 135, 281

Born, Hedwig “Hedi,” 88–89, 94, 97, 282, 334

Born, Irene, 88

Born, Max, 158–59

background of, 87, 88

Fuchs’s and Kellerman’s internment, 97, 99, 107, 119–20

Fuchs’s atomic research, 134–35, 136

Fuchs’s spying, 281, 282

Fuchs’s relationship with, 88–89, 94, 95, 96, 107–8, 119–20, 129–30, 175, 237, 281, 282, 292, 334

Goeppert Mayer and, 158, 161

Mott and, 78, 86

Teller and, 151, 158–59, 161

at University of Edinburgh, 86, 87–89, 94, 96, 129–30, 175, 237, 282

at University of Göttingen, 78, 86, 87, 88

Weisskopf and, 161

Bow Street Magistrate’s Court, 288–89

Brecht, Bertolt, 41–42

breeder reactors, 342, 344–45, 346

Bristol Evening Post, 85

Bristol. See University of Bristol

British Communist Party, 4, 10

British internment, 11–12, 97–99, 101–8

British Overseas Supply Company, 225, 229

British Society of Friends, 68, 78

Brixton Prison, 276, 278–80, 281–82, 288, 290, 293–94, 297

Brookings Institution, 91

Brooklyn Museum of Art, 152

Buddhist Society of England, 271

Buneman, Mary, 253, 254

background of, 179

Fuchs’s relationship with, 178–79, 184, 185, 190, 205, 214, 216, 262–63

Buneman, Micky, 185

Buneman, Oscar

background of, 179

at Harwell, 205–6, 253, 278, 287, 303

at Los Alamos, 178–79, 184

MI5 investigation of, 278

Burgess, Guy, 284, 301, 319

Burroughs, William S., 157

Burt, Leonard, 271, 273–74, 276–78, 288, 289

Butler, Rab, 325–26

California Institute of Technology, 170

Cambridge Five, 284, 301

Camp L, 75, 114–23, 301–2, 323

Camp N, 123–24, 291, 301, 302, 323

Canada internment, 106–7, 113–24, 301–2

Carnegie Hall, 148

Carnegie Trust, 89, 96, 129

Catchpool, Corder, 279

Central Institute for Nuclear Physics (ZfK), 335–39, 344

Chadwick, James, 237

Chamberlain, Neville, 60, 92, 94, 96

Chambers, Whittaker, 286

Channel Islands, 106

Chaplin, Charlie, 26

Charles I of England, 180

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 19

Chinese atomic research, 344

Churchill, Winston

Atlantic Charter, 7, 140–41, 176, 198

atomic research, 134, 138

general election of 1945, 175

Iron Curtain Speech, 4

Potsdam Conference, 168–69, 175

Quebec Agreement, 141–42, 182, 198, 201

war leadership of, 94, 96, 97, 98, 134, 138, 140–41, 165

Cimperman, John, 293, 304

Clarendon Laboratory, 134

Clegg, Hugh, 305–6, 308, 310–11

Cockcroft, John, 237, 342

Fuchs and Royal Society, 184

Fuchs’s resignation, 248–50, 251–52

Fuchs’s arrest, 274

Fuchs’s interrogation and confession, 238, 242, 258, 259, 260, 264, 271

at Harwell, 176, 177–78, 184, 216, 234

Collard, John, 206, 208

Columbia University, 144, 150, 158, 161, 236

Communist International, 61, 72

Communist Party of Germany (KPD)

election of 1930, 25

election of 1932, 28–29, 39, 40, 43, 47

election of 1933, 62–64

Nazi era, 60, 61, 66, 67, 71–72, 78, 91, 140

Weimar Republic years, 25, 27, 32, 40–41, 42, 45–46

“Conscience Without Reason!” (editorial), 320

Corpus Christi College, 111

Cove Fields, 114

Cuba, 145, 347

Cuno, Wilhelm, 29

Curtis-Bennett, Derek, 295, 296–98

Dachau concentration camp, 335

Davis, Bette, 91

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 314

Denmark, 44, 84–85

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), 13, 152

Deprivation of Citizenship Committee, 316–17

Deutsch, Martin, 168

Deutschtum, 44, 47

Dickens, Charles, 295

Didcot Station, 212, 216, 221, 254

Diels, Rudolf, 61

Dimitrov, Georgi, 72, 81, 336–37

Disraeli, Benjamin, 213

Donaldson’s School, 99

Dresden, 27–28, 84, 336, 337–38, 348, 352

Dunworth, John, 224

East Berlin, 331–33

East Germany, 325, 331–39, 344, 346–48

Eden, Anthony, 82

Edinburgh Sheriff Court, 95

“Effect of Fluctuation in the Flow of Nitrogen,” 5–7, 198, 199, 201

Einstein, Albert, 72, 119

Eisenach, 19–20, 22, 23–25, 27–28, 30, 31, 68, 333

Elbe River, 90

electrical conductivity, 78–79, 83

XI International Brigade, 102, 116–17, 235

“enemy aliens,” 11–12, 95–96, 97, 130, 134, 205

Engels, Friedrich, 25, 42

Essmann, Walther, 46, 51–52

Ettrick, SS, 108–12, 115

“Eugene” (Alexander Feklisov), 180–81, 184–85, 188–89, 282–83, 290

Evangelical Community Newsletter, 12, 19

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Fuchs case, 7–8, 197, 198, 218–19, 225–27, 232, 236–37, 242, 264–65, 275, 286, 287, 290, 298, 299, 303–9

