INDEX

A

Abert Lake, 10

adaptations, biota, 74–75, 123, 133, 141, 152, 153, 157, 158

äfja, 21

Africa, 1, 3, 10, 11, 55, 119

Agassiz, Lake, 109, 131

Agassiz, Louis, 109

Alaska, 2, 17, 147

Albemarle Sound, 168

Albert, Lake, 61

Alberta, 2, 112

algae, 36, 73, 74, 75, 78, 94, 134, 138, 141, 143, 153, 177

algal zonation, 142

Allouez, Claude-Jean, 103, 108

Amu Darya, 3

anaerobic conditions, 7, 27

Angara River, 113, 114

animal life, 94, 95, 103, 112, 114–115, 118, 123–124, 126–127, 128, 129, 134, 135–137, 138, 140, 141–142, 142–143, 143–144, 145, 146, 152, 153, 162, 163, 166–167, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176–177

anoxic conditions, 26, 27, 28, 152, 172

Antarctica, 34, 71

Antelope Island, 111, 112

aphotic zone, 5

Aqaba, Gulf of, 82

Aqsū River, 117

aquatic ecosystems, 71, 73, 132, 151–152

aquatic productivity, 77–79

Aral Sea, 2–3, 10, 72, 116, 178

Arctic Circle, 95

Arctic Ocean, 90, 94, 112

arheic systems, 65

Asia, 8, 11, 13, 77, 80, 143, 151, 160

Astor, John Jacob, 108

Aswan High Dam, 130

Athabaska, Lake, 14

Atlantic Intracoast Waterway, 168

Atlantic Ocean, 14–15, 22, 97, 120, 143, 172

Australia, 10, 22, 61, 77, 140, 143

Ayaguz Lake, 117

Azov, Sea of, 87

B

bacteriological contamination, 40

Baikal, Lake, 1, 11, 34, 49, 59, 66, 80, 96, 113–116, 127

Balkhash, Lake, 80, 116–119

Bangweulu, 163

Barents Sea, 90

Barguzin River, 113, 114

Barisan Mountains, 12

basins, 1, 3, 7–23, 81, 111, 116, 119

basin topography, 17–19

beaches, 47, 50, 110, 143–144

Bear Lake, 110

Bear River, 109, 112

Beaver Island, 101

Belgium, 30, 36

benthos zone, 50, 76–77

Benue River, 120

Big Cypress Swamp, 163–164, 165

Big Soda Lake, 27

biogenic meromixis, 32

biological oxygen demand (BOD), 26

biological productivity, 4, 13, 25, 28, 29, 77–79

biomass production, 4, 78, 176

biospheres, 64, 68, 70, 71, 75, 79, 164

bitter lakes, 22

Black Island, 131

Black River, 104

Black Sea, 10, 87, 90

Boccaro, Caspar, 126

BOD (biological oxygen demand), 26

bogs, 130, 144, 145, 146–147, 151, 153–155, 170, 173, 174

Bonneville, Lake, 10–11, 110, 111

Bonney, Lake, 34

Boteti River, 171

bottom morphology, 42, 51, 52

boundary ecosystems, 130, 132, 150, 151–152

Bridger, Jim, 111

British Columbia, 14, 140

Brûlé, Étienne, 98, 100, 104–105, 108

Burton, Sir Richard, 128

Byrd, William, 168

C

calderas, 12

California, 8, 10, 22, 140

Cameroon River, 119, 125

Canada, 2, 13, 14, 95, 96, 97, 100, 109, 112, 113, 140, 144, 147, 148

capillary waves, 46

Caprivi Strip, 171

carbon dioxide, 22, 26–27, 68

Caspian Sea, 1–2, 10, 61, 71, 80, 86–95

Cattaraugus Creek, 97

Cayuga, Lake, 49

Central Asia, 1, 2–3, 72, 86, 178

Chad, Lake, 119–126

Chad basin, 3, 120

Chad River, 119

Chambeshi River, 163

Champlain, Lake, 10

Champlain, Samuel de, 100, 104

Chari River, 121–122

chemical oxygen demand (COD), 26

chemical pollution, 39, 40

chemical precipitation, 19, 21–23, 27

Chesapeake Bay, 138, 168

