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Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Acacia tortilis, 178
acorns
California Indians and, 208, 210, 216–19, 221–22
mast forests and, 247–48
adze, 138–39
Africa, 25, 167–76
agribusiness, wire fences and, 96
ailanthus, 48, 62–64, 298
Aki no nanakusa, 260
Albaola project, 139–40
alder, 190
algae, 34
Allison, P. A., 176
alphabet, Celtic, 94
Álvarez, Samuél, 165
Amazon basin, 26
American chestnut, 290
American Indians; See also specific tribes, e.g.: California Indians
and black locust, 63
coppice/pollard, 25
fish traps from willows, 2
mast forests, 247–50
anastomosis, 57
Anderson, Edgar, vii
Anderson, Kat, 212, 223
Andoh Naoko, 271
Anisophyllea, 167
Anne (queen of England), 103
Apache people, 123–24
Appalachia, chestnut gathering in, 122
Aragón Ruano, Álvaro, 127, 141, 159
archeology
bog exploration, 71–72
pollen counts, 80
armillaria, 56
art, 198–206
ash (tree)
in Leitzalarrea, 148–54, 150
phoenix regeneration, 51, 52
in Somerset Levels, 68
for Sweet Track, 77
Ashcott Heath trackway, 75–76
Astrup, Nikolai, 188, 198–206
ate (hiba cedar), 273
attention, experiment and, 105
Austad, Ingvild, 181–83, 192
autumn mushrooms, 122–23
auzolan, 150
axes, 107–10
and ancient Douglas fir, 242
creating, 107, 151–52
handles, 110
and hazel, 93–94
in Leitzalarrea, 152–54
Mesolithic vs. Neolithic, 10
Neolithic, 75–76, 93–94
as sacrifice of thanksgiving, 78
sharpening, 109–10, 153
azalea, 235
Azuma Atsuki, 282–85
bacalao, 130, 135
Bahía de los Fumos (Smokes Bay), California, 212
Bailey, Liberty Hyde, 49
bamboo, 44, 253, 267, 269, 287
Bancroft, George, 208
bark beetles, 240
Barkham, Selma, 129
Barriola, Miguel, 164
Barriola, Patxi, 108–9
Bartram, William, 249
baskets, 208, 210–12, 211, 222–24
Basque axe, 110
Basque region, 142–54, 163–66
Basques; See also ipinabarros
and pollards, 25
as shipwrights, 125–41
Basso, Keith, 123–24
basswood, 33
Bay of Biscay, 135
beavers, 74
beech
Burnham Beeches, London, 161–62
in Europe, 159–62
for keels, 136
in Leitza, 165
in Murua, Spain, 122, 124
pollards, 160
spreading branches of, 48
beetles, 220
Bengtsson, Vikki, 164
Bible, the, 25, 124, 181
Bienes comunales y capitalismo agrario en Navarra (Iriarte-Goñi), 156
Big Apple Series (soil class), 295
Big Basin Redwoods State Park (California), 226–37
billhook, 97
birds
in coppice woodland, 90–91
and hedges, 104
in Japanese woodlands, 259
black cherry, 300
black locust, 62–63, 301
blackthorn, 97
black walnut, 248
Blake, William, 160, 256
boats, wood for, 125–41
bobwhites, 104
bog race, 73–74
bogs, See Somerset Levels, England
Bohna, Lois Conner, 214, 216, 218–24
boletus mushrooms, 122–23
bolling, 161–62, 164
booga mori (sprout lands), 258, 261–62, 267, 270, 275
borda, 108, 145, 148–49, 151
bosqueros (foresters), 129, 134–35
bottomland, See Somerset Levels, England
bracken fern, 221
Bradfield Wood (Sussex, England), 85–91
brain, hands and, 105–6
branch collar, 23
branches
as competing individuals, 49
as epiparasite, 38–39
spreading, 48
upward vs. outward growth, 44, 45
branching, 34, 44, 55–59
branchlets, 49
bridges, See trackways
broadleaf plants/trees
for hedges, 97
and leaf hay, 190
in southern and eastern Europe, 79–80
Bromfield, Louis, 104
Bronze Age, 25, 73
Bruk Mountains (Hungary), 80
Buddhism, 254
Bulgaria, 80
burl, 232, 236
Burnham Beeches, London, 159, 161–62
burning
fire coppice, See fire coppice
mast forests and, 249