Gold case, 173, 306–9

Heinemann case, 202, 217–18, 232

Peierls case, 217–19, 225

“Raymond” interrogation, 190

Feklisov, Alexander (“Eugene”), 351–52

Feynman, Richard, 157–58, 161, 168, 280

Flowers, Brian, 184

Folkestone, 11, 77

Forster, E. M., 82

For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway), 117, 132

Fraenkel, Abraham, 52, 57

Free German League of Culture, 131, 140, 294, 334

Free Socialist Student Group, 32–36, 40–41, 47, 49–52, 55–56, 65–66, 349

French and Indian War, 114, 120–21

Friedrichsfelde Cemetery, 349–50, 351

Frisch, Otto, 132–34, 136, 137

Fuchs, Elisabeth. See Kittowski, Elisabeth Fuchs

Fuchs, Else Wagner, 24, 30, 31

death of, 35–36

Fuchs, Emil, 19–24, 78, 225

arrest and imprisonment of, 68–69

in Bad Freienwalde, 69–70

in Berlin, 79–80, 85, 90–91, 186–87

in East Germany with son Klaus, 321, 324, 325, 332, 337

death of, 346

death of daughter Elisabeth, 93–94

death of son Gerhard, 317–18

death of wife Else, 35–36

Harwell visit to son Klaus, 190–91, 283

at Kiel Pedagogical Academy, 30, 31–32, 36, 56–57, 65

pacifist beliefs of, 21, 37, 41, 62, 65, 346

political activities of, 20–24, 25, 30, 35, 36–37, 56–57, 65, 68–70, 186, 320

Quakerism of, 37, 41, 63–64, 65, 68, 78, 84, 89, 92, 93, 186

Reichstag fire, 55, 68

trial of, 69, 72–73

at University of Leipzig, 186, 188, 190, 191, 228, 229, 232, 238, 269, 317, 324

von Bardeleben incident, 68, 73

at Woodbrooke Quaker Centre, 65, 68

during World War I, 19–20, 21

during World War II, 186–88

Fuchs, Gerhard

arrest and release of, 84

in Berlin, 29, 30, 31, 47–48, 54, 61–62, 64, 65–66, 69, 84

death of, 317–18

“Kaspar” report on, 12, 196

at Odenwaldschule, 20, 21, 22

political activities of, 26–27, 32, 34–35, 36–37, 40–41, 43–48, 65–68, 79–80, 84–85

in Prague, 79, 84, 89–92

in Switzerland, 12, 20, 92–93, 186, 187–88, 317

tuberculosis (TB) of, 84, 89, 93, 186, 187–88

at University of Kiel, 44–47

at University of Leipzig, 24, 26–27, 34–35, 36–37, 43

Fuchs, Karin, 48, 65, 84, 85, 317

Fuchs, Klaus

at Air Ministry, 130, 132, 133–35

arrest of, 272–84

atomic research of, 132–35, 138–39, 143–44, 146–50, 342, 344–45, 346

Los Alamos, 155–57, 160, 161–62, 167, 173, 176, 178, 265–66, 322

ZfK, 335–39

in Berlin, 58–62, 64, 66–68, 69

confession of, 254–55, 257–67

inducement, 229–30, 260, 261, 264, 268, 271, 289, 295, 296

death of, 346, 348–49

denaturalization of, 316–17

early life of, 19–24

in East Germany, 325, 331–39, 344, 346–48

education of, 23, 24–27, 29–30, 31, 36–37, 66–68

“enemy alien” status of, 11–12, 95–96, 97, 130, 132

Erna and, 189, 208, 214–17, 222–23, 239, 240–41, 249–54, 261–63, 269, 289, 311, 319, 326

espionage and meetings

“Alexander,” 131, 136–37, 139, 281–82, 290, 294

“Eugene,” 180–81, 184–85, 188–89, 282–83, 290

“Raymond,” 145–49, 152–53, 160–61, 163–64, 166, 169, 170, 171–73, 180, 190, 265–66, 291, 305–11, 343

