NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1 Hitler, quoted in Ian Kershaw, Hitler, pages 783–784; Goebbels, quoted in Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, page 193. See also Max Hastings, Armaggedon, passim, and Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich, page 789. (back to text)

2 John Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls, The Semblance of Peace; Gregor Dallas, Poisoned Peace; Norman Davies, Europe at War 1939–1945. (back to text)

3 Tony Judt, Postwar, pages 41, 5. (back to text)

4 Sebastian Haffner, Defying Hitler, page 7. (back to text)

1 CRUEL SPRING

1 The scene in the bunker during these final days has been described many times. Here, I have drawn on the accounts by Hugh Trevor-Roper, J.P. O’Donnell, Joachim Fest, Antony Beevor and Traudl Junge, whose books are listed in the bibliography. For Eva Braun, see the recent illuminating account by Angela Lambert, The Lost Life of Eva Braun, passim. (back to text)

2 Flint Whitlock, Soldiers on Skis, quoted in Charles J. Sanders, The Boys of Winter, page 135. (back to text)

3 For the late Robert Ellis’s personal story, see his memoir, See Naples and Die. John Imbrie, vice-president for Data acquisition and research of the National Association of the Tenth Mountain Division, himself a veteran of the Italian campaign, willingly provided me with extensive material about the division, as well as facilitating my acquisition from the Denver Public Library of copies of the daily morning reports for Company “F– of the 85th Regiment–Ellis’s–for the period April–July 1945. He also answered my many questions and suggested further reading. His wife, Barbara, is to be commended for the excellent maps she has produced of the division’s campaign in Italy, which I have used extensively. The main additional sources I have used in writing about Ellis and the Tenth Mountain Division are Imbrie’s own Chronology of the 10th Mountain Division in World War Two, 6 January 1945–30 November 1945, and (with Hugh W. Evans) Good Times and Bad Times; John B. Woodruff, History of the 85th Mountain Infantry Regiment; Henry J. Hampton, The Riva Ridge Operation (US Army, 86th Mountain Infantry HQ, APO 345, 12 June 1945); and the published volumes by Carl V. Cossin, Harris Dusenbery and Wilson Ware, Ernest F. Fisher, McKay Jenkins, Charles J. Sanders and Peter Shelton, all listed in the Bibliography. On the killing of German prisoners during the battle for Mount Belevedere, see the testimony of Kenyon Cooke in Imbrie and Evans, op. cit., page 60. (back to text)

4 I am grateful to Bryan Samain for providing me with copies of two private and unpublished histories written for his family and on which I have drawn here: “Family Connection–; and “Going for a Soldier: Notes on Boyhood and an Early Military Life.– I have also benefited from many conversations and much correspondence with him. (back to text)

5 Besides the sources quoted above, the principal source I have used for Samain’s experiences is his book, Commando Men, first published in 1948 and reprinted many times since. I have used the White Lion edition of 1976. (back to text)

6 Leonard Mosley, Report from Germany, pages 49–50. (back to text)

7 Longden, To the Victor the Spoils, page 280. (back to text)

8 Barry Turner, Countdown to Victory, pages 309–310. (back to text)

9 Longden, op. cit., pages 282–283. (back to text)

10 Samain, Commando Men, page 150. (back to text)

11 Samain, “Going for a Soldier,– page 60. (back to text)

12 F. S. V. Donnison, Civil Affairs and Military Government, page 217. (back to text)

13 Ibid., page 218. (back to text)

14 See Samain, Commando Men, pages 170–171. For the scene of the Russian slave laborers in the hospital in Lüneberg, I have drawn on Desmond Flower’s History of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, and for the history of 45 Commando on David Young’s Four Five. (back to text)

15 Malcolm Proudfoot, European Refugees, page 144. (back to text)

16 This and the following quotations and information are taken from Francesca Wilson’s “Autobiographical Fragments,– in A Life of Service and Adventure. (back to text)

17 J.L. Hammond, “Foreword– to Wilson’s In the Margins of Chaos. (back to text)

18 Francesca Wilson’s account of her time at Granville is in Aftermath, pages 1–29. For further information, I am greatly indebted to her nieces June Horder and Rosalind Priestman. The former generously provided me with fragments of her aunt’s diaries and papers in her possession, as well as a copy of A Life of Service and Adventure, the family’s privately printed memoir and celebration of Francesca’s life, which also includes the first part of her autobiography. Rosalind Priestman kindly provided me with a copy of the photograph of Francesca that appears as well as sharing her memories of her aunt. Others who helped include Heather Eggins and Russell Enoch. (back to text)

For the teething problems of UNRRA, see the official three-volume history by George Woodbridge listed in the Bibliography, as well as Donnison, op. cit., pages 341–358. An excellent recent account of the problems of postwar refugees, especially children, can be found in Lynn Nicholas, Cruel World, passim.

19 I am deeply grateful to Professor Reginald H. Roy, now of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, for generously providing me with copies of the many letters he wrote home from the front to various family members in Canada, relevant diary entries, and for responding to my many emailed inquiries following up on this material. The standard history of the Cape Breton Highlanders is to be found in Alex Morrison and Ted Slaney, The Breed of Manly Men. (back to text)

20 Earl Ziemke, The US Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946, pages 244–245. (back to text)

21 The scene in Leipzig is described by BBC correspondent Edward Ward and appears in Desmond Hawkins (ed.), War Report, pages 304–305. I have supplemented that with the dispatch by Selkirk Panton in the Daily Express, 20 April 1945. For accounts of the entry into Nuremberg, I have drawn on the volumes of the official US history of the war by Ziemke, op. cit., page 247, and Charles B. MacDonald, The Last Offensive, pages 422–425. For Hitler’s response to the suicide of the Leipzig Mayor, see Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler, page 143. (back to text)

22 For this account of the Nazi Party Rallies, I have drawn mostly on Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, pages 61–70; the quotation is from page 66. (back to text)

23 Quoted in Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust (editor-in-chief Israel Gutman), Vol. 4, page 1415. (back to text)

24 Many of the buildings were never completed before the outbreak of war in 1939, such as the Congress Hall, whose shell now houses a documentation center. The center’s guide, “Fascination and Terror,– published by the City of Nuremberg Museum, provides a useful source on the history of the Rally grounds. (back to text)

25 Peter Heigl, The US Army in Nuremberg on Hitler’s Nazi Party Rally Grounds, Documentation Centre of the Nazi Party Rally Grounds, 2005; also Ziemke, op. cit., pages 247–248. (back to text)

2 SORROW AND DARKNESS

1 Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich, page 201. (back to text)

2 Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, page 3. See also n.3, below. (back to text)

3 Gregor Schollgen, A Conservative against Hitler, passim; the Thomas Mann quotation appears on page 126. (back to text)

4 Fey von Hassell has told her story in her book A Mother’s War, edited by her son-in-law David Forbes Watt, and I am grateful to them both for seeing me in Rome to talk in more detail about her experiences. For a recent broad account of the SS hostages, see Hans-Gunter Richardi, SS–Geiseln in der Alpenfestung. For Ulrich von Hassell and the Nazis, see Burleigh, op. cit., pages 693–694 and Ulrich von Hassell, The Von Hassell Diaries 1938–1944. (back to text)

5 Fey von Hassell, op. cit., page 21. (back to text)

6 Ibid., page 42. (back to text)

7 Ibid., page 80. (back to text)

8 Ibid., page 80. (back to text)

9 Ibid., page 87. (back to text)

10 Ibid., pages 78–79. (back to text)

11 Ibid., pages 92–93. (back to text)

12 Ibid., page 96. (back to text)

13 Ibid., page 100. (back to text)

14 For “a big black car,– see Lynn Nicholas, Cruel World, page 419. (back to text)

15 Fey von Hassell, op. cit., pages 28–29. (back to text)

16 Burleigh, op. cit., pages 246, 689. (back to text)

17 Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler, page 248. (back to text)

18 Burleigh, op. cit., page 783. (back to text)

19 Fey von Hassell, op. cit., page 133. (back to text)

20 For the details on Melitta, as well as on the Stauffenberg family, see Peter Hoffman, Stauffenberg: A Family History, especially pages 276–278. See also Gerald Posner, Hitler’s Children, pages 171–172. (back to text)

21 Evening Standard, text of Murrow’s report, 16 April 1945. (back to text)

22 Ariel, 12 June 1974. (back to text)

23 Sian Nicholas, The Echo of War, page 216. For Reid’s own account, see his War Correspondent, pages 56–61. (back to text)

24 Robert Reid, letter to Vera, 11 February 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

25 Vera, letter to Robert Reid, 20 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

26 Elie Wiesel, Night, page 134. (back to text)

27 Ibid., pages 135–136. (back to text)

28 Christopher Burney, Dungeon Democracy, page 83; see also “I was a prisoner in Buchenwald– by Lieutenant Christopher Burney, Evening Standard, 18 April 1945. (back to text)

29 I wish to record my thanks to the late Robert Reid’s grandson, my friend and colleague Jeremy Crang of Edinburgh and Dundee, for permitting me to delve through his grandfather’s papers, which remain in his family’s hands, and for his hospitality while doing so. The quotations are from the typescripts of Reid’s dispatches, his typed letters to his wife and her handwritten replies. For SOE and the Newton brothers, see M.R.D. Foot, SOE in France, page 213; and for them, Southgate and Burney, see the Sunday Times, 1 May 1966. For the story of the Warsaw uprising women, see Reid, WRU C7792, Saturday, 21 April 1945, in Reid Papers. (back to text)

30 John Oram Thomas, No Banners, pages 336–339. (back to text)

3 AVENGING JUSTICE

1 Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, page 34. (back to text)

2 For the Pioneer Corps, see Norman Bentwich, I Understand the Risks, passim; for German and Austrian Jews in the fight against the Nazis, see the article by John P. Fox, “German- and Austrian-Jewish Volunteers in Britain’s Armed Forces, 1939–1945,– in the Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 1995, pages 21–50. (back to text)

3 Bryan Samain, Commando Men, page 118, and his “Going for a Soldier,– page 62; for Eric Nathan, as well as other Jewish exiles who fought with allied forces, see Bentwich, op. cit., pages 13–16. Nathan was killed during the battle for Osnabrück. Also, conversation with Bryan Samain, December 2006. (back to text)