buttercup, 88
butterflies, 91
butternut, 248
Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 212, 215
cacti, 65
Caesar, Julius, 96, 131
calcium oxides, 297
California
Golden Trout Creek bog race, 73–74
pollards at Filoli, 18
pollards at UC Berkley, 18–21
pollards in Golden Gate Park, 16–19
redwoods, 226–37
California huckleberry, 234–35
California Indians, 207–25
and baskets, 208, 210–12, 211, 222–24
and fire coppice, 213–25
and redwoods, 236–37
California tribes, 25
cambium, 5
Cambridge University, 176
cant (coppice woodland section), 88, 90
canyon live oaks, 233
carvel shipbuilding style, 132
catalpa, 48, 62
Celtic ogham alphabet, 94
Central Park (New York City), 111–17
Central Valley, California, 213
Chamaecyparis, 290
charcoal, 26, 151, 261, 274
Cherokee Indians, 249
chestnut, 122, 124, 248, 290
Chiba Nagomi, 282–88
chinch bug, 104
chlorophyll, 34
Chukchansi Indians, 214, 218
churches, ship design and, 132–34
civilizations, still point of, 166
Clare, John, 88–89
clavadores (nailers), 138
clonal groves/clonal spreading, 33, 47, 290–91
coal, 27
Cobbett, William, 28
Cody, Phil, 18–21
Coles, John, 75
Coltrane, John, 42, 49, 54
“Command and Control and the Pathology of Natural Resource Management” (Holling and Meffe), 163
commons, 27–28, 155–58
Burnham Beeches, 161
enclosure of, 28, 103, 156–58
in Leitza, 146–47, 150, 152
concrete, in soil, 297
conifers; See also redwoods
as dominant early trees, 39
evolution, 46
in Great Northern Forest, 243–46
in Japanese plantation forests, 277–78
and phoenix regeneration, 239
regeneration, 238–42
Sami harvesting/reharvesting of, 243–46
sprouting, 228
and sprouting, 33
Conservation Biology (journal), 163
“cookies,” 69
coppice
etymology, 10
historical importance of, 25–27
origins, 9–11, 13
stool, 11
coppice woodlands
management of, 84–91
as synthetic ecosystem, 86
cotyledons, 229
cradles, 240–41
Creek Indians, 249
cremation, 292
creosote, 290
Crespi, Father Juan, 213
crowflowers (buttercup), 88
Cryptomeria japonica, 273
Dagley, Jeremy, 162–63
Darwin, Charles, 291
deer, 90
del Tredici, Peter, 32, 236
dendrochronologists, 239, 241–42
desalojamientos, 156
De Young Museum (Golden Gate Park, San Francisco), 17–18
Dialium, 167
Dirr, Michael, 51–52
dirt, origins of, 34
Domesday Book, 101
domestic animals, 11
dormancy, 44
dormant buds, 39–40
dormice, 90
Douglas fir, 26, 239, 241–42
dowsing rods, 94
Drake, Sir Francis, 215
drought, pine and, 220–21
Dryad’s Saddle, 50
Dully Chunk, 2
Dutch elm disease, 116
Eastern Woodland Indians, 250
Eclipse Peat Works, 72
ecobee coupon, 280
Edo period, 261
Elizabeth II (queen of the United Kingdom), 86
elms, 48, 113–17
Elosegui, José Miguel, 144–46, 148, 152, 163
Elosegui, Miguel Mari, 164, 165
Enclosures, the (enclosure of the commons), 28, 103
enclosures of commons, 156–58
England
enclosure of commons, 28, 103
Knepp Castle Estate (West Sussex), 195
lindens at National Arboretum, 7–9
Somerset Levels, 67–78
Sweet Track, 77–78
willows in Somerset Levels, 2
English elms, 113–17
epicormic sprouts, 23
epiparasites, 38–39
“Epistle to Bathurst” (Pope), 28
Epping Forest, London, 159, 161–63
Essex, England, 115
Etxarri-Aranatz, Navarre, Spain, 125–29; See also Sakana, forest of
Evelyn, John, 27–28
experiment, attention and, 105
Ezekiel (Hebrew prophet), 11–12
“fairy houses,” 112, 113, 117
fairy rings, 8, 227, 229, 230, 231, 233
fallow system, 171–75
Fay, Neville, 51, 67, 70
