History in Israel and the Ancient Near East
History of the Ancient Near East
The Philistines and the Sea People
Israel, Palestine, and the Ancient Near East
History Writing in Ancient Israel
Geography and Historical Geography
The Minimalist–Maximalist Controversy
Exodus, Settlement of the Israelite Tribes, Period of the Judges
It is characteristic of the study of ancient Israel that much of the discussion takes place in connection with commentaries on the biblical books of the Old Testament. A list of relevant commentaries for all thirty-four volumes of the Old Testament would create a lack of balance of this bibliography and only partly be relevant to the lexicon presented here. Information about the biblical books and sources can be found in the general studies listed below. Otherwise, the bibliography puts special weight on monographs, including a number of seminal articles in scholarly journals listed here. As a general rule, the selection of books and articles is arbitrary and to a certain degree reflecting the position of the author of this dictionary, but I have tried to present a mixture of mainstream literature, conservative contributions, and contributions from the so-called school of minimalism at the forefront of the present discussion among biblical scholars.
Freedman, David N., ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1-6. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Görg, Manfred, and Bernhard Lang, eds. Neues Bibel-Lexikon, I-III. Zürich: Benziger, 1991-2001.
Biblica, Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.
Biblical Archaeologist (now continued as Near Eastern Archaeology).
Biblical Archaeologist Review. Washington, D.C.: The Biblical Archaeology Society.
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns.
Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
Israel Exploration Journal. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
Journal of Biblical Literature. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Levant. London: Council for British Research in the Levant.
Near Eastern Archaeology. Boston: The American Schools of Oriental Research.
Palestine Exploration Quarterly. London: The Palestine Exploration Fund.
Revue Biblique. Paris: J. Gabalda.
Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. Oslo: Taylor & Francis.
Tel Aviv. Tel Aviv: University of Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology.
Vetus Testamentum. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Baker, David W., and Bill T. Arnold. The Face of Old Testament Studies: A Survey of Contemporary Approaches. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1999.
Clements, R. E., ed. The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Kee, Howard C., John Rogerson, Eric M. Meyers, and Anthony J. Saldarini, eds. The Cambridge Companion to the Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Rogerson, John, and Philip Davies. The Old Testament World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Davies, G. I. Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Donner, Herbert, and Walter Röllig. Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. Mit einem Beitrag von O. Rössler. I-III. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1962-1964.
Gibson, John C. L. Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, I-III. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971-1982.
Gogel, Sandra Landis. A Grammar of Epigraphic Hebrew. SBL Resources for Biblical Study, 23. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998.
Hallo, William W., and K. Lawson Younger, eds. The Context of Scripture, I-III. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997-2002.
Kaiser, Otto, ed. Texte aus dem Umwelt des Alten Testaments, I-III & Ergänzungsband. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 1981-2001.
Lemaire, André. Inscriptions hébraïques, I. Les ostraca. Littérature anciennes du Proche-Orient, 9. Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1977.
Parker, Simon B., ed. Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Ancient World:
1: Wente, Edward. Letters from Ancient Egypt. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.
2: Hoffner, Harry A. Hittite Myths. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.
3: Michalowski, Piotr. Letters from Early Mesopotamia. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993.
6: Roth, Martha T. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. 2nd ed. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
7: Beckman, Gary. Hittite Diplomatic Texts. 2nd ed. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999.
9: Parker, Simon B. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
Pritchard, James B. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. With a Supplement. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton, University Press, 1969.
Renz, Johannes. Handbuch der Althebräischen Epigraphik, I, II/1, III. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995.
The Jewish Antiquities, I-XX, in 10 volumes, translated by H. St. J. Thackeray, Ralph Marcus, Allen Wikgren, and L. H. Feldman. The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: Heineman, 1930-1965.
Knudtzon, J. A. Die El-Amarna Tafeln mit Einleitung und Erläuterungen herausgegeben. Anmerkungen und Register bearbeitet von Otto Weber und Erich Ebeling. Vorderasiatische Bibliothek. Neudruck der Ausgabe 1915. Aalen: Otto Zeller Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1964.
Liverani, Mario. Le lettere di el-Amarna. Testi del Vicino oriente antico, 3:1-2. Brescia, 1998.
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
———. Amarna Studies. Collected Writings. Edited by John Huehnergaard and Shlomo Izre’el. Harvard Semitic Museum Publications, 54. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2003.
Rainey, Anson F. El Amarna Tablets 359-379. Supplement to J. A. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament, 8. Kevalaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Verlag Butzon & Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag des Erziehungsvereins, 1970.