“Sonya,” 139–40, 315, 350

evil, question of, 352–53

funeral of, 349–50, 351

Grete and, 72, 337–38, 339, 349, 350, 351–52

as “Margot” (Margarete), 323, 325, 336

at Harwell, 176, 177–79, 181–85, 189–90, 202–9, 211–17, 247, 253, 269, 271–72, 281, 321, 346

forced resignation, 247–50, 254

imprisonment of

at Brixton, 276, 278–80, 281–82, 288, 290, 293–94, 297

release, 324–28

at Stafford, 314–15, 321

at Wakefield, 323–25, 327

at Wormwood Scrubs, 303–4, 305–6, 313–14

internment of

in Britain, 97–99, 101–8

in Canada, 113–24

Ettrick crossing, 108–12

in London, 77–78

MI5 file, 8–15, 140, 300–301

MI5 interrogations, 231–32, 237–43, 247–48, 250–51

MI5 security investigation, 195–209

MI5 security review, 179–80, 181–82

MI5 surveillance, 198–209, 211–17, 221–22, 224–25, 227–30, 233, 234–35, 237, 239, 240–41, 258–59

Moorehead interview, 319–20

naturalization, 9, 129–30, 140, 179, 234

in Paris, 71–74

registration card of, 80–81

student political activities of, 27–28, 29–30, 34–37, 39–43, 47, 49–56, 66–68

death sentence, 53–54

trial of, 285–86, 288–90, 295–98

at University of Birmingham, 130, 132, 133, 135, 139, 201, 207–8, 263

at University of Bristol, 9–10, 74, 77, 78–79, 81–86, 215–16

at University of Edinburgh, 86, 87–89, 91–92, 94–95, 129–30, 282

work permit of, 9, 12–13, 132, 137

Fuchs, Kristel. See Heinemann, Kristel Fuchs “Christel”

Fuller Lodge, 162, 172, 177

Furry, Wendell, 291–92

gaseous diffusion, 138–39, 151, 198

Geheeb, Paul, 20, 31, 41, 48, 58, 90

General Electric Company, 213

General Post Office (GPO), 211–12

Geneva Conventions, 104

German Communist Party. See Communist Party of Germany

German federal election of 1930, 25, 28

German federal election of 1932, 28–29, 39, 40, 43, 47

German federal election of 1933, 53, 62–64

German National People’s Party, 63

German POWs, internment of, 12, 104, 106–7, 109, 112, 114, 115, 117–18

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 94–95, 137, 301

Germany

during Cold War, 331–39

Nazi era. See Nazis

Weimar Republic. See Weimar Republic

during World War I, 19–20, 21

Goddard, Rayner, 296–98

Goebbels, Joseph, 28, 60

Gold, Harry (a.k.a. “Raymond” a.k.a. “Goose”), 180, 190, 291, 306–10

arrest and interview of, 305–10, 343

background of, 306–7

Bentley and, 190, 307, 309

Fuchs’s meetings with, 145–49, 152–53, 163–64, 166, 169, 170, 265–66, 308–9, 311

Heinemann’s meetings with, 153, 160–61, 163–64, 172–73, 291, 308–9

Göring, Hermann, 28, 53, 59–60, 63

Gortipohl, 187

Gouzenko, Igor, 173, 180, 218, 309

Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 3

Graf Zeppelin, 28

Grand Central Terminal, 280

Great Depression, 4, 25–26, 27, 307

Great Rollright, 315

Greenglass, David, 308

Groves, Leslie, 142, 143–44, 155–56, 159–60

GRU (G.U.), 131, 147

Gunn, Jessie, 74, 78, 79, 279

Gunn, Ronald, 74, 78, 79, 81–82, 234–35, 279

gun-type diffusion, 157–58

Gurney, Ronald, 81

Hager, Kurt, 338

Hahn, Otto, 132–33

Halperin, Israel, 218, 291–92

Hamburger, Ursula. See Kuczynski, Ursula

Hanfstaengl, Putzi, 61

Harper, Russell, 223

Harvard University, 145

Harwell Laboratory, 176, 177–79, 181–85, 189–90, 193, 202–9, 211–17. See also specific scientists