4 Fred Warner, “Don’t You Know There’s a War On? A Very Personal Account,– typescript memoirs in the archives of the Intelligence Corps Museum in Chicksands, Bedfordshire, File No. 2580/A. I am also deeply grateful to the late Fred Warner himself, who kindly invited me to visit him in Hamburg in January 2004 to talk further about his mission, and to his widow, Annette Warner, for generously lending me one of the photographs from his wartime album. For official SOE files on the mission in the National Archives at Kew, see especially HS 7/146, German Directorate History Part 1, Appendix A: “Activities of X Section in Italy,– by Captain E.M. Hodgson, MBE, FANY. Also, Appendix E: “Interrogation of Lt. Bryant, Historian Party, 13 May 1945–; and W.J.M. Mackenzie, The Secret History of SOE 1940–1945, pages 697–699. (back to text)

5 Rodney Minott, The Fortress that Never Was, pages 17–24. (back to text)

6 21st Army Group Counter-Intelligence Instruction No. 3–Operations in Germany, 27 September 1944. (back to text)

7 Timothy Naftali, “Creating the Myth of the Alpenfestung: Allied Intelligence and the Collapse of the Nazi Police-State,– page 11. I am grateful to Timothy Naftali for providing me with a copy of this paper. Rodney Minott, op. cit., passim. (back to text)

8 Dulles Radiotelephone Transmission No. 267, 18 January 1945, Document 5–10 in Neal H. Peterson (ed.), From Hitler’s Doorstep, pages 429–430. (back to text)

9 For Quinn’s report, see the volume in the official history of the US Army in World War Two, European Theatre of Operations, by Charles B. MacDonald, The Last Offensive, Chapter 28, “The Myth of the Redoubt,– page 407. For the National Redoubt and its impact on allied strategy, there is a considerable literature. The main sources I have used are the following: Earl Ziemke, The US Army in the Occupation of Germany, pages 246–256; F.H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. III, Part 2, pages 711–725; Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, pages 392–399; Carlo d’Este, Eisenhower, pages 685–698; Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair, A General’s Life, pages 416–428; Lionel Frederic Ellis, Victory of the West, Appendix X, pages 429–432; Minott, op. cit., passim; Peterson, op. cit., passim. (back to text)

10 Hinsley, op. cit., Vol. III, Part 2, page 717. (back to text)

11 See Nigel Hamilton, Monty: The Field Marshal, page 444, and Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, page 397. For a more extended discussion of Eisenhower’s strategy and the redoubt, see Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin, pages 71–79. (back to text)

12 Cornelius Ryan, The Last Battle, page 214. (back to text)

13 For Bradley, see Bradley and Blair, op. cit., page 418. (back to text)

14 Greg Bradshaw, “Nazi Gold: The Merkers Mine Treasure,– in Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration, Spring 1999, Vol. 31, No. 1. (back to text)

15 Quoted in Lynn Nicholas, The Rape of Europa, page 312. (back to text)

16 Margaret Harop to Robert Reid, 13 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

17 See Greg Bradshaw, op. cit.; Nicholas, loc. cit. (back to text)

18 Robert Reid, Dispatches Nos. 140–143, 6–8 April 1945, Reid Papers. See also his War Correspondent, pages 79–81. (back to text)

19 For Patton’s dictated memorandum, see Farago, Patton: Ordeal and Triumph, pages 809–810; also, Martin Blumenson, The Patton Papers, pages 683–684. (back to text)

20 D’Este, op. cit., page 686; Reid, Dispatch No. 144, 8 April 1945, Reid Papers; Ryan, op. cit., page 329. (back to text)

21 Hinsley, op. cit., Vol. III, Part 2, page 734. (back to text)

22 Quoted in J. Bridgman, The End of the Holocaust, page 82. (back to text)

23 Eisenhower, op. cit., pages 408–409. (back to text)

4 “A CURIOUS PEARLY COLOR–

1 J. Bridgman, The End of the Holocaust, page 82. (back to text)

2 Robert Reid, Dispatch No. 158, 16 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

3 Major David Finnie, “The Liberation of Belsen,– The Gunner, November 2006. (back to text)

4 Derrick Sington, quoted in Tom Pocock, page 81. (back to text)

5 Ibid., page 82. (back to text)

6 Ben Shephard, After Daybreak, pages 37–38. (back to text)

7 Ibid., page 99. (back to text)

8 Ibid., pages 116–117. (back to text)

9 Alan Moorehead, Eclipse, 222, 224. (back to text)

10 Shephard, op. cit., page 14. (back to text)

11 Ibid., page 18. (back to text)

12 John Gordon, “The Beasts of Europe,– Sunday Express, 22 April 1945. (back to text)

13 Shephard, op. cit., page 75. (back to text)

14 Ronald Monson, “Smug Guards March Out,– Evening Standard, 20 April 1945. (back to text)

15 Apart from those already quoted, the principal sources that I have used for this account of Belsen, out of the dozens that exist, are as follows: Paul Kemp, “The British Army and the Liberation of Bergen-Belsen, April 1945,– in Joanne Reilly et al. (eds.), Belsen in History and Memory, pages 133–148, from which the quotations describing medical conditions in the camp are largely taken; “Introduction,– in Reilly et al. (eds.), op. cit., pages 1–18; Raymond Phillips (ed.), The Belsen Trial, passim; “Report on Belsen Camp– by Lt.-Col. R.I.G.Taylor, DSO, MC, in the B.G. Barnet Papers, Liddell Hart Centre of Military Archives, King’s College, London, a document which also provides in its Appendix B the terms of the truce negotiated with the German military authorities, as well as a copy of Taylor’s hand-written notes on Belsen. The Barnet Papers also include an account of Belsen published as a supplement to the British Zone Review of 13 October 1945. Also in the Liddell Hart Archive is an account of the effects of Belsen on his troops by General R.G. Churcher, of the British Eleventh Armored Division. I have also drawn on many contemporary British press clippings about Belsen from a personal collection lent by the late Sydney Hudson, DSO, an officer in the wartime Special Operations Executive. See also, Gena Turgel, I Light a Candle, an account by a Belsen victim whose husband, Norman, entered the camp on 15 April 1945 with a field security unit of the British Army, and was responsible for arresting Kramer. (back to text)

16 Bryan Samain, “Going for a Soldier,– page 20. (back to text)

17 Ibid., page 53. (back to text)

18 Quoted in Sean Longden, To the Victor the Spoils, page 30. (back to text)

19 Ibid., page 31. (back to text)

20 Samain, op. cit., pages 64–65. (back to text)

21 Angela Lambert, The Lost Life of Eva Braun, page 420. (back to text)

22 F. H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. III, Part 2, pages 733–736. (back to text)

23 Carlo D’Este, Eisenhower, page 697; Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin, pages 77–78. (back to text)

24 For the text of Hitler’s directive, see Lionel Frederic Ellis, Victory in the West, Appendix X, pages 429–432. (back to text)

5 “TO FALL HEROICALLY–

1 Robin Neillands, Eighth Army, pages xxv–xxvi. (back to text)

2 For Cox’s experience, I have drawn on his own account in The Race for Trieste, especially pages 108–117; on his prewar memoir, Countdown to War; on a personal discussion with him at his home in Gloucestershire in June 2004; on his original reports for the period held at the Kippenberger Military Archive and Research Library at the Queen Elizabeth II Army Memorial Museum in Waiouru, New Zealand, for which see especially 2NZ Div. Intelligence Summary No. 506, 20 April 1945, and Summary No. 507, 21 April 1945–for providing me with copies of these I am particularly grateful to Dolores Ho; and on his personal papers held in the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington, New Zealand. I am grateful to its chief librarian for granting me permission to consult these, and to Peter Cooke for providing me with copies. For general background, see also the relevant volume of the Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War by Robert Kay: From Cassino to Trieste, passim. The text of Hitler’s order of 17 April 1945 can be found on page 491 of that volume. In addition, for Freyberg, see John Tonkin-Colville, “The Salamander’s Last Offensive,– in Kia Kaha (edited by John Crawford), pages 167–172. (back to text)

3 Typescript note marked “Italy, July 4, 1944,– in Cox Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library, 2003–005–05/6; also, Cox, The Race for Trieste, page 61. (back to text)

4 Ibid., pages 65–66. (back to text)

5 Geoffrey Cox to Peter and Patrick Cox, 27 August 1944, Cox Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library, 2003–005–4/14; also, letter to Peter, 30 March 1945, loc. cit. (back to text)

6 Cox, The Race for Trieste, page 115. (back to text)

7 For biographies of Mussolini, see those listed in the Bibliography by R.J. Bosworth, Martin Clark, Christopher Hibbert, Denis Mack Smith, Laura Fermi and Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick. See also “Mussolini as War Leader,– by Giorgio Rochat, in Oxford Companion to World War Two, pages 768–770. (back to text)

8 For the liberation of Rome, see Raleigh Trevelyan, Rome ’44, pages 296–326. (back to text)

9 Cox to Cecily, June 1944, Cox Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library, 2003–005–05/6. (back to text)

10 Robert Ellis, See Naples and Die, page 45. (back to text)

11 Letter to Margaret, 15 March 1945, quoted in ibid., pages 158–159. (back to text)

12 Letter to Paul, 15 March 1945, in ibid., page 159. (back to text)

13 Ibid., pages 111, 144. (back to text)

6 “ICH WAR IMMER DAGEGEN–

1 Janet Flanner, “Letter from Cologne,– in The New Yorker, 31 March 1945. (back to text)

2 For Leonard Linton’s Second World War experiences, I am indebted to his unpublished account entitled “Kilroy Was Here,– deposited in the archives of the Allied Museum in Berlin. I am similarly grateful to that museum’s director, Dr. Helmut Trotnow, for drawing my attention to it. Leonard himself kindly agreed to help me further, but sadly died in New York before we could meet. I am grateful to Sandy Linton, his daughter, for permission to use the photographs I have selected here. For the combat history of the Eighty-second Airborne Division in this period, see Phil Nordyke, All American All the Way, pages 736–743. (back to text)

3 Linton, op. cit., page 48. (back to text)

4 For the best recent account of what went wrong for Western forces between D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge, see Max Hastings, Armageddon, passim; the earlier, classic account of the campaign by the former war correspondent Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe, also remains well worth reading. (back to text)

5 Linton, op. cit., page 56. (back to text)

6 For Gavin’s briefing, see James Gavin, On to Berlin, pages 269–270; and Cornelius Ryan, The Last Battle, pages 119–123. (back to text)