Chicago, 102, 103, 150

Chicago River, 101

Chikoy River, 113

China, 148, 150, 151, 175–176

Chobe River, 172

cirques, 14

clastic sediments, 19, 20–21

clays, 19, 20, 21, 82

clinogrades, 62

closed basins, 171

closed lakes, 3, 56

coastal ecosystems, 135

coastal mudflats, 132

coastal systems, 132–144

Coldwater Ditch, 168

Columbia River, 59, 110

common mangroves, 159–162

Congaree National Park, 164

consumers, 75, 142, 145

Coriolis force, 43–44, 45

Crater Lake, 12

Cree Indians, 131, 208

crenogenic meromixis, 32

cultural eutrophication, 29–30

currents, 5, 6, 16–17, 18–19, 20, 21, 24, 33, 36, 42–46, 50–52, 94, 101, 104, 132, 136

Cuyahoga River, 97

cyanobacteria, 30, 75, 78, 94

D

Dalton’s formula, 57

dams, 10–11, 13, 15–16, 16–17, 51–52, 53–54, 59, 94, 130, 144

Dead Sea, 71, 80–86, 110

decomposers, 75, 76

Deep Creek, 168

Deep Lake, 16

Deer Island, 131

deltas, 51, 114, 129, 170, 171–172, 175

denivellations, 44, 48, 49

Detroit River, 97, 99

diatoms, 30, 94

Diefenbaker, Lake, 51–52

Djourab Depression, 120

drainage systems, 65, 71

dredging, 18–19, 23, 50, 53, 59, 98

Drummond, Lake, 168–169

DuLhut, Daniel Greysolon, sieur, 108

E

Earn, Loch, 49

East African rift system, 126, 127, 129

Ebeji River, 122

ecology, wetland, 151–152

ecosystems, 23, 64–79, 130, 132, 135, 144, 145, 149–150, 151–152, 172, 176

ectogenic meromixis, 32

Eifel, Germany, 12

Elizabeth River, 168

Ellesmere Island, 34

Emin Pasha Gulf, 130

endangered species habitats, 164, 167

endorheic drainage systems, 65, 71

energy balance, 6

English Lake District, 14, 21

epilimnion, 5, 32, 35, 45, 49–50, 68

Erie, Lake, 6, 17, 25, 97–98, 99, 100, 103, 104

Erie Indians, 99

erosion, 5, 7, 17, 18–19, 20, 23, 24, 42, 50–51, 52, 53, 62, 66, 88

estuaries, 30, 135, 136, 137, 159, 162, 166, 175

Euphrates River, 170

eutrophication, 4, 29–30, 40, 78, 79

evaporation, 34, 35, 42, 53–54, 56–57, 58–59, 64, 71, 82, 83, 93, 109, 120–121, 122, 174

evaporites, 8

evapotranspiration, 55, 146

Everglades, 145, 163, 164, 165–167

exorheic regions, 65

explorations, 94–95, 98–99, 100, 103, 104, 110–111, 112, 125, 126, 128, 130, 131

extinction, lake, 62–63

F

Feeder Ditch, 169

fens, 147–148

fetch, 46

Finger Lakes, 13, 15–16

fjords, 14

floodplains, 146

Florida, 10, 16, 165

Florida Bay, 165, 166

fluvial processes, 16–17

forested swamps, 149

förna, 21

Fox River, 101

Frémont, John C., 111

freshwater lakes, 1, 66, 75–76, 76–77, 79, 162

freshwater tidal marshes, 130, 132, 137–138, 144, 145

freshwater wetlands, 146, 153

G

Garda, Lake, 49

Garstin, Sir William, 130

Genesee River, 104

Geneva, Lake, 48–49

George, Lake, 61

giant kelps, 138–140

glacial activities, 1, 8, 13–16, 19, 21, 59, 91, 109, 110, 147

grabens, 1, 11, 81, 82

gradient currents, 44

gradients, 26, 31, 32, 33, 35, 42–44, 48, 56–57, 69

Grand River, 97, 101

grasses, 1, 123, 132, 135, 136, 142–143, 145, 146, 147, 153, 155, 163, 165, 166, 172, 174, 176

