ENDNOTES

Archival information for papers and collections is given in full in the listing of manuscripts in the bibliography. Shorts forms are used in the notes, as are some readily understandable abbreviations. Note that some papers are dispersed, as for Charles Evans Hughes, Elliott Joslin, and the Physiatric Institute Papers. For the depositories, see the list at the head of the bibliography.

Abbreviations

AH     Antoinette Hughes

EH     Elizabeth Hughes

CEH  Charles Evans Hughes

Collections

Banting Papers

Beeman Papers

Best Papers

Best—Personal Collection

Collip Papers

Insulin Committee

Connaught Laboratories Papers

Feasby Papers

Gossett Papers

CEH Papers—LC

CEH Papers—BLCU

EH Papers

Joslin Papers, Marble Library

King Papers

Lilly Archives

Office of the President Papers, University of Toronto

Physiatric Institute Papers, Morristown Historical Society

Prologue

1  Symptoms of diabetes: Macfarlane, 3.

1  It wouldn’t be given its current name: Ibid.

2  urine of their diabetic patients tasted sweet: Ibid., 4.

2  In the eighteenth century: Ibid., 5

2  In 1856, Claude Bernard: Ibid., 7.

2  In 1889, Germany’s: Ibid., 7.

2  In 1889, France’s Edouard Laguesse: Ibid., 7.

2  Germany’s Georg Zuelzer: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 29, 31.

3  Allen era: Joslin, “Diabetes for the Diabetics,” (1956), 141.

1:  Christ Church Cranbrook, Bloomfi eld Mills, Michigan, 1981

4  “intellect, wisdom, quiet yet irresistible leadership”: Eklund, “A Tribute to Elizabeth Hughes Gossett.”

5  “modesty, dignity, and grace”: Ibid.

5  “a champion of civil rights”: Ibid.

5  By the time of her death: In 1982, Elizabeth’s grandson, D. W. Denning, wrote Elizabeth took two injections of insulin daily for fifty-eight years. See D. W. Denning to New England Journal of Medicine, Mar. 8, 1982. Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto, Toronto.

5  And yet, at Elizabeth Gossett’s own: Ibid. Denning said only Elizabeth’s close family knew she had diabetes. See also Elizabeth Hughes Gossett to Michael Bliss, ca. 1980, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

6  The last will: Excerpt of Elizabeth’s last will and testament found in the Polly Hoopes Beeman Collection at the Crandall Public Library, Glens Falls, N.Y.

2:  Fifth Avenue, New York City, April 1919

7  Known as “Dr. Diabetes”: Barnett, 27.

7  Born in Iowa: Bliss, Transcribed unpublished biographical notes of Frederick M. Allen, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, 1.

7  He attended the University of California: Henderson, 41.

7  He then volunteered at an animal lab: Allen, Minutes of Banquet Session, Proceedings of the American Diabetes Association (1949), 33.

7  After three years: Ibid., 33—34.

8  Shortly after the book was published: Henderson, 42.

8  He was let go: Bliss, Transcribed unpublished biographical notes of Frederick M. Allen, 2–3.

8  By this time the United States had entered: Ibid., 3; Henderson, 43.

8  One four-year-old boy: Bliss, Transcribed unpublished biographical notes of Frederick M. Allen.

9  Both experimented with a new model: Allen preferred only to work with patients who “seriously co-operate toward their own improvement.” See The Physiatric Institute.

3:  The Breakfast Room of the Home of Charles Evans Hughes, New York City, April 1919

13  “Work Done by Legal Aid”: Jan. 27, 1919; “Hughes Won’t Act”: Dec. 31, 1918; “End War Policies Now”: Dec. 1, 1918; Hughes Points to Flaw”: Mar. 27, 1919.

13  “a bearded iceberg”: Schoen, 68.

14  Topping the list of blessings: Pusey, 401; Beerits Memoranda, Biographical File: “19161921 Activities,” CEH Papers-LC, 15a.

14  On that morning: Pusey, 226.

15  She made a temporary home for them: Pusey, 338–39.

15  After politely disabusing them of the idea: Pusey, 340.

16  By 1917 he had resettled: Beerits Memoranda, Biographical File: “1916–1921 Activities,” CEH Papers-LC, 1.

16  “fully one-third of [his] time”: Danelski and Tulchin, 195.

16  It was a formidable task: Pusey, 370–71.

16  It was called the Spanish flu: Kolata, 10.

17  The postwar movements: Ibid., 247, 5.

17  By the time it was over: Ibid., 6–7.

17  In one year, . . . life expectancy . . . dropped: Ibid., 8.

17  Unlike other outbreaks: Ibid., 5.

17  While the mortality rate: Ibid., 7.

17  Helen Hughes fell ill: Beerits Memoranda, Biographical File: “1916–1921 Activities,” CEH Papers—LC, 15a.

18  Of the four Hughes children: Danelski and Tulchin, 337; William T. Gossett to Myron E. Humphrey, Aug. 27, 1962, Gossett Papers.

18  Further, the Hughes household: Years later, an adult Elizabeth would recall sitting on Taft’s lap during his visit to the Executive Mansion. “Oh! What a biggy man!” she exclaimed while running to her mother. See Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes: My Father, the Chief Justice,” 9. Hereafter “Charles Evans Hughes.”

18  while Elizabeth peered: Pusey, 607. Antoinette Hughes used to tell her nosy daughter, “You’ll come down with a crash some night.”

19  She had only just begun: Pusey, 402; Beerits Memoranda, Biographical File: “1916–1921 Activities,” CEH-LC, 15a; Worman, 57.

19  to attend her fifth class reunion: Beerits Memoranda, Biographical File: “1916–1921 Activities,” CEH Papers-LC, 15a.

4:  The Library of the Home of Charles Evans Hughes, New York City, April 1919

20  “Without treatment, the life expectancy . . . less than a year”: Levinson.

21  All of the patients listed: Barnett, 20.

22  She was known as a gracious hostess: Pusey, 338.

23  The sanitarium: Charles Krouse, Report: Preliminary to a Prospectus for the Establishment of an Institute for the Treatment and Investigation of Diabetes, Nephrites, High Blood Pressure, Etc. Report commissioned by Charles E. Hughes, Jun. 19, 1920, CEH Papers: Frederick M. Allen file, Butler Library, Columbia University, 2–3.

23  The nurses would be trained dieticians: Ibid., 5.

25  There was a contingent: JAMA 77 no. 5 (July 1921).

25  By 1920, the death rate from diabetes: Lulu Hunt Peters, “Diet and Health: Diabetes,” Los Angeles Times, Dec. 4, 1922: II9.

26  The rise in diagnoses: “The History of Diabetes and the Search for a Cure,” fact sheet, Australian Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 2004. Available digitally at: www.jdrf.org.au.

5:  New York City, April 1919, Later That Afternoon

29  “I believe in work”: www.thoughts.forbes.com.

29  Hughes never stopped working: Danelski and Tulchin, 191.

29  He pursued law: Pusey, 4, 5, 26, 111–12.

30  The elder Hughes’s letters: Ibid., 30, 38. See Pusey, 28–42, for more correspondence between CEH and his parents during his college years.

30  By the age of five: Beerits Memoranda, Biographical File: “Ancestry and Early Life,” CEH Papers-LC, 8.

30  “The Charles E. Hughes Plan of Study”: “Charles E. Hughes: the Career and Public Services of the Republican Candidate for Governor,” New York, Oct. 20, 1906: 2.

31  By the age of eight: Hughes, Autobiographical Notes, 15–16.

6:  Toronto, Canada, and Cambrai, France, 1917—1918

32  Great Britian and its empire: Davis, 248.

33  In 1917 the population of Toronto: Careless, n.pag.

33  By December 1916: Banting, “The Story of the Discovery of Insulin” (1940), 23–24. Hereafter “Story of the Discovery.”

33  Banting was of Scottish and English descent: Bliss, Banting, 16, 21.

33  As each of the Banting sons: Ibid., 23.

33  Like the parents of Charles Evans Hughes: Ibid., 26–28.

34  he maintained the habit: Bliss, Banting, 20, 24, 26, 28.

34  He was interested in art: Stevenson, 14, 15, 21.

34  He was athletic: Ibid., 15.

34  According to one story: Stevenson, 15–16.

34  Edith Roach was part of Banting’s plan: Bliss, Banting, 44, 29, 36.

34  Banting’s ship crossed the Atlantic: Stevenson, 40, 29.

34  On the Western Front: Ibid., 46.

34  In the winter of 1917: Ibid., 51.

35  As a medical officer: Ibid., 47.

35  According to an oft-repeated . . . tale: Ibid., 43.

35  “Captain F. G. Banting, Medical Officer”: Ibid., 45.

35  Dressing stations: Ibid., 46, 48.

36  At Lilac Farm: Ibid., 48.

36  While everyone at the front: Ibid., 46.

36  Occasionally Palmer would find Banting studying: Ibid., 47.

36  On September 28, 1918, Banting was operating: Ibid., 48–49. For this day and its subsequent events, see Stevenson, 47–55.

7:  War, Peace, and Politics, 1914–1918

40  “He kept us out of war”: Pusey, 356.

40  In Cleveland Macleod distinguished himself: Michael J. Williams, “J. J. R. Macleod,” 13, 27.

41  In 1913 he published . . . Diabetes: Ibid., 19. For more on Macleod’s publications and studies during this time, see Williams, 15–21.

41  Since moving to Ohio: Ibid., 26.

41  The son of a hardworking, popular reverend: Ibid., 4.

41  His brother Clement: Ibid., 26.

41  It was to be the bloodiest day: Tucker, 506.

41  He became increasingly critical of the university president: Michael J. Williams, 27.

41  His wife was unwell: Ibid., 28.

42  His brother Robert: Ibid., 26.

42  In June 1918: Michael J. Williams, 29.

42  Sir Robert Falconer: Robert Falconer to Macleod, Dec. 16, 1916, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

8:  Glens Falls, New York, April 1920

43  Charles Evans Hughes sat at his desk: Hughes, Autobiographical Notes, 195.

43  In the spring of 1919: Beerits Memoranda, Biographical File: “1916–1921 Activities,” CEH Papers-LC, 15a; Pusey, 402.

43  Antoinette, Helen, Elizabeth, and Blanche moved: Beerits Memoranda, Biographical File: “1916–1921 Activities,” CEH Papers-LC, 15a.

44  “Queen of Spas”: Sterngass, 12.