Haupt, Joachim, 33–34, 36, 57–58

Heinemann, Kristel Fuchs “Christel,” 31–32, 336, 347–48

brother Klaus at Wormwood, 313–14

in Cambridge, MA, 92, 144–45, 152, 178, 188, 202

early life of, 20, 22

FBI investigation of, 217–19, 232, 248, 251, 290–91, 305–6

marriage to Albert Holzer, 347–48

nervous breakdown and hospitalization of, 188, 269, 290–91, 314, 317, 347

at Odenwaldschule, 28, 31, 35, 36, 58

“Raymond” and, 153, 160–61, 163–64, 172–73, 291, 308–9

at Swarthmore, 83–84, 145

Heinemann, Robert “Bob,” 145, 188, 217–19, 232, 290–92, 314

Heinemann, Stephen, 314

Heisenberg, Werner, 27, 87, 139, 159

Hellwig, Joachim, 348, 351–52

Hemingway, Ernest, 117, 132

Herweg, Ludwig, 11

Hill, B. A., 271–74

Hindenburg, Paul von, 39–40, 43, 44, 52–53, 55, 59, 63

Hiss, Alger, 286–87

Hitler, Adolf

appointment as chancellor, 52–53

death of, 165

election of 1932, 28–29, 40, 43

election of 1933, 53, 62–64

Kiel rally, 46

Reichstag fire, 55–56

Reichswehr trial, 28–29

rise to power, 23, 26, 28–29, 32, 40, 43, 46

during World War II, 13, 81, 90, 92, 94, 96, 118, 121

Hitler Youth, 41

Hodder, Hartley, 11

Hoepner, 45, 49–50, 51

Hollis, Roger, 207, 208, 303

Hollywood Ten, 286

Holzer, Heidi, 347, 348

Holzer, Marianna, 347

Hoover, J. Edgar

Fuchs case, 265, 285–86, 287, 298, 299, 310, 311

McCarthyism and, 287

Venona project, 292–93

Hornig, Don, 167

Horst-Wessel-Haus, 60

Hotel Fürstenhof, 23

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 286–87

Howse, Philip, 292–93

Humphreys, Christmas, 271, 274, 288–89, 295–98

Huxley, Aldous, 82

Huxley, Julian, 82

Huyton, 101–4, 125

Hyde Park, 2–3

hydrogen bomb, 321–22, 322

IG Farben, 79

Immigration Act of 1924, 145

Imperial Naval Station, 32

Imperial Tobacco Company, 78, 234

implosion bomb, 157–58, 164, 173, 267–68

International Brigade, 102, 116–17, 235

internment

in Britain, 11–12, 97–99, 101–8

in Canada, 106–7, 113–24, 301–2

of Japanese-Americans, 156

invasion of Poland, 94, 106

invisible ink, 211–12, 218

Irish Republican Army, 324

Isle of Man, 104–6

Italian declaration of war, 103

Italians, internment of, 11–12, 109, 112, 156

Japan, during World War II

atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2, 165, 166, 168, 267, 321