7 Linton, op. cit., page 57. (back to text)

8 Barry Turner, Countdown to Victory, page 39. (back to text)

9 Sean Longden, To the Victor the Spoils, page 271. (back to text)

10 Ibid., page 277. (back to text)

11 Linton, op. cit., page 83. (back to text)

12 Ibid., pages 82–83. (back to text)

13 Longden, op. cit., page 281. (back to text)

14 Douglas Botting, In the Ruins of the Reich, page 189. (back to text)

15 See, e.g., Germany 1944: The British Soldier’s Pocketbook, passim. The US Army’s order is quoted on page xxiv of the “Introduction– by Edward Hampshire. (back to text)

16 Botting, op. cit., page 189. (back to text)

17 Turner, Countdown to Victory, page 374. (back to text)

18 Longden, op. cit., page 95; Botting, op. cit., page 191. For an extended discussion of women in Germany at this time, see Elizabeth Heinemann, What Difference Does a Husband Make?, passim. (back to text)

19 Linton, op. cit., page 87. (back to text)

20 James Megellas, All the Way to Berlin, page 257. (back to text)

21 Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, page 123; see also Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, pages 515–516, and Martin Gilbert, Road to Victory, pages 1302–1303. (back to text)

22 Omar Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pages 433–434. (back to text)

23 21 Army Group CI [Counter-Intelligence] News Sheet, No. 20, 25 April 1945, page 4, in WO 106/5924, National Archives, Kew. For the Werewolves in general, I have relied on the recent authoritative study by Perry Biddiscombe, The Last Nazis, especially pages 11–60. For the role played by the wolf in the German imagination, as well as that of Hitler personally, see Angela Lambert, The Lost Life of Eva Braun, pages 30–31. (back to text)

24 Linton, op. cit., pages 84–85, 87–91. (back to text)

25 Nordyke, op. cit., pages 742–743. (back to text)

7 “A SORT OF ALICE IN WONDERLAND AIR–

1 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, page 19. (back to text)

2 H. Essame, Patton, page 236. (back to text)

3 Martin Blumenson, Patton, page 9; Carlo d’Este, Patton, page 400. (back to text)

4 Robert Reid to his wife, Vera, 17 April 1945, Reid Papers; for the chronology of Patton’s advance, see Charles M. Province, Patton’s Third Army, passim. (back to text)

5 I.B. Melchior, Case by Case, pages 284, 307–308. Melchior was a US counter-intelligence officer in Regensburg. (back to text)

6 Desmond Hawkins (ed.), War Report, page 21. (back to text)

7 Ibid., pages 24–25. (back to text)

8 Reid, WRU: C7792, 21 April 1945. For the recording and reporting methods, see Reid’s own account in his War Correspondent, pages 35–37, and Hawkins, op. cit., pages 24–25. (back to text)

9 Reid, Dispatch No. 162, 23 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

10 J. Coatman to Robert Reid, 10 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

11 Vera to Robert Reid, 22 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

12 Charles B. MacDonald, The Last Offensive, pages 424–425. (back to text)

13 Reid, letter to Vera, 25 April 1945, and Dispatch No. 163, 23 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

14 For the link-up at Torgau, see MacDonald, op. cit., pages 453–456; Antony Beevor, Berlin, page 305; Max Hastings, Armageddon, pages 503–504; and for Edward Ward, Hawkins, op. cit., pages 330–331. (back to text)

15 To Robert Reid from Frost BBC, no date, Reid Papers. (back to text)

16 Vera to Robert Reid, 23 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

17 Reid, Dispatches Nos. 170 and 171, 28 and 29 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

18 See Martin Blumenson, The Patton Papers, pages 693–694. (back to text)

19 This account of the liberation of Moosburg is taken from John Nichol and Tony Rennell, The Last Escape, pages 276–285. (back to text)

20 Reid, Dispatch No. 174, 30 April 1945 (broadcast 4 May 1945: WRU C11182), Reid Papers. (back to text)

21 Reid’s interview with the Frenchman and the rest of his report on the death march: Reid, Dispatch No. 173, 29 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

22 For conditions in Flossenburg see Headquarters Third United States Army Judge Advocate Section War Crimes Branch, report to Patton, 21 June 1945, in Avalon Project, Yale Law School, <www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/document/nca_vol 4/2309–ps.htm>. (back to text)

23 John R. Wilhelm, “The Masters Bury Their Slaves,– Chicago Sun, 29 April 1945, reproduced in Jack Steinbuck (ed.), Typewriter Battalion, page 319; Reid, Dispatch No. 173, 29 April 1945, Reid Papers; for more details of the death march, see the Avalon Project, cited in n. 22, above. For Vera to Robert Reid, see her letter of 22 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

24 Reid, Dispatch No. 172, 29 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

25 Reid, Dispatch No. 168, 26 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

26 See Blumenson, The Patton Papers, page 694. (back to text)

8 “THE MOST DEGENERATE SPECTACLE–

1 2NZ Div. Intelligence Summary No. 509. Based on information received up to 1800 hours 23 April 45, in Kippenberger Military Archive and Research Library, Queen Elizabeth II Army Memorial Museum, Waiouru, New Zealand. (back to text)

2 Monty Soutar, in Ian McGibbon (ed.), The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History, pages 309–310. (back to text)

3 Geoffrey Cox, Race for Trieste, page 244. (back to text)

4 Robin Kay, From Cassino to Trieste, page 497. (back to text)

5 Cox, op. cit., page 118. (back to text)

6 From a battalion diary, quoted in ibid., page 503. (back to text)

7 2NZ Div. Intelligence Summary No. 511. Based on Information received up to 1800 hours 25 April 45, Kippenberger Military Archive, loc. cit. (back to text)

8 Cox, op. cit., page 123. (back to text)

9 Geoffrey Cox, A New Zealand Boyhood, passim. This brief, fictionalized account of his youth provides a vivid portrait of New Zealand at the time. I am grateful to him for providing me with a copy. (back to text)

10 Interview with Geoffrey Cox, June 2004. (back to text)

11 Cox, Race for Trieste, page 129. (back to text)

12 War Diary, G Branch, HQ 2NZ Div. quoted in Kay, op. cit., page 511. See also 2NZ Div. Intelligence Summary No. 512, Kippenberger Military Archive, loc. cit. (back to text)

13 Diary Note (typescript), Sunday 29 April 1945, Cox Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, 2003–005–05/6; Cox, Race for Trieste, pages 131–135, 141–145; Geoffrey Cox to Cecily Cox, 28 April 1945, Cox Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library, loc. cit., 2003–005–4/14. (back to text)

14 Kay, op. cit., pages 518–519. (back to text)

15 Cox, Race for Trieste, page 146. (back to text)

16 Ibid., page 148. (back to text)

17 2NZ Div. Intelligence Summary No. 515. Based on information received up to 1800 hours 29 April 45, Kippenberger Military Archive, loc. cit. (back to text)

18 James Morris, Venice, pages 35, 120, 262. (back to text)

19 Cox, Race for Trieste, page 162. (back to text)

20 Daily Telegraph, 1 May 1945. (back to text)

21 Ibid., 25 and 27 April 1945. (back to text)

22 Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, Paris after the Liberation 1944–1949, pages 166–167. (back to text)

23 Quoted in Herbert R. Lottman, The People’s Anger, page 91. (back to text)

24 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, pages 14–16. (back to text)

9 DEATH OF A DICTATOR

1 Robert Ellis, See Naples and Die, page 200. (back to text)

2 Ibid., page 18. (back to text)

3 Frank Harper, Night Climb, quoted in ibid., page 30. (back to text)

4 Ellis, op. cit., pages 32–34. (back to text)

5 Ibid., page 29. (back to text)

6 Morning Report, 22 April 1945, Company F, 85th Regiment, Tenth Mountain Division, Denver Public Library, Colorado. (back to text)

7 John B. Woodruff, History of the 85th Mountain Infantry Regiment, page 56. (back to text)

8 Primo Levi, If This Is a Man, pages 22–25, cited in Richard Lamb, War in Italy, pages 28–29. (back to text)

9 On last-minute efforts to surrender by German troops, see Roderick Mackenzie MC, “The End in Italy with the Lowland Gunners: The 178th Medium Regiment RA with the US 10th Mountain Infantry Division 14 April to 2 May 1945.– I am indebted to Lt.-Col. Mackenzie for kindly providing me with a copy of this chapter of his memoirs. (back to text)

10 Ellis, op. cit. ibid., page 194; for excellent maps and diagrams of the campaign, see John Imbrie and Thomas R. Brooks, 10th Mountain Division Campaign in Italy 1945, with battle diagrams by Armand Casini and maps by Barbara Imbrie, passim; for von Senger, see McKay Jenkins, The Last Ridge, pages 227–228. (back to text)

11 Ellis’s description of this episode is in the “Preamble– to his See Naples and Die, pages 5–9; for the quotation from Pyle, see ibid., page 235, and page xiv in the “Introduction– by David Nichols of his edition of Pyle’s dispatches–Nichols (ed.), Ernie’s War. (back to text)

12 Ibid., pages 32–33. (back to text)

13 Woodruff, op. cit., page 59. (back to text)

14 Ernest Fisher, Cassino to the Alps, page 504. (back to text)

15 Jenkins, The Last Ridge, page 242; Peter Shelton, Climb to Conquer, pages 198–208. (back to text)

16 Mackenzie, op. cit., page 63. (back to text)

17 Laura Fermi, Mussolini, page 453. There are innumerable accounts of Mussolini’s death, often contradictory or inconsistent, and invariably containing a political subtext. For a recent skillful pilot through these treacherous waters, I have been guided by Sergio Luzzatto, The Body of Il Duce, passim. I have also consulted the biographies of Mussolini by Robert Bosworth, Denis Mack Smith, Christopher Hibbert and Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, all listed in the Bibliography. (back to text)

18 L.K. Truscott, Command Missions, page 495. (back to text)

19 For the conflicting accounts of Mussolini’s last few moments, see Luzzatto, op. cit., pages 46–49. As most historical disputes in Italy are, this one is highly politicized. (back to text)

20 Milton Bracker, “End of the Sawdust Caesar, Milan, April 29 1945–; Steinbuck (ed.), reproduced in Typewriter Battalion, pages 315–317; Ernest Ashwick, “Mob Fights to Kick Musso’s Body,– Daily Express, 30 April 1945; Luzzatto, op. cit., pages 61–70. (back to text)