44  All through the summer and fall: Pusey, 402.

44  He drove himself: “Mrs. Hughes has been under a very severe strain all winter,” Charles Evans Hughes wrote to John D. Rockefeller in April 1920, when he backed out of giving a speech at an upcoming Hippodrome meeting, “as she has been watching our daughter’s decline.” See CEH to John D. Rockefeller, Apr. 15, 1920, CEH Papers, Butler Library, Columbia University.

44  Blanche was a . . . war widow: Information on Blanche Burgess’s background was gathered primarily through census records, vital records, and other archived material available through the New York Public Library’s Ancestry database and California’s Department of Public Health.

45  She had taken to addressing letters: It is likely that Elizabeth destroyed the letters she wrote to her mother from the sanitarium, as she had—by her own admission—done with other pieces of evidence related to this difficult time in her life. But for a vivid glimpse into her letter-writing style, see her surviving letters in the EH Collection at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

45  “a ray of sunshine . . . just pure gold”: Pusey, 402.

45  “a rare and joyous spirit”: Hughes, Autobiographical Notes, 196.

46  Elizabeth, weighing in: Banting et al., “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus” (1922), 593.

46  Elizabeth was consuming fewer than five hundred calories: Ibid.

46  Dr. Howk, Helen’s doctor: Pusey, 402.

47  Catherine, the tallest and prettiest: Not much is known about Catherine Hughes’s personal life, except that which was drawn from the Pusey biography on Charles Evans Hughes and some general records obtained from Catherine’s alma mater, Wellesley College. Pusey noted Catherine resisted her mother’s restrictions as a teenager, bringing home groups of friends even when her father might be working at home (298). At Wellesley, she was a member of the debating club in 1918–1919 and Agora, a literacy club, in 1919–1920 (Wellesley College records).

47  “Oh the pathos of it!”: Pusey, 402.

48  She was buried: Plot Folder: Lot. No. 12673: Lot Owner: Charles Evans Hughes and Antoinette Carter Hughes, Woodlawn Cemetery, N.Y.

48  Woodlawn’s necropolis: Map of Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, N.Y.: Woodlawn Cemetery Office.

49  To the end of his days: Pusey, 403.

9:  The Idea of the Physiatric Institute, May 1920

50  Although some patients died of starvation: Allen, “Diabetes Mellitus” (1920), 89.

50  Elizabeth’s health had improved: Allen would later call Elizabeth a “remarkably intelligent and cooperative patient,” a “model patient in all respects” who “has a thorough knowledge of all details of her diet.” See Allen to Banting, Sept. 8, 1922, and Aug. 12, 1922, Banting Collection, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

50  He was to vacate the premises: The exact date of Allen’s eviction is unknown. Charles Evans Hughes notes in a letter that Allen must “go somewhere” else in July, and a report outlining Allen’s acquisition of a private estate in Morristown, New Jersey, was rushed to Hughes on June 19, 1920. See CEH to J. H. Weaver, Esq., June 24, 1920: 4, CEH Papers: Frederick M. Allen file. Butler Library, Columbia University. See also Charles Krouse, Report.

51  “the Baptist Pope”: Silas Hardy Strawn, “Chief Justice Hughes,” New York Herald, Feb. 23, 1930: 70.

52  Much to his amazement: Krouse, Report, 6.

52  The proposal described the purchase of the . . . estate: Ibid., 6.

52  The main building: Ibid., 6.

52  These would comfortably accommodate: Ibid., 9.

52  The other structures: Ibid., 7.

53  The estate had cost Kahn: Henderson, 44.

53  Mr. Kahn had employed: Krouse, Report, 10.

53  The medical purposes of the Physiatric Institute: TK?

53  Allen had worked out the operating costs: Krouse, Report, 13.

53  He was so committed: Ibid., 9.

54  Elizabeth was four feet eleven inches tall: Banting et al., “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” 593; Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 43.

54  Elizabeth herself had proved: Allen would later praise Burgess as a nurse “especially qualified” in the treatment of diabetes, who had kept a “complete and accurate history” of Elizabeth’s progress. See Allen to Banting, Aug. 12, 1922, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

54  After satisfying himself: Hughes admitted his support of Allen’s Institute rested solely on his daughter’s affliction with diabetes and the hope Allen’s work could be a great benefit in the treatment of the disease. See CEH to J. H. Weaver, Esq., June 24, 1920, CEH Papers: Frederick M. Allen file, Butler Library, Columbia University.

10:  Banting’s House in London, Ontario, October 30–31, 1920

56  The next morning: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 45.

56  Just a few weeks earlier: Ibid., 38–39.

57  He felt lost: “It was the first time in my life,” Banting would write in 1940, “that I have ever had time on my hands. I was lonesome [There were heavy expenses and I was not making any money] . . . I was deeply in debt—and became deeper as the months passed. I was very unhappy and worried.” See Ibid., 35–37.

57  Only four months before: Stevenson, 61.

57  The total purchase price: Bliss, Banting, 48.

57  He and Edith continued: Ibid., 58.

58  And the population continued to grow: Careless, app., table V.

58  While Banting had been in the trenches: Bliss, Banting, 44, 45.

58  Banting found temporary work: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 33–34.

58  “Surgeons were very plentiful”: Ibid., 34.

58  While in Toronto: Stevenson, 60–61.

58  He held fast to traditional: Banting recounts with pride his creating a wooden foot and brace for a young patient. See Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 17–19.

59  Bill Tew had also opened a practice: Ibid., 36.

59  Banting’s income for his first month: Banting, “The History of Insulin” (1929), 1; Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 35.

59  In August his income rose: Banting, Notebook Daily Accounts 1920–1921, MS Coll. 76 (Banting), Box 26, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

59  “Things fall apart”: The poem was first published in the American magazine The Dial in November 1920. Yeats later included it in a verse collection published in 1921. See Yeats, 19.

60  “I’ve been thinking of joining up”: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 48–50.

61  At one o’clock: For Banting’s personal account of reading the article, see Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 45–48.

61  Professor C. L. Starr: C. L. Starr to Banting, Dec. 14, 1920, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

61  “Any reference to the pancreas”: Barron.

62  “Diabetus [sic] Ligate pancreatic”: Banting, Notes, October 31, 1920, London, Ontario, Academy of Medicine Collection, 123 (Banting), Folder 1, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

63  It was not a new idea: For more on Lydia DeWitt’s findings, see DeWitt, 193–239.

63  Ernest Lyman Scott: See Scott, 306–10.

63  Nicolas Paulesco . . . “pancreine”: Hazlett, 4. Paulesco’s publication on this work appears in French. See Paulesco, 555–59.

63  He would later say: Genevieve Forbes, “Insulin Discoverer Says It Is Jealous Mistress,” Chicago Daily Tribune, Mar. 7, 1924: 19.

11:  Toronto or Bust, October 1920 to April 1921

64  After the lecture, Banting met with Miller: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 56.

64  Miller tried to sound encouraging: Banting’s recollection of Miller’s reaction varies slightly. In his 1940 account, Miller liked his idea, but believed it had been attempted before. In Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin,” as requested by Col. Albert Gooderham in 1922, Banting writes that Miller didn’t think it had been attempted before.

64  In any case: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 48, 51.

65  “And your timing couldn’t be better”: Docket for Meeting of the Rockefeller Foundation, Feb. 23, 1921, “The Rockefeller Foundation, 1917–1921” file, CEH Papers, Butler Library, Columbia University, 24.

65  Hadn’t he claimed: Isaacson, 387.

65  “Lights All Askew”: “Lights All Askew in the Heavens,” New York Times, Nov. 10, 1919.

65  The Times of London carried the headline: “Revolution in Science,” Times of London, Nov. 15, 1919.

66  Banting’s first impression: For Banting’s account of his meeting with Macleod, see Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922), 1–2; Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 61–63.

66  There he had reunited with his parents: Michael J. Williams, 30, 26.

66  Banting was not at all: Ibid., 38.

69  Macleod had begun to make plans: Ibid., 63; McCormick, “Insulin From Fish,” 11.

69  Macleod hoped to complete a paper: For a summary of Macleod’s findings at the Atlantic Biological Station in St. Andrews, see Macleod, “The Source of Insulin,” 1–24.

70  “if your offer”: Banting to Macleod, Mar. 8, 1921, app. 2 to Macleod, “History of the Researches Leading to the Discovery of Insulin,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection. Hereafter “History of the Researches.”

70  Despite having written the letter: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 48–50. 70 70 Three days later: Macleod to Banting, Mar. 11, 1921, app. 4 to Macleod, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection.

70  When Macleod’s letter reached Banting: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 50.

71  On April 18, 1921, Banting accepted the offer: Banting to Macleod, Apr. 18, 1921, app. 3 to Macleod, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection.

12:  Presidential Politics, 1916 and 1920

73  Hughes, now fifty-eight: Pusey, 401.

73  Until now he had adhered to . . . Franklin’s credo: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes,” 14.

73  “a burden of incessant toil”: “Hughes Ignores Fusion Fight Here,” New York Times, Oct. 19, 1907: 1.

73  He was a very private, deeply thoughtful man: Lesley Oelsner, “Supreme Court Society Seeks to Expand,” New York Times, July 24, 1975: 14; William T. Gossett, “The Human Side of Chief Justice Hughes,” 1415–16; Pusey, 416.

74  In 1920 Elizabeth was enthralled: Ibid., 607.

74  One of her earliest memories: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes,” 11.

74  Hughes had seized the lead: “California in Doubt; Majority for Wilson Turns to 1400 Lead for Hughes,” New York Times, Nov. 8, 1916: 1; “Hughes Still 10 to 7 Among the Bettors,” New York Times, Nov. 4, 1916: 4.

74  There, huge celebratory bonfires: “Election Lights to Be Signaled from Times Tower,” New York Times, Nov. 6, 1916: 2; “100,000 Get Returns at Times Bulletins,” New York Times, Nov. 8, 1916: 4; “Election Results by Times Building Flash,” New York Times, Nov. 6, 1904: 3.

74  At midnight, the signal flashed: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes,” 11.

75  One such fire burned in Chicasha: William T. Gossett to Myron E. Humphrey, Aug. 27, 1962, Gossett Papers, Bentley Library.

75  The next morning the count was official: Pusey, 362.

75  “I have not desired the nomination”: Pusey, 332.

75  So confident were Antoinette and Charles: Pusey, 276.

76  Antoinette . . . tooled around town: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes,” 8.

76  There was an unspoken feeling: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes,” 8.

76  Shortly before the Republican National Convention: Pusey, 403.

76  Hughes and Steinbrink met: Pusey, 403.

77  He predicted: Ibid., 403.

77  With these assets: Pietrusza, 72–73.

77  The Democratic presidential candidate: “Roosevelt Makes 12 Speeches In Day,” New York Times Oct. 30, 1920: 3.

78  “America’s present need”: Pietrusza, 86.

