1. The B. H. Vandervoort memoirs at the Eisenhower Center (EC), University of New Orleans, contain Vandervoort’s testimonial to Wray, along with his recommendation for the Medal of Honor. Wray’s story is also told in Wills, Put on Your Boots and Parachutes!, 86–87.
2. Honoré de Balzac, as quoted in Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 127.
3. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 37.
4. Adolf Rogosch interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
5. English, A Perspective on Infantry, 169.
1. Henderson, “D-Day + 1, Omaha Beach,” in Roush, World War II Reminiscences, 95–100.
2. Wills, Put on Your Boots and Parachutes!, 212.
3. Otis Sampson memoir, EC.
4. Frank Woosley memoir, James Coyle memoir, Sam Applebee memoir, and Otis Sampson memoir, EC.
5. Otis Sampson memoir, EC.
6. Wills, Put on Your Boots and Parachutes!, 91.
7. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 170.
8. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
9. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 178–79.
10. Ibid., 177.
11. Sidney Salomon memoir, EC.
12. Edward Gianelloni oral history, EC.
13. Jim Finn memoir and newspaper clipping, The Hackensack (N.J.) Record, June 3, 1994, in EC.
14. Charles Stockell memoir, EC.
15. Fred Hall oral history, EC.
16. Robert Miller oral history, EC.
17. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 154.
18. Ibid., 148.
19. Ibid., 155–56.
20. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 127.
21. Murphy, Heroes of WWII, 206–9.
22. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 41, 42, 45.
23. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
24. Otis Sampson memoir, EC.
25. Günter Behr interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
26. Helmut Hesse interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
27. James Delong oral history, EC.
28. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
29. Moench, Marauder Men, 203.
30. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
31. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 315–17.
32. OSS report of June 14, 1944, EC.
33. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 43–47.
34. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, Vol. I, 420–22.
35. Pogue, The Supreme Command, 543.
36. Chandler, ed., The D-Day Encyclopedia, 141.
37. Fraser, Knight’s Cross, 503–5.
1. Hastings, Overlord, 248.
2. James Delong oral history, EC.
3. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 317.
4. Ibid., 319.
5. Pogue, Supreme Command, 188.
6. English, A Perspective on Infantry, 184.
7. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 321.
8. Hastings, Overlord, 156.
9. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 110.
10. Hastings, Overlord, 155.
11. William Craft oral history, EC.
12. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 94.
13. Hastings, Overlord, 187–88.
14. Ibid., 190.
15. Fussell, Wartime, 268.
16. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
17. Ibid.
18. Wilson, If You Survive, 35.
19. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 212.
20. Moench, Marauder Men, 223.
21. English, A Perspective on Infantry, 180.
22. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 45–46.
23. Ibid., 58.
24. Weiss, Enemy North.
25. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 49–51.
26. Walter Padberg interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
27. Fraser, Knight’s Cross, 509–10.
28. Rolf Pauls interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
29. Adolf Rogosch interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
30. Hastings, Overlord, 183.
31. Frederick Ruge interview by Stephen Ambrose, EC.
32. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 66.
33. Gerhard Lemcke interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
34. Hastings, Overlord, 181–82.
35. Ibid., 206.
36. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 253–54.
37. Ibid., 254.
38. Hastings, Overlord, 218.
39. Edward Gianelloni oral history, EC.
40. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 161.
41. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 264.
42. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
43. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 274–77.
1. Hastings, Overlord, 273.
2. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, chapter 17.
3. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 149.
4. Pyle, Ernie’s War, 332.
5. James Delong oral history, EC.
6. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
7. MacDonald, The Mighty Endeavor, 305.
8. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 153.
9. Pyle, Ernie’s War, 336.
10. Edward Gianelloni oral history, EC.
11. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
12. Herbert Meier interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
13. Joachim Barth interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
14. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, 358.
15. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 153.
16. Hastings, Overlord, 255.
17. Joachim Barth interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
18. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
19. Günter Feldmann interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
20. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 154.
21. Hastings, Overlord, 256.
22. Ibid., 258.
23. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 157, 166.
24. Hastings, Overlord, 259–60.
25. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
26. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 160.
27. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
28. Walter Padberg interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
29. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 82.
30. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 177.