21 Philip Hamburger, “Letter from Rome, 8 May 1945,– in The New Yorker, 19 May 1945. (back to text)

22 Ellis, op. cit., page 207. (back to text)

23 For the search of Mussolini’s villa at Gargagno, see Woodruff, op. cit., pages 60–61, and Jenkins, op. cit., pages 247–249. For this and the larger story of the fate of Mussolini’s documents, see Howard McGaw Smyth, Secrets of the Fascist Era, pages 168–235. (back to text)

24 Ellis, op. cit., page 207; for the Tenth Division’s casualty rate, see Charles Sanders, The Boys of Winter, page 192. (back to text)

10 HIMMLER’S BID

1 David McCullough, Truman, page 377. (back to text)

2 Count Folke Bernadotte, The Fall of the Curtain, pages 20–21. (back to text)

3 Ibid., page 35. (back to text)

4 Ibid., pages 56–68; see also Peter Padfield, Himmler, page 594. (back to text)

5 Ibid., page 594. (back to text)

6 Martin Gilbert, Road to Victory, page 1306. (back to text)

7 Padfield, op. cit., page 596. (back to text)

8 Gilbert, op. cit., page 1232. (back to text)

9 Nigel Hamilton, Monty: The Final Years, pages 491–495; Clay Blair, Ridgway’s Paratroopers, pages 488–495. (back to text)

10 Bryan Samain, Commando Men, page 175. (back to text)

11 Ibid., pages 181–182; David Young, Four Five, page 45. (back to text)

12 Hamilton, op. cit., page 495. (back to text)

13 Samain, op. cit., pages 182–186. (back to text)

14 For this and the following, see Leonard Linton, “Kilroy Was Here,– his unpublished memoirs, pages 93–139. See also James Gavin, On to Berlin, pages 284–290; Phil Nordyke, All American All the Way, pages 749–756; and James Megellas, All the Way to Berlin, pages 257–269. (back to text)

11 BOULEVARD OF BROKEN DREAMS

1 David Irving, Goring, page 454; Leonard Mosley, The Reich Marshal, page 312. (back to text)

2 James O’Donnell, The Bunker, page 131. (back to text)

3 Mosley, op. cit., page 316; Irving, op. cit., pages 17–18. (back to text)

4 Angela Lambert, The Lost Life of Eva Braun, page 446. (back to text)

5 For the major sources on Hitler’s last days in the bunker, see the references in Chapter 1, n. 1, above. For his remarks to Goebbels, see Kershaw, pages 810–811. (back to text)

6 Ian Kershaw, Hitler, pages 80–82. (back to text)

7 Lambert, op. cit., page 457. (back to text)

8 Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler, pages 140–142. (back to text)

9 For Albrecht Haushofer’s career, as well as the scene that follows, see James Douglas-Hamilton, The Truth about Rudolf Hess, passim, but especially pages 218–224. (back to text)

10 Ibid., pages 221–222. (back to text)

11 Kershaw, op. cit., pages 817–818. (back to text)

12 For Bonhoeffer’s death, see Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, pages 825–831. (back to text)

13 For Melitta von Stauffenberg’s death, see Peter Hoffman, Stauffenberg, page 280. (back to text)

14 For this and other Flossenburg references, see Kurt von Schuschnigg, Austrian Requiem, pages 263–271. (back to text)

15 Fey von Hassell, Diary, 24 March 1937, quoted in idem, A Mother’s War, page 24. (back to text)

16 For Niemoller’s resistance to Nazism, see his memoirs, From U-boat to Concentration Camp, passim; and for his preachings at Dachau, see his Dachau Sermons, especially pages 56–57. (back to text)

17 Quoted by Sigismund Payne Best in The Venlo Incident, page 194. (back to text)

18 Ibid., pages 193–194. (back to text)

19 M.R.D. Foot, SOE in France, page 430. See also Peter Churchill’s memoir of his experiences after capture in his book, The Spirit in the Cage, passim. (back to text)

20 Ibid., page 201. (back to text)

21 Von Hassell, op. cit., page 177. For her later comments on Philipp of Hesse to Payne Best, see her letter to him from Brazzà of 19 April 1946 in the Payne Best Papers, Imperial War Museum, London. For Hesse’s wartime art dealings, see Jonathan Petropoulos, The Faustian Bargain, pages 106–109, and for an extended analysis of his relations with the Nazis, see idem, Royals and the Reich, passim. (back to text)

22 Schuschnigg, op. cit., page 275. (back to text)

23 Léon Blum, L’Oeuvre de Léon Blum, page 540. Pages 517–544 provide a detailed account of the journey of the Prominente based on his diary. For a life of Blum, see Joel Colton, Léon Blum, especially pages 431–444. For the comment by Schuschnigg, see Schuschnigg, op. cit., page 282. (back to text)

24 Von Hassell, op. cit., page 175; Blum, op. cit., page 538. (back to text)

25 Churchill, op. cit., page 209. (back to text)

26 For brief details of the Vermehren affair, see William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, pages 1025–1026; also Hans-Gunter Richardi, SS–Geiseln in der Alpenfestung, pages 35–37. (back to text)

27 Churchill, op. cit., page 210. (back to text)

28 Red Cushing, Soldier for Hire, page 7. (back to text)

29 Isa Vermehren, Reise durch den letzten Akt, pages 202–229 and Cushing, op. cit., pages 261–262. Keeping very much to her own group of fellow prisoners, Fey von Hassell makes no mention in her own account of either Isa Vermehren or Thomas Cushing. For Isa’s fiancé, see the letter from Eric Vermehren to Sigismund Payne Best of 10 November 1945, in the Payne Best Papers, Imperial War Museum. (back to text)

30 Von Hassell, op. cit., page 179, “Italian Refugees,– The Times, 25 May 1945. (back to text)

12 ALPINE REFUGE

1 Léon Blum, L’Oeuvre de Léon Blum, page 541. (back to text)

2 Memorandum on his imprisonment written for his SIS superiors immediately after his return to Britain, 22 May 1945, in the Payne Best Papers, Imperial War Museum, London, SPB 1 1/1, page 12. I am grateful to Captain Payne Best’s widow for granting me permission to consult her husband’s papers. (back to text)

3 Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, page 182. (back to text)

4 Francesca Wilson, A Life of Service and Adventure, page 20. (back to text)

5 Francesca Wilson, Advice to Relief Workers, page 27. (back to text)

6 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, pages 13–30. (back to text)

7 Quoted in Carolyn Burke, Lee Miller, page 259. (back to text)

8 For the liberation of Dachau, see John Bridgman, The End of the Holocaust, pages 61–76; also, the chapter by Flint Whitlock, “American Soldiers Recall Their Haunting Experience at Dachau,– in Jennifer A. Bussey (ed.), Events that Changed the World. This also contains the text of Higgins’s report of 1 May 1945 in the New York Herald Tribune. For Delestraint, see Blum, op. cit., page 537. (back to text)

9 Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, Munich and Memory, pages 6, 78–79, 349; for “cradle of the Nazi beast,– see Rodney Minott, The Fortress that Never Was, page 116. (back to text)

10 Charles B. MacDonald, The Last Offensive, pages 435–437. (back to text)

11 John Toland, The Last 100 Days, pages 469–474. (back to text)

12 MacDonald, op. cit., page 437. (back to text)

13 Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, page 215. (back to text)

14 Klaus Mann, quoted in Rosenfeld, op. cit., page 21; for the shelling of SS troops in the city, see MacDonald, op. cit., pages 436–437. (back to text)

15 Charles Hawley, “The US Soldier Who Liberated Munich Recalls Confronting the Nazi Enemy,– Der Spiegel Online Special: “The Final Days of World War II,– 29 April 2005. (See <http://.spiegel.de/cache/international/).1518,3554029,00. html>. The American soldier was Wolfgang F. Robinow of the US Forty-second Division. (back to text)

16 Daily Telegraph, 30 April 1945. (back to text)

17 Sigismund Payne Best, The Venlo Incident, page 237. There are some minor inconsistencies of dates in the published accounts of their time at Villabassa by Fey von Hassell, Sigismund Payne Best and Leon Blum. Here, I have relied on the chronology in the synoptic account of their stay in Hans-Gunter Richardi’s recent book, SS–Geiseln in der Alpenfestung, pages 218–222. (back to text)

13 “DEATH FLED–

1 Gerald Schwab, OSS Agents in Hitler’s Heartland, passim. (back to text)

2 Fred Warner, “Don’t You Know There’s a War On?,– pages 21–30. (back to text)

3 Ibid., page 54. (back to text)

4 Ibid., pages 48–55; Major A.W. Freud, “Before the Anti-Climax,– unpublished typescript memoir, 1993, Imperial War Museum, London, Papers of Major A.W. Freud, 6, Item 2, pages 46–56. I have checked and complemented these personal accounts with material from the SOE Archives in the National Archives, London, especially HS 7/146, “Activities of X Section in Italy [sic],– Appendix A; “Interrogation of Lt. Bryant, Historian Party, Date 13 May 10.10 Hours,– Appendix E of the same document, also in HS 7/146. See also W.J.M. Mackenzie, The Secret History of SOE 1940–1945, pages 686–689. (back to text)

5 For the Bryant group’s exploits in the mountains, see HS 7/146, op. cit. (back to text)

6 Rodney Minott, The Fortress that Never Was, page 25. (back to text)

7 Ibid., pages 25, 38. (back to text)

8 Peter Black, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, page 238. (back to text)

9 F.H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. III, Part 2, pages 734–736. (back to text)

10 HW/HW1/3747, National Archives, Kew. (back to text)

11 The best account in English is by Henri A. van der Zee, The Hunger Winter. (back to text)

12 See The Times, 25 November 2003. (back to text)

13 Van der Zee, op. cit., page 230. (back to text)

14 Ibid., page 184. (back to text)

15 Francis De Guingand, Operation Victory, page 452. (back to text)

16 Quoted in David Kaufman and Michiel Horn, A Liberation Album, page 105. (back to text)

17 Van der Zee, op. cit., page 257. (back to text)

18 F.S.V. Donnison, Civil Affairs and Military Government, page 148. See also The Times, 28 May 1945. (back to text)

14 “THE BITTEREST BATTLE–

1 I am grateful to Reg Roy for providing me with the extensive personal details of his service with the Cape Breton Highlanders which appear below. These came largely by way of email contact but also through copies of his diary entries and letters home. (back to text)

