NOTES

Abbreviations

CC	Carter Center
CREST	CIA Records Search Tool
C/S-FOHP	Carter/Smith Family Oral History Project
FP	Family Papers, JCPLM
GSA	Georgia State Archive
GSWSU	Georgia Southwestern State University
int.	Author interview
JCPLM	Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum
NSA	National Security Archive, George Washington University
OH	Oral history
PPPJC	Public Papers of the President, Administration of Jimmy Carter
ROGP	Reflections on Georgia Politics OH
SCOHP	Sumter County Oral History Project
SSF	Staff Secretary Files, JCPLM
UVA-MC	University of Virginia, Miller Center

Author Interviews

Joshua Abram, Morton Abramowitz, Elliott Abrams, Terry Adamson, William Alford, Roger Altman, Robert Armao, Bernard Aronson, Ami Ayalon, Martha Baker, Gerald Barney, Shahnaz Batmanghelidj, Richard Beattie, Mary Beazley, Jay Beck, Bob Beckel, Joe Biden, Jimmy Bishop, Jim Blanchard, Barbara Blum, Michael Blumenthal, Bill Boggs, Peter Bourne, Cathy Bradshaw, Jimmy Breslin, Tom Brokaw, Chris Brown, Harold Brown, Sam Brown, Diane Bryant, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Tim Buchanan, Janet Bunde, Bill Bush, George H. W. Bush, Amy Butler, Landon Butler, Pat Caddell, Kathy Cade, Joseph Califano, Tim Carden, David Carroll, Amy Carter, Annette Carter, Becky Carter, Buddy Carter, Chip Carter, Don Carter, Hodding Carter, Jack Carter, James Carter, Jason Carter, Jeff Carter, Jeremy Carter, Joshua Carter, Jimmy Carter, Kate Carter, Margaret Carter, Rosalynn Carter, Sally Carter, Sarah Carter, Sybil Carter, Jim Cheevers, Max Cleland, Eleanor Clift, Susan Clough, Adam Clymer, Richard Cohen, Roberta Cohen, Mort Coleman, Jim Copeland, Joseph Crespino, Tom Crick, John Dalton, Andy DeRoche, Chris Dickey, John Dinges, Evan Dobelle, Sam Donaldson, Tom Donilon, Jerome Doolittle, Ralph Earle, Peter Edelman, Joe Eldridge, Peter Emerson, Edward Elson, James Fallows, Kane Farabaugh, Kambiz Fattahi, Kathy Fletcher, Bill Foege, Warren Fortson, Les Francis, Linda Francke, A. D. Fraser, Jim Free, David Freeman, Robert Frosch, Paul Gaddis, Felice Gaer, Peter Galbraith, Richard Gardner, Leslie Gelb, Michael Giles, Dan Glickman, Boze Godwin, Peter Goldman, Barry Golson, Gordon Goldstein, Douglas Grant, Rex Granum, Gene Griessman, Thom Gunn, Bernard Gwirtzman, Jay Hakes, Pete Hamill, Lee Hamilton, Steve Hammond, Richard Harden, John Hardman, Bruce Harlan, Wayne Harpster, Herky Harris, Tex Harris, Jim Hershberg, Rick Hertzberg, Carlton Hicks, Steve Hochman, Donald Hopkins, Ben Huberman, Rick Hutcheson, Tim Hutchinson, Daniel Inouye, Brooks Jackson, Larry Jacobs, Barry Jagoda, Leroy Johnson, Clovis Jones, Imara Jones, Hamilton Jordan Jr., Kathleen Jordan, Vernon Jordan, Seth Kaller, John Kaminsky, Robert Kapp, Jurate Kazickas, Bob Kerrey, Mary King, Paul Kirk, Henry Kissinger, Curtis Kohlhass, Ted Koppel, Ed Kosner, Tim Kraft, Orin Kramer, Moon Landrieu, Jim Laney, Jim Langford, Judy Langford, Dan Lee, John Lewis, Robert Lifset, Jennie Lincoln, Robert MacNeil, John Maltese, Martin Marty, Ray Marshall, Keith Mason, Bob McBarton, Jennifer McCoy, David McCullough, Jim McIntyre, Joel McLeary, Hannah McMahan, John McMillan, G Juan Mendez, Flavio Meroni, Abner Mikva, George Miller, Newt Minow, Walter Mondale, Richard Moe, Frank Moore, Liz Moynihan, Reg Murphy, Lynn Nesbit, Barry Nickelsberg, Sam Nunn, Barack Obama, Tom Oliphant, Steve Oney, Peter Osnos, Richard Ossoff, Richard Ottinger, Dot Padgett, Alex Parker, Will Pattiz, Faye Perdue, William Perry, Charles Peters, Mary Ann Peters, Betty Pope, Nan Powell, Nelson Price, David Rabhan, Jerry Rafshoon, Eleanor Randolph, Dan Rather, Johnny Raven, Jonathan Reckford, Mike Reiss, John Rendon, Leo Ribuffo, Gene Roberts, Bill Roper, Gerald Rosenthal, Bobby Rowan, Robert Rubin, David Rubinstein, Al Rusher, Dale Russakoff, Jan Ryan, Karin Ryan, Peter Sahlins, Rita Jackson Samuels, Lon Saavedra, Robert Scheer, Mark Schneider, Greg Schneiders, Robert Schule, Richard Secord, Clarence Seeliger, Bill Shipp, Bob Shrum, Gary Sick, Mark Silk, Steve Simon, Jan Simpson, Sam Singer, Alicia Smith, Stephen Smith Jr., Tim Smith, Maurice Sonnenberg, Gillian Sorensen, Lauren Speeth, Gus Speth, Joe Sports, Kenneth Stein, Jeni Smith Stepanek, Patty Stonesifer, Jonathan Stonestreet, Ru Story-Huffman, Jill Stuckey, Joe Tanner, Dan Tate, Michael Terry, Rita Thompson, Richard Tofel, Roy Vagelos, Gordon Van Ness, Cyrus Vance Jr., William vanden Heuvel, Nicholas Veliotes, Paul Volcker, Carl Wagner, Jane Wales, Jack Watson, Drew Weston, Curtis Wilkie, Phil Wise, Bob Woodward, Andrew Young.

Preface

• “ ‘The worst thing’ ”: Gunnar Berge, Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony Speech, December 10, 2002, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/ceremony-speech.
• “the meanest man”: Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 561.
• “That I was weak”: Jimmy Carter int., November 19, 2015.
• “a bastard”: Hunter S. Thompson, “Jimmy Carter and the Great Leap of Faith,” Rolling Stone, June 3, 1976.
• “human heart”: Henry James, The Notebooks of Henry James, ed. Francis Otto Matthiessen and Kenneth Ballard Murdock (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), 74.

Prologue

• “Gas… died”: John Updike, Rabbit Is Rich (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981), 17. See also Meg Jacobs, Panic at the Pump: The Energy Crisis and the Transformation of American Politics in the 1970s (New York: Hill and Wang, 2016).
• surveys in June 1979: Gallup, “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends, Low Individual Measurements,” https://news.gallup.com/poll/116677/presidential-approval-ratings-gallup-historical-statistics-trends.aspx.
• “Energy is our Vietnam”: “Special Report: The Energy Crisis: A Program for the 80s,” Newsweek, July 16, 1979.
• handwrote a reference: Jerry Doolittle, unpublished diary, May 22, 1978.
• “solar power”: Jimmy Carter, “Solar Energy: Remarks Announcing Administration Proposals, June 20, 1979,” PPPJC, 1979, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1980), 1095–99.
• “this solar heater”: Martin Tolchin, “Carter Welcomes Solar Power,” New York Times, June 21, 1979.
• “federal judiciary”: SCOTUSblog, October 31, 2017.
• Averell Harriman… “most extraordinary”: Washington Post, September 29, 1978.
• “three smiles”: Zbigniew Brzezinski int., March 1, 2016.

PART 1: SOURCES OF STRENGTH

Chapter 1: Daddy and Hot

• pellets the size of grits: Jimmy Carter, An Hour Before Daylight: Memories of a Rural Boyhood (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 15, 78.
• “an immersion in the natural world”: Jimmy Carter, preface, in Fred Brown and Sherri M. L. Smith, The Flint River: A Recreational Guidebook to the Flint River and Environs (Atlanta: CI Publishing, 2001).
• an aroma so sublime: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 178.
• “fly rod”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith (New York: Times Books, 1996), 49.
• “We despised it”: James T. Wooten, Dasher: The Roots and the Rising of Jimmy Carter (New York: Summit Books, 1978), 133.
• missing picnic: Dorothy Padgett, Jimmy Carter: Elected President with Pocket Change and Peanuts (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2016), 6–7.
• “so little and forlorn”: Peter Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter: The Question of Character,” Newsweek, September 13, 1976.
• his tenacity: Jimmy Carter int., September 15, 2017.
• “equaled any other ambition”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 165.
• “do it better”: ibid., 166.
• fresh brains: ibid., 170–71.
• “blinked or smiled”: Jimmy Carter, “Prosperity Doesn’t Suit Everyone,” in Always a Reckoning and Other Poems (New York: Times Books, 1995), 97.
• “back with us, Hot”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 14; Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 81–82.
• “the last money I ever stole”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 226.
• turkey at a nearby farm… young widow: ibid., 206.
• “showed much emotion or love”: Jimmy Carter, lecture, Emory University, Atlanta, February 15, 2017.
• “This is a pain”: Jimmy Carter, “I Wanted to Share My Father’s World,” in Always a Reckoning, 99.

Chapter 2: The Carters and the Gordys

• Carter’s genes: Jeff Carter, Ancestors of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012), 38.
• “To have it taken away… terrible”: Jimmy Carter: Man from Plains, directed and written by Jonathan Demme (Los Angeles: Participant Media/Sony Pictures Classics, 2007); Jimmy Carter, A Full Life: Reflections at Ninety (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 231–32.
• There was violence: Jeff Carter, Ancestors, 59–60.
• “I haven’t been very belligerent”: AARP Bulletin online, June 2015, https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2015/jimmy-carter-reflections-at-90.html.
• “Damn! Damn! Damn!”: Ruth Carter Stapleton, Brother Billy (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), 17–18.
• “Some think I’m queer”: Duane Hutchinson, Jimmy Carter’s Hometown: People of Plains (Lincoln, NE: Foundation Books, 2003), 23.
• pollster without polls: Jimmy Carter, Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age (New York: Times Books, 1992), 3–4.
• revering Watson anyway: Hutchinson, Jimmy Carter’s Hometown, 11–12.
• twenty-five chin-ups: Jimmy Carter int., June 13, 2015.
• “We hire rednecks for that”: Jerry Rafshoon int., May 18, 2015.
• “his looks”: Lillian Carter, C/S-FOHP, September 26, 1978.
• “He was the kind”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 119–22.
• “I knew I wasn’t a virgin”: Wooten, Dasher, 87.
• “the leader”: Martin Schram, Running for President, 1976: The Carter Campaign (New York: Stein and Day, 1977), 39.
• “most brilliant”: Paul H. Elovitz, “Three Days in Plains,” Journal of Psychohistory 5, no. 2 (Fall 1977): 177.
• “not altogether healthy”: Ruth Carter Stapleton, The Gift of Inner Healing (Waco, TX: Word Books, 1976), 16.
• “a mistake”: Lillian Carter, C/S-FOHP, September 26, 1978.
• “I’m just as busy”: Jimmy Carter, A Remarkable Mother (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 23, 45.
• “He never plowed”: Lillian Carter, C/S-FOHP, September 26, 1978.
• “It told accurately”: Nicholas Dawidoff, “The Riddle of Jimmy Carter,” Rolling Stone, February 2, 2011.
• “A buck a day”: Jimmy Carter, “The Day No One Came to the Peanut Picker,” in Always a Reckoning, 48.
• “hateful man”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “poorest of the poor”: Richard R. Wright Jr. and John R. Hawkins, Centennial Encyclopaedia of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Book Concern of the AME Church, 1916), 137.
• “epitome of success”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 23.
• “Cadillac after Cadillac”: ibid., 24.
• “I knew Rachel Clark”: Demme, Man from Plains; Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 41.
• “Swim, son, swim”: Betty Glad, Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980), 37.
• “acute attention”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 76.
• “She’d tell how”: Jimmy Carter, “Rachel,” in Always a Reckoning, 4.
• “You’re the cause”: Hutchinson, Jimmy Carter’s Hometown, 90–93.
• “a more affectionate father”: Lillian Carter, C/S-FOHP, September 26, 1978.
• “breach of southern etiquette”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best? (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1975), 32; Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 24; Jimmy Carter, Turning Point, 17.
• I have never had a black person: Lillian Carter, C/S-FOHP, September 26, 1978; Elovitz, “Three Days in Plains,” 185.
• “People just didn’t”: ibid.
• Miscegenation is wrong: Wooten, Dasher, 79.
• “We called them niggers then”: Willard Slappey, C/S-FOHP, 1979.
• “I ain’t going nowhere”: Elovitz, “Three Days in Plains,” 195.
• As late as the 1970s… let the word slip: Eleanor Randolph, “The Carter Complex,” Esquire, November 1977.
• she gave him a whipping: William “Buddy” Carter, Billy Carter: A Journey Through the Shadows (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade, 1999), 53.
• “She loved to laugh”: Jimmy Carter, “Miss Lillian,” in Always a Reckoning, 19.
• “only as histrionics”: Jimmy Carter int., May 5, 2016.
• “not polite”: Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, First Family from Plains, interview by Judy Woodruff, PBS, October 1, 2014, https://www.pbs.org/show/first-family-plains.
• “ ‘I’m just reading’ ”: Gloria Carter Spann, C/S-FOHP, 1988; Elovitz, “Three Days in Plains,” 185.
• “This was my first picture”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 56.
• “The working man in Georgia”: George B. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South: 1913–1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 616.
• “my first picture”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 65–67.
• “Children who cling”: Jimmy Carter, Remarkable Mother, 64.
• “She would nurse”: Jimmy Carter, “Miss Lillian,” in Always a Reckoning, 19.

Chapter 3: Miss Julia

• “we were country”: Hutchinson, Jimmy Carter’s Hometown, 323.
• “that ‘metropolitan’ community’ ”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 15.
• “like breathing”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 96.
• “nobody in there colored but me”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “I was two different people”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 207–8.
• “a nagging degree of skepticism”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 17–18.
• Davis was arrested: Elovitz, “Three Days in Plains,” 192; Hutchinson, Jimmy Carter’s Hometown, 93; Jimmy Carter int., September 2, 2017.
• “race and race”: Jimmy Carter, “The Pasture Gate,” in Always a Reckoning, 34.
• Plains High School: Betty Jennings Carter, C/S-FOHP.
• “the most resonating”: Jimmy Carter and Martin Marty, “What Happens to Children in Peril?,” forum, Emory University, Atlanta, 2003.
• “He wasn’t shy”: Kandy Stroud, How Jimmy Won: The Victory Campaign from Plains to the White House (New York: Morrow, 1977), 128.
• Miss Julia routinely shouted “Projection!”: Hugh Carter, and Frances Spatz Leighton, Cousin Beedie and Cousin Hot: My Life with the Carter Family of Plains, Georgia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 54.
• “common, ordinary people”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 31.
• “her eyes”: Kathryn Bacon Maudlin to Jimmy Carter, June 16, 1970. FP. Box 17.
• “Expecting to accomplish”: William Patrick O’Brien, Jimmy Carter National Historic Site; Elovitz, “Three Days in Plains,” 186.
• Eloise “Teenie” Ratliff: Elovitz, “Three Days in Plains,” 195.
• the importance of nonconformity: Jimmy Carter, commencement address, Leslie High School, May 29, 1963, FP, JCPLM.
• “I love you”: Jimmy Carter int., September 15, 2015; Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 228; Peter G. Bourne, Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography from Plains to Post-Presidency (New York: Scribner, 1997), 42.
• “no white man”: Wooten, Dasher, 104.
• lynched in Americus: Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), 518.
• “We could hear them screaming”: Lillian Carter, C/S-FOHP, September 26, 1978.
• “had been honored”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 33.
• “Almost ignored”: Jimmy Carter, “Peanuts,” in Always a Reckoning, 43.
• unselfconscious then: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 152–53.
• stubborn righteousness: ibid., 70–71.
• “go to Annapolis”: Jimmy Carter, Sharing Good Times (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 13.
• “college education”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “Like a parrot”: Jack Sheehan, Class of ’47: Annapolis—America’s Best (Las Vegas: Stephens Press, 2007), 11.
• “that last clinging drop”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 43.
• Roxy Jo Logan: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 46–47.
• he peed on an electric fence: Jimmy Carter int., August 3, 2018.
• put on more pounds: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• alternative career: Glad, Jimmy Carter: In Search, 48.
• insisted he never: Jimmy Carter int., September 2, 2017.
• went fishing: Randolph, “Carter Complex.”
• “Dear Folks”: Jimmy Carter to parents, n.d., JCPLM.

