Abbot Laboratories, 194
Abrahams, Edward, 271
Abu-Lughod, L., 209
Adenine, 18, 29–30, 171
Adler, N. E., 241
Admixture mapping studies, 172–175
Affiliative self-fashioning, 268
Affirmative action, 1, 242
African American Lives (Gates), 266
African Americans, 1, 10, 44, 102, 220, 233, 241
admixture mapping studies and, 172–175
ancestry testing and, 266–268
BiDil case and, 6–7, 71–72, 107, 188, 210, 263–264, 269–270
biocitizens and, 263–264, 266
cultural competency and, 210–213
disease and, 13–14 (see also Disease)
Experiences of Discrimination (EOD) instrument and, 242–247
forensic DNA phenotyping and, 51, 55
heart failure and, 198
hypertension and, 193
Implicit Attitude Test and, 43
incarceration of, 271–272
leukocyte counts and, 99–100
mulattoes and, 102
negro blood and, 4
new biopolitics and, 268–272
opposite race and, 263
profiling and, 27–28, 31, 37, 39, 41, 55
racial medical evaluations and, 190–201
reprogenetics and, 264–266
symptom reporting and, 199
African Ancestry, 267
Afro-Trinidadian, 5
Against Race (Gilroy), 262
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), 191–193
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 75
Ahmad, W. I. U., 112–113
AIDS, 8, 63–64, 211, 233, 235
Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, 248
ALLHAT trial, 195
Almond, D. V., 236, 241
American Academy of Pediatrics, 64
American Enterprise Institute, 269–270
American Indians, 1, 4, 51, 102
cultural competency and, 210–211
DNA testing for, 268
profiling and, 39, 53
sickle-cell anemia and, 191
American Journal of Cardiology, 198
American Medical Association, 207–208
American Society for Human Genetics (ASHG), 177
Ancestry, 7
admixture mapping studies and, 172–175
biocitizens and, 266–268
biomedical research and, 170–180
disease and, 171–172
genetic history concept and, 176, 178
genetic similarity and, 176–177
genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and, 170, 172, 175–180, 181nn5,8
human genetic variation studies and, 169–180
notion of, 170
population differences and, 170–180
population subcultures and, 175–176
religion and, 267
sequencing own genome and, 259–260
shared, 177–178
similarity scores and, 175–176
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5
within-group differences and, 170–180
AncestryByDNA, 266
Ancestry informative markers (AIMs), 51–54, 57, 174
Anderson, Gail D., 75
Anderson, M., 227
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inihibitors, 193–197, 200–201
Anglo-Saxons, 4
Anionwu, E. N., 113, 190
Annals of Internal Medicine, 265
Anthropologists, 263, 266
ancestry and, 172–174
biocitizens and, 263, 266
biomedical research and, 97
Canada and, 155, 164n9
culture and, 208–209, 212, 219–221
governance and, 5, 8, 16–17
self-identity and, 127, 137, 140
Antihypertensive therapy, 193–197
Arabs, 216
Aral, S. O., 200
Arbour, Laura, 159
Area-based socioeconomic measures (ABSMs), 233
Arel, D., 127–128
Arizona State University School of Law, 34
Armelgaso, George J., 208
Aronson, Jay, 31, 41
Ashcroft, Richard, 12, 125–146
Asiatics, 3, 104
cultural competency and, 210–211
profiling and, 39
sickle-cell anemia and, 191
Aspinall, Peter, 54, 96, 113, 126, 128, 190
Aspirin, 74–75
Association of Black Cardiologists, 7, 269
Asthma, 14, 180n1
Auerbach, A. J., 241–242
Augoustinos, M., 108
Augstein, H. F., 3–4
Avruch, K., 5
Baker, Lee D., 208
Baker, N. D., 103
Balsa, A. I., 200
Bamshad, M., 52
Banton, M., 3–4
Baquet, Claudia, 210
Barnes, N. W., 232
Bassett, M., 105, 230
Batson v. Kentucky, 42
Baum, B., 94
Bayesians, 189
Beale, Bob, 74
Becker, A., 101
Beevers, D. G., 193
Bell, J., 125
Benhabib, Seyla, 69
Bennett, T., 103, 231, 243
Bentacourt, Joseph R., 208
Berg, Mary J., 71, 75
Beta-blockers, 193, 198
Beverly Hills Egg Donation, 265
Bhabha, H. K., 8
Bhopal, R., 96, 128, 243
BiDil, 6–7
biocitizens and, 263–264, 269–270
biomedical research and, 107
cultural competency and, 210
inappropriate interventions and, 107
niche standardization and, 71–72
racial medical evaluations and, 188
Biehl, J., 8
Biobanks, 152–157
Biocitizens
ancestry testing and, 266–268
Canada and, 159–160
expansion of race-based technology and, 261–268
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) and, 271
governance and, 12, 16–18
new biopolitics of race and, 268–272
Personal Genome Project (PGP) and, 260
political relationships and, 260–261
re-regulation for, 270–271
sequencing own genome and, 259–260
Biogeographical ancestry (BGA), 51–54, 92
Biomedical Ethics Programme, 125
Biomedical research
admixture mapping studies and, 172–175
ancestry and, 170–180
application issues and, 113
article citation search on, 94–108
biogeographical ancestry and, 92
Canada and, 147–164
contextual variation and, 102–103
drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and, 131
explicit/implicit intentions and, 113–114
expressions of interest (EOI) and, 157–158
genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and, 13, 156–157, 163n8, 170, 172, 175–180, 181nn5,8
inappropriate interventions and, 106–107
interpretive analysis and, 111–113
ISI Web of Knowledge and, 95
lack of consensus in, 100–102, 114–115
leukocyte counts and, 99–100
literature analysis of, 94–116
pure populations and, 98–99
racial categories and, 91–116
racial purity and, 263
raw materials of pharmacogenomic research and, 263
selective engagement and, 110–111
self-identification and, 126–130
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 158, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5, 270
single-word labels and, 103–104
stereotyping and, 107–108, 115
technological improvements and, 109–110, 261–268
within-group differences and, 170–180
Biopolitics, 8–9, 16, 126
African Americans and, 268–272
Canada and, 147–164
Foucault and, 67
gender and, 63–67, 72–80
genomics of difference and, 147–164
health issues and, 63–81
inclusion-and-difference paradigm and, 65–74, 80, 81n7
inequalities and, 73–80
new, 63–67, 268–272
niche standardization and, 70–73
paradigm of, 67–68
recruitmentology and, 72–73
reform and, 63–81
research equity and, 64
standardization and, 64, 70–73
universalism and, 64–65
women and, 63–66, 70–79, 80n4
Biosociality, 16
Black Congressional Caucus, 269
Blair, Tony, 2
Blank, R. M., 227, 232, 245
Blood, 5, 217
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and, 193–197
hypertension and, 193–197, 200–201
inference of health issues and, 104–105
in-group variation and, 97–98
pressure of, 193–197
renin levels and, 193–194
sickle-cell anemia and, 4, 14, 113, 171, 190–193, 197, 201–202
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 3