31. Ibid., 175.
32. Ibid., 185.
33. Heinz-Günter Guderian interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
34. Weiss, Enemy North.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Baldridge, Victory Road, 101.
38. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 216–17.
39. Robert Weiss memoir, EC.
40. Heinz-Günter Guderian interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
41. Weiss, Enemy North.
42. Helmut Ritgen interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
43. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 195.
44. Charles Stockell memoir, EC.
45. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 331.
46. Ibid., 332.
47. Ibid., 331.
48. Herbert Meier interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
49. Günter Materne interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
50. Walter Padberg interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
51. Herbert Meier interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
52. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
53. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 241.
54. Wilson, If You Survive, 70.
55. Walter Padberg interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
56. Walter Kaspers interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
57. Hans-Heinrich Dibbern interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
58. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 232.
59. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 336.
60. Hastings, Overlord, 313.
1. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 337.
2. Paul-Alfred Stoob interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
3. Günter Mollenhoff interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
4. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
5. Province, Patton’s Third Army, 36, 42.
6. Edward Gianelloni oral history, EC.
7. Wilson, If You Survive, 68.
8. Move Out, copy in EC.
9. Ibid.
10. Wilson, If You Survive, 82–83.
11. Hatch, 4th Infantry “Ivy” Division, 31.
12. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 153.
13. Fred Hall memoir, EC; New York Sun, October 24, 1944.
14. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 301.
15. The classic account of Market-Garden is Ryan, A Bridge Too Far.
16. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 117–18.
17. Otis Sampson memoir, EC.
18. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
19. Otis Sampson memoir, EC.
20. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
21. Wills, Put on Your Boots and Parachutes!, 139.
22. D. Zane Schlemmer memoir, EC.
23. Otis Sampson memoir, EC.
24. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
25. Murphy, Heroes of WWII, 209.
26. Wills, Put on Your Boots and Parachutes!, 130.
27. Booth and Duncan, Paratrooper, 227–30.
28. Otis Sampson memoir, EC; Wills, Put on Your Boots and Parachutes!, 141–43.
29. Booth and Duncan, Paratrooper, 236.
30. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 314.
31. Booth and Duncan, Paratrooper, 235–36.
32. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 315.
33. Will, Put on Your Boots and Parachutes!, 154.
34. Clinton Riddle memoir, EC.
35. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
1. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander, 529.
2. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 128–29; Cole, The Lorraine Campaign, 28–29.
3. Cole, The Lorraine Campaign, 29.
4. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 386.
5. Cole, The Lorraine Campaign, 266.
6. Ibid., 145.
7. Ibid., 272–73.
8. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 387.
9. New York Sun, October 24, 1944.
10. Fred Hall memoir, EC.
11. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 354–55.
12. Ibid., 357.
13. Wilson, If You Survive, 11–18.
14. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
15. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 102.
16. Wenzel Andreas Borgert interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
17. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
18. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 97.
19. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
20. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
21. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 123–25.
22. Ibid., 97–98.
23. New York Sun, October 24, 1944.
24. Fred Hall memoir, EC.
25. Ibid.
26. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 100.
27. New York Sun, October 25–27, 1944.
28. Reporting World War II, Vol. II, 274.
29. Life, November 6, 1944.
30. John C. Harrison papers, EC.
1. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 89.
2. Fussell, Doing Battle, 27.
3. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 21.
4. Ibid., 33.
5. Ibid., 41.
6. Ibid., 45.
7. Ibid., 46.
8. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 389.
9. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 134–35.
10. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 33.
11. Ibid., 35.
12. Ibid., 52.
13. Cole, The Lorraine Campaign, 440–43; Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 138.
14. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 140.
15. Ibid., 72.
16. Forrest Pogue oral history, EC.
17. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground, 1.
18. Ibid., 33.
19. Ibid., 28.
20. Ibid., 45.
21. Ibid., 60.
22. Chernitsky, Voices from the Foxholes, 62–63.
23. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground, 79.
24. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 220.
25. Wilson, If You Survive, 132, 145–47.
26. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 188–89.
27. Wilson, If You Survive, 183.
28. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 78.
29. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground, 150–52.
