Chapter 1: Navigator Ellis B. Scripture’s Prayer
1. Scripture describes this and other missions in Hawkins’s B-17s Over Berlin: Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group (H). The author has elaborated by also basing the narrative on the accounts of other aircrew flying these missions detailed in the same work and in extracts from letters and diary accounts that appear in Onderwater’s Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945 and at the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
2. Killen, The Luftwaffe; Fleming, August 1939: The Last Days of Peace.
3. Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin.
4. Hauptmann (Captain) Luci Wolff, ex-Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the German Air Force), interview with the author, 1978. In 1939, at the age of nineteen, Luci Wolff was conscripted into the Luftwaffe at her German hometown of Wismar on the Baltic, serving as secretary to the local Luftwaffe commander until being transferred in 1942 to the Air Ministry in Berlin. There, among other duties, she worked as secretary to Reichsmarshall Hermann Goering for several weeks while his regular secretary was on leave. Later that year she was transferred to the OKL to become secretary to General Otto Langemeyer, chief of the high command’s transport and supply department. In 1943 Luci met a Luftwaffe night fighter ace who shared her last name, Major Heinz Wolff. They married shortly after. Major Wolff was shot down and killed two weeks later. Following General Langemeyer’s forced retirement in the wake of the failed Stalingrad Airlift, Langemeyer was replaced by his deputy, Colonel Walter Jacobi. Luci Wolff worked for Jacobi until the OKL’s capture by American forces at Berchtesgaden in Bavaria on May 1, 1945. Made a prisoner of war, she escaped from the American POW camp at Berchtesgaden with three other former OKL secretaries and walked across Germany to the home of relatives at Cuxhaven on Germany’s North Sea coast. She later relocated to Hamburg. In the 1950s she migrated to Australia, where she Anglicized her name to Lucy Wolf. The author, a young advertising copywriter and freelance journalist at the time, interviewed Mrs. Wolf extensively in 1978 and wrote of her wartime experiences in articles that appeared in the Tasmanian Mail and Sydney Sun in June and July of that year.
5. Scripture includes this traditional Native American prayer, whose author is anonymous, in Hawkins’s B-17s Over Berlin. The prayer can also be seen in Bentley, Best and Hunt, Funerals: A Guide.
Chapter 2: Hitler’s Secret Agent
1. Hitler was to himself describe this 1936 meeting and his reaction to it, to staff, six years later. His comments are reprinted in Hitler, Hitler’s Table Talk.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Van Der Zijl, Bernhard: A Hidden History.
6. Waterfield, “Dutch Prince Bernhard Was Member of Nazi Party.”
7. Newsweek, April 5, 1976.
8. Bernstein, Elimination of German Resources for War.
9. Bernstein, Report of the Investigation of I.G. Farbenindustrie AG.
10. Ibid.
11. “New Facts About Prince Bernhard PhD Annejet van der Zijl,” Querido, Dutch publisher’s website.
12. Waterfield, “Dutch Prince Bernhard Was Member of Nazi Party.”
13. The file had been at Humboldt University all along, but, from 1945 to 1989, the archive was under the control of the Russian occupation government and then the Communist government of East Germany, neither of which allowed access. The file’s document number is ZBII1849 Act 28.
14. Hatch, HRH Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands: An Authorised Biography. In 1945, when the Allied powers designated the SS a criminal organization, it did not include the Reiter-SS in that category, describing it as little more than a social club.
15. Quoted in Hoffman, Queen Juliana, the Story of the Richest Woman in the World.
Chapter 3: The Suspect Prince in the World of James Bond
1. Lycett, Ian Fleming.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
Chapter 4: The Bridge Too Far
1. Wilhelmina, Lonely But Not Alone.
2. Ryan, A Bridge Too Far.
3. Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin.
4. Ibid.
5. Wilhelmina, Lonely But Not Alone.
6. Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin.