Boas, Franz, 208
Bolnick, Deborah, 5–7, 52, 262
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, 243, 269
Bowles, Doug, 75
Bowser, Renee, 264
Boyatsiz, R. E., 95
Brach, Cindy, 208
Bradby, H., 100, 112–113, 128
Brandt, A. M., 4
Brant-Rauf, S. I., 113
Brattain, M., 169
Braun, L., 98, 226, 231, 243
Braun, V., 95
Braveman, P., 227
Brazil, 5, 147
Breast cancer, 63–64, 190
Bred in the Bone? (Goodman), 97
British Columbia, 156
British Hypertension Society, 193
British Medical Journal, 95
Brown, C., 150
Brown, Wendy, 69
Bryant, Wayne, 207
Budowle, Bruce, 28, 38–40
Burchard, E. G., 74, 125, 169
Burke, Wylie, 125
Butler, John, 28–31, 38
Byrd, Michael W., 210
Caffeine, 75
Caldwell, S. H., 103–104, 106, 155, 187
California, 7
People v. Wilson and, 27
Proposition 54 and, 228
California Supreme Court, 27–28
California v. Wilson, 27–28
Campbell, C., 149
Canada, 5, 13, 39
aborigines and, 153, 158, 160–161, 163n5, 164n9
biobanks and, 154–157
biostrategy of, 149
British Columbia, 156
cultural mosaic of, 157–161
genetic portraits and, 154–157
Genome Canada and, 148–151, 154, 157–161, 162nn2,4
genomewide association study (GWAS) and, 156–157, 163n8
genomics of difference and, 147–164
Human Genome Project and, 149
Indian Act of, 160
interracial marriages and, 157
pluralistic culture of, 152
postsequence world and, 148–151
Quebec, 12, 153–157, 163n6
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples and, 160–161
Saskatchewan, 156
United States and, 147–148, 151–152
use of race in, 151–161
visible minorities and, 153–154, 157
Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee (CBAC), 149, 162n3
Canadian Foundation for Innovations, 149
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), 149, 159
Caplan, Jane, 70
Card, D., 241–242
CARDIA study, 243, 245–246
Cardiovascular Research, 75
Carrese, J. A., 187
CARTaGENE, 151, 154–157
Carter-Pokras, Olivia, 210
Cartmill, M., 96, 98–99
Caspari, Rachel, 208
Castillo, E. M., 96
Categorical alignment, 69–70
Catheterization, 199
“Caucasian Genes in American Negroes” (Science journal), 51
Caucasians, 3, 10, 14, 135
ecosocial theory and, 233
hypertension and, 193
Implicit Attitude Test and, 43
opposite race and, 263
profiling and, 27–28, 31, 35, 37, 39, 55
reverse discrimination and, 243
sickle-cell anemia and, 191
U.K. study of, 135–136
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 92, 169
Celts, 4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 65
Centre d’Étude du Polymorphisme Humain, 174
Centre for the Study of Living Standards, 241
Chakraborty, Ranajit, 31–32
Chakravarti, Aravinda, 262
Chaplin, J. E., 3
Chartrand, P., 160
Chase, A., 226
Chay, K. Y., 236, 241
Cheng, T. O., 198
China, 52
Cho, M. K., 30, 39–40, 49, 63, 111
Chobanian, A. V., 193
Christian-Christensen, Donna, 269
Chronopharmacology, 75
Church, George, 260
Citro, C. F., 227, 232, 245
Civil rights, 1, 207, 228, 236, 241, 261, 271–272
Civil Rights Act, 236
Clark, J. R., 241
Clarke, Adele E., 95
Clayton, Tony, 55, 210
Clinton, Bill, 2, 65, 262
Cochran, S. D., 232
Cochran’s Q statistic, 194
“CODIS STR loci data from 41 sample populations” (Budowle), 39
Cofield, Juan, 269
Cohen, S., 232
Cohn, Jay, 263
Cold Spring Harbor labs, 226
Cole, Simon A., 70
Collins, Francis, 2, 187, 271
Colman, Carol, 78
Comaroff, J., 8
Comaroff, J. L., 8
Community Testing Day, 267
Comstock, R. D., 96
Condit, C., 40
Congressional Black Caucus, 7
Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues, 64
Connell, R. W., 69
Cook, D., 159
Cooper, Richard S.
biopolitics and, 63, 74
race-based medical evaluations and, 187–206
racial categories in biomedical research and, 96, 98, 101, 105, 112
Coriell Institutes for Medical Research Cell Repository, 263
Cornell, 129
Coronary disease, 76
Correa-de-Araujo, Rosaly, 75
Correll, J., 57
Crime. See also Legal issues
eyewitness error and, 50, 55
fingerprints and, 50
forensic DNA evidence and, 27–45
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 49–58
lynching mentality and, 56
Cronbach’s alpha, 242–243
Crosby, F. J., 243
Crowcroft, N. S., 94–95, 109
Cultural competency, 4, 15
American Medical Association and, 207–208
biology and, 208–209
clarifiers and, 215–219
defining, 208
difference concept and, 210–213
disease and, 209–210
ecosocial theory and, 233, 241
fine line of, 213–219
health disparities and, 207–211
importance of, 220–221
institutionalization of, 207–208
Join Together Online and, 214
oversensitivity and, 219–220
public discussions on, 213–219
racial formalism and, 208–209
role playing and, 216–219
Senate Bill 144 and, 207
tip sheets and, 212
Cushman, W. C., 194
Cutler, Brian L., 50
Cutler, D. A., 235
Cuvier, 3
Cyranoski, D., 51
Cystic fibrosis, 198–199
Cytosine, 18, 29–30, 171
Dabady, M., 227, 232, 245
Daniels, D. E., 199
Daniels, V. R., 199
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 36, 38–39, 41
David, R., 101, 105
Davies, K., 156
Davis, Angela Y., 265, 271
Davis, K., 236, 241
Deaton, A., 235
deCODE of Quebec, 156
Depression, 75, 214, 246n3
“Describing Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Medical Research” (McKenzie and Crowcroft), 94–95
Desegregation, 269
de Wet, T., 96
De Zwart, Frank, 69
Diabetes, 13
Dictionary of Epidemiology, 101
diLeonardo, Micaela, 271
Diller, Barry, 259
Dingel, M. J., 7
Dingwall, R. B., 115
Disease, 63–64, 209. See also specific diseases
advancements in genetics and, 92
BiDil case and, 6–7, 71, 107, 188, 210, 263–264, 269–270
biomedical research and, 104
cultural competency and, 209–210
drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and, 131
drug response and, 75
ecosocial theory and, 230–249
gender and, 75–76, 81n11
governance and, 4–5, 13–16
human genetic variation studies and, 169–170
hypertension and, 193–197
inference of, 104–106
monogenic, 171
mortality data and, 236–237
NIH Revitalization Act and, 6, 13–14
population subcultures and, 175–176
race-based medical evaluations and, 187– 202
reprogenetics and, 264–266
search for genetic contributions to, 171–172
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 171, 174–180, 181n5
socioeconomic status and, 170, 236–237, 241–242
superstition and, 214–215
DNA
admixture mapping studies and, 172–175
ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and, 51–54 (see also Ancestry)
civil engagement and, 260
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and, 36, 38–39, 41
fingerprinting and, 6
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 10–11, 49–58
forensic evidence in court and, 27–45
hybridization and, 29