78  “an army of pompous phrases”: Warren G. Harding biography, www.whitehouse.gov.

78  To stabilize her metabolism: Banting et al., “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” 593 (Chart).

78  The Harding-Cox presidential election returns: Pietrusza, 407.

79  When her parents told Elizabeth the news: Pusey, 607.

79  She persuaded her parents: Pusey, 606.

13:  The Physiatric Institute, Morristown, New Jersey, 1921

80  Physiatric Institute . . . opened with much fanfare: “New Medical Institute; Jersey Institution for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Opens,” New York Times, April 27, 1921: 8.

80  A typical breakfast: Elizabeth’s typical diet is derived from her letters and the “Chart for Elizabeth Hughes,” a meticulous food chart Elizabeth kept for herself in 1922. See the EH Papers and Banting Collection.

80  The advanced kitchen: Hill, Webb, and Eckman, 99, 103–106, 116–17.

81  watchful gaze of the nurses: Diabetes patients who were undergoing starvation therapy were known to eat a wide variety of things in desperation, including toothpaste. See Bunn.

81  Teddy had been diagnosed: Frank Jones, “Teddy Ryder: Banting’s Living Miracle,” Toronto Star, Feb. 20, 1983: A6.

81  Nevertheless, on November 19, 1920, they committed Teddy: Morton Ryder to Banting, June 25, 1922, Banting Collection.

81  his caloric intake: Jones, “Teddy Ryder,” A6.

82  When he went home: Ibid.

82  University of Mossouri and Cornell Medical College: Krouse, Report, 5–6.

82  Both Elizabeth and Eddie were fond of birds: Elizabeth’s adoration of birds can be seen in her letters to her mother, held in the Elizabeth Hughes Papers.

83  The most famous war pigeon: Home of Heroes Web site, www.homeofheroes.com.

14:  The University of Toronto, Summer 1921

85  On Saturday, May 14, 1921: Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922), 2.

85  He had made plans: Bliss, Banting, 61.

85  Noble and Best decided to split the summer: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 66.

85  It was hardly the gleaming vision: Ibid., 66.

86  Charley had grown up: Charles Best, transcribed interview by Gene McCormick, Sept. 24, 1968, Lilly Archives.

86  Banting’s mother had been the first white child: Bliss, Banting, 18, 19, 23, 24; Stevenson, 12.

87  And so one of the greatest advances in medical science: Ibid., 66–67.

87  Their courtship sounded: For a personal account of Best’s relationship with Margaret, see Margaret and Charley, written by their son, Henry Best, in 2003.

87  Banting learned: Charles Best, transcribed interview by Gene McCormick, Sept. 24, 1968, Lilly Archives.

87  Macleod had estimated: Bliss, Banting, 63.

87  On May 17 Macleod performed the first pancreatectomy: Banting later recalls this surgery was the only time he ever saw Macleod in the operating room: Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922), 2.

87  Macleod demonstrated correct procedure: Bliss, Banting, 62.

88  Banting had performed his first operation: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 43–44.

88  Banting and Best began: Best, “Reminiscences . . .”, 398.

88  One of the most useful books: “Minutes of Banquet Session,” Proceedings of the American Diabetes Association 9 (1949), 33.

88  When Charley wasn’t in the lab: Letters written by Charley to Margaret during this time are filled with professions of love and also how much he misses her—contrast to Banting’s relationship with Edith, where no such letters were found (Best to Margaret Mahon, various dates, Best Personal Collection).

89  The first dog: Banting, Laboratory Notebook, May 18–19, 1921, Academy of Medicine, Banting Collection, 5, 7.

89  By the time Macleod left: Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922), 2.

89  The conditions in which they worked: Ibid., 3.

89  In May and June: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 74.

89  At night, he often cooked: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 44–45.

89  On Sundays, he frequented suppers: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 74.

89  In mid-June, Best left for ten days: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 69–70.

89  He was living in a boardinghouse: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 74.

90  When Best returned in late June: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 70–73.

90  When the time came: Ibid., 69.

90  Banting and Best depancreatized: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 67.

91  After Banting and Best ran through the original allotment: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 61.

91  Banting was quite fond of dogs: Banting, “History of Insulin” (1929), 5.

91  He said that one dog: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 22b–29b.

91  On July 11: Banting and Best, “The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas,” 254. See also Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 67.

91  Dog 410: For some reason, Banting and Best only identified their canine subjects by physical descriptions and then assigned them apparently random numbers. They sometimes numbered a new dog with the same number as a dog that had died, making notes they took that summer confusing. A series of Banting’s original notebooks can be found at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, MS Coll. 76 (Banting), and Academy of Medicine, 123 (Banting), Folders 1–11.

91  On Saturday, July 30 they chloroformed donor Dog 391: Banting, and Best, “Internal Secretion,” 254; Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 67–68.

91  At 10:15 in the morning they injected: Banting, Notebook, Jan. 1921–Aug. 10, 1921, Banting Collection, 82–84. To read Banting’s published account of the experiment with Dog 410, see Banting and Best, “Internal Secretion,” 254–56.

92  Despite this they left the lab: Banting, Notebook, Jan. 1921–Aug. 10, 1921, Banting Collection, 84.

92  In a paper . . . they speculated: Banting and Best, “Internal Secretion,” 255.

92  On Monday, August 1 the collie . . . lay unconscious: Banting. Notebook, Jan. 1921–Aug. 10, 1921, Banting Collection, 85; Banting, Chart for Dog 406, Jul. 31–Aug. 1, 1921, Banting Collection; Best to Macleod. Aug. 9, 1921, Banting Collection, 2.

92  On Wednesday, August 3: Banting and Best, “Internal Secretion,” 259–61. See also Banting, Notebook, Jan. 1921-Aug. 10, 1921, Banting Collection, 86–88a, 40–49; Banting, Chart for Dog 408, Aug. 3–6, 1921, Banting Collection.

92  “I have so much to tell you”: Banting to Macleod, Aug, 9, 1921, Banting Collection.

93  “Iam very anxious”: Ibid.

93  The results of the comparative experiment: For Best and Banting’s notes on Dog 92 and Dog 409, see Banting, Notebook, Aug. 11–Sept. 16, 1921, Banting Collection, 54–83. Also see Banting, Chart for Dog 92 and 409, Aug 11–31, 1921, Banting Collection; Banting and Best, “Internal Secretion,” 251–66.

94  On August 19 . . . Banting conceived of a way: Banting, Notebook, Aug. 11–Sept. 16, 1921, 67– 69. Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 77.

94  On the evening of August 20, Dog 92: Ibid., 71–73.

94  greatest experiences: “I shall never forget the joy of opening the door of the cage and seeing this dog, which had been unable to walk, jump to the floor and run about the room in its normal fashion,” (Banting, “The History of Insulin” [1929], 6).

94  Over the next few days: Banting, Notebook, Aug. 11–Sept. 16, 1921, Banting Collection, 74–83.

94  She had lived . . . twenty days: “I shall never forget that dog as long as I shall live,” Banting wrote in 1940. “I have seen patients die and I have never shed a tear. But when that dog died I wanted to be alone for the tears would fall despite anything I could do. I was ashamed then. I hid my face from Best, but now I am not ashamed.” See Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 30b.

95  One of the people he persuaded: Banting to Macleod, Aug. 9, 1921, Banting Collection.

95  nickname of Vermin Henderson: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 81.

95  Henderson agreed: Velyien Henderson to Robert Falconer, Sept. 21, 1921, University of Toronto/Office of the President Collection, University of Toronto Archives.

15:  Washington, D.C., and Bolton, New York, March to September 1921

97  “Less government in business: Harding first introduced the slogan in a signed article in The World’s Work: “Harding Outlines Policies He Favors; Declares for Less Government in Business and More Business in Government,” New York Times, Nov. 5, 1920: 7.

97  Hughes had a perfect genius: “Hughes Has Man’s Job,” New York Times, Mar. 27, 1921: XX3.

98  She often hosted receptions: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes,” 11.

98  Barely a month: Pusey, 606–607.

98  “CaCa”: Ibid., 219.

98  Antoinette arranged for Elizabeth and Blanche: Unless indicated otherwise, the descriptions of most of Elizabeth Hughes’s day-to-day activities in Bolton, N.Y., were derived from her letters to her mother during her stay. They are held in the Elizabeth Hughes Papers.

99  “There are 4 hydroairplanes [sic]”: EH to AH, Aug. 30, 1921, 3.

100  “last night really was the night of all nights”: EH to AH, Aug. 24, 1921.

100  “I want you to be very frank with me”: EH to AH, Sept. 2, 1921.

100  “I don’t know what’s the matter”: EH to AH, Sept. 2, 1921.

101  “If my St. Nicholas has come”: EH to AH, Sept. 5, 1921.

16:  The Washington Conference, November 12, 1921, to February 6, 1922

102  Occasionally he would emerge: Danelski and Tulchin, xix.

103  Antoinette led a procession: Worman, 48.

103  Despite this precaution: Pusey, 464–65.

103  In a proposal that was bold beyond all expectations: “American Plan a Surprise; Long Applause by Great Audience Follows Presentation by Hughes,” New York Times, Nov. 13, 1921.

104  Tables were prepared: Ibid.

104  The admirals . . . were outraged: Pusey, 477.

104  Japan preferred a ratio of10:7: Ibid., 476, 479.

104  “End of Conference Still Not in Sight”: New York Times, Jan. 27, 1922: 2.

17: The Physiatric Institute, Morristown, New Jersey, November 1921

108  In November 1921 Elizabeth’s weight: Banting et al., “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” 593 (Chart).

110  Despite his being a successful doctor: Frederick Allen and Mary B. Wishart were married on October 22, 1921, at the Church of the Transfiguration in New York City. NYC Marriage License Records.

110  Weren’t they to stay: Elizabeth wrote “Honeymoon Cottage” as the return address on all her letters home while she stayed in Bermuda.

18:  The University of Toronto, September to December 1921

111  During the first week: Recounting the event over ten years later, Banting wrote “One mellows with the years but I still find it impossible to forget the awfulness the loneliness [sic] and the financial worries that were associated with London. Nor can I forget the feeling of defeat that came over me as I took my final leave on that foggy autumn morning . . .” Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 51–52.

111  Banting could remain: Macleod to Banting, Aug. 23, 1921, Banting Collection.

112  “One result is no result”: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 79.