2 Alex Morrison and Ted Slaney, The Breed of Manly Men, page 6. (back to text)

3 Terry Copp, “The Cruellest Month,– Legion Magazine (Canada), November/ December 2003. See also, for the campaign and battle, his Cinderella Army. (back to text)

4 Baudouin Bollaert, “In the Tracks of Simenon to North Cape,– Le Figaro (Paris) 26 July 2001. (back to text)

5 For information on Delfzijl during the Second World War, I am grateful to local historian Franz Lenselink for very kindly giving me a guided tour of the town in April 2005. I have also relied on his booklet, Delfzijl 1940–1945: Five Years of War and Occupation in Retrospect, translated by George van Rossum (Delfzijl 1998) for many of the details here. I am also indebted to Monique Brinks, of the Groningen Archiv, and to Professor Homme Wedman of the University of Groningen, who gave me much-appreciated help relating to the wartime history of the city. (back to text)

6 M.R.D. Foot, SOE in the Low Countries, pages 85, 140. (back to text)

7 J. Prosser, Ashes in the Wind, pages 57–58. (back to text)

8 For details of the Canadian attack on Delfzijl, see the unpublished thesis by Daniel T. Byers, “Operation ‘Canada’: The Canadian Attack on Delfzijl, April 23–May 2, 1945,– Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, April 1991, a copy of which has been kindly supplied to me by Professor Terry Copp, director of the Centre for Military, Strategic, and Disarmament Studies at the university. I have also drawn on Douglas E. Delaney, The Soldiers’ General, especially pages 343–392, as well as on the history of the British Columbia Dragoons by Reg Roy, Sinews of Steel, pages 399–406, and Morrison and Slaney, op. cit., pages 319–329. (back to text)

9 Byers, op. cit., pages 9–10; Terry Copp, Cinderella Army, page 309. (back to text)

10 Roy, Diary, 21 April 1945; letters to parents, and to Ardith Christie, 7 March 1945. (back to text)

11 Professor Homme Wedman, letter to author, 8 July 2005. (back to text)

12 Roy, Diary, 30 April 1945. (back to text)

13 Roy to author, email, 13 April 2005. (back to text)

14 Roy to author, emails, 6 April 2005 and 11 December 2006; letter to parents, 9 May 1945. (back to text)

15 Roy, Diary, 1 May 1945. (back to text)

15 DEALING WITH NAZIS

1 Chester Wilmot, dispatch of 30 April, quoted in Desmond Hawkins (ed.), War Report, pages 322–323. (back to text)

2 George Blake, Mountain and Flood, pages 203–204. (back to text)

3 Ibid., pages 325–326. (back to text)

4 “C– [the traditional code name of the head of the SIS–in this case Sir Stewart Menzies] to Prime Minister, 30 April 1945, C9091, in HW1/3793, National Archives, Kew. (back to text)

5 Hitler order to OKW, 17 April 1945, in HW1/3709, National Archives, Kew. (back to text)

6 For Churchill’s respect for the power of guerrilla warfare and behind-the-lines resistance, see David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, passim. (back to text)

7 For Kesselring’s order of the day, see HW 1/3794; Doenitz message of 1 May 1945, HW1/3752, National Archives, Kew. (back to text)

8 Gerald Posner, Hitler’s Children, page 136. (back to text)

9 Corelli Barnett, Engage the Enemy More Closely, pages 852–852; see also F.H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in World War Two, Vol. III, Part 2, pages 625–641, and Andrew Williams, The Battle of the Atlantic, page 284. (back to text)

10 Karl Doenitz, Memoirs, page 468. (back to text)

11 Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe, pages 689–693; for “rock of resistance,– see Williams, op. cit., page 284; Peter Padfield, Doenitz, pages 382–403. (back to text)

12 Doenitz, op. cit., page 445. (back to text)

13 Bryan Samain, memorandum to author, 27 June 2003. See also his Commando Men, pages 186–187. (back to text)

14 Desmond Flower, History of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, page 369. (back to text)

15 Samain to author, 27 June 2003. (back to text)

16 Sean Longden, To the Victor the Spoils, page 86. (back to text)

17 Samain to author, 27 June 2003. (back to text)

18 Samain, Commando Men, page 187. (back to text)

19 For this account of Mills-Roberts’s encounter with Milch, I have drawn on his published account in Clash by Night as well as on his sworn and unpublished written statement about the incident, dated 8 August 1969, in the Mills-Roberts Papers, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London. See also, in the same archival collection, the testimony of his experiences at Neustadt by E.W. Ruston, dated 12 June 1969. Both statements were drawn up during a dispute over the legitimate ownership of Milch’s baton, which Mills-Roberts had kept after the war and which Milch’s family (unsuccessfully) attempted to recover through court action. The brief account in David Irving’s biography of Milch, Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe, pages 295–296, while quoting from Milch’s diary, omits any reference to Mills-Roberts. For a pen portrait of the latter, see Bryan Samain, “Derek Mills-Roberts (1909–1980),– in Personal Encounters, pages 81–84. (back to text)

16 THE CAP ARCONA

1 Stern, 17 March 1983. (back to text)

2 The story of Michel Hollard, DSO, Croix de Guerre, is told in George Martelli, Agent Extraordinary, especially pages 270–276. (back to text)

3 Ibid., page 273. (back to text)

4 Stern, op. cit. (back to text)

5 Titanic (Germany 1943), directors Herbert Selpin and Werner Klinger, Tobis Productions for UFA films. (back to text)

6 Martelli, op. cit., page 274. (back to text)

7 See No. 83 Group Intelligence Summary No. 138 up to 2359 hours 3rd May [1945], Part 1, page 1. I am grateful to Sebastian Cox, head of the Air Historical Branch, Royal Air Force, Bentley Priory, Stanmore, Middlesex, for providing me with a copy of this report, as well as other material and references relating to the Cap Arcona affair. The original report (AIR 25/707) can be found in the National Archives, Kew. (back to text)

8 Martelli, op. cit., page 276. (back to text)

9 Hans Arnoldsson, Natt och dimma, pages 156–165. (back to text)

10 Stern, 3 March 1983. (back to text)

11 These quotations are taken from interviews with surviving RAF pilots for a series of articles published in 1983 by Stern magazine on the Cap Arcona affair. In some important details, however, such as which squadrons were responsible for attacking which ships, the article is unreliable. See Stern, Vols. 10–15, six-part series, “Cap Arcona,– 3 March–7 April 1983. See also the Sunday Telegraph, 13 March 1983. For a more careful, if incomplete, account, see the chapter by Roy Nesbitt in his book, Failed to Return, pages 170–178. I have also drawn usefully on the 1992 pamphlet by Wilhelm Lange, “Cap Arcona,– written for the town of Neustadt and available at the Cap Arcona Museum located there. (back to text)

12 Stern, 24 March 1983. (back to text)

13 Ibid. (back to text)

14 From the Cap Arcona file, Air Historical Branch, Stanmore. (back to text)

15 For these personal accounts, see ibid. (back to text)

16 “Report on Investigations,– by Major N.O. Till, Investigating Officer, No. 2 War Crimes Investigation Team Headquarters, British Army of the Rhine, WO 309/1592. National Archives, Kew. (back to text)

17 Stern, 30 March 1983. (back to text)

18 Quoted in Michael Horbach, Out of the Night, page 255. (back to text)

19 Letter by F.G. Parson, former ADC to General Sir Evelyn Barker, Commander of British Army VIII Corps, Daily Telegraph, 10 March 1983; and Nesbitt, op. cit., page 178. (back to text)

20 Samain, letter to author, 27 June 2003. For a pen portrait of de Jonghe, see Ian Dear, Ten Commando, pages 182–183. (back to text)

21 Undated letter from a tank commander (name unknown) in the 23rd Hussars belonging to the British Eleventh Armored Division, in Cap Arcona material provided by the Air Historical Branch, Royal Air Force. (back to text)

22 Gerry Brent, “Brent’s Navy,– an unpublished manuscript kindly provided by its author, who served with 6 Commando during the Second World War; for “gun flashes,– see the unpublished memoir by another 6 Commando soldier, Lance Corporal Cliff Morris, Part 2, page 138, located in the Mills-Roberts Papers, Liddell Hart Centre, King’s College, London. (back to text)

17 “THE DEAD-END OF HITLER’S REICH–

1 For the Canadians at Wismar, see The 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion in the Low Countries and in Germany: Final Operations. Report No. 17, Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters, Ottawa, 27 October 1947, Directorate of History and Heritage, Department of National Defence, Ottawa, esp. pages 38–40. Available online at <http://www.forces.gc.ca>. For Wynford Vaughan Thomas’s War Report dispatch, see Desmond Hawkins (ed.), page 334. (back to text)

2 Leonard Linton, “Kilroy Was Here,– page 109. (back to text)

3 Ibid., pages 112–113. (back to text)

4 Ibid., page 112; James Megellas, All the Way to Berlin, page 61. (back to text)

5 Linton, op. cit., page 115. (back to text)

6 Megellas, op. cit., pages 264–265; Linton, op. cit., page 104. (back to text)

7 Philip Nordyke, All American All the Way, pages 751–752. (back to text)

8 Quoted in Antony Beevor, Berlin, page 28. (back to text)

9 Ibid., pages 32–33. (back to text)

10 Ibid., page 67. (back to text)

11 Linton, op. cit., page 147; Megellas, op. cit., page 267. (back to text)

12 Elizabeth Heinemann, What Difference Does a Husband Make?, page 81; Beevor, op. cit., page 412; Lynn Nicholas, Cruel World, page 520. (back to text)

13 Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, pages 183–184. (back to text)

14 Sigismund Payne Best to Fey von Hassell, letter of 18 May 1946, Fey von Hassell Collection, Brazzà; with thanks to David Forbes-Watt; see also von Hassell, op. cit., page 285. (back to text)

15 Léon Blum, L’Oeuvre de Léon Blum, page 544; Sigismund Payne Best, The Venlo Incident, page 247; von Hassell, op. cit., page 186. (back to text)

16 Ibid. (back to text)

17 Douglas Botting, In the Ruins of the Reich, pages 115–116. (back to text)

18 HITLER’S LOOT

1 Ian Kershaw, Hitler, pages 834–835. See also Karl Doenitz, Memoirs, pages 449–466 and Peter Padfield, Doenitz, pages 413–421. (back to text)

