absolute knowledge (also absolute knowing) 37, 75–6, 83, 88, 90, 112–13, 115–16, 118, 125, 138, 143, 148, 150
action (Communist weekly) 108, 126, 136, 141, 171n. 1, 172nn. 2–3, 173n. 4, 174n. 18
“actual” body (corps actuel) 3, 30–1, 62, 66–9, 71, 93, 115, 117, 119–20, 141
Aéropostale see Compagnie Générale Aéropostale
Aeschylus 125
Annaud, Jean-Jacques 161n. 17
Anschluß (Nazi annexation of Austria) 80
Aristotle 152n. 12
Aron, Raymond 34, 107, 111–14, 125, 144, 171n. 11, 173nn. 9–10
authenticity 11, 18, 45, 63, 67, 78–9, 93, 96–7, 103, 119, 128, 141, 174n. 21
Barbaras, Renaud xxxii
Barral, Mary Rose 128
Bataille, Georges 107, 111, 123–5, 163n. 31, 173nn. 8, 11
de Beauvoir, Simone 12, 77, 127, 159n. 2, 162n. 21, 170n. 4, 171n. 11, 172n. 3
Berger, Gaston xv, 152n. 22, 153nn. 26, 28
Binswanger, Ludwig 101–4, 171n. 15, 175n. 22
Bloch, Marc 170n. 6
Brasillach, Robert 129, 175n. 24
Brunschvicg, Léon 41, 167n. 21
Caillois, Roger 107, 120–5, 134, 174n. 15
Camus, Albert 163n. 33
Carman, Taylor 65
Cartesianism 80, 82, 85, 119, 128
Cassirer, Ernst 174n. 13
Catholicism 4, 40–50, 82, 108, 167n. 20, 168nn. 22–3 see also Christianity; militant thinking: in Catholic thought; personalism
Catholic “discovery” of Marx 40, 43–7, 51, 85, 167n. 20 (see also humanism: Catholic critique of Marxist; totality: in Catholic thought)
Christ 16, 20, 42, 45–6, 50, 111 see also Christianity; Mystical Body of Christ
Christianity 16, 40–50, 72–3, 97, 109, 114, 120, 128, 130, 166n. 19, 168nn. 22–3, 174n. 21 see also Catholicism; Christ
class consciousness 4, 56–7, 59–60, 71, 83, 85, 87–93, 102–3
cogito xxv–xxvi, 85–6 see also tacit cogito
Collège de France ix
communism (also Communism) 9, 33, 35, 43–4, 46, 49–50, 61, 81–2, 84, 114–5, 127, 132, 135, 174n. 19, 175n. 27 see also Parti communiste français
Communist International 33, 164n. 7
Compagnie Générale Aéropostale 7, 9, 24, 122, 130
constructive phenomenology see Fink, Eugen
Contat, Michel 170n. 9
Coole, Diana xxxii, 69, 145, 150, 177
Cooper, Barry 36–7, 157n. 5, 165n. 14
“Copernican Revolution” (Kant) 149–50 see also Kant, Immanuel
Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret) 162n. 22
cosmic humanism see humanism: Exupérian
Courtade, Pierre 108
Cuzin, François 49
Daseinsanalyse 175n. 22 see also Binswanger, Ludwig
death xxii, xxix, 4, 10–11, 18, 24, 27, 29, 71–9, 82–4, 86, 93, 96, 98, 110, 116–18, 124, 128, 141–4, 147, 149, 158n. 14, 165n. 14, 171n. 14
of Saint Exupéry 18–21, 25, 116–18, 142–4, 158n. 14, 160n. 5
Degliame-Fouché, Marcel 108
Desanti, Jean-Toussaint 81, 170n. 9
Descartes, René see Cartesianism
determining judgment 99–101 see also Kant, Immanuel: Critique of the Power of Judgment; reflecting judgment
dialectical materialism 33, 95 see also Marxism