Ahlström, Gösta W., and Diana Edelman. “Merneptah’s Israel.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 44 (1985): 59-61.
Engel, Hartmut. “Die Siegesstele des Mernephtah.” Biblica 60 (1979): 373-399.
Fecht, G. “Die Israelstele: Gestalt und Aussage.” In Manfred Görg, ed. Fontes atque pontes: Eine Festgabe für Hellmut Brunner. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983:106-38.
Hjelm, Ingrid, and Thomas L. Thompson. “The Victory Song of Merneptah, Israel and the People of Palestine.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 27 (2002): 3-18.
Hornung, Erik. “Die Israelstele des Mernephtah.” In Manfred Görg, ed. Fontes atque pontes: Eine Festgabe für Hellmut Brunner. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983: 224-33.
Singer, Itamar. “Merneptah’s Campaign to Canaan and the Egyptian Occupation of the Southern Coastal Plain in the Ramesside Period.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 269 (1988): 1-10.
Spiegelberg, W. “Der Siegeshymnus des merneptah auf der Flinders Petrie-Stele.” Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 34 (1896): 1-25.
Stager, Lawrence E. “Merneptah, Israel and Sea Peoples: New Light on an Old Relief.” Eretz-Israel 18 (1985): 59-64.
Dearman, J. Andrew. Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.
Na’aman, Nadab. “King Mesha and the Foundation of the Moabite Monarchy.” Israel Exploration Journal 47 (1997): 83-92.
Smelik, K. A. “King Mesha’s Inscription: Between History and Fiction.” In Converting the Past: Studies in Ancient Israelite and Moabite Historiography. Oudtestamentische Studien, 28. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992: 59-92.
Thompson, Thomas L. “A Testimony of the Good King: Reading the Mesha Stele.” In L. L. Grabbe, ed. European Seminar in Historical Method, 5. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press (forthcoming).
Athas, George. The Tell Dan Inscription: A Reappraisal and a New Interpretation. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series, 360/Copenhagen International Seminar, 12. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2003.
Becking, Bob, “Did Jehu Write the Tel Dan Inscription?” Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 13 (1999): 187-201.
Biran, Avraham, and Joseph Naveh. “An Aramaic Stele Fragment from Tel Dan.” Israel Exploration Journal 43 (1993): 81-98.
———. “The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment.” Israel Exploration Journal 45 (1995): 1-18.
Cryer, Frederick H. “On the Recently-Discovered ‘House of David’ Inscription.” Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 8 (1994): 3-19.
———. “King Hadad.” Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 9 (1995): 223-35.
Garbini, Giovanni. “L’iscrizione aramaica di Tel Dan.” Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Anno CCCXCI (1994): 461-71.
Gmirkin, Russell. “Tool Slippage and the Tel Dan Inscription.” Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 16 (2002): 293-308.
Lemaire, André. “The Tel Dan Stela as a Piece of Royal Historiography.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 81 (1998): 3-14.
Lemche, Niels Peter. “Bemerkungen über einen Paradigmenwechsel aus Anlass einer neuentdeckten Inschrift.” In Manfred Weippert and Stefan Timm, eds. Meilenstein. Festgabe für Herbert Donner. Ägypten und Altes Testament, 30. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1995: 99-108.
———. “ ‘House of David’: The Tel Dan Inscriptions.” In Philip R. Davies and Thomas L. Thompson, eds. Jerusalem in History. Sheffield: Continuum, 2003 (forthcoming).
Lemche, Niels Peter, and Thomas L. Thompson. “Did Biran Kill David? The Bible in the Light of Archaeology.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 64 (1994): 3-22.
Wesselius, Jan-Wim. “The First Royal Inscription from Ancient Israel: The Tel Dan Inscription Reconsidered.” Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 13 (1999): 163-86.
Noth, Martin. “Das Krongut der israelitischen Könige und seine Verwaltung.” Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 50 (1927): 211-44 (reprinted in Martin Noth, Aufsätze zur biblischen Landes- und Altertumskunde. Herausgegeben von Hans Walter Wolff, I-II. Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag, 1971: 159-82).
Rainey, Anson F. “The Samaria Ostraca in the Light of Fresh Evidence.” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 99 (1967): 32-41.
Reisner, George Andrew, Clarence Fisher, and David Gordon Lyon. Harvard Excavations at Samaria, 1-2. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1924.
Shea, William H. “The Date and Significance of the Samaria Ostraca.” Israel Exploration Journal 27 (1977): 16-27.