30. Ibid., 162.
31. Salomon, 2nd U.S. Ranger Infantry Battalion, 25.
32. James Eikner memoir, EC.
33. Len Lomell memoir, EC.
34. James Eikner memoir, EC.
35. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground, 168.
36. Gerald Heaney papers, EC.
37. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground, 169.
38. R. Potratz memoir, EC.
39. George Williams interview by Forrest Pogue, EC.
40. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground, 171.
41. George Williams interview by Forrest Pogue, EC.
42. Len Lomell memoir, EC.
43. George Williams interview by Forrest Pogue, EC.
44. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground, 169.
45. Ibid., 203.
46. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 73.
47. Len Lomell memoir, EC.
48. James Eikner memoir, EC.
1. John Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods, 81.
2. Robert Merriman memoir, EC.
3. Jack Barensfeld memoir, EC.
4. Franklin Anderson memoir, EC.
5. Eisenhower to Marshall, January 10, 1945, Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Texas.
6. John Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods, 113–19.
7. Cole, The Ardennes, 675.
8. Heinz-Günter Guderian interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
9. James Madison oral history, EC.
10. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company.
11. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
12. John Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods, 179.
13. Jochen Peiper interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
14. Heinz Kokott interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
15. Jochen Peiper interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
16. Ibid.
17. Günter Materne interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
18. Heinz Kokott interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
19. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
20. Heinz Kokott interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
21. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
22. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 8.
23. Dettor’s memoir is in The Bulge Bugle, Vol. 13, No. 4 (November 1994), a publication of the Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge, copy in EC.
24. John Eisenhower tells the Bouck story in greater detail in The Bitter Woods, 184–94.
25. Ibid., 192.
26. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
27. Roger Foehringer memoir, EC.
28. Hasso von Manteuffel interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
29. MacDonald, A Time for Trumpets, 144–45.
30. Heinz Kokott memoir, EC.
31. Heinz-Günter Guderian interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
32. Jochen Peiper interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
33. Karl Drescher interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
34. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 170–71.
35. Ibid., 172.
36. Kenneth Delaney memoir, EC.
37. Jack Barensfeld memoir, EC.
38. Herbert Meier interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
39. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
40. Jochen Peiper interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
41. Mocnik’s memoir is in The Pekan, newsletter of the 526th Armored Infantry Battalion, Vol. 15, No. 1, copy in EC.
42. John Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods, 231.
43. Richard Winters interview, EC.
44. Walter Gordon interview, EC.
45. Ralph Hill memoir and letters, EC.
46. Jack Belden, “Retreat in Belgium,” Reporting World War II, 596–99.
47. Kurt Vonnegut interview, EC.
48. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 172–73.
49. Cunningham, “Battle of the Bulge,” Reporting World War II, 575.
50. Charles Roland to Stephen Ambrose, January 17,1995, EC.
1. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company.
2. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
3. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 208–10.
4. Ibid., 203.
5. Arnold Parish memoir, EC.
6. Benjamin Vandervoort memoir, EC.
7. Jochen Peiper interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
8. Gavin to Vandervoort, October 6, 1979, EC.
9. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 173–74.
10. Ed Cunningham, “Battle of the Bulge,” Reporting World War II, 590.
11. Howard Randall oral history (with a copy of his “Indentification” card), EC.
12. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 133.
13. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 175.
14. John Harrison collection, EC.
15. Gordon Carson oral history, EC.
16. Rapport and Northwood, Rendezvous with Destiny, 586.
17. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 217.
18. Robert Bowen memoir, EC.
19. Helmuth Henke interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
20. Gottfried Kischkel interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
21. Gerd von Fallois interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
22. Ibid.
23. Jochen Peiper interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
24. Heinz-Günter Guderian interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
25. Jochen Peiper interview by Ken Hechler, EC.
26. Günter Brückner interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
27. Jack Barensfeld memoir, EC.
28. Cole, The Ardennes, 667.
1. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 115.
2. Ibid., 99.
3. Donald Chumley oral history, EC.
4. Memorable Bulge Incidents, 26.
5. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 11.
6. Herbert Meier interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
7. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 5.
8. Günter Materne interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
9. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 115–18.
10. Ibid., 112–13.
11. Clair Galdonik oral history, EC.
12. Gottfried Kischkel interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
13. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 73.