attack on Pearl Harbor, 141

Soviet invasion of Manchuria, 169

surrender, 171

Japanese-American internment camps, 156

Jewish internment in Canada, 121–23

Johnson, Peter, 332–33

Joint Institute on Nuclear Research, 341–44

Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 1–2

Journal of George Fox, 68

Kadena Air Base, 312

Kahle, Hans, 11–12, 131–32, 180, 224, 235, 350

British internment of, 102–3, 108, 111, 179, 300

Canada internment of, 116–19, 122–25

Fuchs’s relationship with, 131–32, 137, 179, 196, 200, 207–8, 301, 302, 303

as inspiration for Hemingway, 117, 132

Kremer and, 131, 137

Karl Marx Medal, 349

“Kaspar,” 12, 196, 200

Kearton, Frank, 143, 144, 150, 201–2, 225–26, 235–36, 278

Keilson, Grete

in East Germany, 323, 325, 331, 336–38, 347, 351–52

Fuchs’s relationship with, 337–38, 339, 349, 350, 351–52

in Paris, 72, 336–37

Keilson, Max, 72

Kellermann, Walter, 88, 92, 94, 96, 255, 282

British internment of, 98, 99, 103–8

Canada internment of, 116, 124–25

Ettrick crossing, 108–12

at Southampton College, 130

at University of Edinburgh, 88, 89, 91, 129–30

Kellex Corporation, 144, 151

Kew Gardens, 185, 294, 314

Keynes, John Maynard, 82

KGB, 147, 153, 173, 189–90, 307, 309, 325, 332, 341–43, 352

Khrushchev, Nikita, 333

Kiel, 31–34, 41–48, 52–53, 58. See also University of Kiel

Kiel Daily News, 32

Kieler Zeitung, 43, 55

Kiel Pedagogical Academy, 30, 31, 36, 56–57

Kittowski, Elisabeth Fuchs, 69

at Academy of Fine Arts, 22, 24

arrest and imprisonment of, 69

in Berlin, 79, 80, 84–85, 90–91

death of, 93–94

death of mother, 35

in Kiel, 30, 31–32, 65

political activities of, 26, 34, 54, 58, 69, 90–91

Kittowski, Guschi, 93, 145

arrest and imprisonment of, 69, 84, 85, 90–91

in Berlin, 79, 80, 90–91

political activities of, 69, 84–85, 90–91

Kittowski, Klaus, 84, 145, 181, 321, 346, 347

in East Germany, 331, 337, 339

education of, 190–91, 339

visits with uncle Klaus, 190–91, 228, 323

during World War II, 186, 187–88

at Young Friends Work Camp, 323

Klaus Fuchs: History of Atomic Treachery (movie), 345

Klopstech, Johanna, 180, 294–95

Koch, Erich, 23–24, 334

Korda, Alexander, 320

Korean War, 311–12, 354

KPD. See Communist Party of Germany

Kremer, Simon (a.k.a. “Alexander”), 131, 136–37, 139, 281–82, 290, 294

Kristallnacht, 145

Krugmann, Werner, 49, 50, 51

Kuczynski, Jürgen, 130–31, 180, 294–95, 335

background of, 131, 294

Fuchs’s relationship with, 91, 103, 130–31, 139, 140, 294–95, 350

internment and release of, 96, 98

Kuczynski, Ursula (a.k.a. “Sonya”), 139–40, 315, 350

kulaks, 83

Kurchatov, Igor, 268

Lamphere, Bob, 305–6, 308–11

Leconfield House, 3, 212. See also MI5

Left Book Club, 91, 92, 294

Leipzig, 24–25, 28. See also University of Leipzig

Lend Lease program, 140–41

Lenin, Vladimir, 42, 81, 82

Lichtenfeld, Karl, 44–45

Liddell, Guy, 300–301, 304–5

Fuchs case, 236, 247–48, 286, 293, 304–5, 316, 321–22

arrest, 272, 274, 280, 285

confession, 259, 260, 264, 268

interrogation, 231–32, 233, 239–42, 247, 248

German communist activities, 60–61, 64

Gold’s arrest, 310

MI5 purge, 287–88

Liebknecht, Karl, 25, 349

Lingen, Count (Prince Friedrich of Prussia), 111, 116, 117, 122, 123

Liverpool, 108, 125, 208, 215, 275, 315

London Airport, 327

London School of Economics, 294, 301

Los Alamos, 149–50, 155–72, 353. See also specific scientists

Fuchs’s arrival at, 155–57

Fuchs’s espionage at, 160–61, 163–64, 166, 169, 171–73, 251, 265–66

Trinity test, 165–69, 178, 266, 268

Los Alamos Main Gate, 127, 156, 163, 166

Los Alamos Ranch School, 157

Luther, Martin, 19, 23, 28

Lutheranism, 19, 22–23, 37, 41

Luxemburg, Rosa, 25, 349

McCarthy, Joseph (McCarthyism), 287

McKibbin, Dorothy, 156, 167

Maclean, Donald, 318–19

McMahon, Brien, 169, 172

McMahon Act, 169, 172, 178, 182–83, 262, 318, 324

MacMaster, Gilbert, 68, 69

Mahnruf (newsletter), 48, 72

Makins, Roger, 272, 274–75

Malleson, Tatiana, 224, 238, 279

Manhattan Project, 4, 5, 7, 143–44, 146–52. See also Los Alamos

Marriott, John, 236, 249

Martin, Arthur

Fuchs case, 5–15, 195–209, 218–19, 225–28, 235–38, 241, 242, 250, 251, 282

forced resignation, 249

interrogation, 237–38, 264–65

memo, 2–3, 5–7, 196–97

MI5 file, 8–15, 195–97

surveillance, 198–209, 227–28

Peierls surveillance, 217–18

Martin, Joan, 6

Marx, Karl, 25, 42, 81, 346

Mathew, Theobald, 271, 272–73

MAUD Committee, 134, 137–38

May, Alan Nunn, 180, 320

Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 150–51, 158, 161

May-Johnson Bill, 169, 172

Meitner, Lise, 132–33

Mendeleev Congress, 82–83

Meusel, Alfred, 35, 131

MI5. See also specific persons

bugging of British Communist Party, 4, 10

covert “purge system” of, 287–88

Fuchs’s arrest, 271–84

Fuchs’s confession, 254–55, 257–67, 286, 289

Fuchs’s interrogations, 231–32, 237–43, 247–48, 250–51

Fuchs’s postmortem of case, 299–303

Fuchs’s security file, 3, 8–15, 81, 131, 140, 300–301

Fuchs’s security investigation, 152, 195–209

Fuchs’s security review, 179–80, 181–82, 299–301

Fuchs’s surveillance, 198–209, 211–17, 221–22, 224–25, 227–30, 233, 234–35, 237, 239, 240–41, 258–59

SCR and, 82

MI6, 7, 200–201, 225

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 94–95, 137, 301

Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de, 121

Moorehead, Alan, 319–20

Moorlager, 69

Mortimer, Raymond, 320

Moscow Trials, 85–86

Mott, Nevill, 78–79, 81–83, 86, 89, 130, 281, 334

Münzenberg, Willi, 72, 82

Mussolini, Benito, 81, 165

Nash, John, 334

Nazis (Nazi Germany)

anti-Jewish legislation, 46, 55, 57

election of 1930, 25, 28

election of 1932, 28–29, 39, 40, 43, 47

election of 1933, 53, 62–64

Hitler’s appointment as chancellor, 52–53

internment of POWs in Canada, 12, 104, 106–7, 109, 112, 114, 115, 117–18, 122, 207

