Note: (ill.) indicates
photos and illustrations.
A
AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), 377, 379–80
AAI (Adult Attachment Interview), 62–64
abnormal psychology, 343–403, 430
About Behaviorism (Skinner), 23
abstract thought, 192
abuse
child, 244, 411–15, 415 (ill.), 439
substance, 142, 367–80, 370 (ill.), 442 (ill.)
academics, cognitive
change’s effect on, 192
accommodation, 28
acquired situational narcissism, 335
action, intentional and motor behavior, 125–29
action, learning by, 27–28
action potentials, 103–4
ADD (attention deficit disorder), 140
addiction, 37, 367, 369–80, 379 (ill.), 443
adjusting to divorce, 255–56
adjusting to later adulthood, 215–16
Adler, Alfred, 22
adolescence, development in, 190–201
Adopted Grays, the, 344
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), 62–64
adult development, theories of, 148, 205, 214
adulthood, trauma in, 411
affection, importance of, 244–46
age, changes in marrying, 235
age of abused children, 414
age of criminals, 435–36
age of drug users, 375
aggression, Freud’s view of, 20
aging of the brain, 114–17
AI (artificial intelligence), 78
Ainsworth, Mary, 57–60, 62, 155
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 377, 379–80
Alderfer, Clayton, 328
Aldrich, John, 338
alexythymia, 131
Allport, Gordon, 314
Alpha and Beta tests, 91–92
altruism, 70–71, 71 (ill.), 338–39
Alzheimer’s disease, 116–17, 116 (ill.), 136, 137, 217–18
America, aging in, 216
America, debt in, 288
America, household arrangements in, 249
America, married life in, 247
American Psychological Association (APA), 2, 23, 91, 279, 333, 345–46, 367
amygdala, 100, 131, 295, 299–300, 451
analysand, 382–83
analytic ability, limits of, 292
analytical psychology, Jungian, 49–53
anatomy, brain, 96, 96 (ill.), 99 (ill.)
anchoring effect, 290
Anderson, Jeff, 205
Andriessen, Erik, 324
animals
classical conditioning in, 33–34
emotions in mammal, 133 (ill.), 133–34
instincts, 128
operant conditioning in, 36
reinforcement of behavior, 38
study of brains, 95, 103–4, 106, 106 (ill.), 145
animistic thinking, 181
Annunaki, the, 344
Antabuse, 378
antianxiety drugs, 396
antidepressants, 395–96
antimentalism, 32
antipsychotics, 393–94
antisocial behavior and attitudes, difference between, 433–34
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), 365–66, 368, 430–31, 431 (ill.)
antisocial traits, psychological study of, 436–43
anxiety’s interference with sexual functioning, 261, 263
APA (American Psychological Association), 2, 23, 91, 279, 333, 345–46, 367
aphorisms, 11
approaches to marriage, variance of across cultures, 235–36
aptitude tests, 330
archetypes, 52–53
arguments in marriage, 232 (ill.), 232–33
Aristophanes, 224
Aron, Arthur, 314
artificial intelligence (AI), 78
Asch, Solomon, 306–7
ASPD (antisocial personality disorder), 365–66, 368, 430–31, 431 (ill.)
aspects of happiness, 279–81
Asperger’s syndrome, 355–56, 450
assimilation, 28
association cortices, 119
associationism, 41
associative conditioning, 22, 31–37, 33 (ill.), 340, 385
assortative mating, 356
attachment, importance in evolution, 227
attachment, importance of parent-child, 241
Attachment and Loss (Bowlby), 57
attachment theory, 56–65, 57 (ill.), 60 (ill.), 64 (ill.), 169
attention deficit disorder (ADD), 140
attitudes, antisocial, 433–34
attitudes’ role in happiness, 277
attractiveness to the opposite sex, 226, 226 (ill.), 228 (ill.), 228–29
Ausubel, Laurence, 290
authoritarian parenting, 243–44
autism, 19, 182, 355–56, 357 (ill.), 450
autonomic nervous system, 130, 132
autonomy vs. shame and doubt, 152
Avicenna, 9
avoidant attachment, 59–62, 64
avoiding conflict in marriage, 233
awareness, personality as guide of, 52
B
Babinski reflex, 136
Bagley, Christopher, 445
Baker, Laura, 338
ballot design, 341
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 356
Bates, Norman, 21
The Battered Woman (Walker), 421
battering, spousal, 419–20, 424–27
battering syndrome, 421
Baumrind, Diana, 243
BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor), 216
Becker, Betsy Jane, 257
behavior
abnormal, 343
antisocial, 433–34
brain’s relationship to, 95–103
evolution’s role in, 69, 74–75
gender-typical, 269
genetics’ role in, 67–68, 74–75, 75 (ill.)
immoral, 321
motor, 125–29
possessive, 177
psychological study of criminal, 430–37, 440, 443–47
behavioral control, 129–30
behavioral economics, 287–88
behavioral modification, 24–25, 386
behavioral psychotherapy, 385, 387
behaviorism, 12, 22–24, 31–39, 41, 61
beliefs, false, 182
beliefs, variation in moral, 316
benefits of aging brains, 115–16
benefits of getting older, 214
benefits of happiness, 272
benefits of marriage, health, 230
Bergman, Anni, 154
Berkowitz, Leonard, 312
Bernstein, Eugene, 308
Bettelheim, Bruno, 450
Binet-Simon test, 93
biological effects of trauma, 408–9
biological factors contributing to delinquency, 439
biological findings on psychopathy, 441–42
biological theories of homosexuality, 268
biology, interaction between psychology and, 1
biology of money, 294–300
bipolar disorder, 352
black box theory, 32
Blanchard, Ray, 269
blank screen models of psychoanalysis, 383
Bleuler, Eugen, 17–19, 49–50, 348
blindsight, 119
B-love, 55–56
Blumer, Dietrich, 353
bonding, traumatic, 424
Borderline Personality Disorder, 364
boundaries, family, 249–51
Bowen, Murray, 250
Bowlby, John, 57–58, 62, 155, 220
brain
changes during puberty, 191
damage, pedophilia’s link to, 418
Descartes’ understanding of the, 10
development and Piaget’s theories, 163
drug addiction’s change in the, 372
imaging technology, 76–77
impact of environment on the, 143–46
neurobiology’s study of the, 76–77
neuroeconomics’ study of the, 294–300
phrenology’s study of the, 15, 18
reaction of to drugs, 142
relationship of to behavior, 95–102
use of in moral responses, 319–20
brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), 216
Brentano, Franz, 7
Brewer, Marilynn, 311
Brickman, Phillip, 274–75
Briggs, Katharine, 330
Broca’s area, 107
Brodmann, Korbinian, 99
Brodsky, Beth, 417
Brothers, Dr. Joyce, 402
Buddhism, relevance to psychology, 13
bullying, reasons for, 188–89
Bundy, Ted, 433
Burns, David, 388
Burt, S. Alexandra, 442
Bush, George W., 344
Buss, David, 227
buy low, sell high, 292
C
campaigns, politicians’ use of psychology in, 339–40
Campbell Interest and Skill Survey, 330
candidate selection, psychology of, 339
Canon of Medicine (Avicenna), 9
Canter, David, 447
Capone, Al, 376
captivity, psychological effects of, 423
Carter, Jimmy, 423
categorical approach to personality disorders, 363–67
categories of moral instincts, 316
categories of sexual orientations, 266
categorizing leading to stereotyping, 309
Cattell, James, 92–93
causes of antisocial traits, 436
causes of homosexuality, non-biological, 268
causes of mental illness, 356–57
celebrities, personality traits of, 335–37
Celebrity Attitudes scale, 337
celebrity worship, 337
cells, death of brain, 115
central tendency, measures of, 82
challenges of early adulthood, 201–4
challenges of later adulthood, 213
challenges of middle adulthood, 210–11, 211 (ill.)