14. Memorable Bulge Incidents, 63–64.
15. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 193.
16. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 110.
17. D. Zane Schlemmer memoir, EC.
18. The B Battery Story: The 116th AAA Gun Battalion history, copy in EC; MacDonald, A Time for Trumpets, 540, 555.
19. Phillip Stark memoir, EC.
20. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
21. Memorable Bulge Incidents, 54.
22. Memorable Bulge Incidents, 10; Kurt Vonnegut interview by Stephen Ambrose, EC.
23. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 463.
24. Henry Andersen oral history, EC; Bill Everhard memoir, EC.
25. Leo Zarnosky memoir, EC.
26. I’m indebted to Bill Everhard and John Goetz for written memories of this incident; they are in EC.
27. Quoted in Bill Everhard’s memoir, EC.
28. Charles Stockell memoir, EC.
29. John Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods, 342–43.
30. Ibid., 343–45.
1. William Craft oral history, Lynn Sims collection, EC.
2. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 83.
3. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 209.
4. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 115.
5. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 185–87.
6. Gabel, The Making of a Paratrooper, 153–54.
7. The Bulge Bugle, Vol. 13, No. 4 (November 1994), 17.
8. Leo Lick memoir, EC.
9. Richard Jepsen memoir, EC.
10. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 139.
11. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 222.
12. Gabel, The Making of a Paratrooper, 163.
13. Ingersoll, Top Secret, 111.
14. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, 259.
15. Ibid., 266.
16. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 344.
17. Leo Lick memoir, EC.
18. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, 267.
19. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 212.
20. Ibid., 223.
21. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 53.
22. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
23. Clair Galdonik oral history, EC.
24. Memorable Bulge Incidents, 30.
25. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
26. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 189.
27. Donald Schoo memoir, EC.
28. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 377.
29. Ken Russell memoir, EC.
30. Gray, The Warriors, 119.
31. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 3.
32. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 210–11.
33. Ibid., 63.
34. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 186.
35. Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, 220.
36. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 111–12.
37. Arnold Parish memoir, EC.
38. Stanley Kalberer memoir, EC.
39. Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, 101.
40. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 135.
41. Fred Claesson oral history, EC.
42. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 186.
43. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 118.
44. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 52.
45. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 186.
46. Gabel, The Making of a Paratrooper, 164.
47. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 209.
48. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 156.
49. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 240.
50. Ibid., 63.
51. Ibid., 537.
52. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K.
53. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 241.
54. Dwayne Burns memoir, EC.
55. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 15.
56. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 110; Colby, War from the Ground Up, 44.
57. Carwood Lip ton interview and memoir, EC.
58. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 279.
1. Perret, There’s a War to Be Won, 373–74.
2. Robert Curtis memoir, EC.
3. Kurt Vonnegut interview, EC.
4. Steckel, “Morale Problems in Combat,” 2.
5. Wilson, If You Survive, 214.
6. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground, 135.
7. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 63.
8. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
9. Perret, There’s a War to Be Won, 376.
10. Steckel, “Morale Problems in Combat,” 3.
11. Ken Russell memoir, EC.
12. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 91.
13. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 74.
14. Douglas Smith memoir, EC.
15. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
16. James Eikner memoir, EC.
17. Robert Curtis memoir, EC.
18. Leo Lick memoir, EC.
19. Memorable Bulge Incidents, 81.
20. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 393–94.
21. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 306.
22. Steckel, “Morale Problems in Combat,” 4.
23. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
24. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
25. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 87.
26. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 153.
27. Douglas Smith memoir, EC.
28. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 249–50.
29. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
30. Steckel, “Morale Problems in Combat,” 6.
1. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 266.
2. Roush, World War II Reminiscences, 174.
3. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 434.
4. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 573; Moench, Marauder Men, 272.
5. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 419.
6. Robert Hastings interview by Adam Dayan, Wisconsin Veterans Museum, Madison.
7. Rooney, My War, 119.
8. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 426.