Great Barrier Reef, 143

Great Basin region, 10, 111

Great Bear Lake, 95–96

Great Bear River, 96

Great Dismal Swamp, 167–169

Great Lakes, 1, 14, 37, 59, 66, 80, 96–108, 147

Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Seaway, 102

Great Rann, 137

Great Salt Lake, 10, 109–112

Great Slave Lake, 14, 112

Green Bay, 101, 103

groundwater, 1, 2, 16, 33, 42, 53, 54, 55–56, 65, 122, 146–147, 149, 155

gyttja, 21

H

halophytes, 85, 133

Ḥammār, Lake, 170, 171

Hearne, Samuel, 112

heat budgets, 32–35

heaths, 153, 154

heat transfer, 34, 35–37

Hecla Island, 131

Hefner, Lake, 34–35, 57, 59

Hemmelsdorfersee, 32

Highveld, 70

Himmerland, 169–170

holomictic lakes, 31, 32

Hornborgasjön, Lake, 23

Hudson Bay, 109

Hudson River, 131

human activities, 4, 8, 17, 23–24, 29, 51–52, 73, 87, 138, 150–151, 174, 177–178

Huron, Lake, 61, 96, 97, 98, 99–101, 104, 105

Huron Indians, 100, 101

Huron River, 97

Hutchinson, G.E., 8

hydraulic effects, 42–43

hydraulic gradients, 42

hydrologic cycle, 1, 2, 3, 52–63, 64, 65, 71, 87, 95, 117, 119, 145, 150

hydrophytes, 145

hypolimnion, 5, 32, 35, 36, 45, 49–50, 63, 68

I

Iceland, 12–13

ice-scour lakes, 13–14

ice sheets, 1, 13–16, 21, 109

Ile River, 117, 118

inflows, 5, 6, 8, 20, 24, 33, 42, 44, 51, 54, 55, 59, 62, 71, 83, 93, 99, 109, 110, 114, 117, 121–122, 146–147

inland water ecosystems, 75–79, 144

inland water origins, 64–66

inland wetland systems, 144–150

internal seiches, 45

internal waves, 45–46

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 178

Iroquois Indians, 98, 100, 104–105

islands, 12, 14, 34, 72, 87, 89, 95, 97, 99, 100–101, 104, 106–107, 111, 112, 121, 122, 126, 127, 130, 131, 163, 166, 172, 173, 175

Italy, 12, 49

J

Jolliet, Louis, 98, 100

Jordan River, 83, 109, 112

K

Kachchh, Gulf of, 137

Kagera River, 129, 130

Kalamazoo River, 101

Kalambo River, 127–128

Kaministikwia River, 106

Kanem, 120, 122, 123, 125

Kara-Bogaz-Gol, 88

karstic phenomena, 16

Katonga River, 130

Kavirondo Gulf, 129–130

kelps, 138–140

Kendyrli-Kayasansk, 88

kettle lakes, 16

Kiira dam, 130

Kioga, Lake, 10

Knipovich, Nikolai M., 95

Kura River, 88

Kwania, Lake, 10

L

Lake of the Dismal Swamp, The, 169

lakes

basins, 7–23, 42, 51, 62

chemical composition of, 23–28

commercial usage of, 37–38, 85, 96–97, 98, 99–100, 102–103, 107–108, 111, 112, 115–116, 118, 119, 124, 127, 131, 150–151, 153, 177–178