challenges of pregnancy, 237, 239–41
change, addiction stages of, 376–77
changes in brain with age, 113 (ill.), 113–17
changes in family dynamics across development, 252
changes in identity of first-time parents, 237
character, 361
character strengths, 281–82
charisma, 326
Charness, Neil, 341
chauvinism, 311–12
Chess, Stella, 174
child abuse, 244, 411–15, 415 (ill.), 439
child development, attachment style’s impact on, 61–62, 65
child development, comparison to evolution, 108
child development, major theories of, 148
child molestation, 444–46
child testimony, 445
childhood, brain development in, 109–12, 143–45
childhood, Freud’s view of, 20–22
childhood, trauma in, 411
children
domestic violence’s effect on, 424–25
family structure’s impact on, 248
impact of divorce on, 256–58
Mahler’s work with, 155–59
Piaget’s work with, 26–27, 29, 160
understanding of moral issues, 320
Chivers, Meredith, 269
choosing a therapist, 392
Christian view of psychology, 8–9, 14
chunking, 292–93
Cicero, 8
clapping games, 188
Clark, Kenneth, 310–11
Clark, Mamie, 310–11
classical conditioning. See associative conditioning
classification of mental illnesses, 344–46
classification of parenting styles, 243–44
“Clerks”, 204–5
clinician-administered questionnaires, 84
Clinton, Hillary, 344
clitorendectomies, 264
Cloninger, Robert, 360–62
Coates, Dan, 275
Cochran, Johnny, 426
Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life (Stark), 422
coercive control, Stark’s model of, 422–23
Cogan, Rosemarie, 426
cognition, 12, 129–30, 208, 217, 292
cognitive development in adolescence, 192
cognitive development in the preschool years, 180
cognitive development in the school age years, 186
cognitive development, Piaget’s theory of, 159–64
cognitive development, preschooler language and, 83
cognitive development, toddler language and, 179–80
cognitive dissonance, 304
cognitive distortions, 388
cognitive psychotherapy, 386–87
cognitive reserve, 218
cognitive revolution, 39
cognitive science, 77–78
cognitive tests, 85
cognitive therapy, 10
Cohen, Jonathan, 319
Cohen, Lisa, 445
cohesion, group, 304
collective deprivation, 313
college graduation, trauma of, 205
commitment, 225
committed romantic partnerships, beginning, 202–3
common interests, importance of, 231
communication, importance of sexual, 262
communication in marriage, importance of, 231
comparison, social, 276
competence, relationship between mental illness and, 448
competition, evolution as a, 73
complaints, men’s sexual, 261, 261 (ill.)
complaints, women’s sexual, 260–61
complex behavior, 127–28
computerized tomography (CT) scans, 77
Concept of the Mind, 5
concept of the self, 176–77
conceptual schemas, 28
concrete operational stage, 162, 183, 186
conditioning, associative, 22, 31–37, 33 (ill.), 340, 385
conditioning, operant, 24–25, 31–36, 386
conditioning, role of in sexual response, 262
conditions, working, 324, 327–28
Condon, Bill, 259
cones, 121
conflict, avoiding in marriage, 233
conflict in a divorce, 256
conformity, group, 305–6
confound, study, 83–84
conscious, Freud’s view of the, 46
conscious, Jung’s view of the, 52
consequences, bias towards immediate, 290
conservation of substance, 161–62
conservation of volume, 161–62, 162 (ill.)
consistency in parenting, importance of, 244
consistency of study results, 86–87
conspiracy theories, 344
constructivism, 27
context, sensitivity to, 293
continuum of sexual orientations, 266, 266 (ill.)
contributors to divorce, 254
control, sense of, 278
controlling addictions, 376
controlling women’s sexuality, 264
controversies of sociobiology, 74
controversies surrounding Freud, 21–22
conventional morality, 165–66, 320
conversion disorders, 406
Cornut, Samuel, 26
corporal punishment, 244
correlates, 117
cortex, brain, 97–98, 104–5, 110, 117, 120, 278, 295–97
cortical atrophy, 114
countertransference, 382–83
Crane, Marion, 21
creativity, relationship between mental illness and, 354
crime, link to drug addiction, 374 (ill.), 375–76
criminal behavior, psychological study of, 430–37, 440, 443–47
criminal profiling, 429–30
criminal statistics regarding partner violence, 427
criminality, relationship between addiction and, 443
criminals, types of, 445–46
Crinklies, the, 344
critical periods of brain growth, 112–13
criticism of Kohlberg’s theories, 166–67
criticism of Piaget’s theories, 28–29
cross-group friendships, 314
cross-sectional studies, 79
crystallized intelligence, 115, 208, 217
CT (computerized tomography) scans, 77
culpability, relationship between mental illness and, 448–49
culpability, relationship between personality disorders and, 452
cultural bias in IQ tests, 90–94
culture-bound syndromes, 347
cultures
emphasis on peers, 200–201
Freudian theory’s influence on contemporary, 22
happiness across, 283–87
influence of on understanding of adolescence, 199
psychology in other, 12
role of in child
development, 167–69, 168 (ill.)
role of in mental illness, 347–48
variance of approaches to marriage across, 235–36
variance of attitudes towards domestic violence across, 428
variance of domestic violence rates across, 427
variance of family structures across, 248
variance of older adults’ role across, 216–17
variance of parenting styles across, 246
variance of sexuality values across, 263–64
variance of views on love across, 229
cycle of violence, 421–22
cytoarchitecture, 99
D
Dahmer, Jeffrey, 448
Damasio, Antonio, 131
Dark Ages, 8
Darwin, Charles, 17–18, 67 (ill.), 67–70
Darwinian evolution, 67, 69–70
Davidson, Richard, 278
Davis, Keith, 225
DBT (dialectical behavioral therapy), 391
de Martino, Benedetto, 291
Dear Abby, 402
death and dying, 219–21
debt in America, 288
decisions, brain’s role in making, 295–97
decisions, cognition’s role in financial, 292
decisions, emotion’s role in financial, 289–90
decisions, process of voting, 339
decisions, social context’s role in making, 293–94, 294 (ill.), 300
defense, insanity, 449–50
defense mechanisms, 383–84
definition of psychology, 1
delinquency, juvenile, 438–39
dementia, 18, 117, 136, 137, 217
Democritus, 5
dependence, substance, 370
depersonalization, 409
depression, 213–14, 354, 400–401
deprivation, 312–13
derealization, 409
derogatory parenting, 246
Descartes, Rene, 10
desire’s role in money psychology, 289
development across the lifespan, psychological, 147–221
development of new drugs, 397
developmental tasks of Gould, 206–7
devil, belief in the, 9
diagnosis of personality disorders, 367
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). See DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)
dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), 391
Diamond, Lisa, 227–28
Diana, Princess, 344
DiClemente, Carlo, 376 DID (dissociative identity disorder), 350
diencephalon, 109–10
differences between the genders, 236
differentiation subphase, 157
difficulty of talking about sex, 259
dimensional approach to personality types, 364
Dionysus, 263
disaster, natural, 408, 408 (ill.)