9. Ibid., 341.
10. Hawkins, B-l7s Over Berlin, 212.
11. Havener, The Martin B-26 Marauder, 191.
12. Stan Catterazole oral history, Wisconsin Veterans Museum, Madison.
13. Rooney, My War, 125.
14. Hawkins, B-l7s Over Berlin, 260.
15. Stan Catterazole oral history, Wisconsin Veterans Museum, Madison.
16. Hawkins, B-l7s Over Berlin, 263.
17. Roush, World War II Reminiscences, 177.
18. Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin, 215.
19. Rooney, My War, 95.
20. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 428.
21. Ibid., 377.
22. Leo Fenster memoir, EC.
23. Hawkins, B-l7s Over Berlin, 256.
24. Ibid., 260.
25. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 382.
26. Moench, Marauder Men, 351.
27. Havener, The Martin B-26 Marauder, 234–37.
28. Ibid., 187–88.
29. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 341.
30. Philip Wright memoir, EC.
31. The Vonnegut wartime letters are printed in Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History.
32. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 397.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., 398.
35. Memo to President Eisenhower from Ralph Williams, April 6, 1960, Eisenhower Library.
36. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 420.
1. Frank South memoir, EC.
2. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 73–75.
3. Edward Gianelloni oral history, EC.
4. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 228.
5. Cosmos and Cowdrey, Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations, 363.
6. Wilson, If You Survive, 99–100.
7. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 3.
8. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, 261.
9. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 82.
10. Edward Gianelloni oral history, EC.
11. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 110.
12. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, 251–52.
13. Wenzel Andreas Borgert interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
14. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 73.
15. Robert Bowen memoir, EC.
16. Webster, Parachute Infantry, 41.
17. Charles Stockell memoir, EC.
18. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 82.
19. Mauldin, The Brass Ring, 232.
20. Gabel, The Making of a Paratrooper, 209.
21. Bradley tells his story in Aid Man!, now out of print and rare. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, 252–55, summarizes it.
22. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, 253.
23. Frank South memoir, EC.
24. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 70.
25. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 184.
26. Memorable Bulge Incidents, 29.
27. Ken Russell memoir, EC.
28. Memorable Bulge Incidents, 28.
29. Edward Gianelloni oral history, EC.
30. Perret, There’s a War to Be Won, 488.
31. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, 255.
32. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 197–98.
33. Center for Military History, The Army Nurse Corps, 15.
34. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 73.
35. Campbell, “Servicewomen of World War II,” 254.
36. Center for Military History, The Army Nurse Corps, 8.
37. Ibid., 9.
38. Allen, Medicine Under Canvas, 118.
39. Litoff and Smith, “Today We Have Lived History,” 20.
40. Litoff and Smith, “This Is War,” 9.
41. Litoff and Smith, We’re in This War, Too, 164.
42. Ibid., 161.
43. Allen, Medicine Under Canvas, 140.
44. Litoff and Smith, We’re in This War, Too, 153.
45. Ibid., 169.
46. Ibid., 175.
47. Ibid., 160.
48. Ken Russell memoir, EC.
49. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 73–75.
50. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, 262.
51. Ibid., 262–63.
52. Ibid., 267.
53. Briand Beudin oral history, EC.
54. Litoff and Smith, We’re in This War, Too, 159.
55. Allen, Medicine Under Canvas, 130.
56. Cosmos and Cowdrey, Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations, 385.
57. Richard Winters interview, EC.
58. Cosmos and Cowdrey, Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations, 385–86.
1. Gray, The Warriors, 43.
2. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
3. Fussell, Wartime, 80.
4. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 61.
5. Edward Gianelloni oral history, EC.
6. William Leesemann memoir, EC.
7. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, 405.
8. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander, 488–89.
9. Pogue, The Supreme Command, 323.
10. The informant insists on remaining anonymous.
11. Luck, Panzer Commander, 210.
12. Gerhard Lemcke interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
13. Hannibal von Luttichgau interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
14. Ernest Hemingway, “How We Came to Paris,” Collier’s, October 7, 1944.
15. Chernitsky, Voices from the Foxholes, 70.
16. Ed Jabol oral history, EC.
17. Gray, The Warriors, 17–18.
18. Huie, The Execution of Private Slovik, 131.
19. Wilson, If You Survive, 155–57, 168–69.
20. Yank, April 28, 1944.
21. Walter Kaspers interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
22. Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops, 652.
23. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 660.
24. Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops, 661.
