Achilles, 42
Adorno, Theodor W., 21, 27, 37, 40, 56, 72, 87, 88, 89
Alexander III (the Great), 97
antidemocracy, 15, 23, 25, 47, 79, 100, 104
antiliberalism, 22, 36, 80, 82, 105
antifascism, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 43, 44, 46, 51, 52, 79, 80, 83, 87, 88, 90, 102
anti-Semitism, 13, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 55, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 92, 93, 103; Jewish conspiracy theories, 34, 36, 39, 65, 66, 67, 76, 76, 77; and Pittsburgh terrorist attack, 3; and Poway terrorist attack, 3
Arendt, Hannah, 15, 16, 18, 20, 26, 27, 41, 43, 47, 54, 87, 89, 99
Argentina, 16, 24, 25, 48, 68, 76, 77, 105; anti-Semitism in, 35, 36, 65; “Christianized fascism” in, 37, 45; fascism in, 22–23, 30, 33, 34, 37, 41, 65
Argentine Anti-Jewish Action (Acción Antijudía Argentina), 36
Astray, General José Millán, 42
Austria, 16
Barrés, Maurice, 59
Ben-Ghiat, Ruth, 99
Berlusconi, Silvio, 104
Bianchi, Michele, 60
Blumenberg, Hans, 43
Bolivar, Simón, 47, 48; Bolivarianism, 47, 48
Bolshevism, 14
Bolsonaro, Jair, 4, 7, 8, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 97
Borges, Jorge Luis, 17–18, 24, 25, 26, 40, 54, 55, 56, 65, 87, 90
Bottai, Giuseppe, 86
Brazil, 4, 7, 102, 105; dictatorship in, 98, 99
Brazilian Truth Commission, 99
Carlyle, Thomas, 24
Cassirer, Ernst, 13, 25, 26, 87
Castellani, Leonardo, 63, 67, 70, 71
Charlemagne, 42
Charles V, 42
Chavez, Hugo, 105
Chinese Blue Shirts, 38
clerico-fascism, 33, 34, 54, 66, 68
Codreanu, Corneliu, 29, 53, 54
Comte, Auguste, 25
corporatism: fascist, 79, 80, 81; Kelsenian critique of, 81; for Lugones, 77, 78; for Mussolini, 80; for Uriburu, 82, 83
Croce, Benedetto, 29
democracy: attacks on, 8, 22, 25, 56, 57, 100; authoritarian, 105; corporatism and, 79, 80–81; as engendering plutocracy, 77; fascist ideas of, 22, 75–82, 85, 98, 99; free press and, 7; ideology, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 83, 84; liberal, 25, 79, 80; lies and, 8, 77; and populism, 8; representative, 8; survival of, 8; truth and, 15; Uriburu and, 82–83
de Maistre, Joseph, 25
Derrida, Jacques, 43
dictator: as creator of truth, 46–47; as infallible, 41; mythical unconscious and, 60; as personification of the people, 48; power of, 22, 24
dictatorship: in Brazil, 98, 99; corporatism and, 77–81; elections and, 83; freedom and, 83; totalitarianism and, 16; as truest form of democracy, 75, 79, 99; truth and, 15
Egyptian Blue Shirts, 38
Egyptian Green Shirts, 32
Eichmann, Adolf, 16, 17, 18, 47
El Paso, TX, fascist terrorist attack in, 3, 4, 5
Ethiopia, 51
Evans, Richard, 12
Evola, Julius, 45
“fake news,” 9, 92. See also lies; truth
fascism/fascist: 1, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 44, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105; American, 6; as antidemocratic, 8, 15, 23, 79, 100, 104; in Argentina, 22–23, 30, 33, 34, 37, 41, 65; in Brazil, 22, 37, 45, 47, 51, 52, 61, 71, 78; in Britain, 54; in Chile, 39, 82; in China, 38, 44, 77; in Colombia, 37, 38, 47, 48, 61; in Egypt, 31, 32, 38; in France, 23, 59, 77, 82, 85; German, 6, 7, 22, 37, 73; in India, 22, 23, 31, 34, 37, 76; Italian, 23, 40, 45, 49, 60, 61, 70, 73, 78, 90; Japanese, 31, 32, 37, 76; messianic conception of, 39; in Mexico, 30, 34, 69, 77, 78; and myth, 2, 9, 12, 14–15, 19, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 40, 50, 51, 60; in Peru, 31, 37, 77; and racism, 4, 37; rationalization, 60; revolution, 28, 62, 72, 76, 8;, Romanian, 29, 37, 39, 42, 45, 53, 54; and terrorism, 3, 4, 6; transnational, 12, 22, 23, 29, 31; and the unconscious, 21, 27, 30, 37, 43, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 85, 86, 89
Fernández, Macedonio, 65
Filippo, Virgilio Fr., 35, 36, 66, 67, 70
Final Solution, 38, 68; and Holocaust, 1, 16, 38, 98, 102
Flores, Luis, 31
Franco, Francisco, 15, 16, 42, 81, 83
Frank, Hans, 46
Frederick II (the Great), 97
freedom, 97; as compatible with dictatorship, 83
Freud, Sigmund: as fascist enemy, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73; and fascist myth of the hero, 40, 41; and fascist problem with truth, 54, 55, 56; and fascist unconscious, 21, 86, 87, 88; Freudian theory, 63, 64, 65; and notion of the unconscious, 21, 23, 71, 72, 73, 74, 86, 87
Friedlander, Saul, 73
Germany, 6, 7, 12, 16, 22, 23, 37, 41, 45, 46, 55, 69, 73, 77, 93, 103
Giménez Caballero, Ernesto, 41, 42, 62, 63, 64