McCleskey v. Kemp and, 42
nucleotides and, 18, 29–30, 171
People v. Soto and, 37
People v. Wilson and, 27, 32, 35–38
profiling and, 27–45
random match probabilities (RMPs) and, 27–45
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and, 30, 32
sequencing own genome and, 259–260
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 158, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5, 270
variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and, 30, 32
“DNA Age, The” (Harmon), 259
DNAPrint Genomics, 51, 55
DNAWitness, 51, 53
Doksum, Kjell A., 13, 169–183
Dominguez, T. P., 243
Dominguez, Virginia, 209
Donaldson, L., 243
Dorr, G. M., 6
Douglas, J. G., 194
Dressler, William W., 210
Drevdahl, D. J., 107
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), 131
Du Bois, W. E. B., 236
Dunston, G. M., 125
Dupré, J., 5–7
Duster, Troy, 6, 28, 31, 63, 115, 261
Dyson, S. M., 113, 190
Eberhardt, J., 41
Ecosocial theory, 15
bean counting and, 226–228
CARDIA study and, 243, 245–246
conceptual issues and, 229–232
direct approach and, 242–247
empirical research on, 232–247
Experiences of Discrimination (EOD) and, 242–247
health issues and, 225–249
indirect approach and, 232–242
Edwards, A. W., 93, 109
Ellison, George T. H., 7, 11–12, 91–123, 125–146
Entine, Jon, 269–270
Environmental toxins, 14
Epilepsy, 215
Epistemic space, 3
Epstein, Steve
biomedical research and, 111
biopolitics and, 63–89, 139, 159, 161, 268
cultural competency and, 210, 212
governance and, 11
self-identification and, 125–126, 139, 141
U.S. policy and, 152, 159
Erasmus, 106
Eri, 216–219
Ernst, W., 4, 226
Espiritu, Yen Le, 69
Ethics, 201, 268
biomedical research and, 113–114
biopolitics and, 65, 80n4
Canada and, 147–148, 152, 154, 157, 169, 161, 162nn1,2, 163n7
forensic DNA evidence and, 39–40, 50
racial categories and, 92–93 (see also Racial categories)
self-identification and, 125, 138
Ethiopians, 3
Ethnicity. See also Race
biocitizens and, 264–270
Canada and, 151–161
contradictory boundaries of, 5
as cultural category, 5
cultural competency and, 207–221
forensic DNA evidence and, 27–45
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 49–58
governance and, 5–17
health issues and, 208, 211, 219–221, 225–249
inference of disease and, 104–106
medical evaluations and, 187–202
self-identification and, 125–138 (see also Self-identification)
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 158, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5, 270
as social construct, 230
Eugenics, 4–5, 8, 133, 261, 272
“Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence, The” (National Research Council), 32
Ewen, E., 226
Ewen, S., 226
Exner, D. V., 194
Experiences of Discrimination (EOD) instrument, 242–247
Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? (National Academy of Sciences), 76
Expressions of interest (EOI), 157–158
Extinction, 4
Fadiman, Anne, 215
Fairclough, A., 236, 241
Fanon, Frantz, 8–9
Fassin, Didier, 8
Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 63, 170
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 30, 38, 55
Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE), 36, 41–42
Federation of American Scientists, 226
Fee, E., 170
Feit, M. D., 96, 101, 108
Fekete, Liz, 56
Feldman, M. W., 226
Female Heart, The (Colman), 78
Fenton, S., 129, 135
Ferdinand, Keith, 269
Fertility clinics, 264–266
Finding Oprah’s Roots (Gates), 266
Fine, M. J., 110
Fineberg, H. V., 111, 189
Fingerprints, 6, 10, 30, 50, 70
Finucane, T. E., 187
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 1
BiDil case and, 6–7, 71–72, 107, 188, 210, 263–264, 269–270
drug development and, 66
McClellan and, 75
niche standardization and, 71–72
NIH Revitalization Act and, 65
racial medical evaluations and, 194
Forensic DNA evidence
ACGT sequence and, 30
California v. Wilson and, 27–28
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and, 36, 38–39, 41
ethics and, 39–40
Federal Rules of Evidence and, 36, 41–42
genetic substructuring and, 31
improved methods for, 32
matching process and, 29
McCleskey v. Kemp and, 42
nucleotides and, 29–30
People v. Pizarro and, 27–28, 32–35
People v. Soto and, 37
People v. Wilson and, 27, 32, 35–38
prejudice and, 41–44
presenting race in court and, 29–32
probability and, 27–29
profiling and, 27–45
random match probabilities (RMPs) and, 27–44
reference population and, 30–31
relatives and, 30–31
relevance and, 36–41
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and, 30, 32
scientific debate over, 31–32
variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and, 30, 32
Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP), 10–11
ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and, 51–54, 57
biogeographical ancestry (BGA) and, 51
chromosomes and, 51
companies doing, 51
crime cases and, 55–57
fingerprints and, 50
legal issues and, 55–57
population of origin and, 51
predicting individual appearance and, 52–58
promoted accuracy of, 50
sketch artist and, 49–50
suspect traits and, 49–50
Fortun, Mike, 140
Foster, M. W., 140
Foucault, Michel, 4, 8, 10, 16, 67, 71
Frank, R., 113
Franklin, Sarah, 260
Franks, 4
Fraserirector, Irene, 208
Freeman, H. P., 98
Friedman, D. J., 125
Frost, C. D., 197
Frudakis, Tony, 51, 53, 58
Fujimura, Joan H., 13, 63, 147, 169–183
Fullerton, S. M., 94, 110
Fullilove, M. T., 243
Fullwiley, Duana, 7, 63, 174, 263, 270
F. Williams Donor Service, 265
Gabbert, W., 5
Gabriel, Richard, 53, 58
Gaedigk, A., 53
Gandhi, Monica, 75
Garcia, Richard, 187, 198–199
Gardner, Amanda, 76
Garte, S., 99
Gates, Henry Louis, 266–267
Gauls, 4
Gaussian distribution, 195
Geiger, H., 210–211
Gender
biopolitics and, 63–67, 72–80
disease and, 75–76, 81n11
drug reactions and, 74–75
niche standardization and, 70–73
profiling and, 74–79
QT interval and, 79
response to medicine and, 74–79
Gender-based biology, 77
“Gene Map Becomes a Luxury Item” (Harmon), 259
Genetic citizenship, 159–160. See also Biocitizens
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 271
Genetics, 1, 7, 13
ancestry tests and, 7 (see also Ancestry)
biocitizens and, 16–18, 259–274
biosociality and, 16
disease and, 4, 92, 171–172 (see also Disease)
forensic DNA evidence and, 27–45
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 10–11, 49–58
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) and, 271
Human Genome Project and, 2, 6, 126, 149, 226, 262
hybrids and, 4
in-group variation and, 97–98
leukocyte counts and, 99–100
moral aptitude and, 3–5
Personal Genome Project (PGP) and, 260
political relationships and, 260–261