dismissing adults, 63–65
disorders, personality, 359–67, 452
displacement, 384
dissociation, 409
dissociative identity disorder (DID), 350
distortions, cognitive, 388
divisions of psychology study, 2–4
divorce, psychological study of, 253–58
D-love, 55–56
Dollard, John, 312
domestic violence, 419–28, 421 (ill.)
dopamine, 137 (ill.), 137–39, 297–98, 356, 361, 371, 442
dopaminergic reward system, 297–99
Doros, Gheorghe, 292
dorsolateral frontal cortex, 441
double deprivation, 313
Dr. Brothers’ Guide to Your Emotions (Brothers), 402
Dr. Joyce Brothers, 402
Dr. Laura, 403
Dr. Phil, 403
Drenth, Pieter, 324
dress of adolescents, 197, 197 (ill.)
drugs, psychiatric. see psychopharmacology drugs of abuse. see substance abuse
DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)
criminal behavior, 430–31, 434
forensics, 452
mental illness, 343, 345–49, 354–55
personality disorders, 360, 362–67
public sphere, 333–34
substance abuse, 368–70, 373, 375
dynamics, family, 251–52
E
early adulthood, development in, 201–7
Easterlin, Richard, 284
Eastern religions, psychology in, 13, 50, 53
ecological validity, 169
economics, behavioral, 287–88
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 400–401
education, role in formal operational stage, 164
educational practices, Skinner’s contributions to, 25
Edwards, John, 335
effectiveness of psychotherapy, 380–81
egg metaphor, 157
The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (Freud), 383
egoistic deprivation, 313
Electra complex, 150–51
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 400–401
Ellis, Havelock, 258
emotion. see also happiness, psychological study of
of babies, 173–74
changes in adolescence, 194
changes in middle adulthood, 208
cognition and behavioral control, 129–35
development in the school age years, 186
health of children during divorce, 256–57
impact of trauma on, 408, 408 (ill.)
intelligence, 91
object constancy, 159
relationship to learning theory, 33
role in financial decisions, 289–90
teaching children to manage, 246
of toddlers, 177
empathy, relationship to morality, 318
Empedocles, 6
employee motivation, 328–29
employee productivity, 324, 327–28
employees, do’s and don’ts for, 331–32
empty chair technique, 389
end of life, 219–21
engaged life, 279–81
Enron scandal, 435, 435 (ill.)
environment
impact of on the brain, 143–46
interaction between neurobiology and, 436–37
role of in behavior, 367
role of in development of antisocial traits, 436
role of in formal operational stage, 164
role of in mental health, 357
role of in personality, 362
role of in temperament, 174–75
epigenetic markers, 245
EPS (extra-pyramidal side effects), 393
Erikson, Erik
and adolescence, 193
comparison to Piaget, 160, 162
developmental stage theories of, 147–48, 152–54
Freud’s influence on, 148
influence on Seligman, 279
and later adulthood, 214
and middle adulthood, 210
and the school age years, 185
Erikson, Joan, 214
erogenous zones, 148
establishment of psychology field, 4
eugenics, 15, 17–18, 66, 70, 92
euphemisms, sexual, 265
evaluation of risk and reward, 288–89, 291
evolution
fitness, 69
function to controlling women’s sexuality, 264
of morality, 315–16
psychology of, 66–76
relationship with love, 225–28
of risk and reward evaluation, 289, 289 (ill.)
executive functions, 129
exercises to improve happiness, 281–82
existential psychoanalysis, 55
existentialism, 54
Exner, John, 87–88
expectations, setting of, 298
experience, brain development’s dependence on, 111, 112
experimental studies, 79–80
extended family, 251 (ill.), 251–52
external locus of control, 331, 408
extra-pyramidal neurons, 125
extra-pyramidal side effects (EPS), 393
extroversion vs. introversion, 52
Eysenck, Hans, 337
F
factor analysis, 223–24, 362–63
factors, Hare’s two psychopathy, 433–36
factors contributing to delinquency, 438–39
factors in successful therapy, 391–92
factors in therapy success, 391–92
factors increasing damage of child abuse, 413
factors leading to antisocial behavior, social, 437
factors of hostility in a divorce, 255–57
factors of mental illness, risk, 356
factors protecting against child abuse aftereffects, 415
factors that lead to happiness, 274, 274 (ill.), 276–77, 283–84
failure of marriages, 231
Fairbarn, W.R.D., 361
false belief task, 182
false memories, 410
families, psychological study of, 246–53
family, love for, 225
family factors contributing to juvenile delinquency, 438
family therapy, 389–90, 390 (ill.)
fantasy, distinguishing from reality, 181
Fastow, Andrew, 435
fathers, challenges to during pregnancy, 239–41
favoritism, 311–12
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 397, 399
fear’s role in money psychology, 289
Fechner, Gustav, 14
Fedorikhin, Alexander, 293
feeling, difference between emotion and, 131
Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy (Burns), 388
feeling vs. thinking, 52
female sexuality, cultures’ variance regarding, 263–64
feminism, 420–21
Fennell, Tiffany, 426
Ferber method, 387
fights, good and bad marital, 232–33
Finkel, Norman, 430
firm family boundaries, 250
first year, development in the, 169–70
first year, parental stress in the, 241
first-time parents, identity changes of, 237
Fisher, Helen, 229
Five Factor Model of personality, 52, 360, 364
fixed action patterns, 128
Fleming, Nicole, 273
flight of ideas, 351
fluid intelligence, 115, 208, 217
Foley, Mark, 336
folk psychology, 11
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 397, 399
Foot, Philippa, 319
forebrain, 109
formal operational stage, 163–64
Forman, Mats, 442
Fowler, James, 338–39
framing effect, 291
Franz, Robert, 171
free association, 382
frequency of divorce over history, 253
Freud, Amalia, 48
Freud, Anna, 383
Freud, Jacob, 48
Freud, Sigmund
biological aspect of theories of, 137
comparison to Jung, 50
comparison to Piaget, 26–27, 159–60, 162
contributions to psychoanalytic theory, 45–49
defense mechanisms, 383–84
differences between Mahler and, 155
Erikson’s study of, 152–53
latency stage, 185
photo of, 19 (ill.)
psychological development across the lifespan, 147–48
and psychological trauma, 145
psychosexual stages of, 148–52
seduction theory, 406
as sexologist, 258
theories of, 19–22
use of psychoanalysis, 382
use of psychotherapy, 380
friends, love for, 225
friendships, cross-group, 314
friendships, role of, 183
frontal lobe, 98, 105–6, 113–14, 134–36, 451
frontal release signs, 128, 136
frustration tolerance, 243
function of happiness, 271–72
function of love, evolutionary, 228
functional behavioral analysis, 387
functions of the brain, 101, 105
G
Gacy, John Wayne, 448
Galton, Francis, 16–18, 17 (ill.), 70
Galton, John, 92–93
gambling as a reward system, 299
Gangestad, Steven, 266
gangs, teen, 438 (ill.)