7. Ryan, A Bridge Too Far.
8. Ibid.
9. Keogh, Audrey Style.
10. Jonkheer Ian Edgar Bruce Charles van Ulford.
11. Jonkheer Aarnoud Alexander Charles van Ulford.
12. Keogh, Audrey Style.
13. Ryan, A Bridge Too Far.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Johnson, Wing Leader.
17. Ryan, A Bridge Too Far.
18. Ibid.
19. Testimony of Seyss-Inquart at Nuremberg War Trials, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, Volume 16.
Chapter 5: The Germans Go on the Offensive
1. Keogh, Audrey Style.
2. Killen, The Luftwaffe.
3. Johnson, Wing Leader.
4. Galland, The First and the Last: The German Fighter Force in World War II.
5. Johnson, Wing Leader.
6. Price, Luftwaffe Handbook, 1939–1945.
Chapter 6: Surviving the Hunger Winter
1. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
2. Bijvoet and Hutten, The Hunger Winter: The Dutch in Wartime, Survivors Remember.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
Chapter 7: An Offer from Nazi Governor Seyss-Inquart
1. Galland, The First and the Last: The German Fighter Force in World War II.
2. Testimony of Seyss-Inquart at Nuremberg War Trials, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, Volume 16.
3. Ibid.
4. Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–5.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. From a Dutch Foreign Office report reprinted in part in Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter.
15. Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Captain Luci Wolff, ex-Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (high command of the German air force), interview with the author, 1978.
Chapter 8: President “Dutch” Roosevelt’s Promise
1. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny.
2. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Family, Business and Personal Papers.
3. FDR to Princess Juliana, May 20, 1944. President’s Secretary’s File.
4. De Jong, The Netherlands and Nazi Germany.
5. President’s Secretary’s File.
6. Richardson and Freidin, The Fatal Decisions.
7. De Jong, The Netherlands and Nazi Germany.
8. Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–5.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
Chapter 9: “Beetle” Bedell Smith’s Plan
1. Ridder, Countdown to Freedom.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–5.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
Chapter 10: Farley Mowat Goes behind German Lines
1. Mowat, My Father’s Son: Memories of War and Peace.
2. Ibid.
Chapter 11: The Achterveld Agreement
1. Ridder, Countdown to Freedom.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. The author has been unable to establish a first name for Stoeckle. Also, in two separate accounts, Geddes variously gives Stoeckle the rank of captain and major. The author suspects that where Geddes accorded Stoeckle the rank of major he may have been confusing him with Major Groebe, who attended the next Achterveld conference with Von Massow. Further, Geddes consistently gives Alexander-Ferdinand von Massow the rank of oberleutnant, or first lieutenant, through these conferences; however, there are indications that Von Massow may have been promoted to the rank of captain in 1942. Without confirmation of Von Massow’s rank in 1945, for this narrative the author has retained the rank of oberleutnant accorded him by Geddes.
5. Ridder, Countdown to Freedom.
6. Ibid.
Chapter 12: The First Nervous Test Flight
1. Details of the crewmembers’ thoughts, actions and observations come from A Bad Penny Always Comes Back, “Bios,” “Radio Operator Remembers,” “and ‘Dutch Treat,” http://badpennybook.com.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ridder, Countdown to Freedom.
8. Ibid.
9. Captain Luci Wolff, ex-Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, who had been with Goering on this occasion, related this event to the author in a 1978 interview.
10. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
11. Ibid.
12. A Bad Penny Always Comes Back.
13. Ibid.
14. Mowat, My Father’s Son: Memories of War and Peace.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
Chapter 13: Ike’s Hatchet Man Tells the Nazi Governor Straight
1. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
2. The 16-hour work day was calculated by author Cornelius Ryan, based on the Prince’s detailed diaries, and included in a footnote in A Bridge Too Far.
3. De Guingand, Operation Victory.
4. Bedell Smith, Eisenhower’s Six Great Decisions, 1944–45.
5. Testimony of Seyss-Inquart to the Nuremberg War Trials, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, Volume 16.
6. De Guingand relates this part of the exchange in Operation Victory.
7. Bedell Smith, Eisenhower’s Six Great Decisions.
8. Ibid.
9. Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–5.
10. Ibid.
Chapter 14: The US 8th Air Force Prepares for Chowhound
1. Based on the recollections of Henry L. ‘Hank’ Cervantes at Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
2. Ibid.
3. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
4. Ibid. The same source reveals that ground crew of one British squadron covered the ends of their machine guns with plastic as a reminder to their air gunners that they were not to be fired.