2 Kershaw, op. cit., page 835. (back to text)

3 Robert Reid, Dispatch No. 175, 1 May 1945, Reid Papers; Charles Province, Patton’s Third Army, page 275. (back to text)

4 Letters of Vera to Robert Reid, 29 and 30 April 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

5 Martha Gellhorn, “Das Deutsches Volk,– Collier’s, 26 May 1945. (back to text)

6 For Hitler, Linz and Bruckner, see Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, pages 62, 87, 187–189, 204, 211–217, 240, 230–233 and 374–378; for “a transcendent aesthetic experience,– see ibid., page 4; see also Lynn Nicholas, The Rape of Europa, pages 41–49; also, idem, Cruel World, page 423, where the date is claimed as 12 April. (back to text)

7 Reid, telediphone recording, 8 May 1945, WRU 11313, Reid Papers; Reid, report of recording, 8 May 1945, No. 185, loc. cit.; Robert Reid, War Correspondent, pages 88–94. (back to text)

8 Fred Warner, “Don’t You Know There’s a War On?,– pages 55–60. (back to text)

9 For this and the following, see ibid., as well as Bryant’s after-mission debriefing, entitled “Interrogation of Lt. Bryant. Historian Party 13 May 1945,– in SOE file HS 7/146, National Archives, Kew, pages 1–29. (back to text)

10 “Before the Anti-Climax,– memoir by A.W. Freud, GB 62/6/2, Imperial War Museum, London, pages 57–61. While a brief report on his mission written immediately afterwards survives, including the text of the radio message he attempted to send from Zeltweg, it differs in several respects from the memoir. Such is the fragility of memory. The novelist Esther Freud, in her novel The Sea House, loosely bases the wartime career of her character Lehmann on Walter’s experiences with SOE in Austria. (back to text)

11 Warner, op. cit., page 63; see also Bryant, op. cit. For Globocnik, see Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich, page 584; also, Gita Sereny, The German Trauma, pages 195, 198. (back to text)

12 Warner, op. cit., page 66. (back to text)

13 Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War, pages 141, 351. (back to text)

14 Warner, op. cit., page 67. (back to text)

15 Quoted in J. Bridgman, The End of the Holocaust, page 133. (back to text)

16 Alison Leslie Gold, Fiet’s Vase, page 12. (back to text)

17 For the following, see Nicholas, The Rape of Europa, pages 41–49 and 312–317. (back to text)

18 Spotts, op. cit., pages 215– 218; Nicholas, Rape, page 143. (back to text)

19 Nicholas, ibid., pages 346–350. (back to text)

20 Thomas C. Howe, Salt Mines and Castles, page 143. (back to text)

21 Nicholas, op. cit., page 348. (back to text)

22 Ibid., page 360. (back to text)

23 Ibid., page 282. See also Anne Rothfeld, “Nazi Looted Art,– Prologue (National Archives, Washington, DC), Fall 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3. (back to text)

19 “THE DAWN HAS BROKEN THROUGH AT LAST–

1 For this and the following, see Robert Ellis, See Naples and Die, pages 210–230; John B. Woodruff, History of the 85th Mountain Infantry Regiment, Carl V. Cossin, I Soldiered with America’s Elite, pages 75–88; and “F– Company morning reports, May–July 1945, Denver Public Library. (back to text)

2 The Times, 26 May 1945. (back to text)

3 Ellis, op. cit., page 214. (back to text)

4 Ibid., page 217. (back to text)

5 Geoffrey Cox, Race for Trieste, page 9. (back to text)

6 Ibid., pages 156–157; Robin Kay, From Cassino to Trieste, pages 532–585. (back to text)

7 Geoffrey Cox, letter to his wife, 6 May 1945, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand, 2003–005–4/14. (back to text)

8 Kay, op. cit., pages 542–543. (back to text)

9 Cox, op. cit., page 205. (back to text)

10 “Conference held at main 2NZ Div. at 0830 Hrs, 4th May 1945,– in Cox Papers, Kippenberger Military Archive, Waiouru, New Zealand. See also Kay, op. cit., pages 555–556, and Roberto Rabal, “A Hell of a Way to End a War,– in John Crawford (ed.), Kia Kaha, pages 276–288. (back to text)

11 The Times (London), 15 May 1945. (back to text)

12 Claudio Magris, Microcosms, page 103; and Cox, op. cit., page 158. See also Franklin Lindsay, Beacons in the Night, pages 291–312. (back to text)

13 Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, page 237; also, Glenda A. Sluga, “The Risiera di San Sabba: Fascism, Anti-Fascism and Italian Nationalism,– Journal of Italian Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3, pages 401–412; and Risiera di San Sabba; Monumento Nazionale, guide published by the Comune di Trieste. (back to text)

14 “Quislings in Trieste,– The Times, 21 May 1945. For “Trojan horse,– see Harry Coles and Albert Weinberg, Civil Affairs, page 599. (back to text)

15 Cox, op. cit., pages 18, 150–157, 207. (back to text)

16 Ibid., page 245; Kay, op. cit., page 558. (back to text)

17 The account that follows is based on various testimonies to be found in the file FO 371/ 48953, “Venezia Giulia: Yugoslav Atrocities–Investigating Committee Report, 27/9/45, Part 2, Appendix A, ‘Foibes,’ – National Archives, Kew. At the time of this report, eight whole bodies and a large number of dismembered parts of corpses had been brought to the surface. One body was that of a civilian, the other seven were of German soldiers. (back to text)

18 John Shillidy to author, 19 January 2005. (back to text)

19 Cox, op. cit., page 231. (back to text)

20 David Irving, Göring, page 21. (back to text)

21 Ibid., page 475. (back to text)

22 See documents 37–39 in The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, Occupation, 1945, Vol. VI, pages 39–44. (back to text)

20 VE DAY

1 Juliet Gardiner, Wartime, page 573. For VE Day, I have also drawn from the books by Angus Calder, Maureen Waller and Russell Miller listed in the Bibliography. See also Martin Gilbert’s comprehensive book, The Day the War Ended, passim. (back to text)

2 Gardiner, op. cit., page 576. (back to text)

3 Reg Roy, Diary, 2–14 May 1945, and letter to parents, 9 May 1945, Roy Papers. (back to text)

4 Robert Reid, BBC interview with B. Whitaker, 30 May 1945, WRU C/11616, Reid Papers. (back to text)

5 Scotsman, 8 May 1945. (back to text)

6 For a brief summary of the work of the Monuments Men, see Anne Rothfeld, “Nazi Looted Art: The Holocaust Records Preservation Project, Part 2,– Prologue, Fall 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3: Available at <http://www.archives.gov/ publications/prologue/2002/summer/nazi-looted-art-2.html>. (back to text)

7 Walter Hancock, “Experiences of a Monuments Officer in Germany,– College Art Journal, Vol. V, No. 4, May 1946, page 295. (back to text)

8 Ibid., page 297. See also Lynn Nicholas, The Rape of Europa, pages 338–339. (back to text)

9 See Anton Joachimsthaler, The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth, especially pages 231–236. The Times, 9 July 1945. (back to text)

10 Quoted on Benjamin B. Fischer, “The Hitler Archive . . . at Last,– Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 16, No. 4, Winter 2001, pages 238–247. (back to text)

11 Hans Frederik Dahl, Quisling, pages 354–383. (back to text)

12 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, pages 29–31. (back to text)

13 Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, pages 2–3, 33. (back to text)

14 For the Feldafing SA Oberschule, see Lynn Nicholas, Cruel World, pages 118–123. (back to text)

15 Francesca Wilson, Diary, 31 May 1945. I am deeply grateful to Francesca Wilson’s niece, June Horder, for providing me with copies of the remnants of her aunt’s papers in her possession. Most of the account of her work at Feldafing is based on Wilson, op. cit., pages 31–58. For Salonica, see Mark Mazowar, Salonica, pages 392–411. (back to text)

16 Bryan Samain, note to author, 23 June 2005. (back to text)

17 Ibid., and David Young, Four Five, pages 123–127. (back to text)

18 Samain, op. cit. For German POWs in Schleswig-Holstein, see The Times, 21 May 1945; and for Eutin’s political profile, see Lawrence D. Stokes, “Conservative Opposition to Nazism in Eutin, Schleswig-Holstein, 1932–1933,– in Francis R. Nicosia and Lawrence Stokes (eds.), Germans against Nazism, pages 37–57. (back to text)

19 Major-General J.B. Churcher, “A Soldier’s Story,– manuscript in Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London, pages 74–78. (back to text)

20 Peter Padfield, Doenitz, pages 423–433; Earl M. Ziemke, The US Army in the Occupation of Germany, page 262; Joachim Fest, Speer, page 277. (back to text)

21 Ibid., pages 275, 277–278. (back to text)

22 Padfield, op. cit., pages 423–424. (back to text)

23 For the following, I have drawn on the article by Chris Madsen, “Victims of Circumstance: The Execution of German Deserters by Surrendered German Troops under Canadian Control in Amsterdam, May 1945,– Canadian Military History, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 1993, pages 93–113. Blaskowitz committed suicide in 1948 before appearing at a Nuremberg war crimes trial. (back to text)

21 “FORTUNE IS NOT ALWAYS JOY–

1 Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, pages 184–192; S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident, 238; Fey von Hassell, letter to Payne Best, 14 December 1945, Payne Best Papers, Imperial War Museum, London. (back to text)

2 Von Hassell, op. cit., page 187. (back to text)

3 Ibid., pages 187–188. (back to text)

4 Ibid., page 54. (back to text)

5 Ibid., page 189. See also her letter to Payne Best of 28 July 1946, in Payne Best Papers, loc. cit. For a comprehensive account of Philipp of Hesse’s links with the Nazis, see Jonathan Petropoulos, Royals and the Reich, passim. (back to text)

6 Payne Best, op. cit., page 252. (back to text)

7 Von Hassell, op. cit., page 191. (back to text)

8 Ibid. (back to text)

9 Ibid., pages 190–192. See also letter to Payne Best, 28 July 1946, Payne Best Papers, loc. cit. (back to text)

10 Francesca Wilson, Advice to Relief Workers, pages 6–7. (back to text)

11 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, page 54. (back to text)

12 Quoted by Francesca Wilson in a World Affairs lecture dated 11 January 1950, in her papers. (back to text)

13 Francesca Wilson, Diary, 31 May 1945, extract in possession of June Horder, to whom many thanks. (back to text)

14 Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance in Nazi Germany, especially pages 240–242; Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pages 162–163; Lynn Nicholas, Cruel World, pages 38–54. (back to text)