112  On September 5: Banting, Notebook, Aug. 11–Sept. 16, 1921, Banting Collection, 84.

112  While they waited: Ibid., 84–94.

112  On September 12: Banting, Notebook 3, Sept. 12–16, 1921, Banting Collection, 12–16.

112  On September 17: Banting, Notebook 3A. Sept. 16–Dec. 22, 1921, Banting Collection, 1– 5.

113  In mid-September: Velyien Henderson to Sir Robert Falconer, Sept. 21, 1921, University of Toronto Archives.

113  “I told him”: Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922), 4.

113  Banting suggested: A year later, Macleod would recount the meeting with Banting. He recalls that he “pointed out that this being [Banting] and Best’s research they should independently complete the work as outlined, and that then if the results continued satisfactory I would participate in the further investigations with my assistants.” Banting does not mention this detail in his accounts. Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection, 4.

113  Then Banting suggested: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 3d. In W. R. Feasby, “The Discovery of Insulin,” it is said that Best was at first “opposed” to bringing Collip into the group, as Best had “not been given the opportunity, with adequate help and testing facilities on diabetic dogs, to do more than a few experiments on the chemical properties of insulin.” See Feasby, 68–84.

114  Collip was a brilliant associate professor of biochemistry: Barr, 238–40.

114  Prior to Macleod’s departure: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 3d.

114  It seemed perfectly logical: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection, 4.

114  In October, Banting appeared on the payroll: When Henderson propositioned Banting with the idea of a job, Banting recalls, “It was the only solution. . . . It would be a good experience. . . . [Henderson] was a man. He was honest, sincere, unselfish,” (Banting, “Story of the Discovery” [1940]), 8b; Velyien Henderson to Sir Robert Falconer, Sept. 21, 1921, University of Toronto Archives.

114  Macleod arranged: Macleod to Robert Falconer, Sept. 30, 1921, University of Toronto Archives.

114  Banting and Best visited a local abbatoir: Banting and Best, “Pancreatic Extracts”; Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 92.

114  For the first time Macleod seemed impressed: When prominent diabetes doctor Elliott P. Joslin inquired if the research performed in Toronto could provide hope to his diabetic patients, Macleod wrote him on November 21, stating that while the work was inconclusive, “I may say privately that I believe we have something that may be of real value in the treatments of diabetics.” Macleod to Joslin, Nov. 21, 1921, Best Collection.

114  Macleod invited Banting and Best: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection, 4–5.

115  Banting would present: See Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922), 4–5.; Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection, 4–5.

115  according to Banting: Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922), 5. Macleod claims that he only found out Banting was angry with his introduction in January 1922. See Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection, 4.

115  “Half my life”: Banting Collection.

115  The paper was published: See Banting and Best, “Internal Secretion,” 251–66. Banting and Best also expressed “our gratitude to Professor Macleod for helpful suggestions and laboratory facilities” (266).

115  “At the meeting of the Southern Medical Association”: Joslin to Macleod, Nov. 19, 1921, Best Collection.

115  “I have heard indirectly”: Leonard G. Rowntree to Macleod, Dec. 8, 1921.

116  Dr. N. B. Taylor of the University of Toronto: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection, 4–5.

116  “terminologic horses [in the]”: McCormick, “History of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 124, f. 141.

116  On November 23: Banting, Laboratory Notebook 3A, Sept. 16–Dec. 22, 1921, Banting Collection, 43.

117  Banting asked permission to add Macleod’s name: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Collection, 5.

19:  The Crossroads of America, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1919–1921

118  Alec Clowes was a dazzling tornado of a man: As told by Linville A. Baker, hired by Clowes to work at Woods Hole in 1938, and Miss Lenora Clark, who became Clowes’s secretary in 1940. Transcribed interview with Linville A. Baker Sept. 26, 1969, Lilly Archives; Leonora Clark,. “Biography of a Boss,” Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

118  “He lived more hours: Madison, Eli Lilly: A Life, 55.

118  At that time: Clark, “Biography of a Boss.” Lenora M. Clark was Clowes’s longtime secretary at Eli Lilly and Company.

119  Eli Lilly, grandson: In October 1919, J. K. Lilly Sr. released a forty-page memorandum entitled “A Plan for Promoting the Affairs of Eli Lilly & Company During the Years 1920–21–22–23.” Included in the memo was a plan to establish a “department of Experimental Medicine,” Ibid., 46.

120  He had been only fourteen years old: Ibid. 4, 5.

120  J. K. Sr.joined thecompany: Ibid., 6, 14.

120  Eli’s careful analysis: Ibid., 28.

120  And taking acuefrom HenryFord: Ibid., 46–51.

120  The conservative argument: Ibid., 41, 38.

121  Clowes completed his medical studies: George H. A. Clowes Jr., 199.

121  When the war ended in 1918, Clowes: Ibid., 204.

121  Just then the Lillys: Madison, Eli Lilly: A Life, 53.

121  Built in 1852–53: McDonald, 20.

121  The huge numbers of workers: McDonald, 33–34, 40; Tenuth, 110–11.

121  In the year 1918 more than 7.5 million passengers: Madison, Indiana Through Tradition and Change, 196.

122  In 1920 the state’s employment numbers: Phillips, 273.

122  The city competed: Tenuth, 108-10; McDonald, 69-70.

123  In 1898, empty. . .gelatin capsules: McCormick,”McCormickHistoryRedo12.12.2007,” CD-ROM, Lilly Archives, 119.

124  In 1905, company sales: “History in Chronological Order 1876 to 1950”, Lilly Archives, CD-ROM, 48.

125  One headline read: “Conference Takes a Day Off At Last,” Dec. 25, 1921, New York Times: 3.

125  There stood L. S. Ayres: Early description drawn from Tenuth, 59-60; McDonald, 4546; an Ayres exhibit at the Indianapolis Historical Society seen by author.

126  his fond nickname: Transcribed interview with Allen Clowes, from a private collection provided by the Clowes family, Indiana Historical Society.

126  Clowes would travel: Anna Keltch Hickson, transcribed interview by Gene McCormick, Lilly Archives, 7.

20:  The American Physiological Society Meeting, New Haven, Connecticut, December 28-30, 1921

128  He assigned specific duties: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922. Collip Collection, 6, 9, 11-12; Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 108.

128  Acutely aware of the enormous significance: Barr, 242. R. L. Noble would describe this as the “turning point” in Collip’s career, when he would begin his specialization in endocrinology. See: Noble, R. L., 3.

129  The two professors met: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 109.

129  A diabeticAiredale: Ibid., 102-103.

129  With rabbits billed to the Department: Bill for Toronto Dog and Cat Hospital to Prof. Macleod, Dept. of Physiology, June 1, 1921, Best Papers.

129  It was Macleod: E. Clark Noble, Mar. 12, 1977, unpublished account, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, 2.

129  In addition to... assigned roles: For notes on the experiments performed Dec. 6-16, see Banting, Laboratory Notebook 3A, Sept. 16, 1921-Dec. 22, 1921, Banting Papers, 53- 66.

130  On December 20, 1921: Banting recorded this event on a single index card. See “Note card recording the first clinical use of extract,” Banting Papers.

130  Marjorie: Dog 33 was depancreatized on November 18. See Banting, Laboratory Notebook 3A, Sept. 16-Dec. 22, 1921, Banting Papers, 36.

131  The American Physiological Society: Adolph, 12.

131  The conference began: For abstracts of all the lectures presented at the 1921 APS conference, see Proceedings of the American Journal of Physiology, Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting held in New Haven, December 28, 29, 30, 1921, Baltimore: Feb. 1, 1922.

131  He loathed public speaking: E. Clark Noble would write Banting “was a notoriously poor speaker” when recounting the event fifty years later. Noble, unpublished account, October 1971, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, 4.

132  As neither Banting nor Best was a member: For their respective views of the meeting, see Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 7d; Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Papers, 7. For a third-party account, see E. Clark Noble, October 1971, 4;, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, 3-4.

133  Scott was among the first to reach him: Macloed, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Papers, 7. For more on Scott’s findings, see Scott, 306-10.

133  “Well done, Dr. Banting”: Clowes would later state, “It is true that Banting presented his material somewhat haltingly and certainly very modestly. However, anyone who was at all cognizant with the subject must have realized that a great discovery had been made and that provided the work could be brought to fruition there was every prospect that an important means of treating diabetes would be developed.” See Clowes, “Banting Memorial Address” (1947), 53.

134  Later, Clowes left a note: See Macleod, “History ofthe Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Papers, 7. See also Michael J. Williams, 47.

134  the brainchild of. . . professorJohn G.Fitz Gerald: Rutty, “Couldn’t Live WithoutIt,” 6.

134  As far as he knew: Macleod would write he only learned later that Banting was unhappy with his conduct and involvement in the experiments. See Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Papers, 8.

134  They had reserved a sleeping car: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 7d-8d.

135  “They’re all vultures and vipers”: Ibid.

21:  Success and Failure, The University of Toronto, January 1922

137  As the reality of a human trial: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Papers, 8; Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 111-12.

137  He had assumed he would be the one: In 1954, Best claimed Banting said to him: “I think it would be much more appropriate, Charley, in view of our work together, if this first case should receive insulin made by your hands and tested by us on dogs and on ourselves” (Best to Sir Henry Dale, Feb. 22, 1954, Feasby Papers, 3).

137  But Duncan Graham: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 18d.

138  Although it galled him: Macleod to Gooderham, “History ofthe Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, 8, Collip Papers. Macleod writes that after Banting’s “repeated solicitations,” he was able to “persuade” Graham to allow Banting’s extract to be used clinically.

138  Amid this high drama and posturing: Patient Records for Leonard Thompson, Toronto, Dec. 1921-Jan. 1922, Banting Papers; and Banting et al., “Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” 2-4; Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 112.

138  He had lost most of his hair: Bantingetal., “PancreaticExtracts,” 4; Burrow, 341.

138  On January 11: See Patient Records for Leonard Thompson, Toronto, Dec. 1921-Jan. 1922, Banting Papers.

139  The result was inconclusive: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Papers, 8.

139  Unwisely he confided his view to Duncan Graham: Ibid.

140  One of Ross’s patients: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 125.

140  Macleod was appalled: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Papers, 9-10.

141  Macleod painted a bright picture: Macleod to Clowes, Apr. 3, 1922, Connaught Collection, Aventis Pasteur Limited Archives 95-025-01.

142  “I experienced . . . the greatest thrill”: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 117.

143  His refusal. . . sent Banting into a rage: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 16d-17d. Also Best to Sir Henry Dale, Feb. 22, 1954, Feasby Papers.

143  “Banting leaped on Collip”: “Medicine: Spark-Plug Man,” Time, Mar 17, 1941.