25. Ibid., 704.
26. Sims, “They Have Seen the Elephant,” Isaac Coleman memoir.
27. Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops, 689–93.
28. Ibid., 693–95.
29. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 661.
30. Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops, 697.
31. Ibid., 702.
32. Yank, July 28, 1944.
33. Lee, Employment of Negro Troops, 705.
1. SHAEF War Crimes Files, copy in EC.
2. Edward Webber memoir, EC.
3. D. Zane Schlemmer memoir, EC.
4. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 210.
5. Fussell, Doing Battle, 124.
6. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 532.
7. Charles Stockell memoir, EC.
8. Cole, The Ardennes, 264.
9. Ibid., 261–62.
10. Ed Cunningham, “The Battle of the Bulge,” in Reporting World War II, Vol. II, 582.
11. Cole, The Ardennes, 262.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. John Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods, 237.
14. J. Frank Brumbaugh memoir, EC.
15. Walter Melford memoir, EC.
16. James Pemberton memoir, EC.
17. Ernest Vermont memoir, EC.
18. Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, 37, 61–62, with thanks to the author for permission to quote.
19. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 414.
20. Ernest Vermont memoir, EC.
21. Durand, Stalag Luft III, 358–59.
22. Ibid., 158.
23. Astor, The Mighty Eighth, 415.
24. Ernest Vermont memoir, EC.
25. Whiting, Death of a Division, 117.
26. Durand, Stalag Luft III, 358.
27. Roger Foehringer memoir, EC.
28. Josef Bischof interview by Stephen Ambrose, EC.
29. Schott, “Prisoners Like Us.”
30. Bischof and Ambrose, Eisenhower and the German POWs, 234.
31. Cowdrey, “A Question of Numbers,” 92.
1. John Cobb memoir, EC.
2. Paul-Arthur Zeihe interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
3. John Harrison letters, EC.
4. Don Schoo memoir, EC.
5. D. Zane Schlemmer memoir, EC.
6. John Harrison memoir, EC.
7. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 572.
8. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 179.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 180.
11. Wilson, If You Survive, 238.
12. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 209.
13. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 129.
14. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 208, 218.
15. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 389.
16. Ibid., 381.
17. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 97.
18. Gabel, The Making of a Paratrooper, 172–75.
19. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 373.
20. Don Schoo memoir, EC.
21. Dwayne Burns memoir, EC.
22. Don Scott memoir, EC.
23. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 167–68.
24. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 378.
25. Walter Rahn interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
26. Gerhard Lemcke interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
27. Gerhard Winkler interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
28. Helmut Ritgen interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
29. Langdon, “Ready,” 112–13.
30. Hans von Luck oral history, EC.
31. Ibid.
32. Colley, “Operation Northwind,” 15.
33. Hans von Luck oral history, EC.
34. Colley, “Operation Northwind,” 16.
35. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 157, 161–62.
36. Ibid., 177–82.
37. Roy Creek memoir, EC.
38. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 180.
39. Ibid., 180–81.
40. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 190.
41. Wilson, If You Survive, 234–35.
42. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 574.
43. Ibid.
44. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 228.
1. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 380.
2. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 578.
3. Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. I, Soldier, General of the Army, 381.
4. Ibid., 382.
5. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 414–15.
6. Province, Patton’s Third Army, 169, 174.
7. Jim Underkofler interview, Wisconsin Veterans Museum, Madison.
8. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 16.
9. Ibid., 14.
10. Clinton Riddle memoir, EC.
11. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 407.
12. Ibid., 403.
13. Patton, War as I Knew It, 251.
14. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 409–10.
15. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 175–76.
16. John Cobb memoir, EC.
17. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 217.
18. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 66.
19. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 218.
20. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 607.
21. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 219.
22. Hoegh and Doyle, Timberwolf Tracks, 229.
23. Ibid., 23–31.
24. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 220.
25. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 228.
26. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 92.
27. Karl Drescher interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
28. Ewald Becker interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
29. Karl Drescher interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
30. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 426.
31. Patton, War as I Knew It, 243.
32. Ibid., 240.
33. Ibid., 248.
34. Ibid., 246.
35. Ibid., 243.
36. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 589.
37. Ibid., 593–95.
38. Patton, War as I Knew It, 250, 247.
39. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 595.