fell (coppice woodland section), 87, 91
fen, 72, 73, 77
fences, wire, 96–97
Fernandez, Alex, 18, 21–22
Filoli (Woodside, California), 18, 21–22
Finney, Mark, 236
Fionn mac Cumhail, 93
fire coppice, 25
in Amazon basin, 26
California Indians and, 213–25
as means of land clearance, 79
and redwoods, 236–37
fishing, 130
Fishlake National Forest (Utah), 291
Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry (Tusser), 102
flattening, 35, 36, 37–38
flooding, as means of land clearance, 79
flowering, growth choices for, 44–45
flowers, in coppice woodlands, 87–89
footbridge, See nagereba
Forest Service, U.S., 23
forking, 34, 36–37
form, of trees, 41–54, 43
foundries, 151
foxhunting, hedges and, 96
framers, 138
Franco, Francisco, 146
Fresh Kills landfill (New York City), 299–302
fritillaries, 91
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), 282
fungi
armillaria, 56
colonization of trunk by, 50
in Fresh Kills, 300
and origins of terrestrial plants, 34–35
futtocks, 128, 135–40
Galápagos Islands, 65
Ganoderma applanatum, 9
García Lorca, Federico, 245
George I (king of England), 103
George II (king of England), 103
George III (king of England), 103
Gerritsen Beach (New York City), 294–99
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 35, 38
Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, 16–19
Golden Trout Creek bog race, 73–74
Good Friday plant (Moschatel), 87
Grand Banks, Newfoundland, 130
grass hay, 192, 193
Great Depression, 96
Great Northern Forest, 243–46
Greece, 80
greenbrier, 301
Greenwich Village, New York, 116–17
Gregory, Clark, 297
Grinde, Lars, 182–83, 185–88, 190, 195–96
Grinde Farm (Norway), 182–97
growth patterns, 42
Guinea savanna (Sierra Leone), 167–79
Guipuzcoa, Spain, 152
Gulu Burairai, 168
hagg (coppice woodland section), 87, 90, 91
hagi (bush clover), 260
hahaso (coppice forests), 260, 262, 265, 273, 275
Hallé, Francis, 38, 42, 55
halo cutting, 162
handle, origin of term, 110
hands, intelligence and, 105–6
Harashina Koji, 280, 283
Hardin, Garrett, 155
Harris, Hazel Helen, 221
Haru no nanakusa (Seven Spring Herbs), 259
Harvey, Allison, 15, 29–30
hawthorn, 97
Hayachine shrine festival, 285–88
hazel
Ashcott Heath trackway, 75–76
brief history, 92–94
and fire coppice, 79
for hedges, 95, 99
in Mesolithic Hungary, 80
Neolithic stool, 76
for Sweet Track, 77
Walton Heath Track, 74
heads (pollard), 12–13
Hearst Museum of Anthropology (University of California, Berkeley), 207, 225
hedges, 95–106, 100
birds and, 104
brief history, 95–106
destruction in mid-twentieth century, 96
determining age of, 101
diversity of wildlife found with, 103–4
economic importance of, 99–101
and enclosure of the commons, 103
etymology, 95–96
pollards in, 14, 104–5
procedure for creating, 97–99
sprouting of, 100
variety of species in, 101
Hedges (Pollard et al.), 96
heimseter (home settlement), 183–84
Hell Gate Bridge (New York City), 61
hemlock, 45
herb Paris, 87, 88
“Here Is New York” (White), 2–3
hiba cedar, 273
hickory, 248, 249
Hoffman, Daniela, 81–82
Holling, C. S., 163
honey locust, 48
honeysuckle, 94, 268
hornbeam, 80
Horner, Jim, 18–21
horse chestnut trees, 48
hototogisu (songbird), 259, 265, 272
houses, in Mesolithic settlements, 81–82
huckleberry, 234–35
Hungary, 80
hunter-gatherer culture, 209–10; See also California Indians
Hurricane Sandy (2012), 296
hyggelich, 196
Ice Age, 79–80, 247
Ifumi Yuho, 275, 276
immortality, 289–93
improvisation, 42, 49, 50