143  On January 21 Banting and Best discontinued . . . injections: Banting and Best, “Pancreatic Extracts” (May 1922), 7.

143  On Monday, January 23: Banting et al., “Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus” (March 1922), 5; Patient Records for Leonard Thompson, Toronto, Dec. 1921-Jan. 1922, Banting Papers, 8; Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 120.

144  By this time Marjorie could hardly . . . stand: Banting and Best, “Pancreatic Extracts” (May 1922), 7.

144  “Memorandum in Reference . . .”: “Memorandum,” Jan. 25, 1922, Banting Papers, Scrapbook 2, 40.

145  While Collip returned to the lab: Banting et al., “Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” 4-5.

146  In order to dispel these doubts: Banting and Best, “Pancreatic Extracts,” 7.

146  Later that day Banting was to learn: Banting and Best, “Pancreatic Extracts,” 8.

146  Although he found no islets cells: In 1940, Banting recalled that a closer inspection after the initial autopsy “revealed a microscopic group of cells so small that it was agreed that they could not be responsible for the survival of the dog.” This contradicts Banting’s acknowledgment in “Pancreatic Extracts,” by Banting and Best, that the results were not conclusive. See Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 16b.

22:  Failure and Success, The University of Toronto, February to April 1922

147  At Toronto General Hospital: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 122, 130.

147  In February, Banting began to drink heavily: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 19d.

148  The pages of his diary suggest: Bliss, Banting, 85.

148  Reflecting on this time some years later: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 19d.

148  Collip inexplicably lost his ability: Ibid., 18d; Best, “A Report on the Discovery and Development” (Sept. 1922), 3-4.

148  On the evening of March 31: Banting recounts the event in 1940. See Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 20d-21d.

151  The fact that he was not a practicing physician: Ibid., 18d.

151  It was decided that a diabetic clinic: Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922), 10; Banting, “History of Insulin” (1929), 9. For a report on the patients treated in the Soldiers’ Civil Re-Establishment, see Gilchrist et al., “Observations With Insulin” (1923).

151  By this time: Decades later, Best would recall his disappointment with being assigned control of production, as he wanted to “get on with my M.A. thesis” in pursuit of his degree in 1922. Best interview by Gene E. McCormick, Sept. 24, 1968, Lilly Archives.

152  “We have not as yet succeeded”: Macleod to Clowes, Apr. 3, 1922, Connaught Collection, Aventis Pasteur Limited Archives 95-025-01.

152  composed a joint letter to Falconer: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 133.

152  “So impressed with the feasibility”: “Toronto Doctor on Track of Diabetes Cure,” Mar. 22, 1922, Toronto Daily Star, Banting Scrapbook, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

153  In 1922 a total of 161 patients: Allen and Sherrill, “Clinical Observations,” 804.

23:  Honeymoon Cottage, Hamilton, Bermuda, January to July 1922

154  They stayed in cabin number 18: EH to AH, Jan. 13, 1922, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

155  Her letters to Mumsey: Elizabeth’s day-to-day activities during the stay in Bermuda are documented in letters held in the EH Papers.

155  “I didn’t come to Bermuda”: EH to AH, Jan. 8, 1922.

156  Her diet: EH to AH, Feb. 5, 1922.

157  “A writer! Excellent!”: Gue, 256.

158  Pauline Swalm: Ibid., 257.

158  Three times they reserved a cabin: “Hughes Off for Bermuda; Secretary of State and Wife Taking Two Weeks’ Vacation,” New York Times, Feb. 16, 1922: 14.

158  Despite a stinging sleet storm: Ibid., 14.

158  When the Hugheses arrived in Hamilton:” “Arrival of Mr. Hughes U.S. Secretary of State,” Royal Gazette (Bermuda), Feb. 18, 1922: 1. Governor Willcocks let Elizabeth lead the way up the gangway to the ship so that she might be the first to greet her father.

159  “Hughes Back From Trip”: New York Times, Mar. 7, 1922: 7.

159  Unfortunately, Elizabeth: Blanche Burgess to AH, May 26, 1922, EH Papers.

160  By May Elizabeth’s diet had been slashed: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 144.

160  For the first time her weight . . . fell: Banting et al., “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” 593.

160  “I’m beginning to feel real hopeful”: EH to AH, Apr. 14, 1922.

160  On Saturday, June 10, 1922: “Miss Hughes First Bride of Cabinet; Secretary’s Daughter Catherine Wed to Chauncey L. Waddell of New York by Bishop Harding,” New York Times, Jun. 11, 1922: 17.

161  The chapel’s interior: “Helen Hughes Memorial Dedicated in New York,” Indianapolis Star, June 26, 1922: 10; author’s visit to the chapel.

162  At the top of the gangplank: Elizabeth Hughes, transcribed interview by Michael Bliss, Nov. 22, 1980, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

163  “Because my daughter has Diabetes”: AH to Banting, July 3, 1922, Banting Papers.

24:  Patents, Partnership, and Pancreases, Indianapolis and Toronto, April to August 1922

165  In April 1922, in the middle of his workday: Brown recounts his meeting with Mr. Lilly in his address at the 25 Year and Retired Employees Banquet, May 10, 1948. Copy is in the Lilly Archives. Also see M. C. McCormick, “History of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 136-37.

166  Armed with Brown’s affirmative reply: Best would later estimate Clowes visited Toronto twenty-five times during 1922. Best, interview by Gene E. McCormick, Sept. 24, 1968, Lilly Archives,.

166  While Clowes worked on Macleod: M. C. McCormick, “History of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 136-37.

167  Brown saw he would have to perform: Ibid.

167  Joslin would later say: Joslin, “Pancreatic Extract,” 654.

167  At the last minute: Macleod to Gooderham, Sept. 20, 1922, memorandum, “History of the Researches,” Collip Papers, 5. When writing about the event years later, Banting didn’t mention the reason for not attending the AAP meetings. He wrote simply that “Best and I stayed home and worked.” He seems bitter, however, that Macleod presented the paper himself: “Macleod presented the work of the Toronto Group of workers. The usual time alloted [sic] is 10 minutes. He was given 20 minutes. At the end of his presentation, Eliot P. Joslyn [sic] rose and moved a standing vote of thanks to Macleod and his associates for their discovery of Insulin. Dr. G. H. A. Clowes of the Eli Lilly Co. of Indianapolis was present and his British sense of justice caused him to speak to Joslyn [sic] afterwards. Joslyn [sic] apparently did not know anything except from MacLeod. After the meeting Clowes wired me to come to Boston and bring reprints of the first two articles.” (Banting, “Story of the Discovery” [1940], 26d-27d.)

167  Within days of the conference: Clowes to Macleod, May 11, 1922, Connaught Collection, Aventis Pasteur Limited Archives 95-025-01.

168  Finally, in mid-May: Macleod to Clowes, May 15, 1922.

168  Working tirelessly at Connaught: Banting would later write, “To Best must be given the greatest amount of credit for this phase of the [re]development [of insulin]. It was he more than anyone who bridged the gap between the test-tube and the beaker scale and later the large scale production.” (Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 22d.)

168  On May 15 Banting’s friend Joe Gilchrist: Banting, “History of Insulin” (1929), 15; Gilchrist et al., “Observations with Insulin,” 7.

168  With Best in charge: Insulin Committee Minutes, Aug. 17, 1922-Sept. 29, 1925, University of Toronto/Board of Governors/Insulin Committee Collection, University of Toronto Archives, A1982-0001, Box 044.

168  Williams had been promised insulin: Woodbury, 54-57; John R. Williams, “Notes on Patient Jim Havens.”

168  In the fall of 1919: Madeb et al., “The Discovery of Insulin: The Rochester, New York, Connection,” 907. Hereafter, “The Discovery of Insulin.”

168  remained stable: John R. Williams, “Notes on Patient Jim Havens”; idem., “A Clinical Study,” 733-34. Case 1524.

168  He was put on a diet: Madeb et al., “The Discovery of Insulin,” 907.

169  By the spring of1922: John R. Williams, “A Clinical Study.” 733-34. Case 1524.

169  At first the miracle cure seemed ineffective: Madeb et al., “The Discovery of Insulin,” 909.

169  On May 22, Clowes arrived in Toronto: M. C. McCormick, “History of Insulin,” 130-31, Lilly Archives; Madison, Eli Lilly: A Life, 56-57.

169  Banting still refused: Banting would later write that his “reason for abstaining from writing my name to the Application in the first instance was because as a Physician and Physiologist, the idea of applying for a patent for any discovery or invention of mine was distasteful to me as a Medical Etiquette. Furthermore . . . I had taken the Hippocratic Oath.” (Banting, “Declaration. In the Matter of British Patent Application No. 16360 of 1922,” Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.)

169  These efforts were necessary: Clowes to Macleod, May 11, 1922, Connaught Collection, Aventis Pasteur Limited Archives 95-025-01, University of Toronto.

170  An advisory group was formed: “Memorandum on the Course Pursued by the University of Toronto in the Development of the Manufacture of Insulin,” Adapted From a Memorandum Prepared in January, 1924 for President Butler of Columbia University, University of Toronto Collection, University of Toronto Archives, A1967-0007, Box 86, Insulin Folder.

170  Lilly agreed . . . to provide 28 percent: Indenture between the Governors of the University of Toronto and the Eli Lilly Company, 30 May 1922, Collip Papers.

170  Clowes estimated: Clowes, telegram to Macleod, May 25, 1922, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

171  In an effort to avoid layoffs: 1920 and 1921 Profits Summary, Lilly Archives.

171  Eventually Mr. Lilly would choose: Clowes to Macleod, Mar. 14, 1923, University of Toronto/Board of Governors/Insulin Committee Collection, University of Toronto Archives, A1982-0001, Box 12, Eli Lilly Folder.

171  Within three days: See Indenture between the Governors of the University of Toronto and the Eli Lilly Company, May 30, 1922, Collip Papers.

171  George Walden was put in charge: McCormick, “History of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 134-35.

171  George Walden was a twenty-eight-year-old chemist: Eli Lilly & Co. Application for Employment: George B. Walden, Sept. 25, 1917, Walden files, Lilly Archives.

172  On June 2 and 3, he and Best went: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 140.

172  Seventeen days later: On June 22, Macleod wrote Clowes that “the delay has been due to the difficulty at this time of year of getting committees together, especially the Board of Governors.” Macleod to Clowes, June 22, 1922, Connaught Collection, Aventis Pasteur Limited Archives 95-025-01.

172  “Our chemists here have been working very intently”: Eli Lilly to Macleod, June 17, 1922, Lilly Archives.

172  In Indianapolis, Billy Sylvester: McCormick, “History of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 136, f. 158.