15 Ibid., page 3. (back to text)

16 Ibid., pages 4–5. See also The Times, 5 July 1945. (back to text)

17 Nicholas, op. cit., page 5. (back to text)

18 For an account of his suicide, and of the postwar myth that he survived, see Gita Sereny, The German Trauma, pages 200–215. (back to text)

19 The following account is based on material in files of the Intelligence Corps at Chicksands, Bedfordshire, and on the article “Himmler’s Suicide,– by John Hillyer-Funke and Winston Ramsay in After the Battle, No. 14, 1975. (back to text)

20 Note of 3 May 1945, as quoted in “The Private Thoughts of a Public Man,– New York Times, 22 January 2006. For Churchill and the summary execution of top Nazis, see Arieh Kochavi, Prelude to Nuremberg, page 74. (back to text)

21 See Desmond Hawkins (ed.), War Report, page 38. (back to text)

22 James Gavin, Diary, 3 May 1945, quoted in Philip Nordyke, All American All the Way, page 752. (back to text)

23 Leonard Linton, “Kilroy Was Here,– page 140. (back to text)

24 Ibid., page 148. (back to text)

25 Ibid., page 156. (back to text)

22 “A GROTESQUE COMEDY–

1 For the story of the arrest of Doenitz, see Major-General J.B. Churcher, “A Soldier’s Story,– typescript memoir in the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London, pages 74–81; also, Earl Ziemke, The US Army in the Occupation of Germany, pages 260–263; Peter Padfield, Doenitz, pages 424–435; Marlis G. Steinert, Capitulation, passim. (back to text)

2 Joachim Fest, Speer, page 280. (back to text)

3 Churchill to Foreign Office quoted in Marlis G. Steinert, “The Allied Decision to Arrest the Doenitz Government,– Historical Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3, September 1988, page 656; Earl Ziemke, The US Army in the Occupation of Germany, page 262, n. 23. (back to text)

4 Steinert, Capitulation, pages 271–275. (back to text)

5 Ibid., pages 212–213. (back to text)

6 The War Illustrated, No. 207, 25 May 1945. (back to text)

7 David Stafford (ed.), Flight From Reality, passim. (back to text)

8 Richard Overy, Interrogations, page 32; Arieh Kochavi, Prelude to Nuremberg, page 74. For the following, see also Joe Heydecker, The Nuremberg Trials, pages 1–42. (back to text)

9 Anne Tusa and John Tusa, The Nuremberg Trial, page 40. (back to text)

10 Henri van der Zee, The Hunger Winter, page 274. (back to text)

11 For the capture of Joyce, see Adrian Weale, Renegades, pages 171–173. On Geoffrey Perry, see Lesley Chamberlain, “Malice through the Looking Glass,– Financial Times Magazine, 28 February 2004, pages 22–25. (back to text)

12 Weale, op. cit., page 54; Rebecca West, The New Meaning of Treason, page 93. (back to text)

13 For Amery, see Weale, op. cit., pages 47–62 and West, op. cit., pages 91–108. Also, Adrian Weale, Patriotic Traitors, page 225. (back to text)

14 C. David Heymann, Ezra Pound, page 149. (back to text)

15 Ibid., page 160. For Pound’s wartime activities, see also Peter Ackroyd, Ezra Pound and His World, pages 85–87; Charles Norman, Ezra Pound, pages 386–405; Noel Stock, The Life of Ezra Pound, pages 392–415; John Tytell, Ezra Pound, pages 268–278. (back to text)

16 John B. Woodruff, History of the 85th Mountain Infantry Regiment, page 70. (back to text)

17 Geoffrey Cox, The Race for Trieste, page 254. (back to text)

18 Harold Macmillan, The Blast of War, page 701; Alfred Connor Bowman, Zones of Strain, pages 19–20. (back to text)

19 C.R.S. Harris, Allied Military Administration of Italy, pages 295–316; Luca Alessandrini, “The Option of Violence–Partisan Activity in the Bologna Area 1945–1948,– in Jonathan Dunnage (ed.), After the War, pages 58–74. For a discussion of the historiography of the period 1943–45, see Richard Bosworth, The Italian Dictatorship, pages 180–204. (back to text)

20 Roy Palmer Domenico, Italian Fascists on Trial, page 144; Harris, op. cit., page 305. (back to text)

21 Sir Noel Charles, Rome, to Foreign Office, 11 May 1945, WO 106/3965A/ 182, National Archives, Kew. (back to text)

22 Sir Noel Charles, Rome, to Foreign Office, 16 and 25 May 1945, loc. cit. (back to text)

23 The War Illustrated, No. 207, 25 May 1945. (back to text)

23 “AN IRON CURTAIN–

1 Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace, page v. (back to text)

2 For Churchill’s telegram to Truman, see Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill 1945–1965: “Never Despair,– pages 6–7; for his concern about France and Germany, see his message to Eisenhower of 9 May, quoted in the Triumph and Tragedy volume of war memoirs, page 490. (back to text)

3 Gilbert, op. cit., page 17. (back to text)

4 Fred Warner, “Don’t You Know There’s a War On?,– page 66. (back to text)

5 Ibid., page 69. See also “Interrogation of Lt. Bryant, Historian Party, 13 May 1945,– HS7/146, National Archives, Kew, pages 15, 20. (back to text)

6 Warner, op. cit., page 70. (back to text)

7 Ibid., page 73. (back to text)

8 Quoted in Douglas Botting, In the Ruins of the Reich, page 124. (back to text)

9 Warner, op. cit., page 73. (back to text)

10 Ibid., page 74. (back to text)

11 Nicholas Bethell, The Last Secret, page 166. (back to text)

12 Botting, op. cit., pages 127–128; Warner, op. cit., page 74. See also Christopher Booker, A Looking-Glass Tragedy, passim. (back to text)

13 Warner, op. cit., page 75. (back to text)

14 John Imbrie to author, 11 July 2005. (back to text)

15 McKay Jenkins, The Last Ridge, pages 251–252. (back to text)

16 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, page 55; and Diary, 31 May 1945. (back to text)

17 Ibid.; on employment, see George Woodbridge, UNRRA, Vol. II, page 519. (back to text)

18 Wilson, op. cit., page 65. (back to text)

19 For the above, see ibid., pages 71, 80–83; and her Diary for 11 and 17 June 1945. (back to text)

20 Ibid., 17 June 1945. (back to text)

21 Mark Wyman, DPs, pages 62–63; Wilson, Diary, 31 May 1945. For UNRRA and repatriation, see Woodbridge, op. cit., Vol. II, pages 473–474. (back to text)

22 Quoted in James Lucas, Last Days of the Reich, page 77. (back to text)

23 Eagle Glassheim, “The Mechanics of Ethnic Cleansing: The Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 1945–1947,– in Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak (eds.), Redrawing Nations, page 209. For other accounts, see Alfred de Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdam, especially pages 104–120; and Pertti Ahonen, After the Expulsion, pages 15–24. (back to text)

24 Glassheim, op. cit., page 207. (back to text)

25 Wilson, Diary, 11 June 1945. (back to text)

26 Paul Kemp, “The British Army and the Liberation of Bergen-Belsen,– in Joanne Reilly et al. (eds.), Belsen in History and Memory, page 144. (back to text)

24 “YOU LOST PEOPLE AS YOU GAINED YOUR FREEDOM–

1 Robert Reid, “Postscript on Germany,– Yorkshire Post, 26 June 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

2 Robert Reid, “A Journey by Jeep,– Manchester Guardian, 19 June 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

3 Robert Reid, “Glimpse of Paris Scene,– Yorkshire Observer, 5 March 1945. (back to text)

4 Robert Reid, interview with B. Whittaker, 30 May 1945, WRU C/11616, Reid Papers. (back to text)

5 Henry van der Zee, The Hunger Winter, page 286. (back to text)

6 David Kaufman and Michiel Horn, A Liberation Album, page 112. (back to text)

7 Ibid., page 117. (back to text)

8 Ibid., page 120. (back to text)

9 For collaborators, see Henry L. Mason, The Purge of the Dutch Quislings, passim; Peter Romijn, “ ‘Restoration of Confidence’: The Purge of Local Government in the Netherlands as a Problem of Postwar Reconstruction,– in Istvan Deak et al. (eds.), The Politics of Retribution in Europe, pages 173–193. For Groningen, see the booklet written to accompany the 2005 exhibition at the University of Groningen Museum, “From Me to May: The First Year after the War in Groningen.– I am particularly grateful to the exhibition’s curator, Monique Brinks, for providing me with a copy of this, and for talking to me about the exhibition. (back to text)

10 Peter Romijn, “The Synthesis of the Political Order and the Resistance Movement in the Netherlands in 1945,– in Gill Bennett (ed.), The End of the War in Europe 1945, pages 139–147. (back to text)

11 Quoted in Kaufman and Horn, op. cit., page 121. (back to text)

12 For the following, I have drawn on ibid., especially pages 129–164, and Michiel Horn, “More than Cigarettes, Sex and Chocolate: The Canadian Army in the Netherlands, 1944–1945,– Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol. 16, Nos. 3 and 4, Fall/Winter 1981, pages 156–173. (back to text)

13 Kaufman and Horn, op. cit., pages 147–148. (back to text)

14 Ibid., page 138; and Horn, op. cit., page 167. (back to text)

15 Ibid., page 168. (back to text)

16 For the above, see letters from Reg Roy to his parents and his sister of 2, 3, 5, and 7 July 1945, Roy Papers. (back to text)

17 Perry Biddiscombe, The Last Nazis, pages 205, 235. (back to text)

18 Evening Citizen, 15 June 1945. For details of Ribbentrop’s capture, see Joe Heydecker, The Nuremberg Trials, as well as field security files at the Intelligence Corps Museum, Chicksands, Bedfordshire. (back to text)

19 Philip Hamburger, “Letter from Rome,– 8 May 1945, The New Yorker, 19 May 1945. (back to text)

20 Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, pages 193–194. (back to text)

21 Fey von Hassell, in discussion with the author, Rome, June 2005. (back to text)

22 Lynn Nicholas, Cruel World, pages 518–519. (back to text)

23 For the search for the boys, see von Hassell, op. cit., pages 193–204. (back to text)

25 BERLIN: THE GRAY CITY

1 Francesca Wilson, Diary, undated (July 1945). (back to text)

2 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, pages 111–115. (back to text)