individuality, immortality and, 291–92
Indo-European language, 96
intelligence, hands and, 105–6
invertebrates, hedges and, 103–4
ipinabarros, 126–29, 131, 135, 137, 139, 141
Iriarte-Goñi, Iñaki, 156
Irish yews, 22
Iron Age, 73
iron bars, 173
ironworking, 151, 173
Isaiah (biblical prophet), 25, 182, 289, 290, 292
ivory, 173
Iwate, Japan, 252–53
jaban, 172
Japan, 251–85
forest restoration, 277–85
movies defending the satoyama, 264–65
nagereba, 252–54
Philosopher’s Path, 253–56
Sakuragaoka Park, 266–70
satoyama, 260–66
Sayama Hills, 270–73
shrine of nezumi-sama, 256
Tama New Town, 262–64
Totoro no Mori, 270–73
Japanese cedar, 273, 277, 278
Japanese maples, 253–54
Japanese oak, 257–58; See also konara; kunugi
Japanese red pine, 277
Jepson, Willis, 213
Jeremiah (biblical prophet), 174–75
jinja, 254
Job, 25
John, Gospel of, 292
Johnson, Natasha, 207–8
Jolster district, Norway, 198–206
Jolster Lake (Norway), 202
Joyce, James, 234
Juaregui, José Ramón, 107
Juniata River (Pennsylvania), 235
junipers, 41–42
kagura (dance), 285–88
kami (soul), 256, 265, 276, 285, 286
kamidana (altar), 276
kanuchee, 248
Karuk Indians, 210, 211
kashkili, 168, 169, 173
katakuri, 260, 275
kayanezumi (harvest mouse), 272–73
Kesen River footbridge, 252–54
kigo (season words), 260
kile, 173
Kilimi, Sierra Leone, 167–76
Ki no Tsurayuki, 265–66
Kishimoto Koichi, 266–70
Kjokkenstova, 202–3
Klamath Jack (Shasta Indian), 217
knees (ship component), 126, 128, 137, 139
Knepp Castle Estate (West Sussex, England), 195
knots, 23
knuckles (pollard), 12–13
Kokinshu (poetry anthology), 259–60, 262, 265
komanezumi (guardian mice), 255
konara (Japanese oak), 257–59, 262, 266–69, 268, 275–77
koshidowa, 260
Kotzebue, Otto von, 215
Kramer, Per, 204
Kroeber, Alfred, 208, 209
Kroeber Hall (University of California, Berkeley), 208
Kuhn, Thomas, 155
kunugi (Japanese oak), 257–59, 262, 266–69, 268, 274–77
kuzu, 260
Kyoto, Japan
Philosopher’s Path, 253–54
rice paddies, 256–60
shrine of nezumi-sama, 256
lamb’s-quarters, 250
Lane, Mark, 177–78
Lapérouse, Comte de, 215
lapstrake shipbuilding style, 132
Laris, Paul, 172
lateral branches, 36, 37
flowering, 44
and phoenix regeneration, 239
lauftorkinvind (leaf-drying wind), 195
laundry, 147–48
leaf hay, 189–90, 192–94
leaf knife, 190
leafy trees
competition with conifers, 39
evolution, 46
and sprouting, 33
Leake, Clive, 105
leaves, origins of, 38
Leicestershire, England, 96
Leitza, Navarra, Spain, 142–54, 163–66
commons in, 155–56
pollard beeches, 159
pollard conference (2017), 164–65
Helen Read in, 163–64
Leitzalarrea, 147–54
Lenten lily (wild daffodil), 88
Leoz, Mikel, 139–40
“Life and Times of the House” (Hoffman, et al.), 81–82
lifespan of tree, 50
lignotubers, 33, 229
limb trees, 228
lindens
and lignotubers, 33
at National Arboretum, England, 7–9
pollards in front of Metropolitan Museum of Art, 14–16, 29–30
livestock
hay for, 193–94; See also grass hay; leaf hay
hedges and, 99–101
Locke, John, 28
Logan, Jacob, 176, 177
Logan, Nora, 254, 263
Lomatia tasmanica, 291
London plane trees
at Filoli, 18, 21–22
in front of Metropolitan Museum of Art, 14–17, 29–32, 303–5
at UC Berkeley, 19–20
lot palm, 63–64
Love’s Labour’s Lost (Shakespeare), 84
Macbeth, 7–8
maderas de cuenta (calculated wood), 134, 138
Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association (MOFGA), 195
Mali, 172
Manyōshū (poetry anthology), 257, 260, 262
Marshall, William, 28