population subcultures and, 175–176
profiling and, 27–45
pure populations and, 98–99
racial categories and, 91–116
random match probabilities (RMPs) and, 27–45, 49–58, 74–79
reprogenetics and, 264–266
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and, 30, 32
rise of, 2–4
sequencing own genome and, 259–260
similarity scores and, 175–176
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 158, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5, 270
social justice and, 6
sterilization laws and, 261
within-race differences and, 5–6, 31, 93, 97, 109, 169–180
Genome Canada
founding of, 149–150
funding of, 149–150
genomics of difference and, 12–13, 148–151, 154, 157–161, 162n2, 162n4
not-for-profit status of, 150
structure of, 149–150
various projects of, 148–149
Genomewide association studies (GWAS)
ancestry and, 170, 172, 175–180, 181nn5,8
Canada and, 156–157, 163n8
governance and, 13
Genomics of difference
admixture mapping studies and, 172–175
agriculture and, 148
Brazil and, 147
Canada and, 147–164
environment and, 148
Genome Canada and, 12–13, 148–151, 154, 157–161, 162nn2,4
human genetic variation studies and, 169–182
population subcultures and, 175–176
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 158, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5, 270
United States and, 147–148
within-race differences and, 5–6, 31, 93, 97, 109, 169–180
GenSpec, 6
George Washington University Medical Center, 198
Germans, 4
Gerth, H. H., 70
Gibbs, C. R., 193
Gieryn, T. F., 114
Gillespie, Elizabeth M., 49
Gilroy, Paul, 262
Gimenez, M. E., 96
Giscombé, C. L., 247
Gissis, S. B., 169
Godard, B., 154, 157
Goldberg, David Theo, 69
Goldstein, D. B., 7, 262
Gonorrhea, 233
Good, M.-J., 13
Goodman, A. H., 97, 114–115, 226
Gordon, Deborah, 220, 232
Gould, S. J., 226
Governance, 262
BiDil and, 6–7
biocitizens and, 12, 16–18
biopolitics and, 8–9
Canada and, 147–164
categorization and, 1–2 (see also Racial categories)
ethnic designations and, 8–9
legitimacy of nation-states and, 3–4
new U.S. regime on identity and, 63–67
niche standardization and, 70–73
self-identification and, 9–12, 17
technology and, 9
Grady, Denise, 76
Grady Memorial Hospital, 198
Graham, Kenneth, 42
Graves, Joseph L., 3, 13, 14, 207
Greeks, 3
Greenberger, Phyllis, 77
Greenstone, M., 236, 241
Greenwald, Anthony, 43
Gruskin, S., 227
Guanine, 18, 29–30, 171
Gumbel, A., 226
Gusfield, Joseph R., 69
Gypsies, 3
Hacking, Ian, 77, 79, 129, 139
Hackshaw, A. K., 197
Hahn, R. A., 96, 103
Hamilton Krieger, Linda, 43
Hammerschmidt, D. E., 103
Hammonds, E. M., 4, 210
Hansard, H. C., 127
Hanson, Barbara, 79
Happy Beginnings, LLC, 265
Haraway, Donna J., 63, 169
Harmon, Amy, 259–260
Harris, B., 226
Harrison, Faye V., 3, 209
Hart, C., 94
Hartigan, John, 5, 208
Hartl, Daniel, 31–34, 38
Hartmann, C., 129
Harvard, 31, 260
Harvey, David, 270
Haseltine, Florence, 77–78
Hazardous conditions, 14, 16
Health insurance, 14, 211, 243
Health issues, 269
bean counting and, 226–228
biomedical research and, 91–116
biopolitics and, 63–81
cultural competency and, 207–221
culture and, 207–221
denial of care and, 207
ecosocial theory and, 225–249
HMOs and, 207
hypertension and, 193–197
inclusion-and-difference paradigm and, 65–74, 81n7, 210
inference of, 104–106
market-based approach to, 271
medicine and, 1 (see also Medicine)
niche standardization and, 70–73
patient advocacy groups and, 207
peer review and, 66
racial categories and, 91–116
racial medical evaluations and, 187–202
Senate Bill 144 and, 207
socioeconomic status and, 170
women and, 63–64
Healy, Bernardine, 64
Heart attacks, 76
Heart disease
BiDil and, 6–7, 71–72, 107, 188, 210, 263–264, 269–270
biocitizens and, 263–264, 269–270
biopolitics and, 71–72, 76
governance and, 6, 13
race-based medical evaluations and, 188, 198
Heath, D. R., 16, 159
Heck, Kelly, 207
Heredity. See Genetics
Hernandez, Joaquin, 213–214
Herodotus, 3
Herzig, R. M., 4
Hetzel, A. M., 241
Hierarchies, 3–4
Hillyard, S., 115
Hinterberger, Amy, 12–13, 147–167
Hippocratic Corpus, 3
Hirschauer, Stefan, 78–79
Hispanics, 14, 152
cultural competency and, 212–219
different ancestries for, 34
ecosocial theory and, 233
Experiences of Discrimination (EOD) instrument and, 242–247
as heterogenous assemblage, 31
incarceration of, 271–272
Join Together Online and, 214
Latinos Unidos Siempre and, 214
mental illness and, 214–215
People v. Pizarro and, 27–28, 32–35
profiling and, 27–28, 31–35, 39, 53
sickle-cell anemia and, 191
HIV, 75, 209, 211, 217, 233, 235
Hmong, 215
HMOs, 207, 220
Hoekstra, Wiel, 56
Hoppe, Mieke, 56
Horowitz, Mark, 267
Horton, Willie, 43–44
Houston IVF, 265
Human genetic variation studies
admixture mapping studies and, 172–175
genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and, 13, 156–157, 163n8, 170, 172, 175–180, 181nn5,8
medicine and, 169–170
number of genes in humans and, 171
population subcultures and, 175–176
single family of man and, 169
within-group differences and, 170–180
Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), 155, 169
Human Genome Project, 2, 6, 126, 149, 226, 262
Hunt, L. M., 111
Huntington’s disease, 53
Hurricane Katrina, 1
Hurwitz, Jon, 43–44
Huth, E. J., 101
Hybrids, 4, 18, 29, 68, 72
Hydralazine, 6–7
Hypertension, 193–197, 200–201
“I Am a Racially Profiling Doctor” (Satel), 270
Ibrahim, S. A., 110
Ilksoy, N., 198
Immigrants, 4–5, 58, 96, 157, 208, 215, 218, 233, 241
Implicit Attitude Test, 43
“Implicit Bias: Scientific Foundations” (Greenwald and Hamilton Krieger), 43
“Improving the Use and Safety of Medications in Women through Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity Analysis” (Correa-de-Araujo), 75
Inclusion-and-difference paradigm
biopolitics and, 65–74, 80, 81n7
categorical alignment and, 69–70
clinical trials and, 66
drug development and, 65–67
health issues and, 65–74, 81n7, 210
historical trends and, 69
legal issues and, 65
new U.S. health policy and, 65–67
peer review and, 66
standard operating procedures of, 65–66
technology and, 69
Inclusion (Epstein), 67, 268
India, 153
Indian Act, 160
Individualized therapy, 70–73
Indo-Trinidadian, 5
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 76–77, 211, 220
Intelligence, 3–4
International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology (Becker and Landav), 101
International Haplotype Map (HapMap) Project, 151, 155, 158, 171, 175, 177
Iowa, 51
Irritable bowel syndrome, 72
Irwin v. Dowd, 42
ISI Web of Knowledge, 95
Isosorbide, 6–7
Israel, Sue, 55
Jackson, P. B., 232, 235
Jacobson, M. F., 4
Jamaica, 5
Jamerson, Kenneth A., 74