Chapter 4: Annapolis

• “I was a landlubber”: Sheehan, Class of ’47, 20.
• “telling a lie”: Jimmy Carter int., May 5, 2016.
• hazing of 1943–44: Sheehan, Class of ’47, 12.
• “assaulted from all sides”: Bruce Mazlish and Edwin Diamond, Jimmy Carter: An Interpretive Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 98.
• “It hurt like heck”: Jimmy Carter int., May 20, 2016.
• Carter was fried: Jimmy Carter, unpublished journal, July 7, 1943–July 24, 1943.
• “Over five months til Xmas”: ibid., August 14, 1943–August 22, 1943.
• “Never kick”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “get his d—d nose”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished journal, October 6, 1943.
• “Brace up!”: Lucky Bag, US Naval Academy yearbook, 176.
• “I’m practically bilging Bull”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished journal, May 24, 1944.
• A Jewish midshipman, Howie Weiss: Robert J. Schneller Jr., Breaking the Color Barrier: The U.S. Naval Academy’s First Black Midshipmen and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 233.
• “as if he was traitor”: ibid., 218.
• Brown’s backside: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 34; Paul Vitello, “Wesley Brown, Pioneer as Black Naval Graduate, Dies at 85,” New York Times, May 24, 2012; Padgett, Pocket Change and Peanuts, 3.
• “hang in there”: Padgett, Pocket Change and Peanuts, 3.
• “Liebestod”: Dan Thanh Dang, “Carter Tells Ex-Classmates to Boost ‘Academy’s Image’—370 from Class of 1947 Recall Life as Midshipmen,” Baltimore Sun online, June 5, 1996, https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1996-06-05-1996157011-story.html.
• compassion and sensitivity: Al Rusher int., July 10, 2015.
• officially graduating 60th: Annual Register of the U.S. Naval Academy, Class of 1946–47, 33.
• “did not really excel”: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 36.
• “Long-distance runners”: Glad, In Search, 51.
• “a loner”: Mazlish and Diamond, Jimmy Carter: Interpretive Biography, 100.
• details of captivity: Tom Gordy File, “Diary, 1942,” “Prisoner of War Manuscript, 1941–1945,” box 1, Emily Dolvin Collection, FP.
• “city ways were considered strange”: Jimmy Carter, “The Ballad of Tom Gordy,” in Always a Reckoning, 29.
• Dorothy married a fireman: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 253; Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 51; Jimmy Carter, Remarkable Mother, 35; Jimmy Carter, “Ballad of Tom Gordy,” in Always a Reckoning, 30.

Chapter 5: Rosalynn

• “guilty conscience for years”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984), 14.
• “depending on you to be strong”: ibid., 17.
• Edgar’s bed: Allie Smith, C/S-FOHP, 1978.
• “I’d pay to sit behind her”: Jimmy Carter, “Rosalynn,” in Always a Reckoning, 87.
• “She was remarkably beautiful”: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 38.
• “She’s Ruth’s friend”: Wooten, Dasher, 179.
• “the wrong side of the tracks”: Carter and Leighton, Cousin Beedie and Cousin Hot, 65–66.
• “He had all these expectations”: Rosalynn Carter int., November 18, 2015.
• so solicitous: Jimmy Carter int., November 18, 2015.
• “Everybody here… in Times Square etc.”: Jimmy Carter to Jacquelyn Reid, August 10, 1945, Early American History Auctions, https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/27817031_1945-jimmy-carter-als-as-us-navy-midshipman.
• “I’m really looking forward… darling”: ibid., September 17, 1945.
• engraved with “ILYTG”: Rosalynn Carter int., May 13, 2016; Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 53.
• “I couldn’t wait”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 26.
• “You, darling”: JCPLM exhibit.
• “the perfect extension of myself”: Jimmy Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, 2016.
• insisted they weren’t late: Hutchinson, Jimmy Carter’s Hometown, 48; Jimmy Carter int., June 15, 2016.
• “felt cheated”: Stapleton, Brother Billy, 49, 94.
• “very jealous”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 26.
• “He berated me”: Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• weighed leaving the navy: Jimmy Carter, Turning Point, 55.
• “fed up with navy life”: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 40.
• “at the pleasure of the president”: Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• “constant separations… ecstatic reunions”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 68–69.
• “an independence… of my life”: JCPLM exhibit.
• “I could do anything”: Rosalynn Carter int., June 13, 2015.
• “her tears”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 28; Jimmy Carter; Living Faith, 40.
• “real peculiar-looking guy”: Mazlish and Diamond, Jimmy Carter: Interpretive Biography, 102.
• Elizabethan scholar… nervous breakdown: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 64.
• killed himself: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 42.
• confirmed to be safe: Glad, In Search, 60; Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 48.
• “fragile was my existence”: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 53.
• “remarkably high native intelligence”: Report on the Fitness of Officers, United States Navy, May 31, 1949, FP.
• “pleasant personality”: ibid., June 30, 1949.
• “finest of submarine officers”: ibid., July 10, 1950.
• “the boss”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “seaman… being seasick”: ibid.
• “the whole cruise”: Jimmy Carter to Rosalynn Carter, October 14, 1949.
• “Jimmy was not one of the guys”: T. R. Reid, “Carter Is Remembered as Diligent but Distant Sailor,” Washington Post, December 1, 1976.
• In Honolulu… spirit of adventure: Jimmy Carter, Sharing Good Times, 25.
• “single-minded commitment”: ibid., 18.
• “Rosalynn, it’s probably my imagination”: Jimmy Carter to Rosalynn Carter, August 18, 1949.
• “quite a few nightclubs”: ibid.
• “The Aloha party”: ibid., August 21, 1949.
• “all business, no fooling”: Mazlish and Diamond, Jimmy Carter: Interpretive Biography, 115.
• “but it was not… a close friendship”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “a workshop with my own tools”: Jimmy Carter to parents, n.d., FP.
• “The governor-general was absolutely right”: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 61.
• “too soon for… a dance together”: Jimmy Carter, Turning Point, 46.

Chapter 6: The Rickover Way

• “no social skills”: John Dalton int., June 15, 2016.
• “fight against stupidity”: Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Rickover (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), 462.
• “a ‘nucleus of martyrs’ ”: ibid., 640.
• “Start talking”: ibid.
• “Did you always do your best?” Jimmy Carter int., February 15, 2017.
• “Why not?”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 63–64.
• “a PhD isn’t worth anything”: William J. Crowe Jr. with David Chanoff, The Line of Fire: From Washington to the Gulf, the Politics and Battles of the New Military (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 51.
• “cold and humorless”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “the smartest man”: Dave Schechter, “A Bible Study Led by 92-Year-Old Jimmy Carter Is a Sight to Behold,” Religion News Service, July 31, 2017, https://religionnews.com/?s=%22the+smartest+man%22.
• “Rickover has set an example”: Jimmy Carter, Address to the Alabama American Legion Convention, July 14, 1973, GSA.
• “The absence of… compliment”: Jimmy Carter int., May 20, 2016.
• Rickover was still up and scribbling: Jimmy Carter int., May 13, 2016.
• superhuman work ethic: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 61.
• “he valued me”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• he rated him “outstanding”: H. G. Rickover, Report on the Fitness of Officers, April 24, 1953, VF, Carter, J., Navy Records, JCPLM.
• “I… do the best I can”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• Chalk River: Gordon Edwards, “Reactor Accidents at Chalk River: The Human Fallout,” Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, http://www.ccnr.org/paulson_legacy.html. See also W. B. Lewis, The Accident to the NRX Reactor on December 12, 1952 (report DR-32) (Chalk River, Ont.: Atomic Energy of Canada, July 13, 1953), available at US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information online, https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4379334); D. G. Hurst, The Accident to the NRX Reactor on December 12, 1952, Pt. 2 (report GPI-14) (Atomic Energy of Canada, October 1953).
• “how diverse… a man’s life could be”: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 65.
• “besieged by an unwelcome comparison”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 259.
• “Nobody would care”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter”; Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 259; Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 65–66.
• “It was agony”: ibid.
• “still not completely clear to me”: Jimmy Carter, Sharing Good Times, 26.
• “God did not… kill people”: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 81.
• “the past resentment of the boy”: Jimmy Carter, “Wanted to Share My Father’s World,” in Always a Reckoning, 100.
• “Something’s… driving you”: Frank Bruni, “Losing Fathers, Then Making History,” New York Times, June 17, 2018.
• “astounded and furious”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 36.
• “She almost quit on me”: Stuart E. Eizenstat, President Carter: The White House Years (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2018), 22.
• “His mind was made up”: Rosalynn Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “thought that… we weren’t worth having”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• special dispensation: E. L. Forrester to Vice Admiral James L. Holloway Jr., August 28, 1953, JCPLM.
• “relations between us remained quite cool”: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 67.
• “Jack… stop at a restroom”: ibid.; Jimmy Carter int., June 16, 2015.
• “I had… varied public service”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 65.

PART 2: GEORGIA ON HIS MIND

Chapter 7: The Joiner

• “There’s no house big enough”: King, Rainone, and Bourne, “Lillian Carter on Her Own: Talking About Racism, the Kennedys, and ‘Jimmy’s Reign,’ ” Ms., October 1976; Rosalynn Carter int., May 13, 2016.
• nuclear reactor… simple by comparison: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 70.
• “gnawing away”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• “we might as well be really successful”: Kati Marton, Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped History (New York: Pantheon Books, 2001), 222.
• “Can’t we relax?”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 42.
• “to get people to buy peanuts”: Jimmy Carter int., September 5, 2015.
• “Get up!… excel!”: Jeff Carter int., June 26, 2015.
• “eventually I won”: Jack Carter int., August 27, 2015.
• One of the only fights: Jeff Carter int., June 16, 2015; Jack Carter int., August 27, 2015; Chip Carter int., May 17, 2016; Jack Carter, OH, JCPLM, June 25, 2003.
• “extremely strict… perhaps excessively”: Jimmy Carter int., May 13, 2016.
• “real pistol”: Grant Hayter-Menzies, Lillian Carter: A Compassionate Life (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2014), 84–85.
• Animal Farm: Chip Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, June 29, 2019.
• on fertilizer sacks: Harvey Shapiro, “A Conversation with Jimmy Carter,” New York Times Book Review, June 19, 1977, 1.
• “the insensitivity… in power”: ibid.
• Poets’ Corner: see John Malcolm Brinnin, Comment, New Yorker, March 29, 1982; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), 49.
• “on the toilet… of the warehouse”: Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• “hired hand”: William “Buddy” Carter, Billy Carter, 22, 26, and 53.
• ready to work: Jimmy Carter int., May 13, 2016.

Chapter 8: “There’s Nothing I Can Do”

• “I never claimed”: Jimmy Carter int., September 15, 2015.
• “a mean and starved back corner”: Garry Wills, Lead Time: A Journalist’s Education (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984), 250.
• “the secret shame”: Charles Mohr: “Carter Credibility Issue: Calley and Vietnam War,” New York Times, May 21, 1976, 1.
• Rosalynn remembered… racial integration: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 42.
• “do away with the public school system”: Roy Harris, “Strictly Personal,” Augusta (GA) Courier, October 2, 1950.
• “obviously a mistake on my part”: Robert Scheer, “Jimmy, We Hardly Know Y’All,” Playboy, November 1976.
• board acted as though nothing had changed: Board of Education Meeting Minutes, January 18, 1956, 299, Sumter County Board of Education Ledger, September 1931–January 1956, Sumter County Board of Education, Americus.
• “minimize simultaneous traffic”: ibid.
• “Lexie, there’s nothing I can do”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “Koinonia was Communist… everybody said”: Rosalynn Carter int., May 13, 2016.
• “That’s scared”: Alan Anderson, SCOHP, June 2, 2003; Jim Auchmutey, The Class of ’65: A Student, a Divided Town, and the Long Road to Forgiveness (New York: PublicAffairs, 2015), 47.
• “ship the nuts out”: William Bailey Williford, Americus Through the Years: The Story of a Georgia Town and Its People, 1832–1975 (Atlanta: Cherokee, 1975), 337.
• Jack Singletary: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 98; Robert Scheer int., September 16, 2017; Scheer, “Jimmy, We Hardly Know Y’All,” in Robert Scheer, Playing President: My Close Encounters with Nixon, Carter, Bush I, Reagan, and Clinton—and How They Did Not Prepare Me for George W. Bush (New York: Akashic Books, 2006), 117.
• Carter’s Warehouse and Koinonia did transact some business: Auchmutey, Class of ’65, 41; Robert Scheer int., September 16, 2017; Steve Hammond int., November 17, 2017.
• “It’s a shame”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter”; Auchmutey, Class of ’65, 41.
• “infect” other children: Auchmutey, Class of ’65, 60.
• chairman Carter… “disagreed strongly”: Board of Education Minutes, November 6, 1960, 88.
• “If you wanted to queer something”: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 115; Warren Fortson, int., March 29, 2017.
• “stinging disappointment”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 88.
• “I sat there… crying inside”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 46.
• “COONS AND CARTERS GO TOGETHER”: Deanna L. Michael, Jimmy Carter as Educational Policymaker: Equal Opportunity and Efficiency (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008), 28–29.
• “You fellas don’t mind”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “somewhat shaky voice”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 65.
• “ ‘down the toilet’ ”: Jimmy Carter, Turning Point, 22–23.
• suspiciously colorful coda: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 78.
• “the meanest man in the world”: Branch, Parting the Waters, 561.
• Chappell was… a caricature: John Perdew and Randy Battle, “A Kitchen Table Conversation: Events in Dawson and Americus, Georgia,” Civil Rights Movement Archive, October 2005, https://www.crmvet.org/nars/perdew1.htm.
• “very solid people”: Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), 168–69.
• “seventy-five thousand members?”: Jimmy Carter, Turning Point, 63; Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 9; Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 113.

Chapter 9: Senator Carter

• “isolated and withdrawn sometimes”: Stroud, How Jimmy Won, 11.
• “it’s Jimmy”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “stuff the ballot box”: Sam Singer int., February 7, 2016; Jimmy Carter, Turning Point, 84.
• (“square-danced… elected”): Jimmy Carter int., February 15, 2017.
• “so naive”: Jimmy Carter, Full Life, 85.
• “he wouldn’t pretend… like most of us”: Charles Kirbo, OH, UVA-MC, January 5, 1983.
• “I nearly fainted”: ibid.
• “ ‘We have just won this thing’ ”: Warren Fortson int., March 29, 2017.
• take the oath: Sam Singer int., February 7, 2016; Jimmy Carter, Turning Point, 182.
• “thirty questions”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 121.
• “fearful of the news”: Addresses of Jimmy Carter (James Earl Carter), Governor of Georgia, 1971–1975 (Atlanta: B. W. Fortson, Secretary of State, 1975), 260–61.
• rights of atheists: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 101.
• “This sometimes made him unpopular”: Bobby Rowan int., June 26, 2016.
• speed-reading: Marcia Biederman, Scan Artist: How Evelyn Wood Convinced the World That Speed-Reading Worked (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2019), 181.
• “Go through… what you don’t like”: Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best?, 99.
• “grab ass”: Bobby Rowan int., June 2, 2016.
• “straight arrow”: ibid.
• “were seldom spoken with affection or even warmth”: Hamilton Jordan, unpublished book proposal, June 16, 2003.
• “ ‘Good morning, Senator’ ”: Leroy Johnson int., May 17, 2016.
• pronunciation of the word Negro: Jimmy Carter int., May 17, 2016; Leroy Johnson int., May 17, 2016; Leroy Johnson, ROGP-016, February 27, 2007.
• “ ‘Run, nigger, run’ ”: Kathy Fletcher, SCOHP, March 6, 2004.
• “without parallel in”… a desegregation campaign: Claude Sitton, “Strict Law Enforcement Stifles Negroes’ Drive in Americus, GA,” New York Times, September 29, 1963.
• “plotting his own future”: Morris B. Abram, interviewed by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978 (P1978-02, Series G, The Belle of Ashby Street), Georgia Government Documentation Project (GGDP), Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library; Morris B. Abram, The Day Is Short: An Autobiography (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982), 139.
• Chip picked up a chair: Chip Carter int., August 12, 2017.
• declined to punish him: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 49.
• pelted with rocks and bricks: Bobby Fuse Jr., SCOHP, July 30, 2003.
• “learn to box”: Wooten, Dasher, 255.
• drive-by shooting: Gene Roberts, “White Youth Is Shot Near Georgia Rally,” New York Times, July 29, 1965, 1.
• Klan rally: Gene Roberts, “Americus Names Negroes to Jobs as Polling Clerks,” New York Times, August 7, 1965, 1.
• “We’ll kill… tonight!”: Auchmutey, Class of ’65, 147–48.
• “We have no other choice”: Tom Brokaw int., May 30, 2016.
• Rosalynn pleaded: Rosalynn Carter int., November 17, 2015.
• “This is… not your house”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• voter registration march: Americus (GA) Times-Recorder, August 9, 1965.
• “caught a lot of unshirted hell”: Gene Roberts, “Americus Whites Ask Peace Talks,” New York Times, August 4, 1965, 18; Warren Fortson int., May 7, 2017.
• “Bircher” lies about the Carters: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 68–69; Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• “nothing to say”: Gene Roberts int., December 16, 2015.
• “Plains… a wonderful place to live”: Jimmy Carter, Always a Reckoning, vii; Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 70.

Chapter 10: The Greasy Pole

• “I’m a Dick Russell Democrat”: Atlanta Constitution, April 12, 1966.
• “You’d better get a chair”: Rosalynn Carter int., November 17, 2015.
• “You’d never… switched”: Bobby Rowan int., June 2, 2016.
• “I hadn’t the strength”: Schram, Running for President, 42.
• “I have never been so happy”: Hayter-Menzies, Lillian Carter, 119.
• “unnatural and even forced”: Hamilton Jordan, unpublished book proposal, June 16, 2003.
• “no other human being”: Hamilton Jordan, A Boy from Georgia: Coming of Age in the Segregated South, ed. Kathleen Jordan (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015), 221–26.
• “I have never met Bobby Kennedy”: “Carter Denies Association with Kennedys,” Augusta (GA) Chronicle-Herald, August 21, 1966.
• “I’ll show you a loser”: Hamilton Jordan, Boy from Georgia, 222.