Dillon, Martin C. xxxii, 151n. 7
Dorfman, Eran 156n. 4, 157n. 5, 158n. 14
Drieu la Rochelle, Pierre 80
École normale supérieure 41, 167n. 21
Edman, Irwin 14
end of history 46–7, 96, 110–11, 165n. 14, 174n. 19 see also history
engagement 5, 40–51, 74–5, 79, 104, 107, 114, 127–8, 143–4
Engels, Friedrich 54, 57, 168n. 1
ENS see École normale supérieure
Esprit (personalist review) 42–4, 48–50, 167n. 20, 169n. 1
exchange 1, 18, 31, 55–6, 96–8, 103, 134, 163n. 31, 175n. 30
external horizons xxii, 28, 58, 60, 64–5, 69, 77, 90–2, 126, 143, 149 see also totality
Fadiman, Clifton 162n. 25
fascism 9, 20, 25, 49, 80, 121, 131–2, 142, 162n. 25, 170n. 8, 175n. 27 see also National Socialism
Fessard, Gaston 44, 46–8, 113, 165n. 14, 168n. 23, 173n. 10
Fetscher, Iring 166n. 15
Fink, Eugen x–xi, xiv–xxxi, xxxiii, 5, 27, 57–8, 69, 71, 90, 93, 145–50, 152nn. 10–11, 18, 20, 23–5, 153nn. 26, 28–9, 31–4, 37, 39, 154nn. 41, 49, 52
Merleau-Ponty’s response to xiv, xxiv–xxxi, 4, 5, 36, 69, 71, 90, 93, 145–50, 177–8
Sixth Cartesian Meditation xiv–xxxi, xxxiii, 90, 145–6, 152n. 20, 25, 153n. 26, 28, 37, 159n. 1, 160n. 2
Fourth International 49
freedom 2, 9, 11, 16, 18, 40, 47, 69–70, 79–81, 83–4, 88–93, 96–8, 102, 104, 114–16, 118–19, 130, 141, 143–4, 158n. 14, 161n. 15, 171n. 16, 174n. 19
methodological significance of 89–93, 147–8
Friedmann, Georges 34
de Gandillac, Maurice 167n. 19
de Gaulle, Charles 131, 162n. 23 see also Gaullism
Gaullism 13, 112 see also de Gaulle, Charles
Gelb, Adhémar 119–20, 174n. 13
Gide, André 9
Gisors, Kyo (La condition humaine) 114–15
Goldmann, Lucien 34
Goldstein, Kurt 73, 119–20, 169n. 2, 174n. 13
Gramsci, Antonio 56
Graziadei, Antonio 164n. 7
Guernica (fascist bombing of, 26 April 1937) 80
Guillaumet, Henri 8, 10–11, 24, 161nn. 7, 17, 162nn. 18–19, 22
Gurwitsch, Aron 154n. 48, 174n. 13
habitual body 30, 62–3, 91 see also habituated organism
habituated organism 62–4, 66–9, 71, 93, 95, 104, 115, 117, 119, 125, 138, 141, 146–7 see also habitual body
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich xxiii–xxiv, xxvi, 36–8, 47, 54, 65, 75–9, 82–3, 109–14, 117–18, 122, 124–5, 135, 138, 154n. 40, 164n. 9, 165nn. 13–14, 168n. 23, 170n. 3, 173nn. 6–8, 174n. 19, 176n. 36
Phenomenology of Spirit 75–6, 113, 138, 165n. 13, 176n. 36
Heidegger, Martin xviii, 77, 84, 171n. 11
Hemingway, Ernest 114–15, 161n. 9, 162n. 25
Heraclitus 102
heroism xxxi, 2–5, 19, 21, 24–5, 27
contemporary 68–70, 80, 107–10, 113, 116–20, 126–7, 141–50
Exupérian xxxii–xxxiii, 4, 28, 68, 71–2, 105, 122, 126, 150
Hervé, Pierre 108, 125–7, 134–6, 167n. 20, 173n. 5
history xxii, xxx, 3–4, 6, 15, 24, 28, 31–2, 37, 45–7, 51, 53–8, 60–1, 63–5, 69, 73, 75, 78–80, 82–3, 85–8, 90–1, 94–101, 104–5, 109–19, 123, 127, 131, 133–9, 141–9, 163n. 5, 169n. 6, 172n. 3, 174n. 19, 177 see also historical apriority; historicity