Martin, Robert, 236
Martu people (Australia), 214
Massachusetts, 2
mast forests, 247–50
Mattra Mountains (Hungary), 80
MBE (Member of the British Empire), 86
McCormick, Scott, 18–19
meadows, 191–92, 218–19
Meare Island, England, 72
Meffe, Gary K., 163
Meiji period, 254, 261
Mellgren-Mathiesen, Ingeborg, 203
Mesa Verde, 26, 239, 241
Mesolithic era
coppice and pollard, 13
European woodlanders during, 80–81
and fire coppice, 79
hazelnuts in, 92–93
Star Carr platform, 77
stone axes, 10
trackways, 74
Message, The (Peterson), 181
Metamorphosis of Plants, The (Goethe), 35
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
growth of twigs from pollards, 40
leaves appearing on pollarded trees, 31–32
London plane tree pollards, 14–16, 29–30, 303–5
mice, 255–56, 272–73
Micromys minutus, 272–73
Middle Ages, 116
Midsummer’s Bonfire, 88
Missouri Department of Conservation, 63
Miyazaki, Hayao, 270
Miyazawa Kenji, 198–200
mochi (rice paste), 269–70, 280
Monkeys’ Lawn, 49, 50
Mono Indians, 214, 218
morphogenesis, 49–50
Moschatel, 87
movies, 264–65
Muir, John, 159, 213
Murua, Álava, Spain, 118–24, 124
mushrooms, 122–23
Music Concourse (Golden Gate Park, San Francisco), 17–18
mycelia, 56
mycorrhizal fungi, 56
“My Favorite Things,” 42
My Neighbor Totoro (movie), 264–65, 270
nagereba (footbridge), 251–54, 252, 256, 266
Nanakusa no Sekku (New Year’s festival), 259
nao, 131–33, 136–38
National Arboretum (Westonbirt, England), 7–9
Native Americans, See American Indians; specific tribes, e.g.: California Indians
nature, Japanese concept of, 256
Nauclea, 170
Navajo Indians, 240–41
nave, 131–33
Neolithic era
Ashcott Heath trackway, 75–76
axe, 93–94
elms’ disappearance during, 116
pollards at Somerset Levels, 25
settlements and streets, 81
Star Carr platform, 77
stone axes for coppice, 10
stools, 76
trackways, 73, 74
Nervii, 96
Newfoundland, 129–30
New Hampshire, 2
New York City; See also Metropolitan Museum of Art
bilingual poetry class in, 244–45
Fresh Kills landfill, 299–302
Gerritsen Beach, 294–99
invasive plants in Central Park, 111–17
landfill, 294–302
land reclamation, 295–96
Randall’s Island viaduct tree inventory project, 60–65
willow tree immortalized by E. B. White, 1–6
New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, 61
New York Times, 4
nezumi-sama (honored mice), 255, 256
Nigeria Forestry Department, 176
Norway, 180–97
Nikolai Astrup, 198–206
coppice/pollard in, 25
Grinde Farm, 182–97
Sami and scots pines, 243–46
Sognefjord, 181–97
Norway maple, 62
Notholithocarpus, 233–34
Nouwen, Henry, 173
nuts, mast forests and, 247–50
Nyerges, A. Endre, 167–68, 171–73, 175
oak
and armillaria fungus, 56
for boat wood, 128–29, 135–38
California Indians and, 216–18
in California’s Central Valley, 213
in forest of Sakana, 125–29
Japanese, 257–59, 262, 266–69, 268, 275–77
in Mesolithic Bulgaria and Greece, 80
in Mesolithic Hungary, 80
in Mesolithic settlements, 81
pollarded trees in Murua, Spain, 119–21, 124
for Sweet Track, 77
ogham alphabet, Celtic, 94
Ohio, 104
Ohno Choichiro, 273–74
oil palm, 170
Oldeman, Roelof, 42, 49, 55
Ominaeshi (maiden flower), 260
Ordenanza de comunales (Law of the Commons), 150
orthotropic stems, 44
Osage orange, 51–54
overtopping, 35, 36, 36–37
painting, 198–206
Palmer, Samuel, 160
Panama Pacific Exhibition (San Francisco, 1915), 20–21
Pando (clonal grove), 291
Parker, Charlie, 42
Pasaia, Spain, 139, 302
Paterson (Williams), 55