Kristallnacht, 145

military build-up, 96, 97, 98–99

Operation Barbarossa, 137

Reichstag fire, 55–56, 59, 72, 73

seizure of power, 23, 26–30, 31–34, 36–37, 39–40, 43–50, 52–53, 59–65, 79

Netherlands, 96, 98

Neukölln, 62, 63

New York Times, 134, 275, 280

“Night of the Long Knives,” 58

Nitschke, 334–37, 339

Nobel Prize, 27, 79, 89

Normandy landings, 150

North Korea, 311–12

nuclear fission, 132–34, 136, 137–39, 149

Nuremberg Laws, 121

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 8, 92, 144, 195, 198, 265

Odenwaldschule, 20, 21, 22, 28, 31, 35, 36, 58, 190–91

Official Secrets Act, 137, 139, 140, 229, 267, 272

OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate), 207, 294

Old Bailey, 295–96

Operation Barbarossa, 137

Oppenheimer, Robert

Fuchs’s arrest, 280

at Los Alamos, 149–50, 152, 157–61, 165, 182, 184, 291

opposition to use of atomic bomb, 170

Paddington Station, 221, 237, 238, 263, 321

Pajarito Plateau, 156

Papen, Franz von, 44, 46–47, 52, 53, 61

Paris, 71–74, 103

Paterson, Alexander, 124

Patterson, Geoffrey

Fuchs case, 226–28, 242, 310

interrogation, 232, 233, 237–38, 303–4

Heinemann investigation, 218–19

Peierls, Genia

background of, 136

in Birmingham, 135–36, 282

Fuchs’s imprisonment, 278, 279–80, 294

Fuchs’s investigation, 214, 224

Fuchs’s relationship with, 162, 282–83

Fuchs’s release, 326

Mott’s visit, 83

Peierls, Rudolf “Rudi”

atomic research of, 132–37, 139, 143–44, 149–52, 157–58, 161–62, 167, 184, 207–8

Fuchs’s arrest, 275–78, 279

Fuchs’s imprisonment, 294

Fuchs’s investigation, 13, 201–2, 214, 235–36, 263, 287

Fuchs’s release, 326

Fuchs’s return to Germany, 346

at Los Alamos, 157–62, 167, 172

MI5 investigation and surveillance of, 13, 179, 201–2, 211, 217–18, 237

Mott’s visit, 83

at University of Birmingham, 130, 132, 133, 135–36, 139, 177, 184, 201, 207–8

Peierls-Frisch Memo, 132–34, 136, 137

Penney, William, 321–22

Pentland Hills, 91–92

Perrin, Michael

background of, 197

Fuchs case, 13–14, 197–98, 201–2, 292, 293, 300, 303, 309, 322

arrest, 272–73, 274

confession, 258, 259–61, 263, 265, 266, 268–70

forced resignation, 248–49, 251, 252

interrogation, 238, 241–42

trial, 289

Kearton and, 201–2, 226

Russian atomic bomb test, 1–2

Perutz, Max, 120

Philby, Kim, 284

Plains of Abraham, 114

plutonium, 149, 152

Pohle, Vera, 223–24, 279

Poland, invasion of, 94, 106

Polish Airlines, 328, 331

Pontecorvo, Bruno, 318, 320

Portal, Charles, 233, 234, 242, 249, 264, 272, 274–75, 292, 293

Potsdam Conference, 168–69, 175

Preussenschlag, 46–47, 53

Proceedings of the Royal Society, 79, 83

Putin, Vladimir, 349

Quakers, 21, 37, 41, 63–64, 65, 68, 78, 84, 89, 92, 93

“Quantum Mechanical Investigation of the Cohesive Forces of Metallic Copper Metals” (Fuchs), 78–79, 83

Quebec Agreement, 141–42, 182, 198, 201

Queen Mary, 178

Queen’s University, 218

Rackwitz, Arthur, 29, 62, 63, 69, 90–91, 334–35

Radomysler, Asik, 301–3

Railway House Hotel, 253–54

Rantzau, Otto Graf zu, 53

“Raymond.” See Gold, Harry

“Red Scare,” 286–87

Red Shock Squad, 66

Red Spark, 41–42

Red Student Group (RSG), 46, 65–66

Red Students (newsletter), 36

Reichsbanner, 27, 41, 44, 56–57

Reichstag fire, 55–56, 59, 68, 72, 73, 81, 336

Religious Socialists, 37, 62

Religious Society of Friends. See Quakers

Revolutionary Student Group, 32

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 61

Richmond Park, 180

Riesengebirge, 65

Rio Grande, 156

Robbins, Joseph Arnold, 304, 307–8

Robertson, James, 217–18, 274

Fuchs and Arnold, 206, 208, 221, 228–29, 238–39, 253, 254, 258–59

Fuchs’s confession, 260, 261, 263, 269–70

Fuchs’s surveillance, 198–203, 206, 208, 211–12, 221, 223, 224–25, 234–35, 238–39, 250