end of 46–7, 96, 110–11, 165n. 14, 174n. 19
logic of 58, 69, 117–18, 144, 148, 177
philosophy of xxxii, 4, 38, 57, 61, 65, 72, 107, 110–13, 118, 126, 145, 147, 169n. 4
historical apriority 3, 4, 64, 68, 71, 92, 95, 125, 146–7
historicity 3, 30–2, 38, 62–3, 75, 87, 93, 96, 103–4, 128
Hubert, Henri 123
humanism 5, 16–17, 51, 61, 79–80, 82, 120, 123, 126–34, 136–7, 165n. 14, 174n. 17
Catholic critique of Marxist 44–7 (see also Catholicism: Catholic “discovery” of Marx)
Exupérian 8–12, 15, 17–18, 128–34, 138, 162n. 19
Humanism and Terror (Merleau–Ponty) 25–6, 99, 117, 129, 135, 160n. 2, 165n. 14, 178
human productivity 4, 71, 78, 93–8, 103, 116, 118, 125–6, 131, 138, 141, 148, 171n. 13 see also productivity
Husserl, Edmund x–xii, xiv–xix, xxii, xxvii, xxxii, 27, 32, 35–6, 89–90, 95, 131, 146, 148–50, 151n. 8, 152n. 13, 153nn. 30, 38, 154nn. 44–5, 171n. 13, 175nn. 22, 26, 29
Cartesian Meditations xiv–xix, 175n. 26
“principle of all principles” xvi, xxii, 149
Husserl, Gerhart (son) 152n. 23
Hyppolite, Jean 75–7, 165n. 13, 170n. 3
incarnation 4, 40, 45–8, 78, 84, 94, 134, 142, 144, 148, 168nn. 2–3
incarnational Marxism 4, 51, 69, 71, 84, 142, 148 see also incarnation; Marxism
Institut für Sozialforschung (Frankfurt) 34
intersubjectivity xxii, xxvii–xxviii, 1, 17–18, 76, 79, 83, 85, 87–8, 94–5, 97–8, 102–4, 123, 128, 131, 134, 145, 147, 150, 154n. 45, 157n. 6, 171n. 12, 175n. 29
Jaspers, Karl 58, 60, 65, 69, 112
Jesus see Christ
Jordan, Robert (For Whom the Bell Tolls) 114–16
Judt, Tony 144
Kant, Immanuel (also Kantianism) xi, xix–xx, xxii, xxviii, 80, 99–100, 143–4, 149–50, 153nn. 35–6
Critique of Pure Reason xix, xxii, 100, 150
Critique of the Power of Judgment 99–100, 143, 150 (see also determining judgment; reflecting judgment)
Katov (La condition humaine) 170n. 5
Kojève (Kozhevnikov), Alexandre 36–7, 40, 47, 78, 107, 110–14, 125, 154n. 41, 165nn. 13–14, 166n. 15, 168n. 23, 171n. 14, 173nn. 8, 10, 174n. 19
Korsch, Karl 164n. 7
Kötschau, Karl 175n. 25
Kriegel-Valrimont, Maurice 108
Kristallnacht (anti-Semitic pogrom, 9–10 November 1938) 80
Lacroix, Jean 51
Landsberg, Paul-Louis 42–3, 74–5, 77, 141
Langer, Monika 1
Leduc, Victor 108
Lefebvre, Henri 34, 44, 164n. 9
Lenin, Vladimir 56, 100–1, 165n. 12
Lhermitte, Jean 62
logic of history 58, 69, 117–18, 144, 148, 177 see also history
Lukács, Georg (György) 3–4, 28, 30, 32–7, 39–40, 51, 53–61, 69, 71, 82–4, 88, 90–1, 95, 104–5, 108, 112, 131–2, 135, 150, 164nn. 6–10, 166n. 16, 168nn. 2–3
History and Class Consciousness 3, 32–7, 39, 53–7, 59–60, 105, 164nn. 8–10, 169n. 3
Major, Jean-Louis 133, 175n. 23
Malleret-Joinville, Alfred 108