172  Experimental runs were made almost daily: Gene McCormick, “The Discovery and Manufacture of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 7.

172  But it was not enough to supply clinicians: Macleod to Dr. W. D. Sansum, June 21, 1922, University of Toronto/Board of Governors/Insulin Committee Collection, University of Toronto Archives; Macleod to Dr. Rollin T. Woodyatt, Jun. 21, 1922 University of Toronto/Board of Governors/Insulin Committee Collection, University of Toronto Archives.

172  Macleod sent three copies of the indenture agreement: Macleod to Clowes. Jun. 28, 1922, Connaught Collection, Aventis Pasteur Limited Archives 95-025-01, University of Toronto.

173  Around this time Banting was approached: Bliss, Banting, 95.

173  With Doctors Campbell and Fletcher: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 36; “Memorandum on the Establishment of a Diabetic Clinic in the Toronto General Hospital”; “Memorandum on the Organization of the Diabetic Clinic” University of Toronto.

173  Banting’s friend from the Hospital for Sick Children: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” 1940), 32.

173  In mid-June Macleod left Toronto: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 141.

173  The first factory-scale run was made . . . on June 26: Gene McCormick, “The Discovery and Manufacture of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 7.

25:  Fame and Famine, Summer 1922

175  in July, the Toronto train stations teemed: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 26. TK

176  “Is there any possible chance”: J. E. Paullin, telegram to Macleod, Jul. 1, 1922, Lilly Archives.

176  “No insulin available”: Banting telegram to J. E. Paullin, Jul. 3, 1922, Lilly Archives.

176  Dr. Morton Ryder: Frank Jones, “Teddy Ryder: Banting’s Living Miracle,” Toronto Star, Feb. 20, 1983: A6.

176  At Christie Street, several diabetics had suffered hypoglycemic shock: Gilchrist et al., “Observations with Insulin” (1923).

176  He finally accepted three new private patients: Hamburger, 4, 5; Bliss, Historical Essay, 30.

176  When Mildred Ryder: Frank Jones, “Teddy Ryder: Banting’s Living Miracle,” Toronto Star, Feb. 20, 1983: A6.

177  He came by Grenville Street: Ibid.

177  Several were living at the Athelma Apartments: 78 Grosvenor Street was the return address on Elizabeth Hughes’s letters to her mother.

177  When he turned six: Jones, “Teddy Ryder,” Toronto Star, Feb. 20, 1983: A6.

178  That summer Banting’s old medical officer: Notes on Charlotte Clarke; and Chart for Charlotte Clarke, Banting Papers. See also Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 45.

178  During the journey he fell prey to his own paranoia: “I have a hunch that Clowes is holding out on us,” Banting wrote Best on July 21, just before making his trip to Indianapolis. See Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 147.

179  He was met on the platform: J. K. Lilly to Eli Lilly, July 26, 1922, Lilly Archives.

179  It later came to light: Clowes to Banting, July 18, 1922, Banting Papers.

179  Eli Lilly and Company agreed to delay its own clinical work: A diabetic clinic in the Methodist Hospital was created by Eli Lilly and Company during the early manufacturing phase of insulin in order to broaden “the Company’s familiarity with clinical medicine and moreover, proved a valuable aid in gathering first-hand experience upon which to deal with the University of Toronto and investigators elsewhere” (McCormick, “McCormick History Re-Do”, Dec. 12, 2007, Lilly CD-ROM, Lilly Archives, 366). Upon learning of the production problems in Toronto, Lilly delayed its investigational work. See Clowes to Banting, Aug. 11, 1922, Banting Papers, 2; Clowes to Macleod, Sept. 5, 1922, Lilly Archives, 3.

179  Clowes pledged to do whatever he could: Clowes’s support for Banting to gain full credit for insulin is evident in letters written during the summer of 1922. He vows, among other things, to work with Allen to ensure Banting’s papers get priority in publications; that Lilly will foot the bill to distribute Banting’s papers across the country; to work toward Banting getting full credit for work; and that other researchers must hold the release of their publications until Banting is ready in exchange for material. See Clowes to Banting, Aug. 11, 1922 and Aug. 8, 1922, Banting Papers.

179  Charlotte Clarke’s wound: Notes on Charlotte Clarke, Banting Papers.

179  Banting went next: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 27-28; also Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 149.

180  Next day he was in New York: Banting, “Story ofthe Discovery” (1940), 29-30.

180  Geyelin was appalled: Banting, “The Story of Insulin” (1922), 19-20; Bliss, Banting, 100, 101.

180  “We were sorry”: J. K. Lilly to Banting,July 26, 1922, Banting Papers.

181  On July 29, Lilly sent 200 units: A. L. Walters to Banting, July 31, 1922, Banting Papers.

181  On August 8 they sent 500 units: A. L. Walters to Banting, Aug. 8, 1922; J. K. Lilly to Clowes, Aug. 8, 1922, Lilly Archives; Clowes to Banting, Aug. 8, 1922, Lilly Archives.

181  The question of who: McCormick, “History of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 149

181  Miss Elizabeth Mudge, a nurse: Richard Dowling to Gene E. McCormick, April 24, 1969. Also Joslin, “Reminiscences. . . .”, 67-68.

182  Among the thousand or so names: Joslin’s Diabetic Registry.

182  “I think I may have somethingfor you”: Kienast, 14-15.

182  By August, Walden and his team: FINAL DRAFT for Insulin Project, CD-ROM, Lilly Archives, 45.

182  Kingan . . . could not meet: McCormick, “History of Insulin,” Lilly Archives, 136, f. 158.

182  The first shipment of frozen pancreas glands: Ibid., 136.

182  Now Indianapolis began to experience the problems: Ibid., 139-40.

182  In August 1922 Walden was near nervous collapse: G. H. A. Clowes to Macleod, Sept. 23, 1922, Lilly Archives, 5.

182  On August 8, he sent a telegram: Clowes, telegram to Banting, Aug. 8, 1922, Banting Papers. Also J. K. Lilly to Clowes, Aug. 8, 1922, Lilly Archives.

183  “Do anything you want with Frederick”: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 160.

183  The human trials at Banting’s clinic: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 23d-25d; Gilchrist, et al, “Observations with Insulin.”

183  On August 10 Allen injected six patients: Ibid., 151.

26:  Four Trunks, Washington, D.C., August 1922

185  “in the family way all the time”: Anthony, 36.

188  “You started the Sunday school class”: Pusey, 133-34, 110.

189  They had corresponded: Robert Falconer, to CEH, Dec. 7, 1911; CEH to Falconer, Dec. 28, 1911, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

189  Hughes sat and stared: Since we know that Banting denied Antoinette’s initial request to help Elizabeth, it is likely that CEH stepped in on her behalf. While a phone call between Hughes and Falconer has never been documented, Falconer most likely would have been the person Hughes called. CEH’s dedication to the integrity of his public position would have made him less apt to pull strings via other public officials, like Harding or Mackenzie King. We know that Falconer and Hughes knew each other since 1910 (see previous note), and in 1917 Falconer even wrote Hughes requesting a personal favor of his own when Hughes was chairman of the District Board of New York—that an American on the University of Toronto faculty be temporarily discharged from the military in order to teach medical students within the Department of Biochemistry. Hughes regretfully denied his request (Falconer to CEH, Nov. 13, 1917; CEH to Falconer, Nov. 15, 1917, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library).

27:  Escape from Morristown, August 1922

190  One of Toronto’s . . . accomplishments: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooderham Building; http://www.proudest architectural accomplishments.

190  It had been Gooderham who donated the land: Rutty, “Dr. Robert Davies Defries.”

192  Naval radio stations: “War Radio Service for Hughes on Trip,” New York Times, Aug. 23, 1922.

192  She left a message: Allen to Banting, Aug. 12, 1922.

28:  The Transformation Begins, Toronto, August to November 1922

196  “Height five feet”: Banting, Frederick, Notes on First Examination of Elizabeth Hughes, Banting Papers, 3.

199  “I take pleasure”: Allen to Banting, Aug. 16, 1922, Banting Papers.

199  After lunch, Robertson took Banting: Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 42-43.

200  On August 18, 1922: “Daughter ofU. S. Secretary ofState Tries New Toronto Discovery,” Indianapolis News, Aug. 17, 1922: 7.

200  On August 22, 1922, Schley wrote: George B. Schley to Clowes, Aug. 22, 1922, Banting Papers.

200  At first, Banting dismissed the matter: The Insulin Committee decided to withdraw the Best-Collip and Best patent applications to make way for an application for Banting, Best, and Collip. See patent papers located in the University of Toronto/ Board of Governors/Insulin Committee and Connaught papers at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library. See also Charles H. Riches to the Board of Governors, University of Toronto, Feb. 22, 1923, University of Toronto, Office of the President Papers.

200  Through the summerandfall: Rutty, 11; Clowes discovered the shortage problems in Toronto after a visit in July 1922. He immediately wired Indianapolis to send a supply to Toronto. Clowes Banting, July 18, 1922, Banting Papers. Correspondence during this period between Toronto and Indianapolis indicate Eli Lilly and Company were regularly sending batches of Iletin to Banting and his colleagues; this is further reflected in Clowes to Macleod, Oct. 20, 1922, Connaught Collection, Aventis Pasteur Limited Archives 95-025-01,1,5.

200  The insulin directed to Banting’s patients: Rutty, 9. Banting would later recall stating at the time: “The indigent diabetic is our greatest problem. Every effort must be made to reduce the cost of insulin and remove the necessity of expensive diets so that they can look after themselves,” (Banting, “Story of the Discovery” [1940], 22).

200  Elizabeth took insulin twice daily: Banting et al., “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” 592; also EH to AH, Aug. 22, 1922, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

201  Before 1922, hyperglycemiccoma: Joslin, “Diabetes for the Diabetics,” 142.

201  The first diabetic ”resurrected”: Bliss, TheDiscoveryof Insulin, 161.

201  Elizabeth called these . . . “thefeels”: EH to AH, Sept. 24, 1922, 2.

201  In those early months of experimental insulin: EH to AH, ibid..

202  On August 21, Dr. Banting visited: EH to AH, Aug. 22, 1922, 1.

203  Banting was not nearly as cautious: Banting et al., “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” 592.

203  “unspeakably wonderful”: EH to AH, Oct. 6, 1922, 2.

203  “A week ago last Thursday: James D. Havens to Banting, Dec. 11, 1922, Banting Papers.

203  Banting encouragedElizabeth: EH toAH, Sept. 24, 1922, 3.

203  “No body up here except Dr. Banting . . . knows”: EH to AH, Sept. 29, 1922, 4

204  “I could use uppages”: EH to AH, Sept. 24, 1922, 3.