Rockefeller Foundation, 159

Röhm, Ernst, 58

Rolland, Romain, 72

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 138, 140–41, 165

Atlantic Charter, 7, 140–41, 176, 198

Quebec Agreement, 141–42, 182, 198, 201

Rosenberg, Ethel, 287, 308, 334

Rosenberg, Julius, 287, 308, 334

Rotblat, Joseph, 168

Rote Burg, 68–69

Rowlands, Archibald, 233, 234

Royal Society, 120, 184, 206

Russell, Bertrand, 82

Rüsselsheim, 19–20, 200

Russian Revolution, 25, 40, 41, 82, 95, 286

Rust, Bernhard, 58

Sakharov, Andrei, 322

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 162

Saturday Evening Post, 320

Sawyer Hill, 162

Schönefeld Airport, 325, 331

Schücking, Walther, 32–33, 57

Scottish Enlightenment, 95

Scottish Refugee Committee, 96

Secret Intelligence Service. See MI6

Security Service. See MI5

SED. See Socialist Unity Party of Germany

Seeburg, 43, 45, 52, 53

Serpell, Michael, 206–8, 300, 301–3

Seven Years’ War, 114, 120–21

Shady Hill School, 190–91

Shawcross, Hartley, 295–98, 316–17

Shell Mex House, 198, 201, 216, 242

Signal Intelligence Service, U.S. Army (SIS), 7, 195–96. See also Venona project

signals intelligence (SIGINT), 287–88

Sillitoe, Percy

background of, 231

Fuchs and FBI, 286, 292–93, 304, 311

Fuchs’s interrogation, 231–34

Fuchs’s postmortem of case, 299–301

Fuchs’s surveillance, 248–49

Halperin and, 218

Moorehead book, 319

Simon, Francis, 134, 138–39, 281

Sinclair, Upton, 72

Skalweit, August, 39, 52, 53, 54, 57

Skardon, William James “Jim,” 334

Fuchs’s arrest, 281–82, 283

Fuchs’s confession, 254–55, 257–64, 265, 271

Fuchs’s interrogations, 238–40, 241–42, 250–51, 270, 294–95, 300, 303–4, 305, 311, 313–16, 321–22

Fuchs’s surveillance, 202–3, 212

Fuchs’s trial, 289–90

Moorehead interview, 319

Skinner, Elaine, 215, 240, 250

Skinner, Erna

background of, 215

death of, 315

Fuchs’s arrest, 273, 276, 277, 279, 283–84

Fuchs’s imprisonment, 293–94, 314–15

Fuchs’s relationship with, 189, 208, 214–17, 222–23, 239, 240–41, 249–54, 261–63, 269, 289, 311, 319, 326, 337

Fuchs’s surveillance, 211, 213, 215, 217, 222–23, 224, 240–41

Moorehead book, 319

Skinner, Herbert

background of, 215

death of, 315

Fuchs’s arrest, 275–76, 277

Fuchs’s imprisonment, 293–94, 314–15

Fuchs’s relationship with, 189, 208, 215–16, 238, 251–53, 264, 281

Fuchs’s resignation, 248

Fuchs’s surveillance, 211, 213, 215, 217, 224

at University of Bristol, 215–16

at University of Liverpool, 208, 238, 248, 249, 250

Skyrme, Tony, 144, 150, 151, 160, 161, 201–2, 225, 236

Smith, Officer, 276–77

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 25, 26–27, 32–33, 36, 66

election of 1930, 25, 28

election of 1932, 40–41, 43, 47

election of 1933, 62, 63

Emil’s joining of, 22, 25, 346

Socialist Student Union, 26–27, 29–30, 32

Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), 332, 335, 336, 337, 344, 345, 349

Society for Cultural Relations between the Peoples of the British Commonwealth and the USSR (SCR), 81–82, 85–86