Malraux, André 50, 114, 161n. 9, 170n. 5, 171n. 11
Marcel, Gabriel 120, 167n. 20, 171n. 11
Maritain, Jacques 14–15, 44–5, 126, 131
Marx, Karl xxvi, xxxii, 2, 36–41, 43–6, 48, 53–4, 56–7, 82–4, 94–5, 104, 113, 132, 135, 154n. 42, 164n. 9, 165n. 12, 167n. 20, 174n. 19 see also Marxism
Catholic “discovery” of 40, 43–7, 51, 85, 167n. 20 (see also humanism: Catholic critique of Marxist; totality: in Catholic thought)
Marxism xxxii–xxxiii, 3–5, 27–8, 30, 32–6, 51–8, 60–1, 69, 71–2, 107–9, 113–14, 116–19, 125–6, 132–6, 138–9, 143–5, 147, 150, 164nn. 7, 9, 165nn. 11–12, 168nn. 23, 3 (chap. 3), 169nn. 4–5, 177–8 see also dialectical materialism; incarnational Marxism; Marx, Karl
origins of Merleau–Ponty’s 36–51
Mauss, Marcel 18, 123, 163nn. 31–2
Maydieu, Jean-Augustin 167n. 20
Mayer, Hans 33
Menninger-Lerchenthal, Erich 62
Mermoz, Jean 8, 10, 16, 161nn. 7, 11
Meyer, Rudolf 166n. 15
militant thinking xxxiii, 4–6, 37, 72, 76–7, 79, 100–1, 104, 107, 114, 118, 123, 126–7, 141, 145, 148–50, 155n. 54
in Catholic thought 45, 76, 114, 168n. 22 (see also Catholicism: Catholic “discovery” of Marx)
militant orthodoxy (Roger Caillois) 120–3 (see also Caillois, Roger)
Molitor, Jules 164n. 9
de Montherlant, Henry 116, 162n. 19
Morhange, Pierre 34
Mounier, Emmanuel 41–4, 47–50, 167n. 20, 171n. 11
Mystical Body of Christ 46 see also incarnation
myth 4, 24, 107, 120–6, 128, 139, 141, 144–5, 149
National Socialism 81, 161n. 10, 170n. 8 see also fascism; Nazism
Nazism 9, 13–14, 19, 161n. 10, 170n. 8, 172n. 3, 175n. 24 see also fascism; National Socialism
Nietzsche, Friedrich 72–3, 109–13, 122, 125
Nizan, Paul 12, 34, 41–2, 44, 49–50, 82, 114, 162n. 20, 164n. 9, 167n. 21, 168n. 23
organic repression 62–3 see also repression
outer horizons see external horizons
Parti communiste français 41–4, 48–9, 108, 135, 172n. 3
PCF see Parti communiste français
pensée de survol 2–4, 15, 24, 107, 138
personalism 42–5, 47–51, 169n. 1, 174n. 21 see also Mounier, Emmanuel
Pétain, Henri Philippe 13, 131, 162n. 23
phantom limb syndrome 30, 62, 64
phenomenological reduction x–xiv, xviii–xxiii, xxv, xxviii, xxx, 58, 89–90, 92, 128, 138, 143, 145–6, 148–9, 151nn. 7–9, 152n. 17, 154n. 48
Philosophies (Marxist philosophical circle) 34, 41, 44, 164n. 9
philosophy of history xxxii, 4, 38, 57, 61, 65, 72, 107, 110–13, 118, 126, 145, 147, 169n. 4 see also history
Pius XI (Pope) 43
Plato 152n. 12
Ponge, Francis 108, 172nn. 2–3
Popular Front (France) 40–1, 43, 49–51
Pour la victoire 13
Prévot, André 24
productivity xx–xxi, xxvi, xxix–xxx, 138, 148, 154n. 40, 159n. 15, 171n. 13 see also human productivity
Prometheus 120, 123–6, 174n. 17
rationality xxix–xxxi, 60–1, 76, 79, 94, 98–105, 116, 118, 135, 138–9, 147
reduction see phenomenological reduction