Gao, Ge, 236
Gardner, Howard, 91
Garofolo, Janeane, 205
Geier, Andrew, 292
gender
differences, study of, 236
differences in preschoolers, 184–85, 184 (ill.)
differences in sexual orientation, 269
differences in sexuality, 260
role of in antisocial traits, 438–39
roles in parenting, 241–42
toddlers’ understanding of, 180
gender-typical behavior, 269
generational boundaries, 250, 252–53
generational cycle of abuse, 414–15, 415 (ill.), 417
generativity vs. stagnation, 154, 210
genetics
basis of temperament, 174
role of in addiction, 373–74
role of in antisocial traits, 442
role of in behavior, 67–68, 74–75, 75 (ill.)
role of in happiness, 276–77
role of in mental health, 357–59
role of in personality, 362–63
role of in voting behavior, 338
genital stage, 151
George III, King, 358
Gerner, Lindsey, 239
gerotranscendance, 214
Gestalt psychology, 39–45, 54, 78
Gestalt psychotherapy, 45, 55, 389
Gilligan, Carol, 167, 315, 321–22
glutamate, 140
goal-correction, 129
goals, group, 312
Golden Rule, 318
Goldman, Ronald, 426
Goleman, Daniel, 91
good death, contributions to a, 219
Gottman, John, 231, 246, 254, 441
gray matter, 104
Grays, the, 344
Greek root of word “psychology”, 5
Greeks, ancient, view of psychology, 4–6, 8
Green, Donald, 338
Greene, Joshua, 319
grief, 219–20
group psychotherapy, 379 (ill.)
guilty but insane, 449
Gurr, Ted Robert, 312
H
habitual voting, 338
Haeckel, Ernst, 108
Haidt, Jonathan, 316–17
Haley, Jay, 390
Hall, Calvin, 334
hallucinations, 349
happiness, psychological study of, 271–78
happiness across cultures, 283–87
happiness set point, 274–76, 275 (ill.)
hard science, methods, 80–81
Hare, Robert, 432–36
Hare Psychopathy Checklist, revised (PCL-R), 432, 435
harm avoidance, 361
Hart, Gary, 336
hatching, 157
Hawke, Ethan, 205
Hawthorne studies, 323–24
Hazan, Cindy, 227–28
Headey, Bruce, 273
health, maintaining brain, 114
health benefits to happiness, 272–73
health benefits to marriage, 230
Hearst, Patty, 423, 423 (ill.)
Hearst, William Randolph, 423
heart rate during arguments, 440 (ill.), 441
hebephilia, 417
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 81
Helmholtz, Hermann, 14
Hemingway, Ernest, 354
Herman, Judith, 423
Hertzberg, Frederick, 328–29
heterocyclics, 396
hierarchical organizations, 322, 325
Hill, Robert, 334
hindbrain, 109
Hinduism, relevance to psychology, 13
history, role of older adults variance across, 216–17
history of attitudes towards domestic violence, 420
history of divorce, 253
history of family structures, 247
history of happiness, 284
history of morality, 317
history of sexual values, 265
Hitchcock, Alfred, 21–22
Hitler, Adolf, 40
holistic theories, 16, 40–42, 44, 54, 78
Homer, 5
homosexuality, 264–69, 310, 346, 444
homunculus, 124
honor killings, 264
Hooven, Carole, 246
hope, role of in the dying process, 219
hormones, impact of in pregnancy, 239
hormones, role of in sexual response, 262
hostility in a divorce, factors of, 255–57
Houran, James, 337
household arrangements, 249
Hovland, Carl, 313
Hughes, Howard, 358
Hugo, Victor, 192
human relations approach to organizations, 323
humanistic psychology, 53–56, 78
humanistic therapies, 389
humans, evolvement of, 106–8
husband battering, 426–27
Hyde, Janet Shibley, 236
hypomania, 354
hypothalamus, 100, 109, 110, 124, 131, 268
hypothetical-deductive reasoning, 163
hysteria, 406
I
ICD (International Classification of Diseases), 345, 369
Icke, David, 344
ideas, Hobbes on relationships between, 11–12
ideas, reaction to groups’
new, 306–7
identity, changes of in first time parents, 237
identity, group, 302–3, 303 (ill.)
identity development during adolescence, 193–94
identity vs. role confusion, 153, 206
Iliad (Homer), 5
illness, mental. see mental illness
illusion of absolute safety, 206, 212
imagined movement, 126
immediate vs. long-term consequences, 290
immoral behavior, rationalization of, 321
improving happiness, 281–82
“In a Different Voice” (Gilligan), 167
incest, 417
industry vs. inferiority, 153, 162, 185
inequality in happiness, 284
infancy, development in, 169–75
infants, Mahler’s work with, 156–59
influence, development of nonconformists’, 307
information overload, 293
inheritance of acquired characteristics, 70
initiation rituals, 304–5, 305 (ill.)
initiative vs. guilt, 153
injury, brain, 110–111
input sections of cells, 103–4
insane, guilty but, 449
insanity, not guilty by reason of, 449, 449 (ill.)
insanity defense, 449–50
insecure attachment, 58–60, 60 (ill.), 169
insight learning, 43–45
instincts, five categories of moral, 316
instincts, theory of the, 20
Institutional Review Board (IRB), 80
insula, 120, 124, 132, 295, 300
integrity vs. despair, 154, 214
intellectual ability, role of in criminal behavior, 434
intellectual development and cultural differences, 169
intelligence, definition of, 90
intensity of happiness, importance of, 272
interests, importance of common, 231
intergroup relations, 310, 312
intermittent reinforcement, 37–38, 61, 244, 299
internal locus of control, 331, 408
internal working model, Bowlby’s, 58
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 345, 369
International Psychoanalytic Association, 50
interpersonal experience, 146
interpersonal relationships’ role in happiness, 277
interpersonal skills, 331
The Interpersonal World of the Infant (Stern), 172–73
interpreting study results, 83
interviews, 84–85
intimacy, 225
intimacy vs. isolation, 153–54, 206
intimate partner violence, 427
introjection, 384
introversion vs. extroversion, 52
intuition vs. sensation, 52
involuntary movements, 125
IQ tests, 88–91, 91 (ill.), 93–94
IRB (Institutional Review Board), 80
isolation, 384
J
James, Henry, 32
James, Jacqueline, 416
James, William, 16, 22, 42, 54–55, 78
Jankowski, Richard, 339
Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie, 275
Jastrzembski, Tiffany, 341
Jesus, 9
Jewish view of psychology, 14
jobs, personality traits suiting different, 330–31
Johnson, Wendy, 277–78
judgment vs. perception, 52
Jung, Carl, 22, 49 (ill.), 49–53, 55, 330
Jungian analytical psychology, 49–53
juvenile delinquency, 438–39
K
Kaczynski, David, 451
Kaczynski, Ted, 450–51
Kam, Cindy, 339
Kandel, Eric, 145
Kant, Immanuel, 318
Katz, Lynn, 246
Kelly, Robert, 399
Kendler, Howard, 39
King, Laura, 272
King George III, 358
Kinsey, 259
Kinsey, Alfred, 258–59, 259 (ill.), 263, 266
Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, 259
Knight, Raymond, 444
Koffka, Kurt, 40
Kohlberg, Lawrence, 164–67, 315, 317, 320–22
Kohut, Heinz, 214
Krosnick, John, 341
Krueger, Robert, 277–78
Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth, 219–20
L
LaMarck, Jean-Baptiste, 69–70
LaMarckian evolution, 69–70
Landers, Ann, 402
language
development of, 176
evidence of in hominids, 107
exposure, effect of on brain, 144–45
precursors to, 175
preschooler, 183
role of in pre-operational stage, 160
role of in the toddler years, 175–76, 179–80
use of in politics, 340–41
latency stage, 151, 153, 162, 185
later adulthood, development in, 212–18
lateralization, 100
Law of Exercise, 32
leadership, 325–28
learned helplessness, 279
learning, impact on brain, 143, 144 (ill.), 145
learning after critical periods, 112–13
learning disabilities, 189–90
Lederer, Esther Friedman, 402
Lederer, Jules, 402
Lee, Austen, 444
Lee, John, 224
legalization of drugs, 442 (ill.)