205  “New Treatment Aids Miss Hughes”: New York American, Oct. 15, 1922, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

205  “Permanently Cured by Insulin Treatment”: Toronto Daily Star, Jan. 16, 1923, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

206  “New York Excited Over New Cure”: Toronto Daily Star, Oct. 17, 1922, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

206  “Little Daughter of Hughes Seemingly Cured”: Fort Worth Star Telegram, Dec. 16, 1922, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

206  “record case”: EH to AH, Sept. 24, 1922, 2.

206  “You’d think it was afairy tale”: EH to AH, Sept. 24, 1922, 1.

206  “I hate to be written up like that”: EH to AH, Oct. 21, 1922, 2.

206  “With your letter this morning”: EH to AH, Nov. 11, 1922, 2.

206  “Yesterday morning”: EH to AH, Oct. 8, 1922. Omit salutation, begin: Yesterday morning we were called . . .

29:  Crossing the Line Aboard the SS Pan America, August to September 1922

208  On Monday, August 21, 1922: “Hughes Prepares for Trip; Arranges State Affairs for His Absence in Brazil,” New York Times, Aug. 22, 1922: 4.

209  “looks like Godandtalks like God”: Danelski and Tulchin, xxviii.

209  On Thursday, August 24: “Hughes Sails Today; Admiral Vogelgesang Will Accompany Him to Brazil as Aide,” New York Times, Aug. 24, 1922: 10.

209  Ambassador Allencar of Brazil: “Hughes Sails with Mission to Brazil; Secretary of State Carries Message of Good-will to Centennial Exposition,” New York Times, Aug. 25, 1922: 7.

210  After that the Pan America would proceed: “War Radio Service for Hughes on Trip.” New York Times, Aug. 23, 1922: 30.

210  Hughes told reporters: “Hughes Resting at Sea,” New York Times, Aug. 26, 1922: 6.

210  Secretary Hughes and his party: “War Radio Service for Hughes on Trip,” New York Times, Aug. 23, 1922: 30.

211  “elaborate arrangements”: Ibid.

212  traditional ceremony: “Try Secretary Hughes in Neptune’s Court; Accused of Boisterous Conduct in Ceremonies When Pan America Crosses Equator,” New York Times, Sept. 3, 1922: 13.

213  Hughes and members of his delegation: Ibid.

213  “undermining the prestige of Neptune”: Ibid.

213  The secretary pleaded guilty: Ibid.

213  He participated in deck sports: “Hughes in Deck Sports,” New York Times, Aug. 28, 1922: 7.

213  “One never can judge”: “Hughes Pleads Guilty in Neptune’s Court,” n.p.: n.pub., n.d. . . . “one never can judge.”

213  “Every effort is being made”: Allen’s original letter resides in the Teddy Ryder Scrapbook at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

214  Among the items Elizabeth inherited: Elizabeth donated these artifacts to the Supreme Court Historical Society for an exhibit on her father. The medallions are described in detail in the “Hughes Exhibit Catalogue” by Gail Galloway and Susanne Owens in the 1981 Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook. The Yearbooks are digitally available on the SCHS’s Web site: http://www.supremecourthistory.org.

30:  Fate, Fortune, and Forgetting, September to December 1922

215  Sir William Bayliss: See William Bayliss to London Times, Aug. 24, 1922.

215  The University’s patent attorney: Gooderham to Banting, Sept. 16, 1922, Banting Papers.

216  To exacerbate the matter: See August Krogh to Macleod, Oct. 23, 1922, University of Toronto/Board of Governors/Insulin Committee Collection, University of Toronto Archives; Krogh to Macleod, Nov. 1922, Best Papers; Duncan Graham, to Macleod, Aug. 24, 1922, Best Papers; Banting to J. G. Fitzgerald, Oct. 5, 1922, Banting Papers.

216  “I would then compare”: Gooderham to Banting, Sept. 16, 1922, Banting Papers.

217  Predictably, Banting’s version reflected his view: See Banting, “Account of the Discovery of Insulin” (1922).

217  “complete credit . . . he could certainly”: Macleod to Gooderham, “History of the Researches,” Sept. 20, 1922, Collip Papers, 2.

218  “in many, if not most, laboratories”: Ibid., 3.

218  “perfectly evident”: Ibid.

219  In late November 1922 . . . August Krogh arrived: Novo Nordisk History, 2.

219  One of Dale’s first . . . patients: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 167.

220  “Now IknowIamgoing to shockyou”: EH to AH, Nov. 12, 1922.

221  Charles Riches. . . appeal the rejection: Charles H. Riches to Macleod, Nov. 1922, University of Toronto/Board of Governors/Insulin Committee Collection, University of Toronto Archives.

221  Affidavits were requisitioned: Macleod to Allen, Nov. 29,1922, University ofToronto/Board of Governors/Insulin Committee Collection, University of Toronto Archives; Macleod to Clowes, Nov. 30, 1922, Connaught Collection, Aventis Pasteur Limited Archives 95025-01.

221  Banting asked . . . Hughes to help: See Banting to CEH, Nov. 21, 1922, Banting Papers.

221  “best possible attention: CEH to Hon. Thomas F. Robertson, Commissioner of Patents, Nov. 24, 1922.

222  In 1923, he helped to fund the Banting Research Foundation: “Aid Banting Medical Fund,” Washington Post, Nov. 2, 1923: 6; Edwin L. McCormick to Sir Robert Falconer, Nov. 2, 1923, University of Toronto/Office of the President Collection, University of Toronto Archives. For an overview of the Banting Foundation, see F. Lorne Hutchinson to New York Times, March 22, 1922; “The Banting Foundation: A Short Resume of its Creation, Purposes and Organization.” Written by the Banting Foundation, 1925, Banting Papers.

222  “We’vegot to stay in all day”: EH to AH, Nov. 23, 1922.

222  she and Blanche were sitting down to lunch: See EH to AH, Nov. 28, 1922.

223  Between August andJanuary: Banting et al., “Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes Melli- tus,” 592-98.

223  “Mrs. (rather) Lady van Hoofenbhouck Tulleken”: EH to AH, Nov. 23, 1922.

223  In March of 1923: George Ross to Mackenzie King, May 8, 1923, Banting Papers; See also Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 216-17.

223  He wrote to... King: CEH to Mackenzie King, Mar. 16, 1923, W. L. Mackenzie King Papers, vol. 93, Public Archives of Canada. See also the reply: King to CEH, Apr. 6, 1923.

223  Banting was awarded:, W.L. Mackenzie King to Banting, July 23, 1923, Banting Papers; Hector McKinnon, “Canada Rewards Banting’s Service,” Toronto Daily Star, June 28, 1923; “Plan Chair of Medicine to Honor Dr. Banting.” n. pub., April-May 1923, Banting Papers.

223  In June 1923: “Rockefeller Gives Hospitals $150,000; Money to Be Extended in Promoting Use of Insulin for Diabetes,” Indianapolis Star, Jun. 20, 1923: 2. The hospitals were: University Hospital in Ann Arbor; Johns-Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore; New England Deaconess Hospital in Boston; Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago; Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland; University Hospital in Iowa City; Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal; Touro Infirmary in New Orleans, Presbyterian Hospital in New York City; Barnes Hospital in St. Louis; Lane Hospital in San Francisco; Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto; Toronto General Hospital in Toronto; the Banting-Best Fund at the University of Toronto; and the Physiatric Institute in Morristown.

224  In the early insulin era: White, 222.

224  Only three . . . survived: Bliss, TheDiscoveryof Insulin, 160.

224  Dr. Joslin also lost at least one early patient: For results and case studies of these patients, see Joslin et al., “Insulin in Hospital and Home,” 651; Woodyatt, 800; John R. Williams, 750.

224  Paula Inge died: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 167.

31:  The Nobel Prize and Beyond

225  Throughout 1923, Nobel Prize nominations arrived: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 225-29.

225  Banting reacted to the news: Banting, “Story ofthe Discovery” (1940), 15e-16e.

225  While Banting ultimately accepted theprize: “Dr. Banting Shares Honors With Best,” Boston Globe, Oct. 27, 1923: 11.

226  This left Macleod with no choice: “Macleod Awards Collip Half of His Nobel Prize,” Toronto Daily Star, Nov. 7, 1923.

226  Theprize totaled$24,000: “Four Men Will Share in the Nobel Prize; Prof.J.J. R. Macleod Divides His $20,000 With J. B. Collip,” n.pub., Nov. 1923; “Macleod Awards Collip Half of His Nobel Prize; Total of $40,000 Has Now Been Divided Equally Among Four,” Toronto Daily Star, Nov. 7, 1923; clippings appear in Banting Scrapbook and Collip Papers. Though reports at the time stated the total award money was $40,000, divided up among the four men at $10,000 apiece, Nobel records would indicate the real total was about $24,000 (Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 233).

226  Privately, Macleodgrumbled: “Asks Time to Consider Award Disposal,” Toronto Daily Star, Nov. 2, 1923.

226  Neither Banting nor Macleod attended: Banting would not go to Stockholm and deliver his Nobel Prize address until the following year. Banting, “Story of the Discovery” (1940), 18e.

226  In November 1923 ... a celebratory banquet: “University Honours Professors Banting and Macleod as Winners of the Nobel Prize Award for Medicine in Board of Governors’ Banquet Held at Hart House,” Toronto Globe, Nov. 27, 1923. The only photo found of the event shows Sir Edmund Walker, chancellor, and Canon Cody, chairman of the board of governors, sitting between Banting and Macleod at the head table. See “Talented Workers in Research Field Paid High Honors,” Toronto Globe, Nov. 28, 1923: 1.

226  GeorgZuelzerandNicholas Paulesco appealed: Bliss, TheDiscoveryof Insulin, 233.

226  E. L. Scottpublishedaclaim: Ibid., 238.

226  Even Collippublishedapaper: Collip, “Glucokinin: Second Paper,” 77. For more on gluco- kinin, also see Collip’s other two papers: “Glucokinin: A New Hormone Present,” and “Glucokinin: An Apparent Synthesis.”

227  halfof the insulin royalties: “Agreement Between the Governors of the University of Toronto and James Bertram Collip,” July 1, 1923, University of Toronto/Board of Governors/Insulin Committee Collection, University of Toronto Archives, 5.

227  From 1923 to 1967: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 240.

227  By separate arrangement with Lilly: N. H. Noyes to Eli Lilly, Feb. 25, 1941; C. F. Eveleigh to Eli Lilly, Feb. 27, 1941; E. N. Beesley to F. B. Peck, Nov. 15, 1954, Lilly Archives.