peat, 71–73
pendón, 128, 129
Perouse, Comte de la, 215
Peterson, Eugene, 181
Philosopher’s Path (Kyoto, Japan), 253–56
Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, 207, 225
phoenix regeneration, 51–54, 52, 172, 239, 289
photosynthesis, 34
phragmites, 297
pignut, 87
pine, drought and, 220–21
plagiotropic branches, 44
planation, 37; See also flattening
plane trees, See London plane trees
plantation forests (Japan), 277–85
plants, terrestrial, origins of, 34–35
pleacher, 97, 98
Pleistocene era, 79
Polden Hills, England, 72, 75
Pollard, Ernest, 96
pollards/pollarding
defined, 2
etymology, 11–12
origins, 9, 11–13
pollard tree, 11
poll tax, 12
Pom Poko (The Heisei Raccoon Dog Wars) (movie), 264
Pope, Alexander, 28
Portuguese traders, 173
post and beam architecture, 81
pottery, 207–8
prairies, 236
prescribed burns, 225
Psalms, 124, 181
Pueblo Indians, 238–40
Queen’s Wood (London, England), 87
Quercus robur, 127, 129
quick lime, 26
quickset, 101–3
quickset hedge, cost of wire fence vs., 97
Rackham, Oliver, 94, 115
rain, 143–44
rake handles, 85
Randall’s Island viaduct (New York City), 60–65
Rauh development model, 45
Read, Helen, 159, 161–64
recruits, 33, 39, 294
redbud, 222–23
Red Hook, Brooklyn, 5–6
red oak, 57
reduction, 35
redwoods, 65, 226–37, 231, 232
regeneration
in Africa, 172–73
conifers, 238–42
phoenix, See phoenix regeneration
Reid, Peter, 73
reiteration, 49, 55
reserve buds, 39–40
Revolutionary United Front (RUF) (Sierra Leone), 167, 169, 175
Rhododendron occidentale, 235
rhubarb, 204–5
rice, 174
rice paddies, 256–60
Richens, R. H., 115
ris (shredding), 194
Roman Catholicism, 292
roots
and branching, 56–57
English elm, 116–17
origins, 35
sprouts and, 65–66
root suckers, 63
Ross-on-Wye, England, 117
rowan, 190
sacrifices of thanksgiving, 78
Saddle Island, Newfoundland, 129–30
St. Anthony’s nut (pignut), 87
Saint-John’s-wort, 87–88
Sakana, forest of, 125–29, 134–35, 139–40
Sakuragaoka Park, 266–70
Sakuragaoka Park Volunteers, 266–70
salt cod, 130
salt marsh, 298
Sami (Lapps), 243–46
sand, 297
Sandalstrand (Jolster, Norway), 200–206, 202
San Francisco, California, 16–19
San Juan (whaler), 129–30, 136
San Sebastián, Spain, 139
Saralegi, Gabriel, 164
sasa, 266–67
sasayuri (lily), 275
satoyama woodlands, 260–66, 270, 277–85
Sauer, Carl Otwin, 209
savanna, 167–79
saws, introduction of, 27
Sayama Hills, Japan, 270–73
scaffold branches, 49
Schulman, Edmund, 241–42
scots pines, 243–46
seaweeds, 34
Second Treatise on Government (Locke), 28
seizures of commons, 156–58
Shakespeare, William, 84
shepherds, 108–9
Shigo, Alex, 23–24, 161
Shinkokinshu (poetry anthology), 259–60, 262
Shinto, 254–55, 273
ship design and construction, 131–40
Shiwa New Town, Japan, 278–81
Shiwa Town Noorinkyoosha (Agroforestry Company), 279–80
shrubs, 44, 290–91
Sidhe, 117
Sierra Leone, 167–79
Sierra Nevadas (California), 73–74
Silurian, 34
“size up,” origin of phrase, 105
skav, 194
slave trade, 173
soap root, 219, 222
Sognefjord, 181–97
soil classification (Big Apple Series), 295
soil structure, water and, 56
Solhaug, Kare, 194–95
Somerset Levels, England
phoenix regeneration, 51, 52
pollarded willow, 69, 70
pollards and coppice, 25, 67–78
stool for coppiced hazel rods, 76
willows in, 2
Somerset Levels Project, 72
somoi, 170, 173
songbirds, 259
soul, Japanese concept of, 255–56
sourberry, 219–20
Southwestern Indians, 250
“spaghetti wood,” 60–65
Spain; See also Basque region