currents of, 43–44

ecosystems of, 23

extinctions, 62–63

hydrologic balances of, 52–63

nutrients, 28, 29, 79

sounding of, 5, 17

usages of, 37–39

land reclamation, 174–175, 176

Langmuir circulation, 45–46

La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 100, 103

Laurentide Ice Sheet, 109

lava formations, 12–13

lentic systems, 65–66

Lepsi River, 117

Likoma Island, 126, 127

limnology, 3–7

Lisān, Al-, 73, 80, 82, 83

Little Rann of Kachchh, 137

littoral zones, 50, 62, 63

Livingstone, David, 126, 129, 163

Logone River, 121–122

long-wave radiation, 6, 32–33, 34, 35

lotic systems, 66

Lualaba River, 128

Luapula River, 163

Lukuga River, 128

Lünersee, 16

M

maars, 12

Mackenzie River, 96, 112

Mackinac Island, 100–101

Mackinac, Straits of, 99, 101

Ma‘dan, 170

Makgadikgadi Pans, 171

Malagarasi River, 127

Malawi, Lake, 126

management, wetlands, 150–151

mangroves, 130, 132, 133–134, 151, 158–162, 165, 166, 175

Manistee River, 101, 103

Manitoulin Island, 99

Mansfeldersee, 16

Marquette, Jacques, 100, 103

Marsh Arabs, 170

marshes, 63, 130, 132, 155–157, 173

Mary, Lake, 32

Maumee River, 97

Mead, Lake, 59

Mediterranean Sea, 87

Mega-Chad, 119

Mendota, Lake, 59

Menominee River, 101

meromictic lakes, 26, 31, 34

meromixis, 31–32

mesotrophic lakes, 79

mesotrophy, 62

metalimnion, 68

meteorite craters, 17–18

Mexico, Gulf of, 159, 165

Miccosukee Indians, 164

Michigan, 32, 61, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 105, 107

Michigan, Lake, 96, 98, 99, 101–103

Minnesota, 14, 97, 105, 109

Minnesota River, 109

mires, 146

Mississippi River, 59, 109

Molopo River, 172

Moore, Thomas, 169

moors, 146

moraines, glacial, 13, 15–16

morphology, bottom, 42, 51, 52

Moses Lake, 17

mudflats, 111, 112, 132, 137, 143–144, 145, 155

Muskegon River, 101

Mývatyn, Lake, 12–13

N

Nalubaale Dam, 130

Nasser, Lake, 5

Nata River, 171–172

Native Americans, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104–105, 112, 131, 164, 173