Chapter 11: Born Again

• “profoundly depressed”: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 165.
• wandering aimlessly: Carter and Leighton, Cousin Beedie and Cousin Hot, 117.
• “Everything… was not gratifying”: Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• “I was disillusioned”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 96.
• “torturous time of searching”: ibid., 24.
• “The turning point”: ibid., 95.
• “doubt… one element of faith”: Leo P. Ribuffo, The Limits of Moderation: Jimmy Carter and the Ironies of American Liberalism, draft manuscript, 225, 227.
• “personal courage… my Christian life”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 2.
• “faith… to God”: ibid., 8.
• “inner healing”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “communicating love to… a human being”: Wolfgang Saxon, “Ruth Carter Stapleton Dies: Evangelist and Faith Healer,” New York Times, September 27, 1983.
• “a bunch of crap”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 201–2; Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy, The Preacher and the Presidents: Billy Graham in the White House (New York: Center Street, 2007), 243.
• “I had to forget”: Washington Post, March 12, 1976.
• Jimmy remembered: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter”; Jules Witcover, Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972–1976 (New York: Viking Press, 1977), 270.
• “I rejected her advice”: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 264.
• “a Timothy”: Nelson Price int., September 22, 2017.
• “Being born again… to Christ”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 22.
• “It was a sobering thought”: ibid., 208.
• “they weren’t planning on having me”: Amy Carter int., November 18, 2015.
• “She had four fathers”: Rosalynn Carter int., November 17, 2015.
• “Yours in Christ”: Jimmy Carter to Milo Pennington, August 1, 1968, JCPLM.
• “I have no idea”: Hutchinson, Jimmy Carter’s Hometown, 327.
• “Jimmy got down on his knees”: James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, The Church That Produced a President (New York: Wyden Books, 1977), 66.
• “most moving religious experiences”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “a great man”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 218.
• “tough as nails inside”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “A man needs only two loves”: Jimmy Carter, sermon, Church of the Exceptional, Macon, GA, March 18, 1974, JCPLM.
• “don’t please everyone”: Lillian Carter and Gloria Carter Spann, Away from Home: Letters to My Family (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977), 153.
• “Becoming the leader… in a segregated state”: Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy, The Presidents Club: Inside the World’s Most Exclusive Fraternity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 244; Bobby Fuse Jr., SCOHP, July 30, 2003.
• “I am at best a mediocre Christian”: Jimmy Carter, address to Detroit Christian Business Men’s Committee, May 11, 1974, JCPLM.
• “sin of pride”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 219; Ribuffo, Limits of Moderation, 224.

Chapter 12: The Code Word Campaign

• “Are we done talking about this yet?”: Jimmy Carter int., November 19, 2015.
• free beer: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 61.
• “Jimmy and I… sleep in the same bed”: William Safire, “Mr. Carter’s Cover-Up,” New York Times, December 6, 1976, 33; Jimmy Carter int., November 19, 2015.
• Rabhan recalled pitching: David Rabhan int., September 8, 2017.
• “poison apple”: David Rabhan int., September 5, 2017.
• “he had a better way”: Padgett, Pocket Change and Peanuts, 407.
• “better than anyone except my wife”: ibid.
• “icy stare”: Jack Carter int., August 27, 2015; Jack Carter, OH, JCPLM, June 25, 2003.
• Jimmy was simply repeating: Judy Langford int., December 4, 2015.
• his parents’ intervention… saved his life: Chip Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, June 28, 2019.
• mental health: E. Stanly Godbold Jr., Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter: The Georgia Years, 1924–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 151.
• “law and order”: Jimmy Carter, draft announcement, April 3, 1970, JCPLM.
• “ ‘consider voting for me’ ”: Bobby Rowan int., June 2, 2016.
• “I don’t think it is right… stifling communications with another state”: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 192.
• “our kind”: Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 46–48.
• “peanuts, pennies, and people”: Randy Sanders, Mighty Peculiar Elections: The New South Gubernatorial Campaigns of 1970 and the Changing Politics of Race (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002), 160.
• “Cufflinks Carl”: Columbus (GA) Ledger, August 28, 1970.
• “ignorant, racist, backward… peanut farmer”: Robert A. Strong, “Jimmy Carter: Life Before the Presidency,” UVA-MC online, https://millercenter.org/president/carter/life-before-the-presidency.
• “rich liberal interests”: Bill Shipp int., August 23, 2016.
• “champagne shampoo”: Atlanta Journal, March 21, 1970.
• “a dangerous smear… campaign”: Atlanta Constitution, June 11, 1970.
• “nigger campaign”: Sanders, Mighty Peculiar Elections, 164.
• “Carter’s attitude”: Jerry Rafshoon int., August 7, 2017.
• “I was shocked”: Reg Murphy int., August 23, 2016.
• “right of center, but not far right”: Atlanta Journal, July 28, 1970.
• “so that they… register everybody”: Kings Bay (GA) Periscope, February 1970, JCPLM.
• “We’re too busy working”: video collection, JCPLM.
• Carter mentioned… double the buy: Jerry Rafshoon int., September 3, 2015.
• “Carter is… undermined by political ambition”: “Carter’s Bitterness Taints His Credibility,” Macon (GA) News, August 31, 1970.
• “Jimmy… works hard”: Columbus (GA) Enquirer, editorial, September 14, 1970.
• Carter was “atheistic”: ibid.
• “race mixers”: Atlanta Constitution, August 8, 1970.
• “The tiniest drop”: Wooten, Dasher, 267.
• “playing the race card”: Carl Sanders, interviewed by Bob Short, October 1, 2006, ROGP (video, ROGP-005), Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, GA.
• “rednecks, whitenecks, and blacknecks”: Harry Murphy, “Carter Wooing Rednecks, Whitenecks, and Blacknecks,” Atlanta Constitution, October 17, 1970.
• Story of Carter’s pledge to Rabhan on Cessna: ibid.; David Rabhan int., September 5, 2017, March 26, 2019; Jimmy Carter int., September 5, 2017; Douglas Brinkley, “What It Takes,” New Yorker, October 21, 1996.
• “I need your continuing prayers”: Eloy Cruz to Jimmy Carter, November 13, 1970.

Chapter 13: “He Said Whaaat?”

• “the neurosis, the despair”: Michael Paterniti, “Jimmy Carter for Higher Office,” GQ online, June 25, 2018, https://www.gq.com/story/jimmy-carter-for-higher-office.
• “kidney stone of a decade”: Garry Trudeau, Doonesbury, December 7, 1979.
• “the ghettos”: Charles Kirbo to Jimmy Carter, December 28, 1970.
• “I say… simple justice”: inauguration address draft, January 12, 1971.
• “You could just feel the shock”: Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, First Family from Plains, https://www.pbs.org/show/first-family-plains.
• “It looked like a stake”: Bill Shipp int., August 23, 2016.
• “Wallace’s old pal”: Atlanta Constitution, January 13, 1971.
• “enigma and a contradiction”: Jon Nordheimer, “New Georgia Governor Urges End of Racial Bias,” New York Times, January 13, 1971; Jon Nordheimer, “Yes, That Was Georgia Governor Speaking,” New York Times, January 17, 1971.
• “His liberalism was there all the time”: Jerry Rafshoon int., August 7, 2017.
• “his stance overnight”: Godbold Jr., Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, 174.
• “That nigger-loving bastard”: Bobby Rowan int., June 2, 2016.
• “Pay no attention”: Vernon Jordan int., May 9, 2016.
• “He said whaaat?”: Rita Jackson Samuels int., May 17, 2016.
• “I have just got one purpose”: Lester Maddox, interviewed by John Allen, November 22, 1988, and July 26, 1989 (P1988-22, series A), Georgia Governors, Georgia Government Documentation Project (GGDP), Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library.
• “I wasn’t abusive”: Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• “those are his exact words”: Maddox, GGDP, July 26, 1989.
• “a bald-faced liar”: Gary M. Fink, Prelude to the Presidency: The Political Character and Legislative Leadership Style of Governor Jimmy Carter (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 30–33.
• “Georgia’s Hitler”: Godbold Jr., Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, 178; Hamilton Jordan, unpublished book proposal, June 16, 2003.
• “We are not limousine people”: Emily Dolvin, FP.
• she still sometimes spelled Rosalynn “Rosalyn”: Lillian Carter to Jimmy Carter, c. 1972.
• “Please… I’m too humble”: Lillian Carter to Jimmy Carter, n.d.
• “a dictator”: Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• “you are just ‘Great’ ”: Bert Lance to Jimmy Carter, April 26, 1971.
• “One of the bright spots”: Jimmy Carter to Bert Lance, May 17, 1971.
• “Beware!”: ibid., May 28, 1971.
• “personal visits… smoke signals”: Bert Lance with Bill Gilbert, The Truth of the Matter: My Life In and Out of Politics (New York: Summit Books, 1991), 38.
• “Repeat after me”: Jerry Rafshoon int., May 20, 2020.
• “You are the greatest”: Bert Lance to Jimmy Carter, December 3, 1971.
• “Your accomplishments… for Georgia”: ibid., March 9, 1972.
• “crack heads”: Atlanta Constitution, January 15, 1973.

Chapter 14: Jungle Jimmy

• “Harmless enough… precision”: Michiko Kakutani, The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump (New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2018), 100.
• “shuffling boxes”: ibid.
• “The list is disgusting”: Jimmy Carter to Frank Moore, August 25, 1971, JCPLM.
• “I’ve never been so surprised and disappointed”: Jimmy Carter to Sam Nunn, May 16, 1972.
• Nunn… pulled the ads: Sam Nunn int., June 7, 2017.
• “You sold the farm”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “kick my ass if… I was doing something wrong”: Jimmy Carter to Arthur Bolton, July 16, 1972.
• “I’m not going to… be gutted”: Fink, Prelude to the Presidency, 93–96.
• “Jimmy sailed high”: Warren Fortson int., March 29, 2017.
• “He doesn’t go around… until the log gives way”: ibid.
• “do as fine a job as that boy”: Charles Kirbo, OH, UVA-MC, January 5, 1983.
• “selfish, petty bastards”: Hamilton Jordan to Jimmy Carter, n.d.
• contingency fund: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 219.
• “son of a bitch”: “Carter’s Testimony, on Videotape, Is Given in Georgia Gambling Trial,” New York Times, April 20, 1978, A20.
• “it is… a miracle”: Hamilton Jordan to Jimmy Carter, n.d.
• Only decades later: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• threatened to arrest them for trespassing: Joe Tanner int., June 8, 2016; Jimmy Bishop int., February 21, 2018.
• Blum confessed she never got the hang of it: Barbara Blum int., October 24, 2016.
• Maddox whispered, “Commie”: ibid.
• “a congressman’s highest goals”: Carter, preface, in Brown and Smith, Flint River; Jimmy Carter int., November 18, 2015.
• “a wild river”: Claude Terry interviewed, Georgia Canoe Association newsletter, June 30, 2010; The Wild President, directed by Will Staufer-Norris (Moscow, ID: NRS Films/Vimeo, 2017).
• “The Georgia children… improvements”: Jimmy Carter to George L. Smith, May 3, 1973.
• sent absenteeism past 50 percent: Americus (GA) Times-Recorder, April 6, 1972.
• “degenerating rapidly”: ibid., June 7, 1971.
• “I just can’t stand to see my own county”: Jimmy Carter to Tommy Hooks III, April 24, 1972.
• “Christian witness”: Jimmy Carter to Allen Ault, November 26, 1974.
• free eyeglasses: Jimmy Carter to Harold Clayton, March 19, 1963.
• “ ‘Paved roads all around’ ”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 40.
• “You know, JC only stands for ‘Jimmy Carter’ ”: Jerry Rafshoon int., April 28, 2015.
• “a cancer”: Goldman, “Sizing Up Carter.”
• “You mean… in private?’’: Felicity Barringer, “Celestine Sibley Is Dead at 85; Columnist Embodied the South,” New York Times, August 17, 1999, C21.
• “It was a bit schoolmarmish”: Reg Murphy int., August 23, 2016.
• “I’ve been here all day!”: Greg Schneiders int., September 1, 2015.
• “I don’t like watermelon that much”: Carlton Hicks int., May 4, 2015.
• “Pardon Williams”: Chip Carter and Jerry Rafshoon int., June 15, 2015.
• “When they spoke… like people in South Georgia”: Godbold, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, 1–2.
• “We discovered part of ourselves”: New York Times, May 15, 2008.

PART 3: DARK HORSE

Chapter 15: Jimmy Who?

• “becoming again”: Wooten, Dasher, 187.
• “Dixie Whistles a Different Tune”: “A New Day Coming in the South,” Time, May 31, 1971.
• Norman Mailer… admired Carter’s “arrogance”: Norman Mailer, “The Search for Carter,” New York Times Magazine, September 26, 1976.
• “vile language”: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 228.
• “No… I ran for governor”: Witcover, Marathon, 106.
• “We think you should run for… p-p-p-president”: Jerry Rafshoon int., June 15, 2015; Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 233.
• “I’ve got other plans”: Dan Tate int., July 20, 2015.
• “President of what?”: Al Rusher int., July 10, 2015.
• Jordan wrote with uncanny foresight: Hamilton Jordan to Jimmy Carter, November 4, 1972.
• “believed very deeply that the Jews… deserved their own nation”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 274.
• he would be Orthodox: Jerry Rafshoon int., June 15, 2015.
• “reports have reached our office”: Hayden C. Hewes to Jimmy Carter, September 14, 1973, GSA.
• “about same size as [the] moon maybe”: Jimmy Carter to Hayden C. Hewes, September 18, 1973, GSA.
• a barium cloud was launched: Jere Justus to Steven H. Hochman, February 27, 2020; US Space Science Program Report to COSPAR (QB504.U54), vol. 8 (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council, 1970), appendix 1, 154.
• “six hundred thousand for me”: Jimmy Carter, Sunday school class, Maranatha Baptist Church, Plains, GA, September 16, 2015.
• “what God has in mind for you”: Nelson Price int., September 22, 2017.
• three reasons: Vernon E. Jordan Jr. with Annette Gordon-Reed, Vernon Can Read!: A Memoir (New York: PublicAffairs, 2001), 271; Vernon Jordan int., May 9, 2016.
• “save face”: Jimmy Carter, interview A-0066, SOHPC (#4007), 1974.
• “The picture will be placed in the capitol”: Rita Jackson Samuels int., May 17, 2016.
• “weathered… the race issue”: Jimmy Carter, appearance on NBC’s Meet the Press, June 2, 1974.
• “I was… berserk”: Thompson, “Jimmy Carter and the Great Leap of Faith.”
• “puzzlingly changeable”: Edward Kennedy, True Compass: A Memoir (New York: Twelve, 2009), 353; Paul Kirk int., August 11, 2017; Peter Bourne int., September 25, 2019.
• “I was looking… parochial point of view”: Ed Pilkington, “Jimmy Carter Calls for Fresh Moratorium on Death Penalty,” Guardian (US edition), November 11, 2013.
• “I listened… poor and weak”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 113.
• “Dad really isn’t an orator”: Jack Carter, OH, JCPLM, June 25, 2003.
• “one of the strangest”: Thompson, “Jimmy Carter and the Great Leap of Faith.”
• “Carter-Fuller brushes”: ibid.
• “painfully timid”: Jeff Cochran, “When Jimmy Carter Met Bob Dylan,” Atlanta Loop, October 1, 2016.
• “First thing he did”: Jimmy Carter: Rock and Roll President, directed by Mary Wharton, written by Bill Flanagan (Not Just Peanuts/CNN, 2020).
• Carter thought he was “stoned”: Jerry Rafshoon int., June 15, 2015.
• “Jimmy will be the next president”: ibid., May 11, 2017.
• “Jimmy Carter Is Running for What?”: Atlanta Constitution, editorial, July 10, 1974.
• “bottom of the list”: Ellis Arnall, interviewed by James F. Cook, March 25 and April 17, 1986 (P1986-03, Series A), Georgia Governors, Georgia Government Documentation Project (GGDP), Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library online, Atlanta.
• “Where the devil is William Clinton?”: C-SPAN, Dedication of Clinton Library, Little Rock, AR, November 18, 2004; Frank Moore int., February 20, 2018.
• “Watergate Babies”: Abner Mikva int., July 20, 2015.
• “Holiday Inns”: Witcover, Marathon, 127.
• Bentsen: Edward Elson int., October 10, 2019.
• “Being president is not… the world to me”: Wayne King, “Georgia’s Gov. Carter Enters Democratic Race for President,” New York Times, December 13, 1974, 1.
• “I was put off by the title”: Jack Carter int., August 23, 2016.
• “Well, Jack… your best”: Wooten, Dasher, 29.
• “Nobody will work harder”: Newsweek, December 23, 1974.
• he took his dark-blue overcoat: Jerry Rafshoon int., December 6, 2015.

Chapter 16: The Long March

• “One, that I’ll do my best”: Fletcher Knebel, Dark Horse (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972), 57.
• called Carter “bionic”: Eleanor Clift int., May 8, 2019.
• “just the opposite”: Witcover, Marathon, 211.
• “personal rosary”: ibid., 197–98.
• “enveloping them with… love”: ibid., 233.
• he first heard Carter’s “mawkish”: Thompson, “Jimmy Carter and the Great Leap of Faith.”
• The meeting was canceled: Robert Rubin int., October 30, 2018.
• “would put Muhammad Ali to shame”: Bill Boggs int., August 24, 2017.
• “your Judeo-Christian vows?”: Jerry Rafshoon int., May 12, 2017.
• “we carried Iowa”: Jimmy Carter, eulogy for Jody Powell, September 17, 2009.
• “Anyone with… ecstasy”: ibid.
• they would scribble “WH”: Witcover, Marathon, 199.
• Carter avoided the salutation: Jerry Rafshoon int., June 15, 2015.
• “extremely wasteful”: Jimmy Carter to Rosalynn Carter, Hamilton Jordan, and Jody Powell, FP, July 19, 1975.
• “Anyone who can snag you”: Phil Wise int., May 18, 2016.
• “everything I do”: Rosalynn Carter int., September 1, 2015.
• national strategies: Hamilton Jordan, memo to Jimmy Carter, 1976 campaign files, n.d.
• “I had already won”: Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, First Family from Plains, https://www.pbs.org/show/first-family-plains.
• Only three freshmen showed up: Peter Sahlins and Richard Tofel int., November 7, 2019.
• “healing process”: Julia M. Klein, “Jimmy Carter Tells Law School Forum He’ll Restore Faith,” Harvard Crimson, September 27, 1975.
• In the ads, Carter says, “I’ll never tell a lie”: tape collection, JCPLM.
• “If it hadn’t been for Gregg Allman”: Jimmy Carter, Sunday school class, Maranatha Baptist Church, Plains, GA, June 5, 2017.
• “the great Allman Brothers!”: Jimmy Carter, Allman Brothers Band concert (audio), Providence, RI, November 25, 1975, available on YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPR9bf19ums.
• “Jimmy passed the test”: Andrew Young int., June 10, 2015.
• the soundman… threatening to throw a table: Thom Gund int., June 17, 2017.
• entire Congressional Black Caucus: Andrew Young int., June 10, 2015.
• “solid lead”: R. W. Apple Jr., “Carter Appears to Hold a Solid Lead in Iowa as the Campaign’s First Test Approaches,” New York Times, October 27, 1975, 17; Tim Kraft, unpublished account, 2015.
• “We’re going to lose the liar vote”: Jerry Rafshoon, OH, UVA-MC, April 8, 1983; Jerry Rafshoon int., July 10, 2019.
• “I open every letter”: Steven Brill, “Jimmy Carter’s Pathetic Lies,” Harper’s, March 1976.
• “That’s what made our campaign”: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016.