Aharoni, Yohanan. Arad Inscriptions. Ed. Anson F. Rainey. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981.
Pardee, Dennis. “Letters from Tel Arad.” Ugarit-Forschungen 10 (1978): 289-336.
Hendel, Ronald. “The Date of the Siloam Inscription: A Rejoinder to Rogerson and Davies.” Biblical Archaeologist 59 (1996): 233-37.
Rogerson, John, and Philip R. Davies. “Was the Siloam Tunnel Built by Hezekiah?” Biblical Archaeologist 59 (1996): 138-49.
Sasson, V. “The Siloam Tunnel Inscription.” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 114 (1982): 111-17.
Cross, Frank Moore. “A Literate Soldier: Lachish Letter III.” In Ann Kort and Scott Morschauser, eds. Biblical and Related Studies Presented to Samuel Iwry. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1985: 41-47.
Torczyner, Harry. Lachish I: The Lachish Letters. London: Oxford University Press, 1938.
Vaux, Roland de. “Les ostraca de lachish.” Revue Biblique 48 (1939): 181-206.
Wiseman, Dennis J. Chronicles of Chaldean Kings (626-556 B.C.) in the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1956.
Porten, B. Archives from Elephantine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.
Avigad, Nahman, and Benjamin Sass. Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Israel Exploration Society, and Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, 1997.
Barr, James. History and Ideology in the Old Testament: Biblical Studies at the End of a Millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Boshoff, Willem, Eben Scheffler, and Izak Spangenberg. Ancient Israelite Literature in Context. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2000.
Dentan, R. C., ed. The Idea of History in the Ancient Near East. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1955 (reprint Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns 1983).
Kuhrt, Amélie. “Israelite and Near Eastern Historiography.” In A. Lemaire and M. Sæbø, eds. Congress Volume Oslo 1998. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, 80. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2000: 257-79.
Lemche, Niels Peter. Die Vorgeschichte Israels. Von den Anfängen bis zum Ausgang des 13. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Biblische Enzyklopädie, 1. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1996 (Prelude to Israel’s Past: Background and Beginnings of Israelite History and Identity. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998).
Liverani, Mario. “Memorandum on the Approach to Historiographic Texts.” Orientalia n.s. 42 (1973): 178-94.
Long, V. Philip, David W. Baker, and Gordon J. Wenham, eds. Windows into Old Testament History: Evidence, Argument, and the Crisis of “Biblical Israel.” Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2002.
Thompson, Thomas L. The Early History of the Israelite People. From the Written and Archaeological Sources. Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East IV. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992.
———. The Bible in History. How Writers Create a Past. London: Jonathan Cape, 1999 (N. American edition: The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel. New York: Basic Books, 1999).
Van Seters, John. In Search of History. Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1983 (reprint Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1997).
———. Prologue to History: The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992.
———. The Life of Moses: The Yahwist as Historian in Exodus-Numbers. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1994.
Younger, K. Lawson. Ancient Conquest Accounts: A Study in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical History Writing. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series, 98. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990.
Bierbrier, Morris L. Historical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 1. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow, 1999.
Boardman, John, I. E. S. Edwards, H. G. L. Hammond, and E. Sollberger. The Cambridge Ancient History. III, 1-2. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Boardman, John, H. G. L. Hammond, D. M. Lewis, and M. Ostwald. The Cambridge Ancient History. IV. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Briant, Pierre. Histoire de l’empire Perse de Cyrus à Alexandre. Paris: Fayard, 1996 (From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002).
Cassin, Elena, Jean Bottéro, and Jean Vercoutter, eds. Die altorientalischen Reiche 1: Vom Paläolithicum bis zur Mitte des 2. Jahrtausends. Fischer Weltgeschichte 2. Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer Bücherei, 1965.
———. Die altorientalischen Reiche 2: Das Ende des 2. Jahrtausends. Fischer Weltgeschichte 3: Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer Bücherei, 1966.
———. Die altorientalischen Reiche 3. Die erste Hälfte des 1. Jahrtausends. Fischer Weltgeschichte 4. Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer Bücherei, 1967.
Edwards, I. E. S., C. J. Gadd, and N. G. L. Hammond, eds. The Cambridge Ancient History. I, i-ii and II, i-ii. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970-1975.
Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
Klengel, Horst, ed. Kulturgeschichte des alten Vorderasien. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1989.
Kuhrt, Amélie: The Ancient Near East c. 3000-330 BC, I-II. London: Routledge, 1995.
Leick, Gwendolyn. Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, 9. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow, 2003.