anti-dumping sign in Pasaia, 302
Basque shipwrights, 125–41
commons in Navarre, 156–58
Etxarri-Aranatz, Navarre, 125–29
Leitza, Navarra, 142–54, 163–66
pollarded trees in Murua, 118–24
Spanish Civil War, 131
spreading branches, 48
Spreckels Temple of Music (Golden Gate Park, San Francisco), 17
spring farm, 185–86
springtime, 84
sprout lands, woodlands as, 33
sprouts, importance of, 24–25
staghorn sumac, 44, 47
Star Carr platform (Yorkshire, England), 77
steel axes, 152
Steiner School (New York City), 112–13
Steinhart Aquarium (Golden Gate Park, San Francisco), 16–17
stems, 35, 65–66
stemsmiths, 136
still point, of civilizations, 166
stools, coppice, 75–76, 76
streets, invention of, 81–83
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn), 155
Strybing Arboretum (San Francisco), 18
suelo y vuelo, 157
sugar maple, 57
sumac, 44, 47, 298
Sumita, Japan, 281–82
summer farm, 186–88
Sunde, Engel, 200, 205, 206
suppressed buds, 39–40
surnames
from hedges and hedging, 102
Japanese, 261
susu grass, 272
Susu people, 169–76
Sweden, 25
Sweet Track (England), 77–78
Tada Kinichi, 281
Tama New Town, Japan, 262–64
tannins, 248
tan oak, 233–34
tanuki (raccoon dog), 264, 271
Taoists, 56
taranome, 259–60, 275
Tasmanian Lomatia, 33
telome theory, 35–38, 36
temperate climates, rules for growth in, 45
Tending the Wild (Anderson), 212
Terra Nova, 130, 131
thanksgiving, 78
Thoreau, Henry David
on branching, 56
and Dully Chunk, 2
fire-coppicing woodland in Concord, vii, 305
on sprouts, 32, 33
tips, 38, 44
Tohno Econet, 282–88
Tolkein, J. R. R., 68
Tomlinson, P. B., 42, 55
totipotent cells, 5
Totoro no Furusato Foundation, 270–71
Totoro no Mori (Totoro Forests), 270–73
trackways, 72–78, 76, 82, 83
trade, Basques and, 131–32
“Tragedy of the Commons” (Hardin), 155
Travels (Bartram), 249
tree inventory, Randall’s Island viaduct, 60–65
Trepalari, 164, 165
Tristan and Isolde, 94
Troll development model, 45–46
Tropical Trees and Forests (Hallé, Oldeman and Tomlinson), 42, 55
true lover’s knot, 88
Tsushima Ryoichi, 271
Turkana, Kenya, 176–78
Tusser, Thomas, 102
uguisu (songbird), 259, 265, 268–69, 272
Uguisu kagura (honeysuckle), 268–69
Ulmus minor, 114–15
Ulmus procera, 114
umbrella thorn, 178
University of California at Berkley, 18–21, 207
urban pollards, See Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Utah, 291
valley oaks, 213
varna, 10
Vasek, Frank, 290
vertical economy, 209
Vikings, 131, 136
visual art, 198–206
Vizcaíno, Sebastián, 212–13
Waldorf schools, 112–13
walnut, 248
Walton Heath trackway (England), 74–76
Waseda University, 271–72
water
branching and, 56
xylem and, 57
wattle and daub, 80, 81
weaving, 74; See also baskets
webbing, 35, 36, 38
weeds, as nutrition, 250
West Africa
coppice in, 25
Guinea savanna (Sierra Leone), 167–79
West Sussex, England, 195
whaleboats, 130
whalers, 129–30
White, B. F., 210
White, E. B., 2–3, 6
Whitehead, Alfred North, 105–6
white spruce, 65
white walnut, 248
wild daffodil (Lenten lily), 88
Williams, William Carlos, 55
willows
“E. B. White tree,” 1–6, 305–6
and leaf hay, 190
pollards at Somerset Levels, 69, 70
at Somerset Levels, 68–71, 74
wire fences, hedges vs., 96–97
wood, as fifth element in Japan, 252
wood pellets, 282
wood speedwell, 88
World Bank, 175–76
wounds, sprouts and, 65–66
xylem, 57–58, 58
yamaudo, 259–60
Yeats, William Butler, 94
yews, 22
Yorkshire, England, 74, 77
Zen temples, 253–54
Zimmerman, Walter, 35, 37