Chapter 17: Front-runner

• “I guess… Alaska now”: Carter-Mondale letter, spring 2015.
• a different kind of southerner: ibid.
• “Jimmy Carter? How can that be?”: Richard J. Ellis, The Development of the American Presidency (New York: Routledge, 2012), 52.
• If he won blacks in the North: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016.
• single biggest handicap: Schram, Running for President, 33.
• “He was very direct”: Greg Schneiders int., September 1, 2015.
• “I got better coverage than I deserved”: Jimmy Carter int., February 15, 2017.
• “I never… would approve abortion”: ibid., June 14, 2015.
• “with an accent?”: Witcover, Marathon, 265.
• “like grits at a seder”: Schram, Running for President, 80; Richard Gardner int., January 9, 2016.
• “because of the times”: Schram, Running for President, 39.
• lighter fluid: Jerry Rafshoon int., October 19, 2017; Hunter S. Thompson with David Streitfield, Hunter S. Thompson: The Last Interview and Other Conversations (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2018), 68.
• “meanest men I ever met”: Anita Thompson, ed., Ancient Gonzo Wisdom: Interviews with Hunter S. Thompson (Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2009), 74.
• “Wee Jimmy”: James Reston, “What’s in a Name?,” New York Times, March 7, 1976.
• “It is said… in ten years”: New York Times, February 20, 1977.
• “That’s bigotry”: Murray Illson, “Washington Chief of A.C.L.U. Resigns,” New York Times, April 10, 1976.
• “two faces”: Scheer, Playing President, 126.
• “Symbolic communication”: Richard Reeves, “Carter’s Secret,” New York, March 22, 1976.
• “cried like a baby”: Myra MacPherson, Washington Post, March 12, 1976.
• “prays three times a day”: Richard Gardner int., March 17, 2016.
• Truman was a Baptist: Schram, Running for President, 94–95.
• “He talks about spending all that time on his kneeeeeees”: Elizabeth Drew, American Journal: The Events of 1976 (New York: Random House, 1977); Schram, Running for President, 100.
• “this man who I love and believe in”: Witcover, Marathon, 302–7; Schram, Running for President, 123; Atlanta Constitution, April 14, 1976.
• “I am not sure… other than yourself”: Robert Shrum, “No Private Smiles,” New Times, June 11, 1976; Schram, Running for President, 136.
• “he may be a one-term president”: John Dickerson, “What Happened When President Carter Fired Five Cabinet Officials,” Slate, August 2, 2017.
• mob lawyer Sidney Korshak: Joel McLeary int., December 16, 2015.
• “as the underdog… we did all right”: Schram, Running for President, 5.

Chapter 18: Grits and Fritz

• “That’s why I won”: Jerry Rafshoon int., November 18, 2015.
• “that was costly”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988; Jimmy Carter int., June 15, 2015.
• “hypocrites” at church: Dawidoff, “Riddle of Jimmy Carter.”
• (“Lillian, you should have stayed a virgin”): ibid.
• her jealous streak: Stroud, How Jimmy Won, 80.
• “mostly niggers”: Randolph, “Carter Complex.”
• “A good ol’ boy is”: Stroud, How Jimmy Won, 42.
• “I’m not the Carter who never lies”: Stapleton, Brother Billy, 109–10.
• “he’s around people that kiss his ass”: ibid., 104.
• “He can be a real prick”: Adam Clymer int., November 15, 2016.
• “I don’t like women reporters”: Stroud, How Jimmy Won, 78.
• “Remember how… pretty you were?”: Los Angeles Times, February 13, 1999.
• “Don’t cry”: Stroud, How Jimmy Won, 221.
• literal Bible: Richard Cohen int., April 12, 2015.
• “He is a very tough fellow”: Judy Woodruff with Kathleen Maxa, “This Is Judy Woodruff at the White House” (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982), 127.
• “quintessential American cleanliness”: Mailer, “Search for Carter.”
• “our backgrounds were similar”: Walter Mondale, remarks, CC Weekend, June 28, 2019.
• “someone who is handsome”: Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, remarks, CC Weekend, 2016.
• Dewey… “for a change”: Jimmy Carter, “I’ll Never Lie to You”: Jimmy Carter in His Own Words, compiled by Robert L. Turner (New York: Ballantine Books, 1976), 11.
• “My friends call me Jerden”: Richard Reeves, “Shhh, Don’t Wake the Democrats,” New York, July 26, 1976, 26.
• “I’ll denounce your dictators”: Sam Brown int., January 21, 2019.
• “quiet, brooding emotion”: Stapleton, Brother Billy, 79.
• “my brother, Billy”: ibid.
• (“My main advantage”): New York Times, February 20, 1977.
• “My name is Jimmy Carter”: “Transcript of Carter Address Accepting Democratic Nomination for Presidency,” New York Times, July 16, 1976.
• “astonishingly nice smile”: Mailer, “Search for Carter.”
• “so that… in twenty years”: R. W. Apple Jr., “Carter Gives Insight on Decision-Making,” New York Times, July 15, 1976.
• “a snowball’s chance at first?”: Sam Donaldson, ABCnewsvideosource.com.
• high point of his political career: Richard Reeves, “The Night Carter Took Over the Party,” New York Times Magazine, February 20, 1977, 32.
• “the servant-leader” model: “Bill Moyers Interview with Jimmy Carter,” PBS, May 6, 1976; Schram, Running for President, 97.
• “Dole was a disaster”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, February 2, 1979, 287.
• “Nobody really knows Ford”: Zachary J. Lechner, “Fuzzy as a Georgia Peach: The Ford Campaign and the Challenge of Jimmy Carter’s Southerness,” Southern Cultures 23, no. 4 (Winter 2017): 62–81.
• Boston busing crisis: ibid.
• “ ‘I know what’s good for America’ ”: Jerry Rafshoon, OH, UVA-MC, April 8, 1983.
• “bosses” and “leaders”: Tim Kraft int., July 15, 2015.
• Caddell grew worried: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016.

Chapter 19: “Lust in My Heart”

• “reasonably sure”: Theodore White, In Search of History: A Personal Adventure (New York: HarperCollins, 1978), 529.
• “as hard-drinking”: Scheer, Playing President, 103–4.
• “relative degree of sinfulness”: Scheer, “Jimmy, We Hardly Know Y’All.”
• “Smile If You’re Horny”: Bob Scheer int., September 16, 2017; Barry Golson int., December 15, 2018.
• “People should watch out”: Gibbs and Duffy, Preacher and the Presidents, 251.
• “You tell Oral”: Kenneth L. Woodward, “Sister Ruth,” Newsweek, July 17, 1978.
• “I did worry”: Rosalynn Carter int., November 17, 2015.
• “close to the edge”: Dominic Sandbrook, Mad as Hell: The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), 204.
• “moral issue”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 367.
• the exposure he needed: New York Times, November 7, 1976.
• “nit-shitting”: New York Times, September 25, 1976.
• “extravagantly negative comments”: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 350–51.
• “surreptitiously restarted the tape recorder”: New York Times, December 17, 1996.
• “unsung hero in his brother’s election”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 74.
• Dickey… showed up drunk: John Meroney, “ ‘There’s an Awakening in Our Country’: A Q&A with Jimmy Carter,” Atlantic, July 13, 2015.
• “catch rhetorical fire”: Jimmy Carter to James Dickey, October 7, 1976.
• “He is a sitting duck”: James Dickey to Jimmy Carter, September 29, 1976, box 236, folders 21 and 22, James Dickey Papers Circa 1914–1997, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University, Atlanta.
• “the KGB recruited”: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, National Intelligence Council, Intelligence Community Assessment, Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections (ICA 2017-01D), January 6, 2017, R, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf.
• Mondale replied that Dole was a “hatchet man”: Time, November 15, 1976.
• “N-E-G-R-O-E-S!”: Glad, In Search, 396.
• “emotionally and mentally disturbed”: New York Times, November 1, 1976.
• “Somebody should have shot”: Wooten, Dasher, 86.
• television… appearance: Jerry Rafshoon int., November 18, 2015.
• “lonely candidate”: ibid., June 15, 2015.
• “It’s all right to… vote for Jimmy Carter”: Jim Free int., February 5, 2016.
• “Marxist, right?”: Wooten, Dasher, 371.
• “Y’all ain’t trash no more”: Carter-Mondale letter, fall 2016.
• “He won!”: Rock and Roll President, 2020.
• “political redemption”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 22.
• “The son of a bitch”: Jerry Rafshoon int., November 18, 2015; Curtis Wilkie int., November 15, 2015; Greg Schneiders int., May 1, 2016.
• the American Dream come true: Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 356.
• “phone book to be president”: Hendrik Hertzberg, Politics: Observations & Arguments, 1966–2004 (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), 60.
• “deeds not declarations”: New York Times, November 5, 1976.
• privately more comfortable: Abner Mikva int., July 20, 2015.
• “the emerging Republican majority”: Kevin P. Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority, (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969).

PART 4: OUTSIDER PRESIDENT

Chapter 20: “Let’s Go!”

• “the worst mistake I made”: Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• “going to cocktail parties”: Hamilton Jordan memo to Jimmy Carter, November 1976, JCPLM.
• “assistant president”: Jimmy Carter, lecture, 92nd Street Y, New York, December 6, 2018.
• “Boy… did that change the attitude of the DOD”: Walter Mondale to Jimmy Carter, memo, “The Role of the Vice President in the Carter Administration,” December 9, 1976, available at Minnesota Historical Society online, https://www.mnhs.org/collections/upclose/Mondale-CarterMemo-Scanned.pdf; Mondale, remarks, CC Weekend, 2016.
• weekly lunch: Walter F. Mondale, and David Hage, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics (New York: Scribner, 2010), 171–83.
• radical shift: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015; Jimmy Carter int., June 15, 2015; Richard Moe int., August 9, 2019.
• “has a cast-iron rear end”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 83.
• Bush… offered his resignation: George H. W. Bush int., October 11, 2016.
• her husband should have fought harder: Rosalynn Carter int., June 15, 2015.
• “Above all… gain or profit”: Jimmy Carter, presidential transition press release, December 31, 1976, JCPLM.
• “sober optimism”: Haynes Johnson, “Carter Is Sworn In as President, Asks ‘Fresh Faith in Old Dream,’ ” Washington Post, January 21, 1977.
• “So together, in a spirit of individual sacrifice”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 19.
• “rather silly”: ibid., 16–17.
• “a reduction in the imperial status”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 10.
• “Let’s go!”: Atlanta Journal-Constitution, January 17, 2017.
• “tears of joy ran down my cold cheeks”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 17–18.
• “was game changing”: Lesley Stahl, CBS News, January 20, 1977.
• “dramatized in deed”: ibid.
• “most disgraceful”: Michael J. Gerhardt, The Forgotten Presidents: Their Untold Constitutional Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 227.
• “sense of Christian forgiveness”: Max Cleland int., December 23, 2015.
• “Most presidents get a honeymoon”: Tim Kraft int., July 15, 2015.
• “obsessed, maybe to excess”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, November 29, 1982.

Chapter 21: The Moral Equivalent of War

• “our country and our people are in trouble”: Tip O’Neill to Jimmy Carter, January 27, 1977, JCPLM.
• “It’s a bitch!”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 367.
• “Our energy policy”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 165.
• the cardigan… fresh and comforting: Jerry Rafshoon int., June 12, 2016; Rosalynn Carter int., June 14, 2015; Barry Jagoda int., September 16, 2018.
• “He was folks, and folks is in”: “The Administration: Warm Words from Jimmy Cardigan,” Time, February 14, 1977.
• New York Times editorial… “masterful”: “The Chat by the Fire,” editorial, New York Times, February 4, 1977.
• “calculating and remote”: Woodruff with Maxa, “This Is Judy,” 127.
• “Okay, you did some orange sunshine”: Kali Holloway, “11 of ‘Saturday Night Live’’s Most Hilarious Election-Year Sketches,” Salon, October 6, 2015, https://www.salon.com/2015/10/05/11_best_snl_sketches_partner.
• 75 percent, his all-time high: Gallup, “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends, High Individual Measurements.”
• “You don’t have to prove”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 113.
• eleventh-grade reading level: Martin Longman, “Maybe Dumbing It Down Is Good Politics,” Washington Monthly, October 8, 2018.
• Carter agreed and said, “I’m him”: David Freeman int., June 27, 2015.
• popular book: E. F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful: Economics As If People Matter (New York: Harper and Row, 1975).
• “Jimmy’s problem in the White House”: Newsweek, November 13, 1976.
• “it looked more like a smorgasbord than an agenda”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 128.
• “front-loaded pain and back-loaded pleasure”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “war with his own best soldiers”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 118.
• “I’m gonna kick his ass”: Jerry Rafshoon int., June 26, 2019.
• “There was no groundswell”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• “To fight moral equivalent of war”: Jerry Doolittle, unpublished diary, October 24, 1977.
• energy efficiency on easy-to-read labels: Carl M. Cannon, “Trump Is Looking for a Way Out,” Real Clear Politics, June 12, 2016.

Chapter 22: The Steel Magnolia

• “Note the order”: Hugh Sidey, “Second Most Powerful Person,” The Presidency, Time, May 7, 1979.
• “very equal partnership”: Judy Woodruff, First Family from Plains, 2016.
• “He said, ‘I’ll get Rosalynn’ ”: B. Drummond Ayres Jr., “The Importance of Being Rosalynn,” New York Times, June 3, 1979.
• “Well, Rosie… what’s on your agenda this week?”: ibid.
• his wife should attend Cabinet meetings: Rosalynn Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “Ambassador Rosalynn Carter”: David Vidal, “Ambassador Rosalynn Carter,” New York Times, June 14, 1977.
• “my number one diplomat”: Jimmy Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, 2019.
• “one tough lady”: Ayres Jr., “Importance of Being Rosalynn.”
• Colombia… cocaine cartel: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary.
• “Give me a smile”: George Packer, “The Republican Class War,” The Political Scene, New Yorker, November 2, 2015.
• “I’ve approved Beattie (white male), but this can’t go on”: Jimmy Carter to Joseph Califano, May 10, 1979, Richard Beattie Papers.
• “mankind” or “the common man”: Washington Post, July 6, 1977.
• “How many law review articles?”: Terry Adamson int., February 28, 2019.
• He replaced tokenism with… affirmative action: Mary L. Clark, “Carter’s Groundbreaking Appointment of Women to the Federal Bench: His Other ‘Human Rights’ Record,” American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law 11, no. 3 (2003): 1131–63.
• “ ‘Well, did you always want to be a judge?’ ”: Irin Carmon and Shana Knizhnik, Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (New York: Dey Street Books, 2015), 77.
• “She’s gotten younger, healthier, prettier”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 273.
• “ ‘us against the world’ ”: Jeff Carter int., June 26, 2016.
• Like… Ronald and Nancy Reagan: Chip Carter int., May 17, 2016.
• a different woman in all fifty states: ibid.
• Mary Prince… took care of Amy: Jimmy Carter, Our Endangered Values: America’s Moral Crisis (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 84.
• “I have never met an ugly Italian!”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 205.
• “a damn foreigner”: ibid., 260.
• Billy Beer: Chip Carter, ROGP, June 25, 2008.
• “never been good at personal counseling”: Kenneth L. Woodward, “Sister Ruth.”
• “Do your best”: Jimmy Carter, Always a Reckoning, 6; Rachel Clark, C/S-FOHP, September 9, 1978.
• “If you do your best”: Hutchinson, Jimmy Carter’s Hometown, 90–93.