Liverani, Mario. “The Collapse of the Near Eastern Regional System at the End of the Bronze Age. The Case of Syria.” In W. Rowlands, M. T. Larsen and K. Kristiansen, eds. Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987: 66-73.
———. Antico Oriente. Storia, Societa, economia. Rome: Editio Laterza, 1988.
Sasson, Jack M., ed. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East I-IV. New York: Simon & Schuster/Macmillan, 1995.
Snell, Daniel C. Life in the Ancient Near East 3100-332 B.C.E New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.
Trigger, Bruce G. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Beckerath, Jürgen von. Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten. Ägyptologische Forschungen Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1964.
Bietak, Manfred. Avaris the Capital of the Hyksos: Recent Excavations at Tell el-Daba. London: British Museum Press, 1996.
Van Seters, John. The Hyksos: A New Investigation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1991.
Bottéro, Jean. Le problème des Habiru à la 4e rencontre assyriologique internationale. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1954.
Greenberg, Moshe. The Hab/piru. New Haven, Conn.: American Oriental Society, 1955.
Lemche, Niels Peter. “ ‘Hebrew’ as a National Name for Israel.” Studia Theologica 33 (1979): 1-23.
Loretz, Oswald. Habiru-Hebräer: Eine sozio-linguistische Studie über die Herkunft des Gentiliziums ‘ibrî vom Appellativum habiru. Beiheft zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlischen Wissenschaft, 160. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984.
Na’aman, Nadav. “Hapiru and Hebrews: The Transfer of a Social Term to the Literary Sphere.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45 (1986): 271-88.
Bunimowitz, Shlomo. “Problems in the ‘Ethnic’ Identification of the Philistine Material Culture.” Tel Aviv 17 (1990): 210-22.
Dothan, Trude. The Philistines and Their Material Culture. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982.
Dothan, Trude, and Moshe Dothan. People of the Sea. New York: Macmillan, 1992.
Margalith, Othniel. The Sea Peoples in the Bible. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1994.
Noort, Ed. Die Seevölker in Palästina. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1994.
Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250-1150 BC. London: Thames and Hudson, 1978.
Singer, Itamar. “Egyptians, Canaanites, and Philistines in the Period of the Emergence of Israel.” In Israel Finkelstein, and Nadav Na’aman eds. From Nomadism to Monarchy. Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1994: 282-338.
Gerstenblith, P. The Levant at the Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. American Schools of Oriental Research Dissertation Series, 5. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1983.
Kempinski, Aharon. Megiddo: A City-State and Royal Centre in North Israel. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1989.
Lemche, Niels Peter. The Canaanites and Their Land: The Tradition of the Canaanites. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, 110. 2nd ed. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
Marfoe, Leon. “The Integrative Transformation: Patterns of Socio-Political Organization in Southern Syria.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 234 (1979): 1-42.
Bartlett, John R. Edom and the Edomites. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, 77. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1989.
Bienkowski, P., ed. Early Edom and Moab. The Beginning of the Iron Age in Southern Jordan. Sheffield Archaeological Monographs, 7. Sheffield: J. R. Collis, 1992.
Coogan, Michael D., ed. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Dion, Paul.-E. Les Araméens à l’age du fér: histoire politique et structure sociales. Études Bibliques, nouvelle série, 34. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1997.
Edelman, Diana Vikander, ed. You Shall Not Abhor an Edomite for He is Your Brother: Edom and Seir in History and Tradition. Archaeology and Biblical Studies, 3. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995.
Ephal, Israel. The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th-5th Centuries B.C. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982.
Görg, Manfred. Die Beziehungen zwischen Israel dem alten Israel und Ägypten. Von den Anfängen bis zum Exil. Erträge der Forschung, 290. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1997.
Harden, Donald. The Phoenicians. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1971.
Heinz, Marlies. Altsyrien und Libanon. Geschichte, Wirtschaft und Kultur vom Neolithikum bis Nebukadnezar. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002.
Helck, Wolfgang. Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, 5. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1962 (2nd ed., 1971).
Heltzer, Michael. The Rural Community in Ancient Ugarit. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1976.
Hoerth, Alfred J., Gerald L. Mattingly, and Edwin M. Yamauchi. Peoples of the Old Testament World. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press and Baker Books, 1996.
Hübner, Ulrich. Die Ammoniter. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte, Kultur und Religion eines transjordanischen Volkes im 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, 16. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1993.
Kitchen, Kenneth A. The Third Intermediary Period in Egypt (1100-650 B.C.). Revised edition. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1995.