reflecting judgment 99–101, 103, 134, 150 see also determining judgment; Kant, Immanuel: Critique of the Power of Judgment
Rencontres Internationales (Geneva 1946) 58, 60–1, 65, 69, 112, 136, 168n. 3, 175n. 31
repression 3, 30, 61–3, 65–71, 93–5, 98, 104, 128, 131, 133, 141, 169n. 5
Resistance (French) 13, 25, 41, 81, 167n. 20
Ricoeur, Paul 42
Rousset, David 49
Russian Revolution (1917) 100–1, 113
Rybalka, Michel 170n. 9
sacrifice 3–4, 8, 13, 16–18, 20–1, 71–5, 82, 84, 94, 96–7, 107, 109–11, 114–17, 123–5, 134, 141–3, 148, 169n. 2
de Saint Aubert, Emmanuel 151n. 6, 156n. 4, 163n. 5, 167n. 21
de Saint Exupéry, Antoine xiv, xxxi, 1–4, 6–21, 23–6, 28–30, 40, 51, 64–8, 71–2, 74, 81, 87, 96–7, 105, 107, 115–22, 126–34, 136–8, 141–5, 148–50, 152n. 18, 155n. 1, 156nn. 2, 4, 157nn. 5–6, 158n. 14, 159n. 2, 160nn. 3–5, 161nn. 8–10, 13–16, 162nn. 22, 24–5, 27–8, 163nn. 30–1, 1–2, 4–5 (chap. 2), 173n. 12, 174n. 20, 175nn. 23, 25, 28, 30, 177
Pilote de guerre xiv, xxxi, 1–3, 7–8, 12–19, 23–7, 29, 97, 116, 129, 130–2, 137–8, 141, 148, 155n. 1, 156n. 2, 157n. 6, 158n. 14, 159n. 2, 161n. 13, 162n. 25, 163n. 30
Terre des hommes 7, 10–12, 18–19, 24, 129, 157n. 5, 162nn. 19, 22
de Saint Exupéry, François (brother) 24
Sartre, Jean-Paul 12, 20–1, 41–2, 76–8, 81, 88–9, 92–3, 95, 97–8, 156n. 4, 157n. 11, 162nn. 19, 21, 165nn. 11, 13, 166n. 19, 169n. 4, 170nn. 4, 9, 171nn. 11, 16, 172n. 3, 174n. 14, 175n. 32
Scheler, Max 43, 72–3, 167n. 20, 168n. 22, 169n. 1, 171n. 11, 174n. 17
Schilder, Paul 62
“Schn.” (Johann Schneider, patient of Gelb and Goldstein) 65, 119–20, 129, 143, 146, 174n. 13
self-sacrifice see sacrifice
Smith, Colin 2, 29, 127, 151n. 5, 163n. 30
Spiegelberg, Herbert 151n. 7, 152n. 13, 166n. 15
Steinbock, Anthony 171n. 13
Structure of Behavior, The (Merleau-Ponty) xxv, xxviii, xxx, 36–9, 48, 57, 61, 71, 73–4, 111, 154n. 41, 165n. 14, 166n. 17
sublimation 5, 62–3, 70, 73, 79, 144, 149
tacit cogito 4, 71, 85–8, 92 see also cogito
Les temps modernes 19, 108, 126, 137, 157n. 11, 167n. 20, 172n. 2, 175n. 30
Todd, Olivier 42
totality 3, 28, 37, 53–61, 64–5, 69, 77, 80, 90, 95, 100, 104, 112, 131, 133–5, 138, 143–7, 150, 163n. 5, 164n. 9, 168nn. 2–3
in Catholic thought 44–7 (see also Catholicism: Catholic “discovery” of Marx)
as phenomenological issue xxii, 57 (see also external horizons)
Trân Dúc Tháo 84
transcendental illusion xix–xxiv, 149–50, 153n. 38
Trotsky, Leon 100–1, 113, 165n. 12
Vailland, Roger 115
Van Breda, Hermann xv, 152nn. 24–5, 153nn. 26–7
Verdier, Jean (Cardinal) 50
Vichy (France) 12, 162nn. 23, 26–7
Weber, Max 59
Werth, Léon 19
Wessell, Leonard 125
Whiteside, Kerry xxxii
wonder x–xi, xxviii, 152nn. 10–11, 13
Zinoviev, Grigory 33, 56, 164n. 7
Zola, Émile 166n. 18