Chapter 23: His Inner Engineer

• “He didn’t seem to have the political adrenalin”: David McCullough int., July 14, 2016.
• “thinking time”: Charles Kirbo, OH, UVA-MC, January 5, 1983.
• “three key questions”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 104–5.
• “permissive abortion”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 361.
• through his poetry: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “I never could understand why”: Mel Ayton, Hunting the President: Threats, Plots, and Assassination Attempts—from FDR to Obama (Washington, DC: Regnery History, 2014), 128.
• “rocks in his head”: Jerry Smith, C/S-FOHP.
• “with our butts in the air”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 174.
• “painted us as country farm people”: Susan Swain, First Ladies: Presidential Historians on the Lives of 45 Iconic American Women (New York: PublicAffairs, 2015), 379.
• “How the fuck did I get here?”: Willie Nelson and David Ritz, It’s a Long Story: My Life (New York: Little, Brown, 2015), 250–51; Washingtonian, June 2019.
• “We de-pomped the White House”: Jerry Rafshoon, OH, UVA-MC, April 8, 1983.
• “Goddamn it, Frank, you’re stupid”: Frank Moore int., January 27, 2017.
• “tight as bark on a tree”: Dawidoff, “The Riddle of Jimmy Carter.”
• bury the expense as “props”: Jerry Rafshoon int., October 13, 2018.
• “Politics is about credit taking”: Ray Marshall int., September 6, 2016.
• “willingness to be difficult”: Landon Butler int., June 22, 2016.
• “I have a good ability to rationalize”: Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “I can read faster than people can talk”: Kevin Mattson, “What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President?”: Jimmy Carter, America’s “Malaise,” and the Speech That Should Have Changed the Country (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009), 25.
• “In his own scary-smart way”: Tim Smith int., May 12, 2016.
• “not the bad things you were avoiding”: Abner Mikva int., July 20, 2015.
• “Nixon had his enemies list”: Jules Witcover, Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption (New York: William Morrow/HarperCollins, 2010), 138; Joe Biden int., October 9, 2016.
• “Pennsylvania Avenue is a two-way street”: Evan Dobelle, “A Study of the Creation of a Federal Cabinet-Level Department of Education 1857–1979: with an Analysis of Executive Branch Public Policy 1977–1979” (PhD diss., University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 1987), 241.
• “You said to play tennis”: Frank Moore int., January 27, 2017.
• “a bunch of disorganized juvenile delinquents”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 192.
• “People… pissed on”: Christopher Matthews, Hardball: How Politics Is Played, Told by One Who Knows the Game (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 33–34.
• “a genuine affection between us”: Tip O’Neill and William Novak, Man of the House: The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O’Neill (New York: Random House, 1987), 296.
• “would feel less like a man”: Jerry Rafshoon int., October 13, 2018.
• “If that’s the best you can do”: Barry Jagoda int., September 16, 2018.
• “eyes shone like diamonds”: Bob Beckel and John David Mann, I Should Be Dead: My Life Surviving Politics, TV, and Addiction (New York: Hachette Books, 2015), 117.
• “emphatic but not mean spirited”: Jay Beck int., February 17, 2017.
• “Fuck you, Jimmy!”: Jerry Rafshoon int., June 22, 2016.
• With the cameras rolling… a tall stack of paper off his desk: Hertzberg, Politics, 55.
• “afflicted with Montezuma’s revenge”: Jimmy Carter, “Mexico City, Mexico: Toasts at the Luncheon Honoring President Carter, February 14, 1979,” PPPJC, 1979, vol. 1, 276.
• “It’s genital”: DOJ memo, May 13, 1977, Terry Adamson Personal Papers.
• “Strauss was working very hard on the shoe import”: Randolph, “Carter Complex.”
• “living in sin”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 18.
• “You will obey [the law], or… seek employment elsewhere”: Jimmy Carter to senior staff, July 24, 1978, box 34, Office of the Chief of Staff, JCPLM.
• “Do you intend to marry her?”: Sam Brown int., January 21, 2019.
• “I get it: Jordan’s president, and Carter’s chief of staff”: Peggy Noonan, What I Saw at the Revolution: A Political Life in the Reagan Era (New York: Random House, 1990), 170.
• quickly grasped Frosch’s technical explanations: Robert Frosch int., October 12, 2019.
• “likely to survive a billion years”: Jimmy Carter, “Voyager Spacecraft: Statement by the President, July 29, 1977,” PPPJC, 1977, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1978), 1379.
• “It’s… just a contrivance to keep NASA alive”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 63.
• “the group around him slumbers”: James Fallows, “The Passionless Presidency,” Atlantic, May 1979.
• Carter personally supervised… White House tennis court: Jimmy Carter int., September 4, 2019; Frank Moore int., July 16, 2015; James Fallows int., April 11, 2020; Tim Smith int., May 16, 2016; Susan Clough int., December 26, 2015.

Chapter 24: “Bert, I’m Proud of You”

• Jody Powell passed along a message… Fuck you: Bob Woodward int., May 21, 2019.
• “a sickening sense of foreboding”: Bob Woodward, Shadow: Five Presidents and the Legacy of Watergate (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 198.
• press coverage… as bad as Nixon’s: Tom Wicker, One of Us: Richard Nixon and the American Dream (New York: Random House, 1991), 444.
• “I underestimated that”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• “They don’t want a president; they want Bob Hope”: Jerry Doolittle, unpublished diary, April 30, 1977.
• “his politically maladroit… defeat”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 295.
• “Should produce a real winner”: Jerry Doolittle, unpublished diary, September 19, 1978.
• “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”: Gary Martin, The Phrase Finder, https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/if-it-aint-broke-dont-fix-it.html.
• “That’s foolishness”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 133.
• “seemed so inordinately pure”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “sweetheart loan”: William Safire, “Carter’s Broken Lance,” New York Times, July 21, 1977, 23.
• “Lance was a corner cutter, not a criminal”: Michael Blumenthal int., December 15, 2015.
• “hired the only dumb Jewish lawyer in Atlanta”: Jerry Rafshoon int., April 26, 2019.
• “a loud-mouthed, pushy little broad”: William Grimes, “Midge Costanza, a Top Assistant to Carter, Dies at 77,” New York Times, March 24, 2010.
• “half-truths and misrepresentations, innuendos, and the like?”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 139–42.
• “I could see that LaBelle was creating a very serious problem”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 102–3.
• “you can go with the rest of the jackals”: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 130–31.
• the president… said quietly: “Vultures”: James Schlesinger, OH, UVA-MC, July 19, 1984.
• “spared any allegations of impropriety”: “Excerpts from Text of Pres. Carter’s Press Conference,” Washington Post, September 22, 1977, A16.
• “He’d lost his self-confidence”: James Schlesinger, OH, UVA-MC, July 19, 1984.
• “Lancegate is no Watergate”: William Safire, “Lancegate: Why Carter Stuck It Out,” New York Times, October 16, 1977, 221.
• remembered how Burns: Lance with Gilbert, Truth of the Matter, 155–56.
• They feared that Lance, as Fed chair: ibid.
• “I’ve always wanted to see the pyramids”: Sam Donaldson int., March 16, 2017; Sally Quinn, “Where Did All the Good Times Go?,” Washington Post, December 18, 1977.
• “Hamilton had come to be viewed”: Jody Powell, The Other Side of the Story (New York: Morrow, 1984), 109.
• Carter called the memo “superb”: Landon Butler, unpublished diary, December 16, 1977.
• “But the big four didn’t pass”: Frank Moore, OH Exit Interview Project, JCPLM, December 17, 1980.
• “My advice hadn’t been sought. My input’s not in it”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 317.
• “much more conservative”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 75.
• “a complete waste of time… entertaining”: ibid., 164–65.
• Nader and Peterson were enraged: Mark J. Green, Bright, Infinite Future: A Generational Memoir on the Progressive Rise (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016), 74–76; Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 388–89.
• “tremendous legislative achievement”: Charles S. Clark, “After 40 Years: A Look Back at the Unlikely Passage of Civil Service Reform,” Government Executive, July 3, 2018.

PART 5: PEACEMAKER

Chapter 25: Human Rights

• “was the one who broke the ice”: Jimmy Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, June 28, 2019.
• “frozen indifference”: Murray Kempton, Rebellions, Perversities, and Main Events (New York: Times Books, 1994), 418.
• “isolated and little-known”: Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
• “interference in our internal affairs”: Leonid Brezhnev to Jimmy Carter, February 25, 1977, in Mary E. King, The New York Times on Emerging Democracies in Eastern Europe (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2010), 27; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983), 154–55.
• “microscopic dot of no importance to anyone”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 105.
• “It’s never too late”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 155.
• Carter “was almost never willing to back his rhetoric”: Natan Sharansky with Ron Dermer, The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror (New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), 131.
• “We’ve fought fire with fire”: Jimmy Carter, “University of Notre Dame, Address at Commencement Exercises at the University, May 22, 1977,” PPPJC, 1977, vol 1. (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1977), 954.
• Freedom would be that potent dousing force: Juan Mendez int., June 16, 2016; John Dinges int., October 13, 2015.
• “No member of the UN can claim… its own business”: “Jimmy Carter on Human Rights,” History.com, March 17, 1977, https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/jimmy-carter-on-human-rights-video.
• “I never thought I’d concede this”: Association of Diplomatic Studies and Training, Foreign Affairs OH Project, August 13, 1988.
• “add her own feelings”: Jimmy Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, 2019.
• “ambiguous, ambivalent, and ambidextrous”: Hodding Carter int., April 15, 2017.
• “planting the seeds for a change of thinking”: Roberta Cohen int., March 20, 2017.
• Carter met with… Deutsch family: CC video archive, 2014.
• Operation Condor: National Security Archive Report, May 6, 2015.
• Carter proposed… that the dictator step down and agree to elections: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 248, 257.
• White House secretly tried to convince Pope John Paul II: Betty Glad, An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 250–60.
• “But she didn’t march with King, and you did”: Andrew Young int., June 10, 2015.
• Uganda’s dictator, Idi Amin, was an exception: Jerry Doolittle, unpublished diary, December 6, 1978; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 29.
• “too timid”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 39.
• Carter publicly blasted apartheid: ibid.; Andrew Young int., June 10, 2015.
• “weak-kneed approach”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 37.
• Carter relieved him of his command: ibid., 455.
• wanted to normalize with Hanoi: ibid., 215.
• “I should have denounced them more forcefully”: Jimmy Carter int., August 3, 2018.
• “I encouraged the Chinese to support Pol Pot”: Elizabeth Becker, “Pol Pot’s End Won’t Stop U.S. Pursuit of His Circle,” New York Times, April 17, 1998, 15.
• Carter’s explanation… was practical but unpersuasive: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 463.
• deleted references to “disappearances”: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy, The First Decade, 1973–1983 (New York: American Association for the International Commission of Jurists, 1984), 25.
• “the results of our commitment were often disappointing”: ibid.
• their power in Italy receded: Richard Gardner int., March 17, 2016; Elliott Abrams int., August 3, 2018.
• “taught the young there was another life”: Jonathan Alter, Between the Lines: A View Inside American Politics, People, and Culture (Ann Arbor: State Street Books, 2008), 239.
• “played significant role”: Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents (1962–1986) (New York: Times Books, 1995), 352.
• Carter’s policy… undermined “the self-confidence” of the Soviet bloc: Douglas Brinkley, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter’s Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Viking, 1998), 22.

Chapter 26: Panama Canal Squeaker

• “Suppose there is no second term?”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 558.
• “utter disaster”: Adam Clymer int., November 15, 2016.
• dealt at length with three of Carter’s lifelong interests: David McCullough int., July 14, 2016.
• “a diplomatic cancer”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 155.
• “litmus test throughout the world”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 156.
• “use your best judgment”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 560.
• “enjoyed his role as the political emancipator”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 137.
• Torrijos broke down in tears: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 161; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, September 7, 1977.
• “subhuman” and Torrijos a “drunken dictator”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 81.
• The Carters hosted him and his wife, Erma: ibid., 85.
• “more responsible than he is ambitious”: Landon Butler int., September 1, 2015.
• the senator snapped, “So be it”: Adam Clymer, Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch: The Panama Canal Treaties and the Rise of the Right (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008), 78.
• “the right thing”: Jerry Rafshoon int., March 11, 2019.
• “A leaden, heavy, shapeless, and disorganized piece of work”: Jerry Doolittle, unpublished diary, November 26, 1978.
• “expectations so low that nobody particularly noticed [it] sucked”: ibid., January 31, 1978, February 3, 1978.
• “shaky feeling”: Clymer, Drawing the Line, 93.
• “all the people who write me hysterical letters”: John Wayne to Jimmy Carter, October 12, 1977.
• “point by God damn point”: Clymer, Drawing the Line, 94–95.
• the doubts… were the greatest of his presidency: Jimmy Carter int., November 19, 2015.
• “the skunk at the garden party”: Clymer, Drawing the Line, 101.
• “the bully boys of the radical Right”: ibid., 110.
• a bizarre tale surfaced of a secret diplomatic cable: Beckel and Mann, I Should Be Dead, 120–21.
• “He wished he could share his lunch”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 318.
• he received $50,000 in cash… to conduct opposition research: ibid., 106.
• “His heart wasn’t in it”: Frank Moore int., January 27, 1917.
• Cannon finally had the cover he needed: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 176–77.
• “one of the worst days of my political life”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 177.
• “worked over a problem like a piece of broken machinery”: Mailer, “Search for Carter.”
• Arizona’s Dennis DeConcini almost did: Beckel and Mann, I Should Be Dead, 109–10.
• “first display of emotion I’ve seen”: Jerry Doolittle, unpublished diary, March 16, 1978.
• plan to play on the senator’s vanity: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “do you need to meet with Sam Hayakawa?”: J. Lee Annis, Howard Baker: Conciliator in an Age of Crisis (Knoxville: Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy, University of Tennessee, 1995), 130–35.
• Carter… read the dense academic tome: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 189.
• “Sam, I couldn’t possibly limit our visits”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• barricaded himself in a telephone booth: Dan Tate int., July 20, 2015.
• He found Abourezk “flighty”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, April 18, 1978, 189.
• “trying to blackmail me”: ibid., 183.
• Carter got word… Abourezk would vote yes: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 177.
• “We were planning for massive violence”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 189.
• “Your badges of courage”: “Senate Leaders and the Panama Canal Treaties, April 18, 1978,” United States Senate online, senate.gov.
• wanted to celebrate… by visiting Panama: Jerry Doolittle, unpublished diary, June 13, 1978.
• “groups of thirty or forty ad nauseam”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• “Has been a bitch ever since”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 358.
• eight Democratic senators… defeated: Adam Clymer, “Robert B. Morgan, Senator Undone by His Panama Canal Votes, Dies at 90,” New York Times, July 18, 2016.
• Reagan won by losing on Panama: William F. Buckley, Overdrive: A Personal Documentary (New York: Doubleday, 1983), 119.
• “success story”: UPI, October 1, 1982.
• “They said… gone as far as they could”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, July 19, 1984.
• “protect the integrity of the Panama Canal Treaties”: Carl T. Bogus, “The Invasion of Panama and the Rule of Law,” International Lawyer 26, no. 3 (Fall 1992): 781–87.

Chapter 27: Camp David

• “very stubborn and somewhat ill at ease”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 31.
• The Syrian leader soon found several ways to… “sabotage”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 286.
• “quite congenial, dedicated, sincere, deeply religious”: ibid., 290.
• “We had quite an argument at breakfast”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 168.
• “a small man with limited vision”: ibid., 193.
• “Are you willing to be the scapegoat?”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 238.
• “They get over here, and this blows up”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “I slowly became hardened”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 317.
• “Sadat seemed to trust me too much”: ibid., 322.
• “Barbara Walters syndrome”: Lawrence Wright, Thirteen Days in September: Carter, Begin, and Sadat at Camp David (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014), 9.
• “the courage of my father”: ibid., 35.
• Sadat… ate the cracker right out of her hand: Amy Carter int., November 18, 2015.
• “Jimmy, is Anwar Sadat married?” Jerry Rafshoon int., February 16, 2017.
• “We can do it, Mr. President!”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “stop assing around”: ibid.
• “What chutzpah!”: Ezer Weizman, The Battle for Peace (New York: Bantam Books, 1981), 353–54.
• “Security, yes! Land, no!”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary; Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 351.
• the two leaders had been “mean”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “This is still my prayer!”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 358.
• Sadat said angrily that a “stalemate” had been reached: ibid., 359.
• “strong proposal”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary.
• found her hiding… in the ladies’ room: Jerry Rafshoon int., February 16, 2017.
• “ ‘that man’ acts as though I have done nothing”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “My good friend Jimmy”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 227.
• Sadat was being so “tough and mean”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “locked into positions by his past”: ibid.
• they drank at lunch: ibid.
• “Jimmy and I come across as exotic to Jewish people”: Rosalynn Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, 2015.
• “a concentration camp deluxe”: Wright, Thirteen Days, 201.
• The two men had met… when Brzezinski traveled: Zbigniew Brzezinski int., March 1, 2016.
• “Carter at the periscope”: Weizman, Battle for Peace, 359.
• “Do you reject United Nations Resolution 242?”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 373–74.
• “It looks like subterfuge”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary.
• “You will have to accept it!”: Weizman, Battle for Peace, 365.
• Carter… doubted Begin’s “rationality”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary.
• Begin was a “psycho”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 262.
• “Mr. Weizman!”: Weizman, Battle for Peace, 261.
• “Their hatred and distrust”: Wright, Thirteen Days, 187.
• “troubled and was somewhat evasive”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 384–85.
• “It’s all right”: ibid., 385.
• “unpleasant and repetitive”: ibid., 386–87.
• He was angry and discouraged: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• Carter turned icy: ibid.; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 236.
• “I’m worried about his safety”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “lived under an occupying power”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 245.
• “I think it’s all coming together now”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “All bad. We’ve failed”: ibid.
• “I went to my bedroom, knelt down, and prayed”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 237.
• “I will stick with you to the end”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 392–93; Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “among the most unpleasant he had ever experienced”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “felt Sadat had been planning… to embarrass Begin”: ibid.
• “You’ve restored my faith in lawyers!”: David Landau, Arik: The Life of Ariel Sharon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013), 160.
• “political suicide”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary.
• disputed meaning of “during the negotiations”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 397; Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 228.
• “All of you are plumbers!”: Wright, Thirteen Days, 255.
• “Love and Best Wishes”: Susan Clough int., May 6, 2015, September 24, 2016; Jimmy Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, 2015; Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary.
• “love feast”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary; Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 400.
• “a surprising flexibility”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary.
• “Begin showed courage in giving up the Sinai”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 508.
• “The process… becomes virtually irreversible”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary.
• “We’re coming home!”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 267.
• “Mama, we’ll go down in history books!”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• smartest, shrewdest, and ablest: Landon Butler, unpublished diary, September 17, 1978.
• “full autonomy” for the Palestinians: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 376–77.
• “The Camp David conference should be renamed”: Menachem Begin, Camp David Accords press conference, Associated Press, September 17, 1978.
• “we all shared faith in the same God”: Sam Cahnman, “My Visit with the Carters in Plains,” Illinois Times (Springfield), March 9, 2017; Jimmy Carter, lecture, 92nd Street Y, New York, December 6, 2018.
• had never seen such an outpouring of emotion: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “I was certain Sadat would be killed”: Steven M. Gillon, The Democrats’ Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 237.