Lehrer, Jonathon, 293
Leigh, Janet, 21
Leigh, Vivian, 358
length of therapy, 392–93
Lenin, Vladimir, 368
LeVay, Simon, 268
level of happiness, factors leading to, 274, 274 (ill.), 276–77, 283–84
Levinson, Daniel, 148, 204–6, 214
Lewin, Kurt, 302
libido, 8, 19–20, 22, 46, 47 (ill.), 48, 148
Liem, Joan, 416
life, relating psychology to everyday, 1
life circumstances’ role in happiness, 277
life options in middle adulthood, changes in view of, 209–10
life structure, 205
lifespan, psychological development across the, 147–221
limbic system, 100–102, 131–36
limits, setting in parenting, 242–43
limits of analytic ability, 292
Lincoln, Abraham, 358, 358 (ill.)
Lippman, Walter, 309
lizard people, 344
lobes of the brain cortex, 98, 104–6. see also frontal lobe
localization of function, 15
Loftus, Elizabeth, 410
logotherapy, 55
longevity of marriages, 230–31
longitudinal studies, 79
long-term vs. immediate consequences, 290
looseness of association, 351
loss aversion, 291–92
love, kinds of, 55
love, psychological study of, 223–29
love affair with the world, children’s, 158
love chemicals, 142
love leading to marriage, 230
lovers, love for, 225
Lowestein, George, 296
Luca, Marcela Rodika, 331
Lucas, Richard, 276
Luntz, Frank, 340
Luria, Alexander, 76
Lyubomirsky, Sonja, 272, 276–77
M
Maciejewski, Paul, 220–21
Madoff, Bernie, 321, 321 (ill.)
magical thinking, 181
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 77, 77 (ill.), 294, 295 (ill.)
Main, Mary, 62
Maltby, John, 337
mammals, emotions in, 133 (ill.), 133–34
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (Sacks), 122
management, scientific, 323–24
managers, do’s and don’ts for, 329–30
Mandler, George, 39
Mandler, Jean, 39
man’s attractiveness to women, 226, 226 (ill.)
MAOA (monoamine oxydase A), 442
MAOIs (monoamine oxydase inhibitors), 396
mapmaker, brain as, 117–18
marital problems’ contribution to divorce, 254
marital problems’ effect on family, 251
Marks, Gary, 273
marriage, impact of new baby on, 242
marriage, psychological study of, 230–36
Mars, men are from, 236
Marshall, William, 444
Martin, Nicholas, 266
Maslow, Abraham, 7, 54–56, 279, 328
mate-guarding, 264
material success, contentness of, 276
mathematical equations, mind as set of, 78
mating behavior, evolutionary theories of, 226–27
Maxfield, Michael, 435, 438–39
mazes, rats running, 38–39
McCutcheon, Lynn, 337
McGraw, Dr. Philip, 403
Meaney, Michael, 245
meaningful life, 280 (ill.), 280–81
measuring happiness, 272
median, 82–83
medications, psychiatric. see psychopharmacology
memories, false, 410
memories, repression of traumatic, 409–10
memory, associative, 12
memory, infants’ capacity of, 172
men, sexual orientation in, 269
Mendel, Gregor, 68
mental actions, 161
mental age, 93
mental function, brain aging and, 115
mental illness, 9, 17–18, 343–59, 447–52. see also personality disorders
mentalization, 65
meta-analysis, 273
metabolic syndrome, 394
metacognition, 192
metapsychology, 148
methadone, 378
methamphetamine, 372
Meyers-Briggs personality test, 52
MI (Motivational Interviewing), 379
Michaels, Kelly, 445–46
midbrain, 109
middle adulthood, development in, 207–12
Middle Ages, 9
milestones, first year, 170
Milgram, Stanley, 80
Miller, George, 292
Miller, Joanne, 341
Miller, William, 379
Millman, Robert, 335
mind, brain’s creation of the, 117
mind, Cicero’s view of the, 8
Mind, Concept of the, 5
mind, criminal, 430
mind as set of mathematical equations, 78
M.I.N.D. Institute, 356
Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI), 88
Minuchin, Salvador, 249, 251, 390
mirror neurons, 126–27
mirror test, 177–78, 178 (ill.)
mitigating factor, 451–52
mixed feelings, 186
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory), 88
models of psychoanalysis, 383
modern approaches to psychology, 9–10
molestation, child, 444–46
money, biology of, 294–300
money, psychological study of, 287–94
money’s role in happiness, 277, 284–86, 286 (ill.)
monoamine oxydase A (MAOA), 442
monoamine oxydase inhibitors (MAOIs), 396
monogamy, 73
monotheism, 14
monsters in the closet, 181
Montague, Read, 288
Montgomery, Jacob, 338
mood, serotonin’s role in, 139
mood stabilizers, 396–97
moral development, Kohlberg’s stages of, 164–67
morality, psychological study of, 314–22
morality, understanding of by preschoolers, 184
morphology, 413
mortality, changes in relationship with in later adulthood, 215
mortality, impact of in middle adulthood, 209
Motivational Interviewing (MI), 379
motivation-hygiene theory of worker motivation, 328
motor behavior and intentional action, 125–29
motor development of school age children, 185
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), 77, 77 (ill.), 294, 295 (ill.)
multiple intelligences, 91
multiple parties approach to organizations, 324
Murray, Henry, 88
Muslim view of psychology, 14
Muslim world in the Middle Ages, 9
myelin, 104
myelination, 113, 191, 199, 413
Myers, Isabel Briggs, 330
Myers-Briggs Personality Test, 330–31
mysticism, 53
N
NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness), 358
narcissism, 14, 333 (ill.), 333–37, 364–66, 434–35
Narcissistic Personality Disorder, 333–34, 364–65
Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), 334, 336–37, 366
Nash, John, 358
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 358
National Commission on Mental Hygiene, 345
National Institute of Mental Health, 395, 399
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 369, 373, 375
natural selection, 7, 18, 66–68, 73
nature vs. nurture, 27, 143, 357
needs, hierarchy of, 54, 54 (ill.)