Nelson River, 131

Netherlands, 30

neuston, 76–77

Nevada, 27, 32

Newfoundland Evaporation Basin, 111

New York, 13, 15–16, 49, 97, 98, 104

New Zealand, 12

Niagara River, 97, 104

Nicolet, Jean, 103

Nigeria River, 119

nitrates, 8, 22, 23, 27, 40

nontidal freshwater systems, 145

North American Great Lakes, 14, 38

North American Waterfowl Management Plan, 151

North Sea, 30

Norway, 14, 16

Nova Scotia, 17, 140

Nyasa, Lake, 61, 126–127

O

Okavango Delta, 171–172

Okavango River, 171

Okeechobee, Lake, 10, 166

Okefenokee Swamp, 172–173

Oklahoma, 34–35

oligotrophic waters, 29, 62–63, 78

Ontario, Lake, 34–35, 43, 58–59, 61, 98, 103–105,

open lakes, 56

open wetland systems, 147

Orange River, 172

Oregon, 10, 12

orthophosphates, 23, 27–28

Oswego River, 104

outflows, 3, 6, 16, 20, 33, 42, 53, 59, 61, 62, 93, 110, 114, 147

overturns, 5, 31–32, 68

Owen Falls Dam, 130

oxygen, 7, 25–26, 29, 40, 62–63, 68–69, 73, 74, 134, 177

P

Pacific Ocean, 110, 138

Padma River, 175

Paine, Robert, 142

paleolimnology, 19

Pangong Lake, 61

Pantanal, 146

Paraguay River, 146

Pasquotank River, 168

Pearlette ash deposit, 21

peat, 14, 19, 61, 133, 141, 146–148, 151, 155, 166, 170, 176

Pelee Island, 97

Pere Marquette River, 101

permanent waters, 66–70, 72–73

Perry, Oliver H., 99

Peter I the Great, 94

phosphates, 27–28, 40, 78

photic zones, 75–76

photosynthesis, 5, 22, 25, 26, 29, 75–76, 78

pH values, 7, 22, 26, 27, 145, 147

phytoplankton, 4, 5, 28, 30, 76–77

Pic River, 106

piedmont lakes, 14

Pigeon River, 106

Pinsk Marshes, 174

plankton, 29, 36, 75, 76–77, 134, 135, 141

plant life, 85, 114–115, 118, 122, 123, 128, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138–140, 142–143, 147, 152, 153–162, 163, 164, 166, 170, 172–173, 174, 176–177

pollution, 4, 20, 24, 36, 38, 39, 40, 96–97, 98, 103, 115–116, 118, 177

ponds, 3–4, 63

Portage River, 97

Precambrian African Shield, 120

precipitation, 27, 32, 33, 41, 42, 53, 54–55, 59, 61, 71, 82, 92, 93, 118, 120, 121, 144–145, 146, 173–174

pressure gradients, 42–44, 48, 56–57

primary production, 75–76, 77–78, 79, 176

Pripet Marshes, 173–175

Pripet River, 173

Provost, Étienne, 111

Q

Qaratal River, 117

Quebec, 17

Quetico, 14

R

Radisson, Pierre Espirit, 108

raised bogs, 153, 155

Raisin River, 97

Rann of Kachchh, 137

Rasmar Convention, 151

Red River, 109, 131

Red Sea, 11

riparian ecosystems, 144–145, 149–150

Rocky Mountains, 17

Ruhuhu River, 126

Russia, 34

Russian Platform, 90

Ruzizi River, 127

S

salinity, 69, 71, 72–73, 83–85, 94, 110, 114, 117, 118, 133–134, 135, 137, 153

salinity gradients, 26, 31, 32, 69

salt lakes, 10, 24, 72, 80, 109–112

salt marsh ecosystems, 135–136

salt marshes, 130, 132, 134–137, 137–138, 151, 159

Salt Sea, 80

salt swamps, 158–162, 175

saltwater estuaries, 162

Samur River, 88

sand dunes, 102

sand flats, 143–144

sand spits, 136

Sandusky River, 97

São Lourenço River, 146

Sārez, Lake, 13

Saskatachewan, 51–52

Saskatchewan River, 109, 131

saw grass, 145, 165, 166

Saxony, 16

Scheldt, 30

scouring, glacier, 13–14, 15–16, 147

sea grass, 132, 142–143, 166

seaweeds, 133, 138–140, 141–142, 143

secondary production, 78, 79

sedges, 145, 147, 153, 155, 158

sediments, 4, 5, 16–17, 18–19, 19–23, 51, 53, 63, 82, 91, 114, 122, 132, 134, 135, 143, 146