James, D., 5
Japan, 51
Jeffreys, Alec, 29–30
Jenkins, R. P., 94
Jenks, Angela C., 14–15, 207–224
Jews, 3
Johnson, Sheri Lynn, 43
Johnson administration, 237
Johnston, Dave, 54
Johnston, Hank, 69
Joint Commission, 208
Join Together Online, 214
Jones, C. P., 102
Jones, David S., 1–23, 209–210, 212
Jones, I. R., 92, 140
Jones-Vessey, K. A., 104
Josefson, D., 194
Juengst, E. T., 140
Kahn, Jonathan, 7, 10, 27–48, 63, 72, 170, 188, 210, 263–264
Kaplan, J. B., 231, 243
Karande and Associates, S. C., 265–266
Karas, Richard H., 76
Karter, A. J., 105
Kaufman, Jay S., 14, 63, 74, 96, 105, 112, 187–206
Kaye, David, 29, 34–35, 44
Kelley, Henry, 226
Kennedy administration, 237
Kertzer, D. I., 127–128
Kessler, R. C., 232
Kevles, D. J., 4
Khan, A., 5
Khoury, Muin, J., 125
Kidd, Kenneth, 31, 37–38, 201
King, R., 58, 226
Kington, R. S., 227, 235
Kittles, Rick, 187, 266
Knowles, Lori P., 264
Koehler, Jonathan, 42–43
Koenig, Barbara A., 1–2, 6–7, 63, 169
Kohli-Laven, Nina, 156
Konrad, M., 16
Koops, Bert-Jaap, 56, 58
Koreans, 217
Korthals, A. H., 56
Kressin, N. R., 232
Krieger, Nancy, 15–16, 105, 170, 210, 225–255
Krumholz, Harlan M., 210
Landav, 101
Lander, Eric, 38
Laraña, Enrique, 69
Last, J. M., 101, 111
Latin America, 5
Latinos. See Hispanics
Latinos Unidos Siempre, 214
LaVeist, T. A., 96, 100–102, 104, 209–210, 212
Lavin, P. T., 194
Lavizzo-Mourey, R., 99, 107
Lawrence, B., 160
Lazu, Ana, 214
Lead poisoning, 233
Leatherman, A. H., 114–115
LeCouteur, A., 108
Lee, Derrick Todd, 55, 57
Lee, Lia, 215
Lee, S.-J., 1–2, 6, 63, 169
Lefkowitz, B., 236, 241
Legal issues, 9–10, 17, 235, 262
Batson v. Kentucky and, 42
BiDil case and, 264
California v. Wilson and, 27–28
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and, 36, 38–39, 41
desegregation and, 269
Dutch DNA law and, 56–57
eyewitness error and, 50
Federal Rules of Evidence and, 36, 41–42
forensic DNA evidence and, 27–45
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 49–58
improper assumptions and, 27–28, 33, 37, 43
inclusion-and-difference paradigm and, 65
Irwin v. Dowd and, 42
Loving v. Virginia and, 200
McCleskey v. Kemp and, 42
People v. Cudjo and, 42
People v. Pizarro and, 27–28, 32–35
People v. Soto and, 37
People v. Wilson and, 27, 32, 35–38
prejudice and, 41–44
profiling and, 27–28
random match probabilities (RMPs) and, 27–44
relevance and, 36–41
scientific method and, 34–35
social justice and, 6, 11, 68, 220, 271, 273
sterilization laws and, 261
U.S. Constitution and, 269
Legato, Marianne, 77
Leila, 216–218
Lempert, Richard, 30
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) workers, 247
Lesser, J., 5
Lévesque, L., 155
Lewontin, Richard C., 226
forensic DNA evidence and, 30, 34, 38
in-group variation and, 97, 109
taxonomic significance of genetic data and, 109
technological improvements since, 109–110
within-race differences and, 5–6, 31, 93, 97, 109, 169
Lillquist, E., 107
Lindsay, S. P., 96
Link, B. G., 235, 241
Lip, G. Y., 193
Lipson, Juliene, 212
Liptak, Adam, 271
Liu, E. T., 93, 96, 100
Lleras-Muney, A., 235
Lobel, M., 247
Lock, M., 16, 220
Lorber, Judith, 79
Loring, M., 199
Loving v. Virginia, 200
Lowe, 39–40
Luekocyte counts, 99–100
Luker, Kristin, 69
Lupton, Deborah, 220
Lynching mentality, 55
Malaria, 189–190
Malays, 3
Manze, M., 232
Marks, Jonathan, 5, 63
Martin, Paul, 12, 125–146
Marts, Sherry, 77
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 269
Materson, B. J., 194
Mavik, 194
Mayberry, Robert M., 211
Mays, V. M., 227, 232
McCabe, Edward R. B., 53
McCabe, Linda L., 53
McCann-Mortimer, P., 108
McClellan, Mark, 75
McCleskey v. Kemp, 42
McDonald, S., 236, 241
McGee, D. L., 105
McGuire, T. G., 200
M’Charek, Amade, 56, 155
McKenney, N. R., 103
McKenzie, K., 94–95, 108–109
Mechanic, D., 235
Medicine
access to, 7, 14
Bayesians and, 189
BiDil case and, 6–7, 71, 107, 188, 210, 263–264, 269–270
biopolitics and, 63–81
clinical decision making and, 197–202
cultural competency and, 207–221
decision making and, 188–190
dosage amounts and, 188
drug development and, 65–67
evidence based, 187
frequentism and, 188–189
gender-specific, 74–79
governance and, 1–10, 13–15, 17
human genetic variation studies and, 169–170
hypertension and, 193–197
life expectancy and, 5
niche standardization and, 70–73
personalized, 9, 263–266
prior knowledge and, 189
race-based practices and, 187–202
reprogenetics and, 264–266
risk assessment and, 189–190
Senate Bill 144 and, 207
sickle-cell trait screening and, 190–193
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 158, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5, 270
speed of clearance and, 74–75
statistics and, 188–198
superstition and, 214–215
systematic observation and, 187
Mediterraneans, 3
Megyesi, M. S., 111
Mehta, P., 126
Melucci, Alberto, 69
Mendel, 4
Mendelsohn, Michael E., 76
Menstrual cycle, 75
Merkatz, Ruth B., 72
Mexican HapMap, 158
Mexican National Institute of Genomic Medicine, 158
Mexico, 39, 153, 158
Middle Eastern label, 54
Military, 8
Miller, Raymond, 51
Milmo, C., 226
“Mixed” category, 5
Mohammed, S. A., 232, 245
Mokwe, E., 194
Mol, Annemarie, 78–79
Mongols, 3
Monson, Keith, 38
Montoya, M., 7, 63, 170
Morals, 3–5, 8, 15, 92, 94, 207, 210
Moran, A., 194
Morning, Ann, 125, 128–129
Morphine, 75
Morris, Aldon D., 69
Mortality rates, 13–14
Moss, N., 235
Moul, D. A., 241
Mountain, Joanna L., 63, 96, 111
Mt. Ennon Baptist Church, 267
Mueller, Carol McClurg, 69
Mulattoes, 102
Müller-Wille, S., 3, 169
Muntaner, C., 99
Murdoch, Rupert, 259
Mustafa, Susan D., 55
Mustillo, S. A., 245
Mykitiuk, Roxanne, 271
Nagel, Joane, 69
Nakashima, Ellen, 260
Nash, Catherine, 268
National Academy of Sciences, 76
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 7, 269
National Center for Health Statistics, 14
National Commission of the Future of DNA Evidence, 32
National Committee for Quality Assurance, 208
National Human Genome Resource Institute, 262
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6, 80n3, 226
biopolitics and, 64, 73
gender and, 76–77
inclusion-and-difference paradigm and, 65–66
Pharmacogenetics Research Network and, 262
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act
gender and, 76–77
governance and, 6, 11, 13–14
inclusion-and-difference paradigm and, 65
women and, 65
National Medical Association, 7
National Minority Health Month, 269
National Research Council (NRC), 32
National Security Political Action Committee (NSPAC), 43–44
Nature journal, 38, 262
Navarro, V., 241–242
Nazis, 4–5, 58
Nazroo, J. Y., 101, 104, 128
Neel, J. V., 51
Neighbors, J. W., 232
Nelson, Alan R.