5. Ibid.
Chapter 15: May 1, 1945
1. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Based on Krell’s recollections, which appear at the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
5. Based on diary extracts of No Credit’s radio operator Paul Laubacher, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
6. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
7. Based on diary extracts of No Credit’s radio operator Paul Laubacher, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
8. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
9. Based on Krell’s recollections, which appear at the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
10. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
11. Based on Coats’s diary extracts, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
12. Based on Hall’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
13. Geddes relates this story in Ridder, Countdown to Freedom. He refers to Von Massow’s brother the general as “Kurt” von Massow, but the general’s name was actually Gerhard-Albrecht von Massow, and he was usually referred to as Gerd.
14. Ridder, Countdown to Freedom.
Chapter 16: Germans Open Fire on Chowhound Bombers
1. Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–45.
2. Based on Sinibaldi’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
3. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
4. Based on Sinibaldi’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
5. Based on Coats’s diary extracts, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
6. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Based on Miller’s diary extracts, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
12. Ibid.
13. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
14. Ibid.
15. J. Vrouwenfelder, quoted in Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
16. Ibid.
17. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ridder, Countdown to Freedom.
21. Based on Cervantes’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Based on Coats’s diary extracts, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
26. Based on Miller’s diary extracts, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
Chapter 17: Audrey Hepburn’s Birthday Present
1. Keogh, Audrey Style.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Bijvoet and Hutten, The Hunger Winter: The Dutch in Wartime, Survivors Remember.
Chapter 18: Grif Mumford’s Special Air Delivery to a Dutch Sister
1. Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin: Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group (H).
2. Based on diary extracts of No Credit’s radio operator Paul Laubacher, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
3. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Air Droppings April/May 1945.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Based on Krell’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
7. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
8. Based on diary extracts of No Credit’s radio operator Paul Laubacher, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. “One Man’s War: After 50 Years, Sweet Memory,” Oxnard Star.
12. Based on Cervantes’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
13. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Based on Coats’s diary extracts, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
17. Van Der Zee, The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–45.
18. Based on diary extracts of No Credit’s radio operator Paul Laubacher, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
19. Based on Sinibaldi’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
Chapter 19: Bombardier Braidic’s Fateful Decision
1. Braidic tells his story in Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin: Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group (H).
2. Ibid.
3. Morris and Hawkins, The Wide Blue Yonder and Beyond: The 95th Bomb Group in War and Peace.
4. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
5. Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin.
6. The other USAAF passengers who died were Staff Sergeants Edward Bubolz, Robert Torbor, Gerald Lane and Joseph Repiscak, and Private First Class George Waltari.
7. No RAF, RCAF (Royal Canadian Air Force) or RAAF (Royal Australian Air Force) aircraft were lost during Operation Manna. A Lancaster did suffer serious wing damage when it collided with a radar tower over southeast England while flying a Manna sortie, but its pilot managed to nurse the bomber back to its base and make a successful landing.
8. Freeman, The Mighty Eighth in Colour, gives the six-to-one figure.
9. There would be 145 Manna flights by RAF Lancasters the following day before the entire air-drop operation was brought to a close.
10. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
Chapter 20: The End
1. Testimony of Seyss-Inquart at the Nuremberg War Trials, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, Volume 16.
2. Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–5.
3. Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin: Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group (H).
4. Maychick, Audrey Hepburn: An Intimate Portrait.
5. In a 1999 Introduction to Keogh’s Audrey Style.
6. Maychick, Audrey Hepburn.
Chapter 21: The Aftermath
1. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary.
2. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
3. Morris and Hawkins, The Wide Blue Yonder and Beyond: The 95th Bomb Group in War and Peace.
Chapter 22: The Best Thing We Ever Did in the War
1. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound: The Allied Food Droppings April/May 1945.
2. Hawkins, B-17s Over Berlin: Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group (H).
3. Based on Cervantes’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
4. “Chowhound,” 100th Bomb Group Foundation website, http://100thbg.com.
5. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
6. “One Man’s War: After 50 Years, a Sweet Memory,” Oxnard Star.
7. Ibid.
8. Based on Krell’s recollections, which appear on the Manna/Chowhound website, http://operationmanna.secondworldwar.nl.
9. Barris, Days of Victory: Canadians Remember, 1939–45.
10. Ibid.
11. Onderwater, Operation Manna/Chowhound.
12. “Holland Was Saved Just in Time,” London Daily Herald.
13. Ibid.