Klengel, Horst. Syria: 3000-300 BC. A Handbook of Political History. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1992.
Knauf, Ernst Axel. Ismael: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Palästinas und Nordarabiens im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. 2., erweiterte Auflage. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989.
———. Midian. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Palästinas und Nordarabiens am Ende des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988.
Malamat, Abraham. Mari and the Bible. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East, 12. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998.
Moscati, Sabatino, ed. The Phoenicians. New York: Rizzoli, 2000.
Pitard, Wayne T. Ancient Damascus. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1987.
Redford, Donald B. Egypt and Canaan in the New Kingdom. Beer-Sheva IV. Beer-Sheba: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press, 1990.
———. Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Sawyer, John F. A., and David J. A. Clines, eds. Midian, Moab and Edom: The History and Archaeology of Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North-West Arabia. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, 23. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1983.
Schipper, Bernd Ulrich. Israel und Ägypten in der Königszeit: Die kulturellen Kontakte von Salomo bis zum Fall Jerusalems. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, 170. Freiburg Schweiz: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999.
Simons, J. Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists Relating to Western Asia. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1937.
Timm, Stefan. Moab zwischen den Mächten: Studien zu historischen Denkmälern und Texten. Ägypten und Altes Testament, 17. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989.
Wiseman, Dennis J., ed. Peoples of Old Testament Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
Worschech, Udo. Die Beziehungen Moabs zu Israel und Ägypten in der Eisenzeit: Siedlungsarchäologische u. siedlungshistorische Untersuchungen im Kernland Moabs (Ard el-Kerak). Ägypten und Altes Testament, 18. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1990.
Meyers, Erik M., ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Negev, Avraham, and Shimon Gibson. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Revised edition. New York: Continuum, 2001.
Stern, Ephraim, ed. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1993.
Ben-Tor, Amon, ed. The Archaeology of Ancient Israel. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992.
Dever, William G. Recent Archaeological Discoveries and Biblical Research. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.
———. What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2001.
Finkelstein, Israel. The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1988.
———. Living on the Fringe: The Archaeology and History of the Negev, Sinai and Neighbouring Regions in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, 6. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
Finkelstein, Israel, and Zvi Lederman, eds. Highlands of Many Cultures: The Southern Samaria Survey: The Sites, I-II. Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, 1997.
Finkelstein, Israel, and Neil Asher Silberman. The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. New York: The Free Press, 2001.
Fritz, Volkmar. An Introduction to Biblical Archaeology. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, 172. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1994.
Jamieson-Drake, David W. Scribes and Schools in Monarchic Israel: A Socio-Archeological Approach. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Supplement Series, 109, The Social World of Biblical Antiquity Series, 9. Sheffield: Almond Press, 1991.
Kenyon, Kathleen M. Archaeology in the Holy Land. 4th ed. London: Ernest Benn, 1979.
Levy, Thomas E., ed. The Archaeology of the Society in the Holy Land. London: Leicester University Press, 1995.
Mazar, Amihai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000-586 B.C.E. The Anchor Bible Reference Library. New York: Doubleday, 1990.
Pritchard, James B. Gibeon, Where the Sun Stood Still: The Discovery of a Biblical City. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1962.
Silberman, Neil Asher. Digging for God and Country: Exploration in the Holy Land 1799-1917. New York: Doubleday, 1982.
Silberman, Neil Asher, and David Small. The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, 237. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.
Skjeggestad, Marit. Facts in the Ground? Biblical History in Archaeological Interpretation of the Iron Age in Palestine. Oslo: Oslo University, 2001.
Stern, Ephraim. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible. II: The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Periods 732-332 BCE. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
Tappy, Ron E. The Archaeology of Israelite Samaria, I: Early Iron Age Through the Ninth Century B.C.E. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992.
Weippert, Helga. Palästina in vorhellenistischer Zeit. Mit einem Beitrag von Leo Mildenberg. Handbuch der Archäologie Vorderasien II: I. Munich: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1988.
Amit, Yairah. History and Ideology: An Introduction to Historiography in the Hebrew Bible. The Biblical Seminar, 60. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
Brettler, Marc Zvi. The Creation of History in Ancient Israel. London: Routledge, 1995.
Edelman, Diana Vikander, ed. The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel’s Past. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, 127. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991.
Grabbe, Lester L. Did Moses Speak Attic? Jewish Historiography and Scripture in the Hellenistic Period. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, 317. European Seminar in Historical Methodology, 3. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.
Halpern, Baruch. The First Historians, The Hebrew Bible and History. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988.
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