Neimeyer, Robert, 220
Neisser, Ulric, 39
NEO personality inventory, 52
neo-human relations approach to organizations, 323
neonates, 170
nervous system, 10
neural networks, 78
neural tube, 108–9
neurobiology
of antisocial traits, 436, 440–41
effects of on childhood trauma, 413
interaction between environment and, 436–37
of love, 229
of psychopathic criminals, 440
research’s effect on law, 451–52
theories of psychology, 76–77
neuroeconomics, 294–300, 295 (ill.)
neurogenesis, 113–14
neurohormonal theory of homosexuality, 267–68
neurological damage, pedophilia’s link to, 418
neuromodulators, 140
neurons, 102–5, 104 (ill.), 124–25
neuropeptides, 229
neurophilosophy, 78
neuropsychology, 76
neurotoxicity, 372
neurotransmitters, 102, 104 (ill.), 137–43, 356, 372
newborns, development in, 169–70
nigro-striatal tracts, 138
Norcross, John, 376
norms, group, 303–4
norms, social, 437
not guilty by reason of insanity, 449, 449 (ill.)
novelty seeking, 361
NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory), 334, 336–37, 366
nucleus accumbens, 295
numbers, use of in psychological studies, 80
nun study, 218
Nuremburg code, 80
Nussbaum, Hedda, 425
nutrition’s effect on the brain, 144–45
O
object relations, 361
objective perception, 277
objective tests, 85
observable behavior, 22–23, 31
observational studies, 79
obsessive-compulsive disorder
occupation, embarking on an, 202
OCEAN personality labels, 364
Odyssey (Homer), 5
Oedipal complex, 150–51, 153, 156
Oedipus, 150
Oedpial period, 48
offenders, sex, 445
office politics, 324
O’Halloran, Brian, 205
O’Leary, Susan, 426
olfactory system, 124
“On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection” (Darwin), 68
operant conditioning, 24–25, 31–36, 386
operations, 161
opiates, 141–42
opinions, influence on by conformity, 305–6
opioids, 141–42
optic nerve, 121
optical illusions, 41, 41 (ill.)
options in middle adulthood, changes in view of life, 209–10
oral stage, Freud’s, 148–49, 149 (ill.), 152, 160
orbital frontal cortex, 129, 135, 440–41
organizational psychology, 323–25
organizations, 322
orientation, sexual, 265–69. see also homosexuality
output sections of cells, 103
P
Papenheimer, Bertha, 380
Papez, James, 100
paranoia, 363 (ill.)
paraphilias, 258
parasympathetic nervous system, 409
parents
adolescents’ relationship with their, 194
challenges of being during middle adulthood, 210–11
challenges of being early adult, 203
change in relationship with in middle adulthood, 211–12
change in relationship with in pregnancy, 238, 238 (ill.)
and child attachment, importance of, 241
identity changes of firsttime, 237
impact on relationship with in pregnancy, 237–38
love of, 227
psychological study of being, 241–46
separation from, 201–2
Park, Nansook, 281
Parkes, Colin Murray, 220
Parkinson’s disease, 138–39, 299
Parks, Acacia, 282
partnerships, beginning committed romantic, 202–3
Passages (Sheehy), 206
pathology, personality, 359–60, 363–64
Patterns of Attachment (Ainsworth), 58
Pavlovian conditioning. see associative conditioning
PCL-R (Hare Psychopathy Checklist, revised), 432, 435
peak experiences, 55
pedophilia, 417–19
pedopmorphy, 107
peer relations, change in during adolescence, 196–97
peer relations, change in during school age years, 187
peers, cultures’ emphasis on, 200–201
penis envy, 151
perception
and brain as mapmaker, 117
difference between cognition and, 12
example of, 121 (ill.)
Gestalt psychology and, 40–43, 43 (ill.), 45
judgment vs., 52
sensation and, 117–23
Perkins, Tony, 21
permeable family boundaries, 250
permissive parenting, 244
persistence, 361
personal pronouns, use of, 177
personality
as guide of awareness, 52
traits affecting leadership, 325, 326 (ill.)
traits of celebrities, 335–37
traits of politicians, 332–36, 333 (ill.)
traits suiting different jobs, 330–31
personality disorders. see also mental illness
PET (positron emission tomography) scans, 77
Peterson, Christopher, 281
Pettigrew, Thomas, 313
phallic stage, Freud’s, 149–50, 153
phantom limb pain, 127
phenomenology, 54
phi effect, 40
Philips, Pauline Friedman, 402
philosophy as precursor to psychology, 9–10
physical changes in adolescence, 190–91, 191 (ill.)
physical changes in middle adulthood, 207
physiological changes in later adulthood, 212–13
physiological changes in pregnancy, 238–39
Piaget, Jean
and adolescence, 192
and behaviorism, 39
and culture, 169
developmental stage theories of, 147–48, 159–64
influence on Kohlberg, 164–65, 320
influences of, 12
photo of, 26 (ill.)
and the preschool years, 181
and preschooler language, 183
and the school age years, 186
theories of, 26–29
and toddler language, 179
Pine, Fred, 154
Pinker, Steven, 315
Pinnozotto, Anthony, 430
placebo condition, 282
placebo effect, 398
Plassman, Hilke, 297
plasticity of the brain, 143
Plath, Sylvia, 354
pleasant life, 279–81
polarization, group, 308
political beliefs, relationship to morality, 316–17
politicians, personality traits of, 332–36, 333 (ill.)
politicians’ use of psychology in campaigns, 339–40. see also behavior, voting
politics, office, 324
Polo, Marco, 240
polygamy, 72
polymorphism, 442
Ponzi schemes, 321
popular psychology, 401–3
popularity, importance of, 197–98
Porter, Stephen, 432
positive psychology, 277–83
positive psychotherapy, 282–83
positron emission tomography (PET) scans, 77
possessive behavior, 177
post-conventional morality, 166, 320
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 406–8, 410, 413, 416
power, organizational, 325, 327
practicing subphase, 157–58
pragmatism, 16
praising-scaffolding, 246
pre-conscious, Freud’s view of the, 46
pre-conventional morality, 165–66, 320
precursors to language, 175
precursors to psychology, 4
prefrontal cortex, 295–97
pregnancy, psychological study of, 237–41
prejudice, 18, 308–14. see also group dynamics
Prelec, Drazen, 290
Prentky, Robert, 444
preoccupied adults, 63–65
pre-operational stage, 160–62, 179, 181
presbyopia, 207–8
preschool years, development in the, 180–85
pressure to vote, social, 338
prevalence of violence against women, 427
primary motor cortex, 125
primary sensory cortices, 117–19
Princess Diana, 344
Principles of Psychology (James), 16
probability, lack of sensitivity to, 298
probability of risk and reward, evaluation of, 291–92
problems, solving through therapy, 391
Prochaska, James, 376
productivity, employee, 324, 327–28
Profiler, 429
programmed learning, 25
projection, 384
pronouns, use of personal, 177
prosopagnosia, 122
Protagoras, 5
proverbs, 11
proximate causation, 74
pruning, 112
psychiatrists, difference between psychologists and, 2, 17–19, 395 (ill.)