Some of My Best Friends Are Soldiers (Halsey), 160

Southampton College, 130

South Korea, 311–12

Soviet Union

arms race, 169–71

atomic bomb project, 1–2, 169–70, 219, 266, 267–68, 322

invasion of Manchuria, 169

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 94–95, 137, 301

Mott’s visit, 82–83

Operation Barbarossa, 137

post-war period, 2, 4, 176

Spanish Civil War, 85, 92, 102, 103, 116–17

SPD. See Social Democratic Party of Germany

Stafford Prison, 314–15, 321

Stalin, Joseph, 40, 94, 333

Potsdam Conference, 168–69, 175

during World War II, 137, 267

Stasi, 334, 339, 343

Steenbeck, Max, 347

Strategic Bombing Survey, 295

Sturge, Paul, 95

Sturmabteilung (SA), 41, 42, 44, 46–47, 53, 54, 58, 60, 68, 73

Sudetenland, 90, 92

Sunkel, Reinhard, 33–34, 36, 46, 57–58

Swarthmore, 83–84, 145

Tale of Two Cities (Dickens), 295

TASS Russian News Agency, 296, 298

Technische Hochschule, Berlin, 66–68, 336

Technische Hochschule, Dresden, 336

Tel Aviv University, 57

Teller, Edward, 150–51, 158–59, 164, 267, 322

Teller, Mici, 164, 172, 214

Thälmann, Ernst, 40–41, 43, 64, 72

Thomson, G. P., 134–35

Thysville, 125

Trafalgar Square, 237

Traitors, The (Moorehead), 320

Trinity test, 165–69, 178, 266, 268

Truman, Harry S., 2, 219

atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 165, 168

Korean War, 312

Potsdam Conference, 168–69, 175

Turnip Winter of 1916–17, 21

Uffington White Horse, 177

Ulam, Stan, 322

Ulbricht, Walter, 332, 335, 337, 338, 342, 343, 345

United Kingdom general elections of 1945, 175

United Nations, 170–71, 176

United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, 170–71

University of Adelaide, 249

University of Berlin, 48, 66

University of Birmingham, 200

Fuchs at, 130, 132, 133, 135, 139, 201, 207–8, 263

Peierls at, 130, 132, 133, 135–36, 139, 177, 184, 201, 207–8

University of Bristol, 9–10, 74, 77, 78–79, 81–86, 215–16

University of Cambridge, 87, 116, 216

University of Edinburgh, 86, 87–89, 91–92, 94–95, 129–30, 282

Born at, 86, 87–89, 94, 96, 129–30, 175, 237, 282

Fuchs at, 86, 87–89, 91–92, 94–95, 129–30, 282

University of Frankfurt, 57

University of Göttingen, 78, 86, 87, 88

University of Kiel, 17, 32–37, 39, 40–42, 44–54

fee increase protests, 34–35, 36

University of Leipzig, 24–27, 29–30, 159, 317, 339, 348

Emil Fuchs at, 186, 188, 190, 191, 228, 229, 232, 238, 269, 317, 324

University of Liverpool, 208, 238, 248, 249, 250

University of Pennsylvania, 307

uranium U-235, 133–34, 136, 138, 141, 149, 151, 158, 165, 169, 172, 265

uranium U-238, 133, 138, 149

van der Lubbe, Marinus, 55

Väter der tausend Sonnen (documentary), 350

Venona project, 7, 189–90, 197, 198, 292–93

Fuchs case, 195–96, 199, 201, 217, 226–27, 233, 238, 241, 242–43, 251, 257, 283, 284

Versailles Treaty, 32, 43, 46

Victoria, Queen, 116

Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day), 165

Vidal, Gore, 157

Vishinsky, Andrei, 85–86

Vivian, Valentine, 200

von Bardeleben, Frau, 68, 73

von Neumann, John, 119–20, 161, 292, 322

Wagner, Gisela, 225

Wakefield Prison, 323–25, 327

Wall Street Crash of 1929, 25–26

Wartburg Castle, 28

Washington Post, 285

Weimar Republic, 21–22

election of 1930, 25, 28

election of 1932, 28–29, 39, 40, 43, 47

Weisband, William, 189–90

Weisskopf, Victor Frederick “Viki,” 161

Weiz, Herbert, 349

Wells, H. G., 82

West, Rebecca, 320–21

West Berlin, 331, 333

Westborough Hospital, 290–91, 347

Westemigranten, 336

White, Dick, 6, 196

Fuchs’s arrest, 272, 280, 290

Fuchs’s interrogation and confession, 230, 231, 238, 242, 251, 310

Fuchs’s surveillance, 198, 199, 200

Whitson, Lish, 285, 286, 292, 293, 299

Wiggs, C. W., 116, 117, 118, 120–21, 122–23

Wilhelm II, 20, 25, 32, 111

Wills, Henry H., 78

Wills, Henry Overton, I, 78

Winchell, Walter, 292, 293

Windscale Piles, 183, 266

Wolf, Karl, 57

Wolf, Markus, 348

Wolfe, James, 121

Wood, Arthur, 157

Woodbrooke Quaker Centre, 65, 68

Woolf, Virginia, 82

Woolworth Building, 144

World Committee Against War and Fascism (1933), 72, 336–37

World Congress of Youth Against War and Fascism (1933), 71, 72, 73–74, 336–37

World War I, 19–20, 21, 39–40

Wormwood Scrubs Prison, 245, 303–4, 305–6, 313–14

Yapou, Edith, 223

Yapou, Eliezer, 223–24, 238

Young Friends Work Camp, 323

Zehlendorf, 61, 65, 85

ZfK (Central Institute for Nuclear Physics), 335–39, 344

Zorn, Johanna, 349

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