Sedom, 83

Sedom, Mount, 82, 85

seepage, 121

Seewlisee, 16

seiches, 6, 42, 45, 48–50, 92

Selenga River, 113

Seminole Indians, 164, 173

sensible heat, 33, 34

settlements, early, 81, 90, 98–99, 100–101, 103, 104–105, 111, 125

shingle spits, 136

Shire River, 126

shoreline ecosystems, 132

shortwave radiation, 6

Sierra Nevada, 10, 13

silica, 12, 28, 30

silts, 20, 109, 127, 136, 137, 142

Silver Lake, 17

Snake River, 110

Soda Lake, 32

Sodon Lake, 32

Soimonov, Fedor I., 94

solar radiation, 32, 33, 34, 35

Songpan Grasslands, 176

sounding, lake, 5, 17

Souris Lake, 109

Souris River, 109

Speke, John Hanning, 128, 130

Speke Gulf, 130

spits, 51, 136

Stanley, Henry Morton, 129

St. Lawrence River, 15, 97, 104

St. Lawrence Seaway, 100, 102, 103

St. Louis River, 97, 105

St. Marys River, 99, 100, 105, 107, 172

Stokhid River, 174

stratification, 5, 36

streamflow, 54–55, 82

Sturgeon River, 106

Styr River, 174

Sulak River, 88

Sumatra, 12

Sundarbans, 152, 175

Superior, Lake, 1, 24, 61, 97, 98, 103, 105–109, 129

surface waters, 43, 57, 59, 65, 68

surface waves, 42, 46–48

Suwanee River, 172

swamps, 132, 133–134, 144, 147, 149, 153, 157–162, 164, 165, 173

Syr Darya, 3

T

Tahoe, Lake, 10

Tahquamenon River, 106

Tanganyika, Lake, 1, 11, 61, 127–129

Taquari River, 146

tectonism, 8, 10, 12

temperature patterns, 4–5

temporary waters, 1, 65–66, 70–71, 72

Terek River, 88

terrestrial ecosystems, 75, 132, 135, 151, 152

terrestrial primary production, 79

thermal gradients, 32, 35

thermal patterns, 68, 69

thermal plumes, 4

thermal pollution, 4, 37, 39

thermal stratification, 49, 70, 71

thermoclines, 32, 35, 45, 49

thin-shelf deposits, 8

tidal currents, 132

Tigris River, 170

Toba, Lake, 12

topography, basin, 17–19

transpiration, 121, 122

transverse seiching, 49

Treatise on Limnology, A, 8

Treig, Loch, 49

Trent River, 104

trophic levels, 75

trophogenic zone, 75–76

tropholytic zone, 76

tropical swamps, 158

Trummen, Lake, 23

Tuborg, Lake, 34

Tüpqaraghan, 88

turnovers, 26, 31

U

Uda River, 113

Ukerewe Island, 130

UNESCO World Heritage sites, 175

Ungava Lake, 17

Upper Angara River, 113

Ural River, 88

Utah, 8, 10, 24, 109, 110

V

varved deposits, 21

vertical gradients, 42, 57

vertical mixing, 30–31

Vetter, Lake, 49

Victoria, Lake, 55, 61, 129–131

volcanism, 8, 11–12, 66

Volga River, 87, 88, 93

W

Washington, George, 168

waste heat, 36–37

water balance, 6, 52–53, 64–65, 116

water budget, 52, 53–59

water density, 30–31

waterfalls, 16

water input, 54–56, 71

water-level fluctuations, 59–61

water levels, 42, 53, 59–61

water output, 56–59, 71

water quality, 7

water volume declines, 40–41

wave height, 46–48

waves, 19, 20, 21, 44, 45–48, 50–52, 94, 132–133, 138

Weber River, 109, 112

Welland Canal, 104

Western Rift Valley, 127, 129

wetlands, 150–152, 162–176

White River, 101, 106

wildlife refuges, 168, 172, 178

Wiler, Lake, 23

wind-driven currents, 132

winds, 6, 8, 17, 20, 32, 34, 35, 42, 44–45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 57, 68, 91, 92, 94, 126, 132

Winnipeg, Lake, 80, 109, 131

Winnipeg River, 131

Wisconsin, 14–15, 32

Wizard Island, 12

X

Xau, Lake, 171

Y

Yedseram River, 122

Yugoslavia, 16

Yukon River, 17

Z

Zambezi River, 126, 172

Zhilinsky, I.I., 174

Zoigê Marsh, 175–176

zonation, 141–142

zone of aeration, 56

zooplankton, 76–77

Zürich, Lake, 6