Chapter 28: Recognizing China

• normalizing relations longest-lasting achievement: Jimmy Carter, lecture, 92nd Street Y, New York, December 6, 2018.
• a governing philosophy: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 201.
• “First one to the top gets to fight the Russians!”: New Republic, editorial, October 4, 1980.
• The educational exchanges would exceed the wildest: Jimmy Carter, speech to US-China Relations Forum, CC, November 10, 2013.
• “I don’t give a shit what the Soviets think”: Ben Huberman int., May 20, 2015; Vance, Hard Choices, 110–11.
• The president later expressed pleasant surprise: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 211.
• “Carter Is a Bastard”: Newsweek, January 8, 1979.
• “Three decades of acrimony”: Ji Chaozhu, The Man on Mao’s Right: From Harvard Yard to Tiananmen Square, My Life Inside China’s Foreign Ministry (New York: Random House, 2008), 298.
• Deng “small, tough, intelligent, frank”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 283.
• “They insulted us”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “Do me a favor”: ibid.
• “They will drown in many people’s wars”: Zbigniew Brzezinski int., March 1, 2016.
• “will generate major international turmoil”: Zbigniew Brzezinski to Jimmy Carter, February 6, 1979, CREST, JCPLM.
• “defensive counterattack”: Oriana Fallaci, Interviews with History and Conversations with Power (New York: Rizzoli, 2011), 371.
• “a genuine sense of emotion”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 285.
• “In one simple gesture… imbibing American life and culture”: Orville Schell, “Watch Out for the Foreign Guests!”: China Encounters the West (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 125.
• “let people worship freely, to own Bibles”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 284; Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• Schlesinger advised Chinese on coal: James Schlesinger, OH, UVA-MC, July 20, 1984.

PART 6: SWAMPED

Chapter 29: The Fall of the Shah

• “I didn’t see [it] as the major burning issue”: Jimmy Carter int., August 18, 2015.
• “I owe my throne to God”: William Shawcross, The Shah’s Last Ride: The Fate of an Ally (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 264.
• “It was really rough”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 135.
• “draw a crowd”: “Toasts of the President and the Shah at a Dinner Honoring the Shah,” The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
• “no fingernails”: Doolittle, unpublished diary, November 16, 1977.
• Visitors to the palace… “shattered”: Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York: Random House, 1985), 60–61; Michael Blumenthal int., December 15, 2015.
• “the calmest, stillest man”: Kambiz Fattahi, “Two Weeks in January: America’s Secret Engagement with Khomeini,” BBC Persian Service, June 3, 2016; Robert MacNeil int., September 16, 2019.
• “Our destiny is to work with the shah”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 359–62.
• “confusing and contradictory”: Sick, All Fall Down, 87; see also Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Answer to History (New York: Stein and Day, 1980).
• undermining his “self-confidence”: Robert Armao int., August 12, 2016.
• “relied on the US as a safety net”: Henry Kissinger int., April 21, 2016.
• “I will not pass on the throne to my son on a foundation of blood”: Robert Armao int., August 12, 2016.
• a “Gandhi-like” role: Sick, All Fall Down, 194.
• “is not in a revolutionary… situation”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 438.
• “let Carter down badly”: Stansfield Turner, Burn Before Reading: Presidents, CIA Directors, and Secret Intelligence (New York: Hachette, 2005), 180–81.
• explaining… what an “ayatollah” was: Gary Sick int., June 6, 2019.
• “very, very negative in his attitude”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 262.
• “acting in a completely irresponsible way”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 405.
• “He’s trying to welsh on the deal”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 249.
• had not given up on option C: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 397.
• “a wobbler”: James Schlesinger, OH, UVA-MC, July 19, 1984.
• “We personally prefer that the shah maintain a major role”: Jim Hoagland, “Carter Hints Shah Could Fall,” Washington Post, December 8, 1978.
• “bouts of conscience and apologize”: James Schlesinger OH, UVA-MC, July 19, 1984.
• “choose without delay”: Vance, Hard Choices, 333.
• “determined, even quixotic man”: ibid., 338.
• “neutralize the army”: Leonard Downie Jr., “Shah Says U.S. Worked Actively for His Ouster,” Washington Post, December 8, 1979.
• The top generals, he said, were “gutless”: David D. Kirkpatrick, “How a Chase Bank Chairman Helped the Deposed Shah of Iran Enter the U.S.,” New York Times, December 29, 2019.
• a source of stability: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 377.
• “Jim [Callaghan] complained”: ibid.
• “one of the most enjoyable times I’ve ever had”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 276.
• “not a kindergarten”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 380.
• “gross and perhaps irretrievable mistake”: William H. Sullivan cable, JCPLM; Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 446.
• “bordered on insolence”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 446.
• “nothing could be worse than a half-assed coup”: Landon Butler, unpublished diary, January 23, 1979.
• “Your Majesty… we are talking about you”: Robert Huyser, Mission to Tehran (Southwold, UK: Bookthrift, 1990), 290.
• going “on vacation”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 447.
• “Oh, boy, another week to excel!”: Max Cleland, personal notes on Cabinet meeting, January 15, 1979, Max Cleland Papers, Stetson University Archive.
• a voice that could “boil the fat off a taxi driver’s neck”: Jonathan Mahler, Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx Is Burning (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 70.
• “the Friday Afternoon Massacre”: Jerry Rafshoon int., March 2, 2019.
• “We are pushing hard”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 278.
• “close the airports”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 280.
• More likely, news of Bakhtiar’s consorting… accelerated the revolution: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 387; see also Glad, In Search, 173.
• “a humanitarian one”: Fattahi, “Two Weeks in January.”
• “drowned in mullahs”: ibid.
• “a misperception on my part”: Zbigniew Brzezinski int., March 1, 2016.
• Secord warned him against it: Richard Secord int., May 2, 2016.
• Brzezinski heard separate reports: Gary Sick int. June 6, 2019.
• In his nineties, Henry Kissinger still insisted: Henry Kissinger int., April 21, 2016.
• “the player who smashes his fist”: Sick, All Fall Down, 45.
• “convinced the peace effort was at an end”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 415.
• “It got kinda ugly”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• he would likely face a public relations disaster: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 416; Jimmy Carter int., September 1, 2017.
• “keep Carter honest”: Jerry Rafshoon int., March 11, 2019.
• “so completely disgusted”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• decided to go over Begin’s head: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 301.
• “All negative,” he said: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• Carter’s Knesset speech was so persuasive: Stephen Rosenfeld to Rick Hertzberg, April 30, 1979, Hendrik Hertzberg Papers.
• “You see, I’m only one member!”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 422–23.
• “Being charitable to Begin”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• “Everyone was so pessimistic and ‘down’ ”: ibid.
• “You boys like the King David?”: Jerry Rafshoon int., March 2, 2019.
• “I made one final effort”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 303.
• “breech birth”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 547.
• “It’s a miracle!”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 303.
• Sadat’s wife, Jehan, told Rosalynn tearfully… faith in God: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary.
• intriguing revisionist history: see Seth Anziska, Preventing Palestine: A Political History from Camp David to Oslo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).
• “too often seems to absolve the Palestinians”: Dennis Ross, “Did Camp David Doom the Palestinians?,” Foreign Policy, October 19, 2018.
• “Tell Brzezinski to fuck off”: William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran: The Last Ambassador (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 252–53.
• “I’m firing all of you”: Leslie Gelb int., December 15, 2015; Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 450; Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “we thought would be friendly”: Jimmy Carter int., November 18, 2015.

Chapter 30: The “Malaise” Speech

• “est, gestalt therapy, bioenergetics”: Jerry Rubin, Growing (Up) at Thirty-Seven (New York: M. Evans, 1976), 20.
• one historian called “the Great Funk”: see Thomas Hine, The Great Funk: Falling Apart and Coming Together (On a Shag Rug) in the Seventies (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007).
• Carter’s experience as a planner: Gene Eidenberg, OH, WH Exit Interview Project, JCPLM, June 10, 1981.
• “New Foundation”: Robert Schlesinger, White House Ghosts (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 296; Rick Hertzberg int., June 7, 2015.
• “to look like you’re providing leadership”: Jerry Rafshoon, quoted in Schlesinger, White House Ghosts, 298.
• “Glory comes only in great danger”: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016.
• popular sociological analysis: see Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).
• “on the order of a Lincoln”: Pat Caddell, “Of Crisis and Opportunity,” April 23, 1979, JCPLM.
• “a continuing political campaign”: see Sidney Blumenthal, The Permanent Campaign (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982); Joe Klein, Politics Lost: How American Democracy Was Trivialized by People Who Think You’re Stupid (New York: Doubleday, 2006), 39.
• “transformational leadership… seeks”: see James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (New York: HarperCollins, 1978).
• “getting him out of chickenshit”: Charles Peters int., March 21, 2015.
• thought it was “crap”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “I became really depressed”: ibid.
• “I’ll be better if you quit”: Joan Mondale, quoted in Gillon, Democrats’ Dilemma, 259.
• meeting with Emperor Hirohito: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 334.
• “Back home, everything is going down the drain”: Hendrik Hertzberg Papers.
• “a clear enemy”: Martin Schram, “Carter Urged to Blame OPEC, Save Himself,” Washington Post, July 7, 1979.
• “one of the most brilliant analyses”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 340.
• “almost a Rasputin”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 673.
• “bullshit the American people”: Hendrik Hertzberg Papers.
• “President Cancels Address on Energy”: Hendrick Smith, “President Cancels Address on Energy; No Reason Offered,” New York Times, July 5, 1979.
• “President Carter has reached the low point”: Tom Wicker, “Carter on the Precipice,” New York Times, July 10, 1979.
• “almost felt I was at a seance”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 679.
• “You’ve become part of the Washington system”: Elizabeth Drew, “Phase: In Search of a Definition,” New Yorker, August 27, 1979.
• “We got elected… a government as good as its people”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “I think we’re goners”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 679.
• “You have a style problem”: ibid.
• “shaking like a leaf”: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016.
• “preeminently a place of moral leadership”: New York Times Magazine, September 11, 1932.
• “quite distraught”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 341.
• “Their criticisms of me were much more severe”: ibid., 342.
• “the worst of the week”: ibid.
• “Don’t just preach sacrifice”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 686.
• “the God Squad”: Mattson, “What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President?,” 142.
• would be “self-righteous”: ibid., 143.
• “a teaching president”: ibid.
• “counterproductive, even a disaster”: Hendrik Hertzberg Papers.
• Stewart… “I’m bored”: Schlesinger, White House Ghosts, 303.
• “In a nation that was proud of hard work”: ibid.
• “How else were voters to feel?”: Richard Wirthlin, The Greatest Communicator: What Ronald Reagan Taught Me About Politics, Leadership, and Life (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2004), 35–36.
• Caddell used “malaise”: Jerry Rafshoon int., June 7, 2015.
• “No president since Abraham Lincoln”: Theodore H. White, America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956–1980 (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 268.
• “The president’s comments on the mood”: Office of the White House Press Secretary, news release, July 19, 1979, JCPLM.
• “by far the best formal address”: “Out in Front,” New York Daily News, July 17, 1979.
• “Suddenly last night, the nation saw an old friend”: “ ‘Crisis of Confidence,’ ” editorial, Baltimore Sun, July 16, 1979.
• “truthful and prescient diagnosis”: Hertzberg, Politics, 63.
• “You should fire people”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 694.
• “shocking” and “brutal” tone: ibid., 697.
• “acting like Moses”: Harold Brown int., August 20, 2016.
• “awful advice”: Jerry Rafshoon int., March 11, 2019.
• Georgians thought… Blumenthal was a leaker: Michael Blumenthal int., December 15, 2015.
• “If I had to do it all again”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “one of the best and strongest”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 262.
• “On smoking, you were right, and I was wrong”: Joseph Califano int., May 19, 2015; Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “He’s like a football player”: Mary Russell, “On the Hill: One Step Forward for Carter—and One Back,” Washington Post, July 20, 1979.
• “I handled the Cabinet changes very poorly”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 121.
• “Are we falling apart?”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “a ship that seemed rudderless”: ibid.
• Mondale claimed later that he was merely blowing off steam: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 704–7.
• “That day, he was a gone duck”: James Schlesinger, OH, UVA-MC, July 20, 1984.
• “Jimmy Carter must be the sexiest man in the country”: Jerry Rafshoon int., March 13, 2019.

Chapter 31: Touching Bottom

• scores of bottles began exploding: Jimmy Carter, Hour Before Daylight, 201.
• “Congress and Labor were our natural enemies”: quoted in Judith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 181.
• That was pathetic: Jimmy Carter int., November 19, 2015.
• “snobbish, arrogant, distrustful”: Leonard Silk and Mark Silk, The American Establishment (New York: Avon Books, 1981), ix.
• “You have to understand”: Paul Volcker obituary, New York Times, December 10, 2019.
• Volcker felt he had talked too much: Paul Volcker int., May 5, 2015; Paul Volcker with Christine Harper, Keeping at It: The Quest for Sound Money and Good Government (New York: PublicAffairs, 2018), 103.
• Peggy Clausen changed American history: Richard Moe int., August 9, 2019.
• “You gotta tell Jimmy”: Jerry Rafshoon int., March 13, 2019.
• how excited she and Jimmy: John Dalton int., March 26, 2019.
• “It will be very austere”: Jacobs, Panic at the Pump, 197.
• “practically nothing in savings”: Paul Volcker int., May 5, 2015.
• Charlie Schultze… called Volcker with a final plea: William Greider, Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal Reserve Runs the Country (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 123.
• “indifferent” to his political fate: ibid., 214.
• thought the probe was a “travesty”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 354.
• “ridiculous reason”: ibid., 374.
• “Bunny Goes Bugs”: Brooks Jackson, “Bunny Goes Bugs: Rabbit Attacks President,” Washington Post, August 30, 1979; Brooks Jackson int., June 3, 2020; Susan Clough int., December 26, 2015.
• “enormous swimming rabbit”: Dave Barry, Dave Barry Slept Here: A Sort of History of the United States (New York: Random House, 1989), 219.
• the president… seemed incapable of laughing at himself: Patrick Anderson, Electing Jimmy Carter: The Campaign of 1976 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 168.
• “beginning to think Richard Nixon got a raw deal”: Eleanor Clift, remarks, CC Weekend, June 28, 2019.
• “perhaps thousands of political prisoners”: Associated Press, “Political Prisoners in U.S., Young Says,” New York Times, July 13, 1978, A3.
• accepted Young’s resignation: Andrew Young int., June 10, 2015.
• he would have kept Young and cut Vance loose: Jimmy Carter int., November 19, 2015; see also Garry Wills, Certain Trumpets: The Call of Leaders (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 77.
• “the long knives at the State Department”: John Herbers, “Aftermath of Andrew Young Affair: Blacks, Jews, and Carter All Could Suffer Greatly,” New York Times, September 6, 1979.
• “too much pain, too much suffering”: ibid.
• “I’m going to find somewhere else to take my vote”: ibid.
• “You want me to change”: Evan Dobelle int., February 8, 2020.
• “They had to drag me off.”: Sarah Pileggi, “Jimmy Carter Runs into the Wall,” Sports Illustrated, September 24, 1979.

Chapter 32: Ready for Teddy?

• malaise speech: Kennedy, True Compass, 366–67.
• “divide the country”: William vanden Heuvel int., May 10, 2015.
• “If Kennedy runs, I’ll whip his ass”: Newsweek, June 25, 1979.
• Carter thought his feisty answer was the best: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 332.
• John White… felt obliged to say he was neutral: Adam Clymer, “Move Grows in Capitol to Urge Carter to Shun Race,” New York Times, September 13, 1979.
• “Southerners took over; now Yankees unhappy”: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016.
• “Why is he perceived as a weak leader?”: Wendell Rawls Jr., “Carter’s Poll-Taker Seems to Voice 1980 Catchwords,” New York Times, August 14, 1979.
• “I’m the King’s man”: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016.
• the “appearance of listening”: Kennedy, True Compass, 360–61.
• “he reserved a special place in his animus toward me”: ibid., 352.
• “a reader in the White House”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 363.
• “a miracle achievement”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 444.
• “just-in-time”: Cynthia Engel, “Competition Drives the Trucking Industry,” Monthly Labor Review 121, no. 4 (April 1998): 34–41; Thomas Gale Moore, “Unfinished Business in Motor Carrier Deregulation,” Regulation 14, no. 7 (Summer 1991): 33–41.
• He suggested coverage be expanded in phases: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 203.
• “squandering a real opportunity”: Kennedy, True Compass, 359–60.
• single-payer system… “politically impossible”: ibid., 359.
• “blasting us”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 208–209.
• “would be excessively expensive”: ibid., 295.
• “This is the vote to fight inflation”: Jimmy Carter to Tip O’Neill, November 9, 1979.
• “all pain and no gain”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 817–18; see also Joseph A. Califano Jr., Governing America: An Insider’s Report from the White House and Cabinet (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), 152.
• “Why, at this point… elect Reagan?”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “What would the downside have been?” Carl Wagner int., December 31, 2015.
• “Kennedy, continuing… abusive attitude”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 325.
• “putting an elephant through a keyhole”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 832.
• “worst example of a powerful special interest”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 370.
• “would have been a huge victory”: Kennedy, True Compass, 360.
• “if you vote for this bill”: Frank Moore int., February 20, 2018.
• wished he had handled the Kennedy challenge better: Jimmy Carter int., August 3, 2018.
• “I’ll accommodate you”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “Teddy honestly doubted he could do job”: Stephen Smith Jr., int., July 24, 2015.
• At first, the outlook for Kennedy seemed promising: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 362.
• “Seventy-five percent of the country watched Jaws”: John Dickerson, Whistlestop: My Favorite Stories from Presidential Campaign History (New York: Twelve, 2016), 350.
• “It was like… ‘the sky is so blue’ ”: quoted in Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors: How Reagan Won and Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980 (New York: Viking, 1982), 70.
• “It’ll be over in a few hours”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 19.