3 For Keegan, see Ladislas Farago, The Last Days of Patton, pages 73–145; and for the dispute with Eisenhower, see Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, page 423. (back to text)

4 Gottfried R. Bloch, Unfree Associations, page 236. I am grateful to Frank Bright for bringing this book to my attention. (back to text)

5 Wilson, op. cit., pages 116–117; see also John Bridgman, “Dachau,– idem, in The End of the Holocaust, pages 72–73. (back to text)

6 Quoted in Geoffrey Cox, The Race for Trieste, page 260. (back to text)

7 Robin Kay, From Cassino to Trieste, page 565. (back to text)

8 13 Corps Periodical Intelligence Summary No. 4, 9 July 1945, Intelligence Corps Museum, Chicksands, Bedfordshire. (back to text)

9 Sarah Morgan, “The Schio Killings: A Case Study of Partisan Violence in Post-War Italy,– Modern Italy, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2000, pages 147–160; also Osvaldo Croci’s riposte, “Guilt, Context and the Historian: Debating the Schio Massacre,– Modern Italy, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2001, pages 223–231. Several of those accused of the massacre fled to Yugoslavia. Seven others were brought to trial before an allied military court and three received death sentences (later commuted). (back to text)

10 Letter to his parents, 1 July 1945, in Robert Ellis, See Naples and Die, pages 224–225. His letters are a valuable corrective to the assertion by Paul Fussell in his book Wartime that soldiers’ letters home are of little value in providing a realistic view of battle. (back to text)

11 See “F– Company, 85th Regiment morning reports for May–July 1945, especially those of 8, 15 and 27 June. (back to text)

12 Letter home, 17 June 1945, in Ellis, op. cit., page 222. (back to text)

13 Diary entry, 14 June 1945, in ibid., page 221. (back to text)

14 Robert Reid to Vera, 9 May 1945; Vera to Robert, 14 May 1945, Reid Papers. (back to text)

15 Quoted in Matthew Utley, “Operation ‘Surgeon’ and Britain’s Post-War Exploitation of Nazi German Aeronautics,– Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 17, No. 2, Summer 2002, page 1. (back to text)

16 For the allies and German science, see in general Michel Bar-Zohar, The Hunt for German Scientists, and Tom Bower, The Paperclip Conspiracy, passim. A recent American account may be found in Wolfgang Samuel, American Raiders. For von Braun, see Dennis Piszkiewicz, Wernher von Braun, passim. (back to text)

17 Osmar White, dispatch from Berlin, 3 July 1945, in idem, Conqueror’s Road, page 119. For fuller details of the US Army’s entry into the city, see US Headquarters Berlin District, and HQ First Airborne Army, History and Report of Operations 8 May–31 December 1945, Part 2, 27 June 1946, pages 1–13, copy in author’s possession. Also, Leonard Linton, “Kilroy Was Here,– pages 163–165; and James Megellas, All the Way to Berlin, page 272. (back to text)

18 James P. O’Donnell, The Bunker, page 7. (back to text)

19 “British in Berlin,– The Times, 4 July 1945; “Union Jack Flies over Berlin,– The Times, 7 July 1945. (back to text)

20 Linton, op. cit., pages 166–171. (back to text)

21 The Times, 5 July 1945. (back to text)

22 Richard Brett-Smith, Berlin ’45, page 88. (back to text)

23 W. Byford Jones, Berlin Twilight, pages 34–38. (back to text)

24 Ibid. (back to text)

25 Douglas Botting, In the Ruins of the Reich, page 192. (back to text)

26 MONDAY, 16 JULY 1945

1 Gregor Dallas, Poisoned Peace, page 527. (back to text)

2 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, page 118. (back to text)

3 Ibid., page 122. (back to text)

4 Ibid., page 127. (back to text)

5 “Big Cuts in UNRRA supplies,– The Times, 11 July 1945. (back to text)

6 F.S.V. Donnison, Civil Affairs, pages 355–357. (back to text)

7 Reg Roy to his parents, two letters of 22 July 1945. (back to text)

8 For this and the following, see Robert Ellis, See Naples and Die, pages 227–235. (back to text)

9 For this and the following, see Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, pages 205–208. (back to text)

10 Ibid., page 207. (back to text)

11 For this and the following, see Bryan Samain, letter and enclosure to author, 13 May 2006. (back to text)

12 Leonard Linton, “Kilroy Was Here,– page 191. (back to text)

13 Philip Windsor, City on Leave, pages 32–48; Donnison, op. cit., page 240. (back to text)

14 Earl Ziemke, The US Army in the Occupation of Germany, page 321. (back to text)

15 Donnison, op. cit., page 238. (back to text)

16 Ziemke, op. cit., pages 321–324. (back to text)

17 The Times, 9 July 1945. (back to text)

18 Donnison, op. cit., pages 240–241. (back to text)

19 The Times, loc. cit.; see also Donnison, op. cit., pages 238–239. (back to text)

20 New York Times, 16 July 1945. (back to text)

21 Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower, page 420. (back to text)

22 Forrest Pogue, The Supreme Command, page 515. (back to text)

23 Richard Overy, Interrogations, pages 60–61; Anne Tusa and John Tusa, The Nuremberg Trials, page 44. (back to text)

24 Charles L. Mee, Meeting at Potsdam, page 49. (back to text)

25 Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill, page 384; idem (ed.), Speaking for Themselves, page 532. (back to text)

26 Charles L. Mee, op. cit., page 82; Harry S Truman, Memoirs, Vol. I, page 82; David McCullough, Truman, pages 413–416. (back to text)

27 Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, page 539; Douglas Botting, World War II, pages 40–41; Joan Bright Astley, The Inner Circle, pages 218–219; “Opening of Potsdam Conference,– The Times, 17 July 1945; Lord Moran, Churchill, page 291; for the quotes from Olive Christopher, see Joanna Moody, From Churchill’s War Rooms, as quoted in Daily Telegraph, 19 February 2007, page 19. (back to text)

27 “OTHER BEASTS IN OTHER LAIRS–

1 The Times, 17 July 1945. (back to text)

2 Osmar White, Conquerors’ Road, page 136. (back to text)

3 W. Byford Jones, Berlin Twilight, page 56. (back to text)

4 Douglas Botting, In the Ruins of the Reich, page 142. (back to text)

5 Quoted in ibid., pages 143–144. (back to text)

6 Count Folke Bernadotte, Instead of Arms, page 75; see also pages 80–81. (back to text)

7 Count Folke Bernadotte, The Fall of the Curtain, page 82; and idem, Instead of Arms, page 63. (back to text)

8 British Council of Churches, The German Reaction to Defeat, copy found with the war diary of the Reverend David Cairns in the National Library of Scotland Documents Collection, Reference No. ACC 5932. (back to text)

9 Alan Moorehead, “Not One German Has Any Feeling of Guilt,– Daily Express, 22 April 1945; Anne Matheson, “These Women Have No Pity but for Themselves,– Evening Standard, 30 April 1945. (back to text)

10 Quoted in Josef Foschepoth, “German Reaction to Defeat and Occupation,– in Robert G. Moeller (ed.), West Germany under Construction, page 73. (back to text)

11 Perry Biddiscombe, The Last Nazis, page 235. (back to text)

12 Leonard Mosley, Report from Germany, page 117. (back to text)

13 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, page 67. (back to text)

14 Botting, op. cit., page 105; Biddiscombe, op. cit., pages 195, 235–236. (back to text)

15 See Frank Stern, “The Historic Triangle: Occupiers, Germans and Jews in Postwar Germany,– in Moeller, op. cit., page 207; and Constantine Goschler, “The Attitude towards Jews in Bavaria after the Second World War,– in ibid., page 232. (back to text)

16 See Lawrence D. Stokes, “Conservative Opposition to Nazism in Eutin, Schleswig-Holstein, 1932–1933,– in Francis R. Nicosia and Lawrence D. Stokes (eds.), Germans against Nazism, pages 49–50, 52. At the time of writing, on the sixty-eighth anniversary of Kristallnacht, a survey of opinion in Germany revealed that 18 percent of its citizens believed that the influence of the Jews “is too great.– See The Times, 10 November 2006. (back to text)

17 For a recent graphic example of the vigorous after-life of Nazi sentiment and loyalty in Austria, see the extraordinary account by the journalist Martin Pollack of the search for the truth about his father as told in his book, The Dead Man in the Bunker. (back to text)

18 The Times, 17 July 1945. (back to text)

19 Ibid., 14 July 1945. (back to text)

20 Quoted in David Ellwood, Italy 1943–1945, page 198. (back to text)

21 Sergio Luzzato, The Body of Il Duce, pages 99–116. (back to text)

22 See Benjamin B. Fischer, “The Hitler Archive . . . at Last,– Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 16, No. 4, Winter 2001, pages 238–247; and Anton Joachimsthaler, The Last Days of Hitler, pages 22–28. (back to text)

23 Byford-Jones, op. cit., page 83. (back to text)

24 Sir Norman Birkett, quoted in Michael Marrus, The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial 1945–46, page 103. (back to text)

25 David Irving, Göring, page 508. (back to text)

26 Leonard Mosley, The Reich Marshal, page 358; for the possible Dachau alternative, see Anne Tusa and John Tusa, The Nuremberg Trial, page 486. (back to text)

27 Ibid., page 42. (back to text)

28 Biddiscombe, op. cit., page 235. (back to text)

EPILOGUE: WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM?

1 Fred Warner, “Don’t You Know There’s a War On?,– page 80. (back to text)

2 Information from ibid., passim, from material in the Imperial War Museum, London, and from an interview with Fred Warner in Hamburg, 2005; also, letter from Annette Warner to the author, 5 January 2007. (back to text)

3 Francesca Wilson, Aftermath, page 147. (back to text)

4 See Francesca Wilson, A Life of Service and Adventure, Part 2, page 13. (back to text)

5 As told in Geoffrey Cox, A Tale of Two Battles. (back to text)

6 Note of 28 September 1945, Cox Papers. (back to text)

7 Robert Reid, “Broken Dreams,– Manchester Guardian, 31 January 1946, Reid Papers. (back to text)

8 Fey von Hassell, A Mother’s War, page 208. (back to text)

9 Ibid., page 210. (back to text)

10 Ibid., pages 212–213. (back to text)

11 Ibid., page 225. See also her letter to Sigismund Payne Best in July 1946, Best Papers, Imperial War Museum, London. (back to text)