cultural competency and, 209–211
governance and, 6–7, 13–14
race-based medical evaluations and, 199
racism and, 228, 232, 242
self-identification and, 141
Nelson, Alondra, 63, 266–268
Nerlich, B., 115
Netherlands, 51, 56–57
New England Journal of Medicine, 76
New Jersey, 207
NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (TV show), 76
Newsome, Melba, 49
New York Times, 259, 272
Nguyen, V.-K., 8
Niche standardization, 70–73
Nickens, H. W., 227, 235
Nieto, F. J., 99
Nike, 1, 6–7
Nitric oxide metabolism, 6–7
NitroMed, 71–72, 263–264
Noble, Alice, 28, 41
Nobles, Melissa, 227
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 8–9
Novartis, 72
Novas, C., 16, 159
Nsieh-Jefferson, L., 14
Nucleotides
governance and, 18, 29–30
single nucleotide polymorphims (SNPs), 158, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5, 270
Nuru-Jeter, Amani, 212
O’Campo, P., 99
O’Connor, A., 235–236, 241–242
Octoroons, 102
O’Loughlin, J., 105
Omi, Michael, 69
Osbourne, N. G., 96, 101, 108
Ossorio, Pilar N., 13, 28, 49, 169–183
Outram, Simon M., 11, 91–123
Oversensitivity, 219–220
Pacific Fertility Center, 265–266
Pacific Island Americans, 212
Pakistan, 98
Palmié, S., 17
Pálsson, G., 13, 154
Pamies, Rubens J., 209
Paradies, Y., 232, 242, 245
Pardue, Mary-Lou, 76
Parens, Erik, 264
Parra, E. J., 226
Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), 1, 6
Patents, 1, 7, 16, 263–264, 270
Pathogens, 16, 76, 230
Pear, Robert, 77
Peer review, 39, 66, 150
Peffley, Mark, 43–44
Pennisi, E., 53, 175
Penrod, Steven D., 50
People v. Cudjo, 42
People v. Pizarro, 27–28, 32–35
People v. Soto, 37
People v. Wilson, 27, 32, 35–38
Pepe, M. S., 197
Personal Genome Project (PGP), 260
Peters, Ted, 44
Petryna, Adriana, 16
Pfeffer, N., 102
Pharmaceuticals. See Medicine
Phelan, J. C., 235, 241
Phenylketonuria (PKU), 171
Phillips, D. A., 107
Physiology, 7
Pincus, F. L., 243
Pizarro, Michael, 27–28, 32–35
Pneumonia, 13, 198
Policy
affirmative action and, 1, 242
antihypertensive therapy and, 193–197
asylum seekers and, 56
Canada and, 147–164
Civil Rights Act and, 236
cultural competency and, 207–221
desegregation and, 269
Dutch DNA law and, 56–57
future directions for, 259–273
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) and, 271
governance and, 1–18
inclusion-and-difference paradigm and, 65–74, 81n7, 210
medical, 187–202 (see also Medicine)
NIH Revitalization Act and, 6, 11, 13–14, 65, 76–77
Proposition 54 and, 228
Race Relations (Amendment) Act and, 126
reform and, 63–81
Senate Bill 144 and, 207
sickle-cell anemia screening and, 190–193
War on Poverty and, 236, 241
Politics, 1
biocitizens and, 16–18, 259–274
crime and, 55–56
genomics of difference and, 147–164
legitimacy of nation-states and, 3–4
new biopolitics of race and, 268–272 (see also Biopolitics)
niche standardization and, 70–73
reform and, 63–81
self-identification and add, 125–130
“Willie Horton” ad and, 43–44
Pollack, Andrew, 271
Pollock, Anne, 6, 63
Popenoe, R., 103–104, 106, 187
Porter, Theodore M., 69
Powell, B., 199
Prakash, G., 8
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 264–265
Prejudice
asylum seekers and, 56
crime and, 55–57
ecosocial theory and, 225–249
forensic DNA evidence and, 41–44
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) and, 271
Implicit Attitude Test and, 43
Nazis and, 58
oversensitivity and, 219–220
profiling and, 41–44
racial purity and, 58
reverse discrimination and, 243
violent crime and, 43–44
“Willie Horton” ad and, 43–44
Principal components analysis (PCA), 176
Prison, 1, 12, 27, 43, 271–272
Probability. See also Statistics
product rule and, 30, 45n1
random match probabilities (RMPs) and, 27–45
Product rule, 30, 45n3
Profiling, 10–11, 270
ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and, 51–54, 57
forensic DNA evidence and, 27–45
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 49–58
gender and, 74–79
prejudice and, 41–44
random match probabilities (RMPs) and, 27–44
relevance and, 36–41
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and, 30, 32
variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and, 30, 32
Proposition 54, 228
Prottas, Jeffrey, 28, 41
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 248–249, 266
Public Population Project in Genomics (P3G), 151
PubMed MeSH, 194
Puckrein, Gary, 269
Pulitzer Prize, 248
QT interval, 79
Quadnago, J., 236, 241
Quadroons, 102
Quebec, 12–13, 153–157, 163n6
Quigley, J. M., 241–242
Rabinow, Paul, 8, 13, 16, 154, 260
Race. See also specific race
affirmative action and, 1, 242
ancestry and, 7, 169–180 (see also Ancestry)
anthropologists and, 5, 8, 16–17, 97, 127, 137, 140, 155, 164n9, 173–174, 208–209, 212, 219–221, 263, 266
BiDil case and, 6–7, 71, 107, 188, 210, 263–264, 269–270
biocitizens and, 16–18, 259–274 (see also Biocitizens)
as biological category, 5
Canada and, 151–161
commerce and, 1–2
commercialism and, 1–2, 6–7, 17–18
cultural competency and, 207–221
eugenics and, 4–5, 8, 133, 261, 272
genetics and, 1–2 (see also Genetics)
governance and, 1–18
molecular reinscription of, 6
niche standardization and, 70–73
opposite, 263
oversensitivity and, 219–220
random match probabilities (RMPs) and, 27–44
reform and, 63–81
segregation and, 1, 35, 236
self-identification and, 130–138 (see also Self-identification)
sequencing own genome and, 259–260
sickle-cell anemia and, 4, 14, 113, 171, 190–193, 197, 201–202
as single family, 169
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, 158, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5, 270
slavery and, 1, 54, 96, 102, 202, 210, 262, 266–268
as social construction, 1–2
social justice and, 6, 11, 68, 220, 271, 273
superstition and, 214–215
visible minorities and, 153–154, 157
within-race differences and, 5–6, 31, 93, 97, 109, 169–180
Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group, 97–98
Race Relations (Amendment) Act, 126
Racial categories
admixture mapping studies and, 172–175
application issues and, 113
article citation search on, 94–108
binaries and, 5