Chapter 33: America Held Hostage

• “the taint of the shah”: ibid., January 20, 1979; Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 448.
• “What… if they overrun our embassy and take our people hostage?”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988; also see Mark Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah: The First Battle in America’s War with Militant Islam (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006), 19.
• Vance tried to enlist Henry Kissinger: Terence Smith, “Why Carter Admitted the Shah,” New York Times, May 17, 1981.
• Armao… would eventually run afoul of Carter: Robert Armao int., August 12, 2016.
• “national honor”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 474.
• “like a flying Dutchman seeking a port of call”: Henry Kissinger, “Kissinger On the Controversy Over the Shah,” Washington Post, November 29, 1979.
• In May the shah’s Bahamas visa ran out: Shawcross, Shah’s Last Ride, 228–29.
• “subtle fashion”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 474.
• “It is so sad”: quoted in Kai Bird, The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 648–49.
• “Zbig bugged me on it”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 474.
• “Are we going to go to war with Iran?”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, November 29, 1982.
• “Fuck the shah!”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 474.
• “It was shocking to hear”: Harold Brown int., August 20, 2016.
• Carter… didn’t want the shah in the United States: Shawcross, Shah’s Last Ride, 241; David R. Farber, Taken Hostage: The Iran Hostage Crisis and America’s First Encounter with Radical Islam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 125.
• “more defensible”: quoted in Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah, 33; Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• “compulsive liar”: Nicholas Veliotes int., May 20, 2020.
• “at point of death”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• Dr. Kean insisted… was “nonsense”: Lawrence K. Altman, “The Shah’s Health: A Political Gamble,” New York Times, May 17, 1981.
• “optimal”… “acceptable”: Robert Armao int., August 12, 2016, September 17, 2019; for more on the shah’s entrance to the United States, see Shawcross, Shah’s Last Ride, 250–51; Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 761–63.
• “You’re opening a Pandora’s box”: Smith, “Why Carter Admitted the Shah.”
• “a field day”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 31.
• “I was convinced”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• picture of the shah looking healthy: Farber, Taken Hostage, 127.
• “Cy’s so extremely jealous it’s ridiculous”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 364.
• The students moved fast: Massoumeh Ebtekar, Takeover in Tehran: The Inside Story of the 1979 Embassy Capture (Burnaby, BC: Talonbooks, 2000), 49–55.
• “Don’t be afraid”: Tim Wells, 444 Days: The Hostages Remember (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), 39.
• “It looked hopeless”: Nate Penn, “444 Days in the Dark: An Oral History of the Iran Hostage Crisis,” GQ, November 3, 2009.
• “What are you going to do with me?”: Neil Genzlinger, “L. Bruce Laingen, Senior Hostage During Iran Crisis, Dies at 96,” New York Times, July 19, 2019, A24.
• the hostages were not allowed to speak: Harrison Smith, “Bruce Laingen, Top-Ranking U.S. Diplomat Held in Iran Hostage Crisis, Dies at 96,” Washington Post, July 17, 2019.
• “Don’t believe what you are seeing”: see Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah; Farber, Taken Hostage, 134–35.
• “We just plain fell asleep”: Chris Whipple, The Gatekeepers: How White House Chiefs of Staff Define Every Presidency (New York: Crown, 2017), 105.
• “We have made no progress”: Warren Christopher to Jimmy Carter, November 5, 1979, NLC, 128141337 CREST, JCPLM.
• “no matter how preposterous”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 459.
• “It’s almost impossible to deal with a crazy man”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 368.
• “for humanitarian reasons”: Jimmy Carter to Ayatollah Khomeini, November 6, 1979, JCPLM.
• “It was the first time”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 44.
• “Lincoln said, ‘I have but one task’ ”: Jimmy Carter, “1980, Remarks Concerning Candidacy and Campaign Plans, December 4, 1979,” PPPJC, 1979, vol. 2, 2194.
• Brzezinski favored seizing or blockading Kharg Island: Zbigniew Brzezinski int., March 1, 2016.
• Harold Brown preferred mining the entrances: Harold Brown int., August 20, 2016.
• “I’d get a couple of mafioso”: Maurice Sonnenberg int., September 21, 2017.
• “Do something! Do something!”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 312.
• “The problem with all the military options”: Hamilton, Jordan, Crisis, 52.
• “Jimmy would have been reelected”: Carol Butler, unpublished diary, August 21, 2002.
• Brzezinski met secretly with Billy: “Text of Statement by Brzezinski,” New York Times, October 3, 1980.
• “I am not going to take any military action”: Desert One, directed by Barbara Kopple (Cabin Creek Films, 2020).
• “resolute and, um, manly”: CNBC Meets, October 1, 2014.
• In response, Carter used the Germans: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “grave consequences”: Bernard Gwertzman, “Carter Warns Iran on Hostages,” New York Times, November 24, 1979.
• “slate would not be wiped clean”: Jimmy Carter, unpublished diary, November 27, 1979.
• “increasingly flabby”: Special Coordination Committee minutes, December 18, 1979, CREST, JCPLM.
• he recounted for Carter his terrifying experiences in Iran: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 389.
• “received us in a severe, distant manner”: Abol Hassan Bani-Sadr, My Turn to Speak: Iran, the Revolution, and Secret Deals with the U.S. (Potomac Books, 1991), 24.
• “To protect… and to bring all the hostages home”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• “Goddamn it, Hamilton, you owe it to the shah!”: Robert Armao int., August 12, 2016.
• “Are we in jail?”: Shawcross, Shah’s Last Ride, 292.
• Why should “that individual”: ibid., 297.
• “If I had to do it over”: Robert Armao int., August 12, 2016.
• Princess Ashraf… wouldn’t shake his hand: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 94.
• he thought about the hostages every day: Ted Koppel int., August 30, 2019.
• “The fundamental error”: Penn, “444 Days in the Dark.”
• “Carter was essentially making himself a hostage”: ibid.
• “there were only two people who really benefited”: Ted Koppel int., August 30, 2019.

Chapter 34: Reheating the Cold War

• Soviets deployed thousands of new nuclear missiles: Cyrus Vance, telegram, February 17, 1980, NSA.
• Detente did not work well: Dobrynin, In Confidence, 402–3.
• “Kissinger was the worst”: Hodding Carter int., April 15, 2017.
• “We need to see… in more subtle shades”: Terence Smith, “President Cautions Foreign Policy Foes,” New York Times, February 23, 1979.
• “to challenge directly the legitimacy”: Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 95.
• The most important element of faith: Jimmy Carter, Faith: A Journey for All (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 8.
• “Dear Mr. President”: Russell Baker, New York Times, August 13, 1980, quoted in Garrett M. Graff, Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government’s Secret Plan to Save Itself—While the Rest of Us Die (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 274.
• PD-59 wasn’t a full-scale war-fighting doctrine: Briefing Book #390, the Nuclear Vault, NSA, September 14, 2012.
• And he broke precedent by personally visiting the presidential bunker: Graff, Raven Rock, 274.
• “thought these Americans are bonkers”: Leslie Gelb int., December 15, 2015.
• caught between Vance and Brzezinski: see Robert A. Strong, Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012), 108–21.
• “more difficult time convincing the Joint Chiefs”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• “ ‘God will not forgive us’ ”: see Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 328–30.
• Brezhnev offered frequent vodka toasts: New York Times, Washington Post, June 15–18.
• “I thought, ‘Uh-oh.’ ”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 331; Leslie Gelb int., December 21, 2015.
• helped motivate him as a young man: see Robert C. Byrd, Child of the Appalachian Coalfields (Morgantown: University of West Virginia Press, 2005), 406.
• “a Soviet Vietnam”: Zbigniew Brzezinski, quoted in “Les Révélations d’un Ancien Conseilleur de Carter: ‘Oui, la CIA est Entrée en Afghanistan avant les Russes… ’ ” Le Nouvel Observateur, January 15, 1998.
• “We didn’t push the Russians to intervene”: ibid., January 21, 1998.
• Brzezinski was unapologetic: Zbigniew Brzezinski int., March 1, 2016.
• Newly declassified documents… offer important clues: Briefing Book #657, NSA, January 29, 2019.
• “extremely grave challenge”: Zbigniew Brzezinski to Carter, December 29, 1979, National Security Archive, www.nsarchive2.gwu.edu doc 5696260.
• “My opinion of the Russians”: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, vol. 1, Foundation of Foreign Policy. US Department of State, Office of the Historian.
• “destined for a firing squad”: Steven Hayward, “Ben Wattenberg, RIP,” Power Line, June 29, 2015, https://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2015/06/ben-wattenberg-rip.php.
• “Corn was up 23 cents!”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 391.
• Mondale found it “outrageous”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• couldn’t “sell” the embargo: Brainerd Dispatch, September 16, 2019, JCPLM.
• “It was that big”: Dan Glickman int., July 24, 2018.
• “There goes SALT II”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 314.
• Carter wrote… to delay floor consideration of the treaty: Jimmy Carter to Robert Byrd, January 3, 1980, JCPLM.
• “extremely serious threat to peace”: “Transcript of President’s Speech on Soviet Military Intervention in Afghanistan,” New York Times, January 5, 1980.
• “sweated the boycott”: NSC6090, declassified minutes of NSC meeting, January 2, 1980, JCPLM.
• “Howard Cosell… killed the Olympics”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 113.
• “counter Olympics”: Barry Lorge, “White House Clout Could Make Boycott Stick,” Washington Post, April 4, 1980.
• threaten to sue the IOC: ABC News–Harris Survey, March 27, 1980.
• The USOC voted… to “resist”: Terence Smith, “The President Said ‘Nyet’,” New York Times, January 20, 1980.
• “practically a rebellion from Stu and Fritz”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 394.
• “I reacted strongly”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• Harold Brown told Carter he needed to “rub their noses”: NSC027, declassified minutes of NSC meeting, March 18, 1980, JCPLM.
• “we are weak, we are second, and it’s getting worse”: ibid.
• (“It’s not a pleasant time for me”): Jimmy Carter, “White House Briefing on the 1980 Summer Olympics, Remarks to Representatives of U.S. Teams, March 21, 1980,” PPPJC, 1980, vol. 1, 519.
• “There is nothing… to upset the Soviets more”: Zbigniew Brzezinski to Jimmy Carter, Daily Report, January 24, 1980, JCPLM.
• “bogged down”: Special Coordination Committee Summary of Conclusions, January 22, 1980, Defense Policy Coordination to Brzezinski, January 30, 1980, CREST, JCPLM.
• “around the world to take the whupping”: Michael Ezra, “Muhammad Ali’s Strange, Failed Diplomatic Career,” Politico, June 5, 2016.
• “I guess women are not the only ones that have periods”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 172.
• “acted like a paranoid child—ranting and raving”: ibid., 439–40.
• Carter called Schmidt and asked him to finally commit: Lloyd Cutler to Jimmy Carter, May 10, 1980, JCPLM.
• in what Carter described as a “farce”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 449.
• “I reluctantly agreed with their decision”: Henry Bushnell, “Ghost Olympians: The Lives Forever Changed by the 1980 Boycott,” Yahoo! Sports, May 19, 2020.
• “That was a bad decision. I’m sorry”: Associated Press, April 12, 2020.

Chapter 35: Disaster at Desert One

• prayed more than at any time he could remember: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “above the fray”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 381.
• “We ought not kiss his ass”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 839.
• “the biggest political mistake I ever made”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 497.
• “This is the man that saved Chrysler!”: ibid.
• “greatest disappointment”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 286.
• NOW also announced: Adam Clymer, “Board of NOW to Oppose Carter, Charging Lag on Women’s Issues,” New York Times, December 11, 1979.
• Rosalynn still considered this unforgivable: Rosalynn Carter int., November 17, 2015.
• “a kind of narcissistic intemperance”: Suzannah Lessard, “Kennedy’s Woman Problem. Women’s Kennedy Problem,” Washington Monthly, December 1979; see also Jon Ward, Camelot’s End: Carter vs. Kennedy and the Fight That Broke the Democratic Party (New York: Twelve, 2019), 158–77; Ted Kennedy—Part Five (Boston Globe film).
• “foreign policy based on… unrequited love”: Christian Science Monitor, January 30, 1980.
• “This is a rare event in politics”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 365.
• “made the administration look silly”: Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 442.
• a comment Carter found “disgraceful”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 409; New York Times, February 5, 1984; Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 492–94.
• “seemingly pompous”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 165.
• Carter toured… South Bronx: Jack Watson int., November 19, 2015.
• “I gave him hell”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 550.
• “if Ed Koch and Jane Byrne had a baby”: Jerry Rafshoon int., January 25, 2019.
• Koch met secretly with Republican county leaders: “Carter Contends Koch Harmed ’80 Campaign, New York Times, May 12, 1986, B5.
• “all you have to do is kill the shah”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 165; Shawcross, Shah’s Last Ride, 352.
• “I will not do that to Anwar”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 216.
• Carter was “livid”: ibid., 227.
• “I find that sickening!”: ibid., 233.
• “he could survive me and Hamilton”: Rosalynn Carter, unpublished diary, March 31, 1980.
• “Jimmy came into the room”: ibid.
• “He, in my opinion, is the hostage”: ibid.
• “He was left in an extremely awkward position”: James Reston, “The Diplomatic War,” New York Times, March 2, 1980.
• “Ham, the only people… are you and your French friends”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 246.
• (Taylor, “the real hero”): Associated Press, February 12, 2013.
• “The raid was necessary… to get reelected”: Hodding Carter int., April 15, 2017.
• you could not take a platoon across a river: ibid.
• “the rescue mission is the best”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 249.
• “stunned and angry”: Vance, Hard Choices, 409.
• “extremely despondent”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 510.
• “the helicopters”: Hugh Sidey, “Assessing a Presidency,” Nation, Time, August 18, 1980.
• “The buck stops with me”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 263; see David C. Martin and John Walcott, Best-Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America’s War Against Terrorism (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 4.
• “months and months”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 266.
• “Fuck you,” Beckwith said: Penn, “444 Days in the Dark.”
• “Let’s go with [Beckwith’s] recommendation”: Martin and Walcott, Best-Laid Plans, 23.
• “Mr. President, I’m very, very sorry”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 272–73.
• “It was my decision”: “Transcript of President Carter’s Statement on the Hostage Situation,” New York Times, April 26, 1980.
• “when my father died”: Rosalynn Carter, First Lady, 327.
• “I opened my arms, and we embraced”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 519.
• “as tough as woodpecker lips”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 424.
• He put together an aggressive battle plan: Richard Secord int., May 2, 2016.
• “Had he pulled the chestnuts out of fire”: Max Cleland int., December 23, 2015.
• beating the drums over Carter’s alleged naivete: Hedley Donovan to Jimmy Carter, February 2, 1980, JCPLM.
• “Well, shit, General”: David Maraniss, First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 378.
• He tried desperately to figure out who had “screwed” him: Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 274–78.
• “mistakes… may have cost him his reelection”: C-SPAN, November 18, 2004; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 433.
• “always ambitious” and “concentrated on what was best”: Jimmy Carter int., November 19, 2015.
• If Kennedy had lost: Stephen Smith Jr. int., July 26, 2015.
• Kennedy and Carter TV ads: video collection, JCPLM.
• “Kennedy challenge hurt us very badly”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 306.
• “completely obsessed”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 435.
• “redneck pose”: “ ‘Mobituaries’: Remembering First Brother Billy Carter,” CBS News, November 1, 2019.
• “love-hate relationship with fame”: Sybil Carter int., September 28, 2015.
• he made a point of turning away: Dale Russakoff int., July 4, 2019.
• “had suddenly turned into racist”: Buddy Carter, Billy Carter, 174.
• “Thank you for advising me”: Greg Schneiders int., September 1, 2015.
• “That Jew bastard of yours”: Jerry Rafshoon int., January 25, 2019.
• it was quickly dubbed “Billygate”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 312.
• “People think I’m a lot more burdened down”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 452.
• “This is bullshit”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 492–93.
• “an embarrassing incident”: “Text of Report by President’s Counsel to Panel Conducting Billy Carter Inquiry,” New York Times, August 5, 1980.
• “It was the best of Carter”: Sidey, “Assessing a Presidency,” Time, August 18, 1980.

Chapter 36: Are You Better Off?