40. Ibid., 617.
41. Hechler, The Bridge at Remagen, 35.
42. Ibid., 16–17.
43. Max Lale’s wartime letters are reprinted in the East Texas Historical Journal.
44. Günter Materne interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
45. Ibid.
46. D. Eisenhower to Milton Eisenhower, Sept. 1, 1939, Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Texas.
47. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 265.
48. Ibid., 239.
1. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 625.
2. Ibid.
3. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 224.
4. Ibid., 231.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 232.
7. Ibid., 257.
8. Ibid., 234.
9. Stannard, Infantry, 81.
10. William Faust memoir, EC.
11. Stannard, Infantry, 182.
12. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 205.
13. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 217.
14. Ibid., 216–23.
15. Rolf Pauls interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
16. Steinhoff, Voices from the Third Reich, 413.
17. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 161–63; Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 626–27.
18. Hechler, The Bridge at Remagen, 115.
19. Ibid., 115–21.
20. Steinhoff, Voices from the Third Reich, 410–11.
21. Bradley, A General’s Life, 406.
22. Rolf Pauls interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
23. Waldemar Führing interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
24. Charles Roland memoir, EC.
25. William Westmoreland interview, EC.
26. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 164.
27. Oswald Filla interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
28. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 165.
29. Roush, World War II Reminiscences, 218–19.
30. Doubler, Closing with the Enemy, 167.
31. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 643.
32. Province, Patton’s Third Army, 226.
33. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 648.
34. Hawkins, B-l7s Over Berlin, 267.
35. Richard Hottelet, “Airborne Assault,” Reporting World War II, Vol. II, 649–59.
36. Gabel, The Making of a Paratrooper, 263.
37. Valentin Klopsch memoir, in the 513th PIR remembrance binder, EC.
38. Arthur Tappan memoir, EC.
39. Frisbee, “Operation Varsity.”
40. Arthur Tappan memoir, EC.
41. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 648.
42. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 447.
43. D. Zane Schlemmer memoir, EC.
44. James Pemberton memoir, EC.
45. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 462.
46. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
47. Ibid.
48. Lale, “My War,” 15.
49. Joe Burns oral history, EC.
50. David Webster memoir, EC.
1. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 28.
2. Lale, “My War,” 15.
3. Ibid., 17.
4. Swanson, Upfront with Charlie Company, 29.
5. Gilbert, The Day the War Ended, 7–8.
6. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC.
7. Province, Patton’s Third Army, 238, 270.
8. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 257.
9. Ibid.
10. Gilbert, The Day the War Ended, 5.
11. Gray, The Warriors, 152.
12. Dwight Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, 405.
13. Erich Womelsdorf interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
14. Hannibal von Lüttichgau interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
15. Wenzel Andreas Borgert interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
16. Calvin Boykin memoir, EC.
17. Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945, 89.
18. Günter Materne interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
19. Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945, 75.
20. John Cobb memoir, EC.
21. Friedrich Bertenrath interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
22. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 250.
23. Gregori Arbatov interview by Stephen Ambrose, EC.
24. Stannard, Infantry, 36–38.
25. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 710.
26. Reid, The Latter Days at Colditz, 226.
27. Gilbert, The Day the War Ended, 37.
28. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 242.
29. Charles Stockell memoir, EC.
30. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 269.
31. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 242.
32. Ibid., 247.
33. Leinbaugh and Campbell, The Men of Company K, 259.
34. Belton Cooper memoir, EC.
35. Gilbert, The Day the War Ended, 11.
36. Dwight Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, 408–9.
37. Reporting World War II, Vol. II, 685.
38. Ibid., 720, 724.
39. Roush, World War II Reminiscences, 166–67.
40. Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 270.
41. Steinhoff, Voices from the Third Reich, 490.
42. Gilbert, The Day the War Ended, 12.
43. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
44. Stars and Stripes, May 6, 1945.
45. Ewald Becker interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.
46. Forrest Pogue interview, EC.
47. James Pemberton memoir, EC.
48. Charles Stockell memoir, EC.
49. Colby, War from the Ground Up, 471.
50. Arthur Schultz memoir, EC.
51. Egger and Otts, G Company’s War, 252–53.
1. Walter Zittats interview by Hugh Ambrose, EC.