psychiatry, pharmaceutical industry’s impact on, 399–400
Psycho, 21
psychoanalysis, 19–22, 50, 87, 302, 382–83
psychoanalytic theory, 45–49, 135
psychodynamic therapy, 382
Psychological Birth of the Human Infant (Mahler et. al), 154
psychologists, function of, 1–2
“Psychology as the Behaviorist Sees It” (Watson), 22
psychopharmacology, 137–38, 142, 393–401
psychosexual stages of Erikson, 206
psychosexual stages of Freud, 148–52
psychosis, 352
psychosocial stages of Erikson, 152–54
psychotherapy, 19, 21–22, 55–56, 282–83, 380–93, 397
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 406–8, 410, 413, 416
public sphere, psychological study of the, 332–37
punishment, reward and. see reinforcement contingencies
purpose of emotion, 130
Q
qualitative studies, 79–80
quantitative studies, 79–80
questions of psychology, Christian, 8–9, 14
questions of psychology, Greek, 5
questions of psychology, Islam, 14
questions of psychology, Jewish, 14
R
racism, 308–14, 314 (ill.). see also group dynamics
randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 398
randomness, reward systems’ response to, 299
Rank, Otto, 361
rapproachement subphase, 158–59
Rashid, Taayab, 282
Raskin, Robert, 334
rates, changes in marriage, 235, 235 (ill.)
rational economic man, theory of, 287
rationalization of immoral behavior, 321
rats running mazes, 38–39
RCTs (randomized controlled trials), 398
reaction formation, 384
reality, distinguishing from fantasy, 181
“Reality Bites”, 204–5
reality testing, 349
reason, 6
reasoning, relationship to morality, 317–18
reasoning, stereotyping’s impact on, 309–10
recklessness of adolescents, 199
recovery time from divorce, 254–55, 255 (ill.)
recreational drug use, 369–70
reflection, 12
reflexes of newborns, 172
regeneration of the brain, 116
regions of the brain, 100–101, 105, 107, 109, 120
reinforcement contingencies, 24–25, 35–39, 36 (ill.), 386
relationships
between ideas, Hobbes on, 11–12
importance of sex in, 259–60
parent-adolescent, 194
with parents, change in middle adulthood, 211–12
with parents, change in pregnancy, 238, 238 (ill.)
with parents, impact on in pregnancy, 237–38
role of in happiness, 277
social networking sites’ effect on, 200
reliability of study results, 86–88
Renaissance, European, 9
representation, 118
reproductive success, 68–69
research, psychological, 78–79
research on the grief process, 220–21
resilience of children, 415
resistant attachment, 59, 61–62, 65
responses, conditioned vs. unconditioned, 34
responses, use of brain in moral, 319–20
responsibility, middle adulthood as time of peak, 210
retirement, psychological impact of, 215
reversal, 384
Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 337
revolutionary aspects of Freud, 20–21
reward and punishment. see reinforcement contingencies
reward dependence, 361
reward systems, 138–39, 297–99
rights, women’s, 427–28
rigid family boundaries, 250
risk and reward, evaluation of, 288–89, 291
risk factors of juvenile delinquency, 439
risk factors of mental illness, 356
rituals, initiation, 304–5, 305 (ill.)
rods, 121
roles, gender in parenting, 241–42
roles, group, 307
roles, sex in marriage, 234–35
Rollnick, Stephen, 379
Roman Empire, fall of the, 8–9
Romans’ view of psychology, 8
romantic love, 227–28
root of word “psychology”, Greek, 5
Rorschach, Herman, 87
Rorschach inkblot test, 87 (ill.), 87–88
Rothbart, Mary, 174
Rozin, Paul, 292
rules, importance of, 187 (ill.), 187–88
Russ, Eric, 365
Ryder, Winona, 205
S
Sacks, Oliver, 122
Satir, Virginia, 390
scandals of politicians, 335–36
scapegoating, 313
schizophrenia, 18, 49, 123, 348 (ill.), 348–52
schizotypal personality disorder, 366–67
Schkade, David, 276–77
Schlessinger, Dr. Laura, 403
school age children, development in, 185–90
school performance, importance of, 189
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 21
science, modern vs. ideas of ancient Greeks, 5
science, psychology as a, 78–84
science vs. holism, 41
scientific management, 323–24
scientific revolution, 14
Scollon, Christie Napa, 276
scoring system, Exner’s Rorschach, 87–88
Sears, Robert, 313
Seasons of a Man’s Life (Levinson), 204
Seasons of a Woman’s Life (Levinson), 204
secure attachment, 58–62, 60 (ill.), 64, 169
self, changes in view of in middle adulthood, 210
self, concept of the, 176–77
self-consciousness, 177, 193, 198
self-control, improvement of, 182–83
self-reflective functioning, 65
self-report questionnaires, 84–85, 88
Sell, Randall, 267
semiotic function, 160
sensate focus, 263
sensation, 12, 15, 28, 52, 117–23
sense of control, 278
sensitivity to context, 293
sensory changes in middle adulthood, 207–8
sensory skills of newborns, 171–72
sensory-motor schemas, 27–28
sensory-motor stage, 160
separation from parents, 201–2
separation-individuation, theory of, 155 (ill.), 155–58, 158 (ill.)
sequence of firing patterns, 117–18
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 139, 142, 262, 395–97
SES (socioeconomic status), 433–34, 437, 443, 446
Seto, Michael, 269
sex, importance of in marriage, 234
sex offenders, 445
sex roles, variance of across marriages, 234–35
sex scandals of politicians, 335–36, 336 (ill.)
sexology, 258
Sextonn, Anne, 354
sexual abuse, 406, 416–19, 445
sexual behavior from an evolutionary view, 71
sexual orientation, psychological study of, 265–69. see also homosexuality
sexual selection, 72 (ill.), 72–73, 226–27
sexuality, Freud’s focus on, 47–48, 50, 148–52
sexuality, psychological study of, 258–65
sexuality, role of in adolescence, 198–99
shamanism, relevance to psychology, 12, 13 (ill.)
Shapiro, Robert, 426 (ill.)
sharing power, 327
Sheehy, Gail, 206
Sheldon, Kennon, 276
shell shock, 406
Sherif, Carolyn, 311
Shiv, Baba, 293
shock therapy, 400–401
signs of sexual abuse, 419
Silberman, Steve, 356
Silicon Valley, autism in, 356, 357 (ill.)
Simester, Duncan, 290
Simpson, Nicole, 426
Simpson, O. J., 426, 426 (ill.)
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans, 77
single-parent families, 247–48, 252–53
Skilling, Jeffrey, 435
Skinner box, 25
slang, changes in adolescent, 195–96
Slep, Amy, 426
smell, brain’s processing of, 123 (ill.), 124
Smith, Robert, 379
Snowdon, David, 218
social barriers to identity formation, 193–94
social categorization, 309
social clock, 204
social comparison, 276
social context of decisionmaking, 293–94, 294 (ill.), 300
social development in the school age years, 186–87
social factors leading to antisocial behavior, 437
social group, morality’s relation to the, 315
social identity, 303
social life, development of in first year, 173, 173 (ill.)
social life, happiness’ effect on, 273
social networking sites, 200
social prejudice, 18, 309–10, 314
social pressure to vote, 338
social psychology, 302
social science, methods, 80–81
sociobiology, 66–75
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Wilson), 66
socioeconomic status (SES), 433–34, 437, 443, 446
socio-emotional leadership, 326
sociology, interaction between psychology and, 1
somatosensory strip, 117–19, 124, 126
Sophocles, 150 (ill.)
sound, brain’s processing of, 122–3
spats, marital, 232–33
SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) scans, 77
speed of time changes with age, 209
Spencer, Herbert, 18
Spinoza, Benedict de, 10
Spitz, Rene, 245
Spitzer, Elliott, 336
split personality, 350
splitting, group, 308
Srinivasan, T.N., 328
Sroufe, Alan, 61
SSRIs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 140, 142, 262, 395–97
stability of temperament, 174
stage theories, developmental, 147
stages of change, addiction, 376–77
Stalin, Joseph, 368, 368 (ill.)