• “introduced Bob Byrd graciously”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 451, 453, 486.
• But one Democratic senator… never forgave Byrd: Daniel Inouye int., August 27, 2008.
• “the odds seem high”: Laurence Tribe and Thomas M. Rollins, “Deadlock,” Atlantic, October 1980.
• “Carter’s human rights campaign”: Sidey, “Assessing a Presidency.”
• Tim Smith and FEC: see Dennis L. Dresang, Patrick J. Lucey: A Lasting Legacy (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2020).
• “Maybe a B or C-plus on foreign policy”: 60 Minutes, August 10, 1980.
• Rather was stunned: Dan Rather int., July 19, 2016.
• “They look okay to me”: Jimmy Carter int., August 3, 2018.
• robot rule: Tom Oliphant int., July 28, 2017.
• as friendly as an estranged couple: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 320.
• “We may have won the nomination”: ibid., 330.
• “I had to make the entire speech”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 457.
• “Forget the hostages”: Dan Rather int., July 19, 2016.
• “money shot”: Robert Shrum int., August 30, 2016.
• “whose passengers have defected”: Mary McGrory, Washington Star, August 19, 1980, JCPLM.
• stuck out his hand: NBC News and CBS News video, JCPLM.
• “I didn’t elevate his hand”: Edward Kennedy, OH, UVA-MC, 2005.
• “That he was drunk”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “Adolf Hitler and Goofy”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 458.
• “fueled a reckless divisiveness”: Walter Mondale int., June 27, 2019.
• Rafshoon told Carter he had a “bonus”: Jerry Rafshoon int., January 25, 2019.
• “You’re going to say he’s an actor, and it won’t work”: Chris Matthews, Tip and the Gipper: When Politics Worked (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), 3.
• “a good staff man”: Boston Globe, August 22, 1980.
• “if he instills in you pride”: Mark Lilla, The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics (New York: Harper, 2017), 39.
• “I say these people in white sheets do not understand”: Edward Walsh, “Carter: Appealing to the South to Support One of Its Own,” Washington Post, September 2, 1980.
• “running a ‘mean’ campaign”: Sam Donaldson int., March 16, 2017; “Transcript of the President’s News Conference on Foreign and Domestic Matters,” New York Times, September 19, 1980.
• the former California governor… did go half fare: Jonathan Alter, “Rooting for Reagan,” Washington Monthly, January 1981.
• “I said, ‘Shit, we’ll show ’em’ ”: Greider, Secrets of Temple, 216.
• “the last wound”: ibid.
• He voted for Reagan: Bob Kerrey int., May 11, 2018.
• “secular humanist”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 455.
• “Despite all the fun… they were sinners”: Tom Wolfe, “Summing Up the Seventies,” Esquire, June 1983.
• “The animosity toward us was so thick”: Max Cleland int., December 23, 2015.
• “Why wait?”: Edmund Muskie to Jimmy Carter, August 1, 1980, NLC 13281447 CREST, JCPLM.
• “to pull off the long-suspected ‘October surprise’ ”: Kirkpatrick, “How a Chase Bank Chairman Helped the Deposed Shah.”
• “I had given my all”: ibid.
• “If we leak”: Debategate Report, archive.org, appx. 4, 1,489.
• “You could feel it slipping away”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• Even… John Hinckley thought Carter was no longer the favorite: Jared Cohen, Accidental Presidents: Eight Men Who Changed America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019), 365; Aynton, Hunting the President, 139–40.
• known as “Debategate”: Craig Shirley, Rendezvous with Destiny: Ronald Reagan and the Campaign That Changed America (Wilmington, DE: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2009), 440.
• “thoroughbred performance”: Eric Alterman, Sound and Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 101.
• “We all said, ‘Uh, Mr. President, you can’t do that!’ ”: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016; Jerry Rafshoon int., January 25, 2019.
• “If this little bastard… I’ll take my chances with the cowboy”: Jerry Rafshoon int., January 25, 2019.
• “that will be decided not in Michigan… but in Iran”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 362.
• Caddell’s explanation for erosion: Pat Caddell int., April 8, 2016.
• “Don’t tell Rosalynn”: Caddell, Clough, Hertzberg, Rafshoon ints.; Germond and Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors, 302–6; Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 368.
• “I’ve tried to honor my commitment”: Germond and Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors, 306.
• “the Kennedy attacks for eight months hurt”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 480.
• “Don’t second-guess yourself”: Jerry Rafshoon int., December 7, 2015.
• “vintage Carter at his dead worst”: Eizenstat, Carter: White House Years, 891.
• “I promised you”: Edward Walsh, “A Concession with Grace and Class,” Washington Post, November 5, 1980.
• “That was no election”: John Norris, Mary McGrory: The First Queen of Journalism (New York: Viking, 2016), 209.
• “I guess I felt bad”: Sam Donaldson int., March 17, 2017.
• Bert Lance figured… but by a narrow margin: Greider, Secrets of the Temple, 218.
• “I think there were a few other factors”: Paul Volcker int., May 5, 2015; Volcker and Harper, Keeping at It, 111, Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.

Chapter 37: Inaugural Drama

• “When Senator Kennedy and I were communicating, um”: Patrick Kennedy and Stephen Fried, A Common Struggle: A Personal Journey Through the Past and Future of Mental Illness and Addiction (New York: Blue Rider Press, 2015), 63.
• saving California’s redwood forest: see Nathaniel Pryor Reed, The Battle over the Tall Tree Corridor at Redwood National Park (published privately).
• Carter’s “concern about the environment was so real”: Kathy Fletcher int., April 5, 2018.
• “That son of a bitch knew as much”: Jim Free int., February 25, 2016, June 22, 2016.
• “carbon dioxide pollution”: see Gus Speth, “Global Energy Futures and the Carbon Dioxide Problem,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 9, no. 1 (1980).
• CEQ report on safe maximum level of carbon dioxide: Philip Shabecoff, “U.S. Study Warns of Extensive Problems from Carbon Dioxide Pollution,” New York Times, January 14, 1981; Gus Speth int., November 17, 2017.
• Nancy Reagan felt the Carters were leaving the White House in poor condition: Rosalynn Carter int., November 17, 2015.
• “they continue to like Jimmy Carter personally”: Peter Baker, review of President Carter: The White House Years, by Stuart E. Eizenstat, New York Times, June 10, 2018.
• It contained this quote from Thomas Jefferson: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 596.
• “I hope you will go out and pay it back”: Ray Marshall int., September 6, 2016.
• “We told the truth”: Walter Mondale int., June 9, 2015.
• “What’s flat, red, and glows in the dark?”: Penn, “444 Days in the Dark.”
• “I would rather have stayed longer”: ibid.
• Several of the former captors: Mark Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah, 629.
• Last hours of Carter administration: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 399–402; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 513; Gary Sick int., June 6, 2019.
• “the procedure I insisted on completing to take delivery of the hostages”: Flavio Meroni int., June 22, 2018; Jimmy Carter int., June 15, 2015.
• “an affable and decent man”: Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 513.
• “one of the happiest moments of my life”: ibid.
• events depicted in George Cave’s 2013 novel: Nicholas Schou, “The ‘October Surprise’ Was Real, Legendary Spymaster Hints in Final Interview,” Newsweek, April 24, 2016.
• “an Israeli initiative”: Nicholas Veliotes int., May 18, 2020.
• “no credible evidence”: Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 3, 1993).
• Casey in Madrid: Paul Beach, “Memorandum for the Record: Meeting with Ed Williamson—October Surprise,” November 4, 1991, George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum; see also Robert Parry, America’s Stolen Narrative: From Washington and Madison to Nixon, Reagan and the Bushes to Obama (Arlington, VA: Media Consortium, 2012).
• Hamilton was dismayed: Lee Hamilton int., June 1, 2020.
• destroyed by “professionals”: Gary Sick int., June 6, 2019.

PART 7: GLOBAL CITIZEN

Chapter 38: Exile

• “a pilgrim soul”: W. B. Yeats, “When You Are Old.”
• “used the White House as a stepping-stone”: Jim Laney, Emory Report, May 1, 2006.
• “his total commitment”: Hamilton Jordan, unpublished book proposal, June 16, 2003.
• only one to which he devoted time and labor: Esther B. Fein, “Carpenter Named Carter Comes to New York,” New York Times, September 3, 1984.
• “Why aren’t you working?”: Jonathan Reckford int., November 2, 2015.
• “He’ll win” [in 1984]: Rosalynn Carter int., November 17, 2015.
• “boys made fun”: Amy Carter int., November 18, 2015.
• “despondent” and in “despair”: Diane Rehm Show, NPR, October 9, 2007.
• “I had a vacuum in my life”: Jimmy Carter int., May 20, 2016.
• still “grieving” over the what-ifs: Betty Pope int., September 15, 2015.
• Carter forced the long-hostile Washington Post to grovel: Phil Gailey, “Carter Intent on Suing Washington Post over Rumor,” New York Times, October 15, 1981; Washington Post, editorial, October 22, 1981.
• “hated golf”: Hamilton Jordan, unpublished book proposal, June 16, 2003, 56.
• “naive but sincere commitment”: Sara Rimer, “Enjoying the Ex-Presidency? Never Been Better,” New York Times, February 16, 2000.
• “childish”… “out of my system”: Jimmy Carter, OH, UVA-MC, 1988.
• coauthoring… almost ruined their marriage: Diane Rehm Show, NPR, July 9, 2015; Judy Langford int., December 4, 2015; Jimmy Carter, lecture, Emory University, Atlanta, February 15, 2017.
• Peter Osnos… worked out truce: Peter Osnos int., December 14, 2017.
• “actually ached from missing Rosalynn”: Faye Perdue int., September 24, 2015.
• “Each evening, forever, this is good for an apology”: Jimmy Carter, Living Faith, 88.
• “Rosalynn, I promise you”: ibid., 76.
• “I’m proud to be my father’s daughter”: “Amy Carter Arrested,” New York Times, April 9, 1985.
• “like an obnoxious moral high ground”: Amy Carter int., November 18, 2015.
• Jack blamed her for siding with his parents: Judy Langford int., December 4, 2015.
• never once visited him: Jack Carter int., August 23, 2016.
• “I don’t much care what my kids think of me”: Judy Langford int., December 4, 2015.
• “art is best derived from artless things”: Jimmy Carter, “Itinerant Songsters Visit Our Village,” in Always a Reckoning, 51–52.
• “I express my feelings”: Jimmy Carter int., February 15, 2017.
• Osnos rejected the collection: Peter Osnos int., July 17, 2015.
• “The only time people back away is when he sings”: Chip Carter int., June 12, 2015.
• “I had done all that was humanly possible”: Jimmy Carter, The Craftsmanship of Jimmy Carter (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2017).

Chapter 39: The Carter Center

• “small Camp David”: Jimmy Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, June 28, 2019.
• “Energizer Bunny”: John Lewis int., March 4, 2015.
• “I have divorced myself”: Jimmy Carter to donors, May 12, 1983.
• “how Mr. Carter could champion world peace”: Cathy Bradshaw int., September 13, 2016.
• “the nerve and the guts” to ask him for $5 million: Maureen Dowd, “Jimmy Carter Lusts for a Trump Posting,” New York Times, October 21, 2017.
• “The record with regard to schools is particularly dismal”: Michael Giles, CC report, 1994.
• “In many African villages, I felt at home”: Jimmy Carter int., August 4, 2018.
• “coming out of their ankles”: Jimmy Carter, “The Modern Horror of an Ancient Scourge,” Washington Post, April 24, 1990.
• the mother’s breast, hideously discolored: Donald Hopkins int., August 10, 2015.
• “we almost got nauseated”: Jimmy Carter, lecture, 92nd Street Y, New York, December 6, 2018.
• Dr. Bill Foege in Carter administration: Jimmy Carter, “Chief Delegate, Delegates, and Alternate Delegates from the United States to the Thirtieth World Health Assembly, May 3, 1977,” PPPJC, 1977, vol. 1, 806.
• “ ‘Melinda, anything you do’ ”: John Legend, “Melinda Gates Is Proud Women Are Becoming More Empowered—But It’s Not Happening Quickly Enough,” Town and Country, Summer 2019.
• He wanted immediate results: Patty Stonesifer int., February 3, 2016.
• “When he locked on to something”: Donald Hopkins int., July 16, 2015.
• “If Ghana keeps dragging its feet”: ibid.
• “had become our best salesman”: Roy Vagelos int., January 11, 2016.
• Merck had provided one billion: ibid.
• “South Africans have different blood”: Jimmy Carter, “Africa Trip Report, March 2002,” Carter Center, March 1, 2002.
• “That’s the closest… fistfight”: Erica Ritz, “Former President Jimmy Carter Reveals the Only Time He Almost Got in a ‘Fist Fight’ with Another Head of State,” The Hill, November 4, 2013.
• “remain the largest source of potential voter fraud”: Jessica Huseman, “Voting by Mail Would Reduce Coronavirus Tramsission, but It Has Other Risks,” ProPublica, March 24, 2020.
• “immediate steps to expand vote-by-mail”: “Carter Center Statement on Voting by Mail for 2020 U.S. Elections,” Carter Center, May 6, 2020.
• “He always looked for… the inherent good”: Jennifer McCoy int., July 16, 2015.
• “We fill vacuums”: Jimmy Carter int., July 16, 2019.
• “I can bring enough vaccinations”: Annette Carter int., July 16, 2019.
• “irrepressible conflict”: Harold Holzer, Joshua Wolf Shenk, and James H. Billington, In Lincoln’s Hand: His Original Manuscripts (New York: Bantam Dell, 2009), 102.
• “war is the greatest violation of human rights”: Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 344.
• “This will put more pressure”: Karin Ryan int., March 9, 2017.

Chapter 40: Freelance Secretary of State

• “set a wonderful example”: George H. W. Bush int., October 11, 2016.
• “cooler and more aloof”: Jimmy Carter int., March 22, 2019.
• “He stopped upward mobility”: ibid., November 17, 2015.
• “passionate intellect and commitment”: David Treadwell, “ ‘You Gave of Yourself: Reagan Praises Carter at Library Dedication,” Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1986.
• “ ‘country come to town’ ”: Rosalynn Carter int., November 17, 2015.
• “This sent a powerful message”: George H. W. Bush int., October 11, 2016.
• resolved devilishly complex disputes: Jennifer McCoy int., July 16, 2015.
• “working night and day”: George H. W. Bush int., October 11, 2016.
• “a Patton of peace”: Hertzberg, Politics, 50.
• “out of line and untrue”: ibid.
• ‘Arāfat told Carter… rejecting Camp David was one of the worst mistakes: Jimmy Carter int., April 12, 2019.
• “blind sympathy for the suffering”: Sharansky with Dermer, The Case for Democracy, xxi.
• “We saw Carter as incredibly self-centered”: Brinkley, Unfinished Presidency, 345.
• “I may not always have succeeded”: Jimmy Carter int., November 19, 2015.
• he was “disappointed”: Alessandra Stanley, “On Tour with Jimmy Carter: Words of Advice, Bittersweet,” New York Times, January 14, 1993.
• “The time for temporizing is over”: Brent Scowcroft and Arnold Kanter, “Korea: Time for Action,” Washington Post, June 15, 1994.
• feigned ignorance: Jimmy Carter, “Report of Our Trip to Korea,” Carter Center, June 1994.
• “treasonous prick”: Brinkley, Unfinished Presidency, 405.
• “to make lemonade out of this lemon”: ibid.
• “stopped the sanctions”: David E. Sanger, “Carter Visit to North Korea: Whose Trip Was It Really?,” New York Times, June 18, 1994.
• Carter ignored the fact that sanctions can provide crucial leverage: Jimmy Carter int., August 3, 2018.
• “the immense tension”: Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), 334.
• “pacifist leanings could undercut”: George Stephanopoulos, All Too Human: A Political Education (Boston: Little, Brown, 1999), 313.
• “Goddamn it! Get them out of there!”: Brinkley, Unfinished Presidency, 427.
• “You must accept this agreement”: ibid.
• “Can you defend our country?”: Sam Nunn int., June 9, 2017.
• “It was the only way”: Jimmy Carter int., August 3, 2018.
• “the shrine he seeks”: Murray Kempton, “St. Jimmy’s Halo Askew,” Newsday, September 22, 1994.
• “ashamed” of Clinton’s harsh sanctions: Maureen Dowd, “Despite Role as Negotiator, Carter Feels Unappreciated,” New York Times, September 21, 1994.
• “We take orders”: Richard Holbrooke, To End a War (New York: Random House, 1998), 150.

Chapter 41: Sunday School Teacher

• “They can take their damn prize!”: Hamilton Jordan, unpublished book proposal, June 16, 2003.
• “must also be seen as criticism”: Alan Riding, “Nobel Committee Wins Praise and Criticism for Prize to Carter,” New York Times, October 12, 2002.
• “I engaged in wishful thinking”: Jimmy Carter int., September 1, 2017.
• “We believe he hates us”: Ami Ayalon int., November 2, 2017.
• “harmed my relationship”: Jimmy Carter int., June 13, 2015.
• “He has shifted from annoyance”: Kenneth W. Stein, “My Problem with Jimmy Carter’s Book,” Middle East Quarterly 14, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 3–15.
• still determined to go the last mile for peace: Karin Ryan int., March 9, 2017.
• “a second term”: NBC Nightly News, June 9, 2008.
• “that unjust accusation”: New York Times, May 15, 1977.
• “Jimmy, Jimmy”: Karin Ryan int., March 9, 2017.
• “nonexistent”: Jimmy Carter int., June 14, 2015.
• “Jimmy Carter was a queer”: David Rabhan int., September 4, 2017.
• “a matter of personal interest”: Jimmy Carter to Ayatollah Khomeini, October 28, 1988.
• “Your 1834H copilot, Jimmy”: Jimmy Carter to David Rabhan, December 7, 1989, Rabhan private papers.
• “I also shudder to think… I may go free”: David Rabhan to Jimmy Carter, November 21, 1988, Rabhan private papers.
• “For once… go back to your cell”: David Rabhan int., September 5, 2017.
• Carter called Judge Berry Avant Edenfield: Jimmy Carter int., September 8, 2017.
• “A good person”: Cahnman, “My Visit with the Carters in Plains.”
• “if your life is not filled with peace”: Travis Loller, “Despite Fall, Former President Carter Helps Build Home,” Associated Press, October 7, 2019.
• “to alleviate suffering”: Ernie Suggs, “Carter Center Appoints Paige Alexander as New CEO,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 14, 2020.
• the World Health Organization (WHO)… moved back the target date: Tim McDonnell, “The End of Guinea Worm Was Just Around the Corner. Not Anymore,” NPR, October 4, 2019.
• “our country… the foremost warlike nation”: Jimmy Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, June 28, 2019.
• “to make peace an attitude”: Mattie J. T. Stepanek with Jimmy Carter, Just Peace: A Message of Hope (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2006), 158.
• “There’s no doubt that Mattie was an angel”: ibid., 189; Jeni Smith Stepanek int., November 5, 2015.
• “I feel that my role… is probably superior to that of other presidents”: Dowd, “Carter Lusts for Trump Posting.”
• “radical departure”: Diane Rehm Show, NPR, October 9, 2007.
• “I’ve always liked Jimmy Carter”: NBC News, October 7, 2019.
• calling for an age limit: ibid., September 18, 2019.
• “How clean a smell”: Hertzberg, Politics, 69.
• “saving more lives than possibly any couple”: Jeff Carter, remarks, CC Weekend, June 22, 2016.
• “I think I am less intense now”: Jimmy Carter int., September 5, 2015.
• “Oh, I am”: Jimmy Carter int., February 17, 2017.
• “He was mocked”: Barack Obama int., August 13, 2020.
• “Great sorrow and disappointment”: Jimmy Carter, Carter Center, June 3, 2020.
• “completely at ease with death”: Alan Judd, “In Good Humor, Carter Returns to Sunday School After Fall,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, October 21, 2019.