227  In October 1923 Iletin was released: “McCormick History Re-Do 12-12-2007,” CD-ROM. Lilly Archives: 307-308.

227  Thefirst-year sales: 1923 Profit overview, Lilly Archives.

227  By theendof1923, Lillyhadsold: “McCormickHistoryRe-Do 12-12-2007,” CD-ROM. Lilly Archives: 307-308.

227  “To give you some conception of the speed”: Clowes, “Insulin in Its Relation to Life Insurance,” 2.

228  “Many persons have the idea”: “Indianapolis the Production and Distribution Center of Insulin,” Indianapolis News, Oct. 27, 1923: 21. 228 By the end of 1923 the cost of treatment: Ibid., 3.

228  “A glow of pride”: J. K. Lilly to Eli Lilly, ca. May 1923, Lilly Archives.

228  He devoted himself to the Banting Research Foundation: Best, “Frederick Grant Banting,” 23-24.

229  “We do not know whence ideas come”: Stevenson, 67.

229  He was especially interested: Stevenson, 398.

229  The Banting Research Foundation played a major role: Ibid., 401.

229  “get his ass kicked”: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 236.

230  “God howIhate the wholefuss”: Banting diary, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

230  “Ishallalwaysfollowyourcareer”: Banting to Teddy Ryder, Dec. 27, 1938, Banting Papers.

230  When World War II began: Bliss, Banting, 254.

231  John James Rickard Macleod: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 234. 231 Upon Macleod’s return to Aberdeen: Michael J. Williams, 87. 231 He significantly contributed: Barr, 244-47.

231  Upon Banting’s death, Collip succeeded him: Ibid., 249, 250.

231  “Dr. Ross was very friendly with me”: Best to Joslin, June 28, 1945, Marble Library, Joslin Diabetes Center.

232  From 1926 to 1928 Best did postgraduate work: Charles Best biography, as part of PBS’s “Red Gold: The Epic Story of Blood” Series. Available digitally at: http://www.pbs .org/ wnet/redgold/.

232  Dr.John G. FitzGerald: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library. 232 BillyRoss: Ibid.

232  Dr.JosephGilchrist: Ibid.

233  “feeling as frisky as ever”: Roger McQuigg toJ. K. Lilly Sr., Sept. 4, 1923, Lilly Archives. 233 “After Igetalittlefatter”: RogerMcQuiggtoJ. K. Lilly Sr., Sept. 12, 1923, LillyArchives.

233  “I hardly believe you can realize what a joy it is”: J. K. Lilly Sr. to Roger McQuigg, Sept. 18, 1923, Lilly Archives.

233  Elizabeth Mudge andJ. K. Lilly: Ibid., 99.

233  At her death: Elizabeth Mudge toJ. K. Lilly, April 22, 1941; Elizabeth Graham to Gene E. McCormick, Jun. 8, 1969, Lilly Archives.

233  In1975 thecompanybeganproviding . . . medals: Kahn, AllinaCentury, 101.

233  In 1947, Clowes: Kahn, 101; copy ofClowes’s acceptance speech: Clowes, “Banting Memorial Address” (1947), 53.

233  Alec Clowes spentforty summers: Krahl, 335.

233  At his home there ... he died: Krahl, 334; Miss Lenora Clark, interview by G. E. McCormick, Sept. 25, 1969, Lilly Archives, 2.

233  Three months later: T. P. Carney, memo toE. N. Beesley, Nov. 24, 1958. Lilly Archives. 233 George Walden remained an employee: Lilly News (press release), announcing retirement of George B. Walden, Feb. 24, 1960, Lilly Archives.

233  His deep interest in local history: Madison, Eli Lilly: A History, 166-68, 153-64, 149, 172-82, 142-51; Kahn, 70.

234  He was a man of many interests: Kahn, 78, 82; information onJ. K. LillyJr. also available at the Indianapolis Museum of Art and the Lilly Library at Indiana University, Bloom- ington.

234  In the early 1950s. . . gold coins: Kahn,80-81.

234  Together,J. K. Lilly Sr. andhissons: www.lilly.com.

235  When he died: Marble Library, Joslin Diabetes Center.235 postinsulinresurrection of skeletalchildren: Joslin, “Address . . .” (1934), 39.

235  Allen owed over $25,000: Henderson, 47.

235  Allen tried to work out an arrangement: Ibid., 47.

235  Desperatefor a second chance: See Allen to CEH,Jan. 4, 1929; CEH to Allen,Jan. 7, 1929, CEH Papers, Physiatric Institute file, Butler Library, Columbia University.

235  An eviction notice: Henderson, 48.

235  Allen persevered with his animal experiments: Henderson, 47; Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 239.

236  Upon hearing of the collapse: “Minutes ofBanquet Session,” Proceedings of the American Diabetes Association (1949): 35.

236  Itwasan unprecedentedamount: American Diabetes Association of “Maurk ofBanquet Session,” (1949), 33-36.

236  Otto Kahn’s mansion was razed: Henderson, 48.

236  “deep appreciation of your medal”: American Diabetes Association, “Minutes of Banquet Session” (1949), 33-36.

237  “The thing that has hurt me . . .”: Belle Wishart Allen in a letter to Dr. Alfred Henderson.

237  The words of . . . Omar Khayyam: Henderson, 48.

32:  The Emergence of Elizabeth Gossett

238  “Miss Elizabeth Hughes Ill”: New York Times, Aug. 8, 1924: 13.

238  “Miss Hughes Improving”: New York Times, Aug. 10, 1924: 7.

238  From then until she graduated: Elizabeth Hughes, transcribed interview by Michael Bliss, Nov. 22, 1980, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

238  In 1926 she weighed 150pounds: EH to Banting, Nov. 2, 1926, Banting Papers.

239  She did not see a doctor once: See Elizabeth Hughes, transcribed interview by Michael Bliss, Nov. 22, 1980, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

239  She organizeda club: “Hoover Club Formed by Barnard Students; Miss Elizabeth Hughes Lines Up Girl Republicans—Smith Group to Organize Tomorrow,” New York Times, Oct. 4, 1928: 5.

239  debatedJames Roosevelt: “Sons and Daughters,” Time magazine, Nov. 5, 1928.

239  During the summers: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes,” 11.

239  their agreement to forget: See Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, transcribed interview by Michael Bliss, Nov. 22, 1980, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

239  In 1928 Charles Evans Hughes hired . . . William T. Gossett: William T. Gossett to Myron E. Humphrey, Aug. 27, 1962: 1; Gossett to Richard W. Hogue, Sept. 10, 1947: 1, 2, Bentley Library.

239  Elizabeth did not tell Bill: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, transcribed interview by Michael Bliss, Nov. 22, 1980, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

239  Elizabeth and Bill were married in 1930: “Elizabeth Hughes Weds W. T. Gossett,” New York Times, Dec. 20, 1930: 14.

239  In 1930, Charles Evans Hughes became chief justice: Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, “Charles Evans Hughes,” 12.

239  In eleven years: Ibid., 13.

239  He was so concerned: Ibid., 14.

240  In 1933, Henry Beerits, a Princeton student: Beerits, “Aftermath of a Senior Thesis,” http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~cl1933/article.asp?year=1999&url=10henry-beertis.

240  “Every Sunday afternoon”: Ibid.

241  A highlight of the year: Ibid.

241  She destroyed pictures: Elizabeth Hughes, transcribed interview by Michael Bliss, Nov. 22, 1980, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

242  She served as a trustee: “History Ran in Elizabeth Gossett’s Family,” Detroit Free Press, April 26, 1981: 7C.

242  As an adult, Myra: “A Successful Volunteer Program Despite Handicaps,” n.pub.,Jacob Morganstern, Ment. Hosp., 2: 2, June 1951, American Psychiatric Association. n.d.: 2.

243  Ruth Whitehillmarried: 1956 Baltimore City Directory.

243  Both Myra and Ruth: Myra Blaustein, Certificate of Death, Dec. 10, 1954; Mrs. Ruth Liedy, Certificate of Death, Feb. 19, 1957.

243  Jim Havens: Feudtner, 53.

243  Jim married, fathered two children: Biographical notes accompanying “Photograph of Jim Havens Holding One of His Children,.” Best Papers.

243  He spent his adult life working as a librarian: Nancy Papas, “Man Tells of Being a Medical First,” Hartford Courant, Jan. 18, 1986: 1-A3; Katharine Martyn, “Teddy Ryder’s Scrap- book,” Halcyon no. 24 (Nov. 1999), Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

243   On July 10, 1992: Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 244.

243  Leonard Thompson: Digitized notes under “Formal Photograph ofLeonard Thompson,” Insulin Collection, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library Online.

243  After Antoinette died: Pusey, 798-97, 803-805.

244  At the time ofher death: See D. W. Denning to New EnglandJournalof Medicine, Mar. 1982, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

244  Had she lived to read her own obituary: The authors of this book have yet to see an obituary on Elizabeth Hughes that mentions her diabetic condition.

244  “It may interest your readers”: Denning to New England Journal of Medicine, Mar. 8, 1982, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

 

Postscript: Diabetes and Insulin Today

245  In the spring of 1923: Novo Nordisk History, Pamphlet, 6, 7. Available digitally at www . novonordisk.com .

245  New, longer-acting insulin: Rutty, “Couldn’t Live Without It,” 21-22.

245  Connaught discovered that adding zinc: Leibel and Wrenshall, 17.

245  In 1936 Toronto introducedprotomine zinc insulin: Rutty, “Couldn’t Live Without It,” 22.

245  Despite manufacturing advances: Ibid., 26.

245  Worldwide, that year: Ibid., 26.

245  Over time insulin resistance: Ibid., 32.

246  In 1978, Genentech: Genentech, www.gene.com.

246  It was approved: Eli Lilly and Company, www.lilly.com.

246  Eighty-five years after the discovery of insulin: Eli Lilly and Company 2006 Annual Report, 12-13.

246  The company today: Eli Lilly and Company, www.lilly.com.

246  Novo Nordisk: www.novonordisk.com.

246  Toronto’s cost of developing insulin: “Expenses Incurred in Initial Research on Insulin. June to December 1921, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library; Kahn, 96.

246  Today the average cost: Neal Masia, “The Cost of Developing a New Drug.” Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 23, 2008. Also found at http://www.america.gov/st/econ-english/2008/April/20080429230904myleen0.5233981.html.

247  In 2007, diabetes . . . fifth leading killer: Amanda Schaffer, “In Diabetes, a Complex of Causes.” New York Times, Oct. 16, 2007