Stanford-Binet test, 93
Stark, Evan, 422
Steen, Tracy, 281
Steinberg, Joel, 425
Steinberg, Lisa, 425
stem, brain, 102, 117–18, 124, 125
stereotyping, 309–10
Stern, Daniel, 172–73
Sternberg, Robert, 225, 227–29, 236
Stiller, Ben, 205
stimuli, conditioned vs. unconditioned, 34, 37
stimulus bound, 290
Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda, 437
strange situation, the, 58
strengths, character, 281–82
strengths, signature, 279, 282
stresses in first year of parenting, 241
strictness, dangers of, 243
Strong Interest Inventory, 330
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, 330
structural family therapy, 249
structural model, Freud’s, 46
structure in the workplace, 327
structures, brain, 97
structures, family, 247–48
Studies on Hysteria (Freud), 380
study confound, 83–84
styles, classification of parenting, 243–44
styles, parenting, 246
Styron, William, 358
subcortical regions, brain, 97, 105, 109, 124
subjective experiences of infants, 172–73
subjective perception, 277
subjective sense of time, changes in the, 209
subjectivity, 117
sublimation, 384
substance abuse, 142, 367–80, 370 (ill.), 398, 442 (ill.)
substrates, 117
subway, neurotransmitters compared to a, 139
success orientation, 331
successful therapy, factors in, 391–92
Sullivan, Harry Stack, 361
superior medial frontal cortex, 135–36
superordinate group, 314
survival of the fittest, 69
Symbionese Liberation Army, 423
symbolic thought, 180–81
sympathetic nervous system, 409
synapses, 103–4, 111–12, 114, 137, 139, 143
synaptogenesis, 111–12, 144, 191, 413
systematic desensitization, 385–86
systems, family, 248–49
systems approach to organizations, 324
T
tactile stimulation, 245, 245 (ill.)
Tall Blonds, the, 344
Tall Robots, the, 344
tantrums. see temper tantrums
task-oriented leadership, 326
taste, brain’s processing of, 124
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), 88
Taylor, Donald, 314
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 323–24, 328
Taylor, Shelley, 236
TCI (Temperament and Character Inventory), 362
telegraphic speech, 176
telencephalon, 109
telos, 7
temper, 6
temper tantrums, 159, 159 (ill.), 178–79
Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), 362
Terman, Lewis, 93
testimony, child, 445
testing efficacy of new drugs, 398–99
tests, aptitude, 330
tests, intelligence, 26, 88–94
tests, personality, 52, 330–31
tests, psychological, 84–88
thanatology, 219
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 88
theories, conspiracy, 344
theories, major in psychology, 31
theories of organization, 323
theory of rational economic man, 287
theory of sexual selection, 336
therapeutic empathy, 56
therapist, choosing a, 392
therapy. see psychotherapy
thinking vs. feeling, 52
third force psychology, 54
Thomas, Alexander, 174
Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 319
Thorndike, Edward, 24–25, 31–32, 35
thought disorder, 349–51
time speed changes with age, 209
toddler years, development in the, 175–80
tolerance, frustration, 243
tolerance, substance, 370–71
Tolman, Edward Chase, 38–39
Tolstoy, Leo, 169
topological model, Freud’s, 46
touch, brain’s processing of, 123–4
Tower, John, 336
training in psychotherapy, 391
transference, 382–83
transformational leadership, 326
trauma, childhood’s link to addiction, 374
trauma, effect of on brain, 145
trauma, psychological study of, 405–28
Trauma and Recovery (Herman), 423
trauma of college graduation, 205
traumatic bonding, 424
treatments for addiction, 377–80, 379 (ill.)
treatments for sexual problems, 262–63
treatments for trauma, 410
trends in psychology, 279
triangular theory of love, 225
triangulation, 250
trolley problem, 318 (ill.), 319
turning against the self, 384
Tuskegee experiments, 80
twelve-step programs, 379–80
Twenge, Jean, 366
twins, studies on, 75, 75 (ill.), 362, 442
two-factor theory of worker motivation, 328
types of love, 224–25
U
ultimate causation, 74
umami, 124
Unabomber, the, 450–51
unconditional positive regard, 56
unconscious, Freud’s view of the, 19–20, 22, 46
unconscious, Jung’s view of the, 49–50, 52–53
undoing, 384
uninvolved parenting, 244
utero, brain development in, 108–10, 110 (ill.)
utilitarian judgments, 320
V
validity of study results, 83–84, 86–88, 92–93
values, sexual, 263–65
Van Buren, Abigail, 402
van Gogh, Vincent, 353, 353 (ill.), 358
Vanneman, Reeve, 313
vasopressin, 140–42
Venus, women are from, 236
Viagra, 262
victims of child sexual abuse, 416
view of self, changes of in middle adulthood, 210
Vinokur, Amiram, 308
violence, domestic, 420–28, 421 (ill.)
virtues, 281
vision, brain’s processing of, 121
visual abilities of infants, 171, 171 (ill.)
visual agnosia, 119
voices, hearing imaginary, 123
voluntary movements, 124
von Bertolanffy, Ludwig, 248, 324
von Krafft-Ebbing, Richard, 258
voting behavior, psychological study of, 337–41, 339 (ill.)
Vroom, Victor, 327
W
WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence) test, 89–91, 93
Walden Two (Skinner), 23
Walker, Lenore, 421–22
war, role in development of trauma studies, 406–7
Watson, John B., 22–24, 31, 35, 39, 80
Weber, Ernst, 14
Wechsler, David, 93
Wechsler Adult Intelligence (WAIS) test, 89–91, 93
Wells, James, 267
Wertheimer, Max, 39–40, 42–43, 45
Westen, Drew, 339
Western psychology, relation to Eastern religions, 13–14
What Every Woman Ought to Know about Love and Marriage (Brothers), 402
Whitaker, Carl, 390
white matter, 104
Whiteside, Mary, 257
WHO (World Health Organization), 345, 369, 427
whole vs. sum of parts, 42, 78, 301
wife battering, 420, 424–25, 441
will, discovery of one’s, 178
Wilson, Bill, 379
Wilson, Edward O., 66
Wilson, Timothy, 296
wine experiment regarding decision-making, 297, 297 (ill.)
Winfrey, Oprah, 403
Winnicott, D.W., 361
withdrawal, substance, 370–71
Wofford, J.C., 328
Wolfelt, Alan, 220
woman’s attractiveness to men, 228 (ill.), 228–29
women, sexual orientation in, 269
women’s rights, 427–28
Wood, Wendy, 338
Woodworth, Michael, 432
word association, 49
Worden, J. William, 220
work life, happiness’ effect on, 273–74
workplace, psychological study of the, 322–32
World Database of Happiness, 283, 285
World Health Organization (WHO), 345, 369, 427
worship, celebrity, 337
Wright, Stephen, 314
Wundt, Wilhelm, 4, 14–16, 22, 39, 41, 92, 332
Wypij, David, 267
Y–Z
Yalom, Irvin, 302
Yates, Andrea, 450
Yerkes, Robert, 92
Yetton, Philip, 327
Yousey, Gregory, 334
Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, 442
Zinn, John Cabott, 278