biomedical research and, 91–116, 125–143 (see also Biomedical research)
biopolitics and, 63–81 (see also Biopolitics)
contextual variation and, 102–103
creation of, 92
early classification attempts and, 3–4
forensic DNA and, 27–45, 49–58
human genetic variation studies and, 97–100, 169–182
inappropriate interventions and, 106–107
inference of health issues and, 104–106
in-group variation and, 97–98
innate categories and, 99–100
interpretive analysis and, 111–113
justification of, 93
lack of consensus in, 100–104, 114–115
leukocyte counts and, 99–100
limited internal validity of, 103–104
literature analysis of, 94–116
medicine and, 187–202 (see also Medicine)
moral issues and, 92
pure populations and, 58, 98–99, 261, 263
Race Relations (Amendment) Act and, 126
researcher choice and, 93–94
selective engagement and, 110–111
single-word labels and, 103–104
social categories and, 94
stereotyping and, 107–108, 115
sterilization laws and, 261
technological improvements and, 109–110
U.K. policy and, 125–126
U.S. policy and, 125–126
Racine, E., 150
Racism
conceptual issues and, 229–232
cultural competency and, 208, 211, 219– 221
empirical research on, 232–247
health issues and, 208, 211, 219–221, 225–249
need for action on, 248–249
reverse discrimination and, 243
scientific, 226–229
self-reported cases of, 242–247
Raelson, J. V., 156
Rajagopalan, Ramya, 13, 63, 169–183
Random match probabilities (RMPs)
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and, 36, 38–39, 41
forensic DNA evidence and, 27–44
McCleskey v. Kemp and, 42
People v. Pizarro and, 27–28, 32–35
People v. Soto and, 37
People v. Wilson and, 27, 32, 35–38
prejudice and, 41–44
presenting race in court and, 29–32
product rule and, 30, 45n1
reference population and, 30–31
relatives and, 30–31
relevance and, 36–41
restriction fragment length polymorph (RFLP) and, 30, 32
Rapp, R., 16
Rathore, Saif S., 210
Raymond, N. L., 232
Reagan administration, 15, 237
Reardon, J., 5, 7, 63, 155, 169
Rebbeck, T. R., 169
Recruitmentology, 72–73
Reed, T. E., 51
Rehkopf, D. H., 241
Reijnders, Stijn, 56
Relevance, 36–41
Religion, 16, 267
René, A. A., 199
Renin levels, 193–194
Reproductive Health Specialists, Ltd., 265
Reprogenetics, 264–266
Reprogenetics LLC, 264–265
Restriction fragment length polymorph (RFLP), 30, 32
Reverby, S. M., 4, 269
Reverse discrimination, 243
Rheinberger, H.-J., 3
Richardson, S. S., 1–2, 6, 169
Riddihough, Guy, 53
Risch, N., 40, 93, 96, 125, 169, 188
Rivara, F. P., 111
Roberts, Dorothy, 7, 12, 16–17, 259–276
Roberts, John, 269
Root, Michael, 77
Rose, Nicholas, 8, 16, 159, 260–261, 272
Rosen, G., 237
Rosenberg, N. A., 93
Rothenberg, K., 28
Royal, C. D. M., 125
Sachs, J. S., 51
Sagnella, G. A., 193
Saha, Somnath, 212
Salkin, Allen, 259–260
Sankar, Pamela, 111, 188
ancestry and, 169
biopolitics and, 63
forensic DNA evidence and, 30, 39–40
forensic DNA phenotyping and, 49–61
governance and, 10–11
Santiago-Irizarry, Vilma, 208
Santos, Ricardo Ventura, 147
Saskatchewan, 156
Satcher, David, 209
Satel, Sally, 188, 210, 269–270
Schellekens, Maurice, 56, 58
Schempf, A. H., 245
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 220
Schevitz, T., 228
Schizophrenia, 199
Schoen, C., 236, 241
Schulman, K. A., 199, 211
Schwartz, Robert S., 74, 76
Schwartz-Marín, E., 158
Science
antiracist, 226–228
biopolitics and, 63–81
eugenics and, 4–5, 8, 133, 261, 272
genetics and, 17 (see also Genetics)
governance and, 9–10, 17
human genetic variation studies and, 169–182
peer review and, 39, 66, 150
systematic observation and, 187
Science journal, 31, 51, 72, 76
Scientist, The (magazine), 74
Secko, D., 156–157
Segiun, B., 153
Segregation, 1, 35, 236
Selective engagement, 110–111
Self-identification, 163n6
admixture mapping and, 172–173
affiliative self-fashioning and, 268
ancestry and, 266–268 (see also Ancestry)
biomedical research and, 102–103, 111
changing categories of, 102–103
as classification practice, 126–130
contextual variation and, 102–103
as departure from norm, 139
forensic DNA and, 39–40
genotype-assigned, 137–138
governance issues and, 9–12, 17
individual dignity and, 128–129
meantime and, 140
medicine and, 188, 191
police officers and, 10
as practical tool, 131–132, 139–140
self-assigned, 137–138
sequencing own genome and, 259–260
sickle-cell anemia and, 191
as standardization and, 132–137
U.K. policy and, 130–142
Senate Bill 144, 207
Senior, P. A., 128
Sex-based biology, 77
Sexuality, 8, 247
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 8, 233, 235
biopolitics of health and, 63–64, 75
cultural comp and, 209, 211, 217
race-based medical evaluations and, 200–201
Sexx Matters, 75
Shamanism, 215
Sharp, R. R., 140
Shaw, M., 235
Shea, Nicola, 27, 37–38
Sherman, Linda Ann, 72
Shields, Alexandra E., 63, 170
Shim, Janet K., 63, 73
Shriver, M. D., 50–51, 93
Siapush, M., 241
Sickle-cell anemia, 271
ancestry and, 171
biomedical research and, 113
governance and, 4, 14
medical evaluations and, 190–193, 197, 201–202
Sidney, S., 242, 245
Silicon Valley, 259
Silverman, D., 95
Simons, Dana Hawkins, 55
Singh, G. K., 241
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 158
ancestry and, 163n8, 171, 174–180, 181n5
biocitizens and, 270
relatedness and, 177–178
Skerry, P., 128
Skrentny, John David, 69
Skull measurements, 3–4
Slavery, 1, 54, 96, 102, 202, 210, 262, 266–268
Slavs, 4
Smaje, C., 104–105, 128
Smart, Andrew, 12, 109, 111, 125–146, 152
Smedley, B. D., 13, 14, 199, 209–211, 227, 232, 242
Snowe, Olympia, 271
Social justice. See also Legal issues
BiDil and, 7
biocitizens and, 271, 273
biopolitics of health and, 68
cultural competency and, 220
forensic DNA evidence and, 27–45
governance and, 6–7, 11
Society for Women’s Health Research (SWHR), 76–77
Socioeconomic status
ancestry and, 170
biomedical research and, 100–101, 105–108
Canada and, 162n4
medical evaluations and, 199
racism and, 233–237, 241–248
self-identification and, 137
South Africa, 153, 213
Sox, H. C., 187
Spagnoli, Linda, 49
Spar, Debora L., 264
Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, The (Fadiman), 215
Spirituality, 4
Spit parties, 259
Staley, Kristina, 50
Standardization, 70–73
Starr, Paul, 69
STATA 9.0 software, 194
Statistics
Bayesian, 189
Cochran’s Q and, 194
Cronbach’s alpha and, 242
frequentism and, 188–189
Gaussian distribution and, 195
medicine and, 188–198
percentage of genetic similarity and, 262
product rule and, 30, 45n1
random match probabilities (RMPs) and, 27–44
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and, 30, 32
sickle-cell anemia screening and, 191–192
Stein, C. R., 201
Stepan, Nancy, 3, 208
Stereotypes, 270
biomedical research and, 91, 100, 106–108, 113, 115
biopolitics and, 79
cultural competency and, 207–221
forensic DNA and, 28, 41, 43, 54, 57
governance and, 10, 15
medical evaluations and, 187–202
racial categories and, 115
Sterilization laws, 261
Stith, A. Y., 13, 14, 199, 209–211, 227, 232, 242
Stockbridge, N. L., 7
Stolcke, Verena, 209
Stoler, A. L., 4
Stolley, P. D., 243
Stone, A. A., 232
Strathern, M., 16
Street, Richard L., 213
Sugarman, J. R., 96
Sullivan, C. A., 107
Sunder Rajan, K., 8, 13, 154
Superstition, 214–215
Sweden, 52
Syphilis, 4
TallBear, Kimberly, 268
Tang, H., 40, 93
Tapper, Melbourne, 208–209
Tate, S. K., 7, 262
Taussig, K. -S., 16
Taylor, A. L., 188
Taylor, J. Y., 107, 188
Taylor, Jannelle, S., 215
Tay-Sachs, 113
Technology, 1, 4, 9, 13
expansion of race-based, 261–268
forensic DNA evidence and, 27–45
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 49– 58
genetics and, 17 (see also Genetics)
improvements in, 109–110, 261–268
inclusion-and-difference paradigm and, 69
reprogenetics and, 264–266
Temple, Robert, 7, 72
Templeton, Alan R., 63
Thomas, Matthew J., 53, 58
Thomas, S. B., 110
Thomson, Elizabeth J., 125
Thymine, 18, 29–30, 171
Thyroid cancer, 216
Timmermans, Stefen, 71
Tip sheets, 212
Tishkoff, S., 201
Torpey, John C., 70
Torres, J. B., 187
Toxic substances, 16
Trigaux, Robert, 49
Trinidad, 5
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 208–209
Truman, B. I., 103
Tuberculosis, 13, 233
Tuskegee study, 4
Tutton, Richard, 12–13, 125–146, 152
23andMe, 259–260
UK Biobank, 12, 154
U.K. Office of National Statistics (ONS), 127, 131–133, 140
U.K. Office of Populations Censuses and Surveys, 127
Ulcers, 13
Unequal Treatment (Smedley, Stith, and Nelson), 211
United Kingdom, 18, 114
Caucasian South Londoners study and, 135–136
forensic DNA evidence and, 30
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 51
National DNA Database and, 50
policy on women in, 125–126
Race Relations (Amendment) Act and, 126
self-identification and, 127–142
visible minorities and, 153
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 169
United States, 18
ancestry testing and, 266
Canada and, 147–148, 151–152
Civil Rights Act and, 236
colorline of, 236
commercialism and, 7
contraction of welfare state and, 271–272
cultural competency and, 207–221
desegregation and, 269
eugenics and, 4–5
first black president of, 1
forensic DNA evidence and, 30
forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) and, 51
genomics of difference and, 147–148
inclusion-and-difference paradigm and, 65–74, 81n7, 210
increasing population diversity of, 209
Loving v. Virginia and, 200
new regime on identity and, 63–67
NIH Revitalization Act and, 13–14
patent system of, 7
People v. Pizarro and, 27
People v. Wilson and, 27
policy on women in, 125
poverty line in, 235
prisons and, 271–272
racial binaries and, 5
segregation and, 1
self-identification and, 127, 129
Senate Bill 144 and, 207
sickle-cell anemia screening and, 190–193
sterilization laws and, 261
War on Poverty and, 236, 241
Universalism, 64–65
University of California, San Francisco, 263
University of Minnesota, 263
University of Texas, 31
University of Washington, 31
Unnatural Causes. . . Is Inequality Making Us Sick? (PBS series), 248–249
Urla, J., 129
USA Today Magazine, 78
U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, 243
U.S. Census Bureau, 6, 15, 103, 227–228, 235
U.S. Compressed Mortality Files, 236
U.S. Constitution, 269
U.S. Current Population Survey, 235
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 65, 68, 73, 75, 207
U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 127
U.S. Public Health Service, 66
U.S. Supreme Court, 36, 42, 200, 269
van der Beek, C. P., 57
Van Gerven, Dennis P., 208
Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), 30, 32
Venter, Craig, 2
Visible minority, 153–154, 157
Visweswaran, Kamala, 209
von Zastrow, Claus, 267
Voting Rights Act, 228
Wagner, Peter, 271
Wailoo, Keith, 4, 63, 190, 210
Wald, N. J., 197
Wallace, S., 154
Wang, A., 28
Ward, R. H., 63, 74
War on Poverty, 236, 241
Warren, K. B., 5, 99, 107
Watson, James, 226
Weber, Max, 10, 70
Weed, D. L., 112
Weinstein, Harvey, 259
Weinstein, M. C., 189
Weir, M. R., 194
Weiss, K. M., 94, 110
Weiss, Rick, 29, 260
Wellcome Trust, 125
“Where Are You From?” workshops, 267
Whitmarsh, Ian, 1–23, 63
Wiencke, J. K., 101
Wilkinson, R., 241
Williams, B., 188, 193, 271
Williams, D. R., 99, 102, 107, 232, 235, 245
Williams, Patricia, 265
Williams, Raymond, 221
“Willie Horton” ad, 43–44
Wilson, J. F., 125, 138
Wilson, William Curtis, 27–29, 32, 35–38
Winant, Howard, 69
Witch hunts, 56
Witzig, R., 106, 113
Wizemann, Theresa M., 76
Wojcicki, Anne, 259–260
Women
American Academy of Pediatrics and, 64
biopolitics and, 63–66, 70–79, 80n4
Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues and, 64
exercise and, 78
gender-based biology and, 77
health issues and, 63–64, 75–76
menstrual cycle and, 75
niche standardization and, 70–73
NIH Revitalization Act and, 65, 76–77
profiling and, 74–79
reprogenetics and, 264–266
response to medicine of, 74–79
Society for Women’s Health research (SWHR) and, 76–77
U.K. policy and, 125–126
U.S. policy and, 125
Woodward, K., 49, 94
Woosley, Raymond, 79
Wright, Charles, 42
Wright, J. R., Jr., 194–195
Wright Mills, C., 70
X chromosome, 51, 74, 78
Yale University, 31
Yanow, D., 129
Y chromosome, 51, 74
Zelnorm, 72
Zerhouni, E. A., 226