Goebbels, Joseph, 11, 12, 93, 101
Goldwater, Barry, 105
Guardian (newspaper), 7
Haiti, 104
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 25
Heidegger, Martin, 44
hero, fascist myth of, 40, 41, 42
Hitler, Adolf, 6, 7, 8, 36, 46, 47, 58, 60, 69, 73, 74, 89, 98, 100, 102–3, 104; as godlike figure, 33, 41–42, 93–94; infallibility of, 41–42; as incarnation of the people, 59; and Jews, 35, 67–68, 75–76; on truth and lies, 1, 8, 11–13, 33, 34, 69; and violence, 87, 101
Horkheimer, Max, 2, 25, 26, 87
Hungary, 98
Husayn, Ahmad, 32
infallibility: divine, 61; fusion with truth and God, 94; of leader, 41–42, 92, 93
integralismo, 23
Italy, 22, 23, 45, 77, 78, 100
journalism: demonization of, 7; importance of free press, 7
Jung, Carl, 73
Kobach, Kris, 95
LaCapra, Dominick, 29
Lagomarsino, Alberico Dr., 66, 67
Leopards (Colombian fascists), 38, 47
Levis Sullam, Simon, 35
liberalism, 24, 29, 30, 46, 42, 52, 57, 79, 80, 105
lies: Bolsonaro and, 7–8; Codreanu and, 54; danger of using mental illness as explanation for, 102–4; democracy and, 8, 77; in fascist politics, 1–2; Franco and, 15–16; fascists’ belief in, 11, 27, 75; Jews and, 34; Mussolini and, 14; mythmaking and, 12, 15, 18; in name of greater good, 2–3; Nazism and, 11–13, 16–18; normalization of, 103–4; reality and, 11–12, 20–21, 84; repackaged as truth, 6, 8–9, 75, 99; Trump’s use of, 5, 8, 91–92, 94–95; violence and, 3–4, 6–8, 18, 83; as weapon against truth, 99. See also truth
Lugones, Leopoldo, 25, 42, 47, 48, 52, 53, 55, 66, 77, 78, 86
Maduro, Nicolás, 99
Mariatégui, José Carlos, 56, 87, 88, 89
al-Mashriqi, Inayatullah Khan, 31
Maurras, Charles, 59
May, Karl, 6
McCarthyism, 99
Mosley, Oswald Sir, 54
Mussolini, Benito, 7, 23, 37, 49, 51, 56, 58, 70, 74, 77, 86, 88, 90, 100, 104; aligned with God, 93; and corporatism, 80; and the divine, 61, 93; as hero, 42, 48, 102; infallibility of, 41–42, 92; Lugones on, 78–79; and myth of the nation, 14; and socialism, 89; on truth and lies, 1, 8, 14, 40 93; and the unconscious, 59–60; and violence, 38, 62, 101
myths/mythmaking, 2, 12, 14–15, 19, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 40, 50, 51, 60; and anti-Semitism, 13; the leader as living myth, 41; and truth, 9
National Socialist Movement of Chile, 82
Nazis/Nazism, 1, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 23, 24, 33, 38, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 55, 56, 61, 68, 73, 77, 87, 89, 93, 94, 97, 98, 102; führerprinzip, 41; Neo-Nazism, 6, 98; party, 6, 41; propaganda, 93
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 42
NPR, 95
Orwell, George, 92
Pakistan, 37
Paraguay, 99
Paxton, Robert, 15
Pence, Mike, 95
Perón, Juan Domingo, 96, 97, 100, 102, 104, 105
Peruvian Blackshirts, 37
Petrucci, Alfonso, 72
Picasso, Pablo, 83
Pinochet, Augusto, 99
plutocracy, democracy as, 77
popular sovereignty, 8, 22, 24, 41, 59, 77, 82
populism/populist/populismo, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 31, 102, 104, 105; and democracy, 8; elections and, 95–96; as form of post-fascism, 6; racist, 98; rewriting history, 98; right-wing, 2, 97, 100, 104, 105; Trumpism and, 91–92, 94; violence and, 7
propaganda/propagandists, 2, 5, 11, 12, 16, 20, 21, 34, 93, 94, 99, 100
protofascists, 59
racism/racists, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 23, 35, 36, 37, 44, 45, 55, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105; Aryan race, 6, 7, 45, 73
Renaud, Jean, 82
Riefenstahl, Leni, 73; The Triumph of the Will, 73, 94
Romania, 29, 37, 39, 42, 45, 54
romantics/romanticism, 15, 24, 42; Latin American, 24
Salgado, Plinio, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 61, 71
Salvini, Matteo, 100
Sanders, Sarah, 92
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 36
Scaligero, Massimo, 85
Schmitt, Carl, 46
Sima, Horia, 29
Spain, 38, 41, 44, 45, 77, 81, 83
Stroessner, Alfredo, 99
terrorist attacks: in Charlottesville, 5; in Christchurch, 3; in El Paso, 3, 4, 5; in Oslo, 3; in Pittsburgh, 3; in Poway, 3; and truth, 3
Tharoor, Ishaan, 5
totalitarian/totalitarianism: corporatism and, 80; dictatorship and, 16; ideology, 27, 32, 43, 44, 51, 55, 71, 75, 77; regime, 51; state, 22, 57, 60; subject, 18; system, 18
Traverso, Enzo, 38
Trump, Donald J., 4, 5, 6, 91–93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103; aligned with God, 93, 94; lies and, 5, 8, 91–92, 94–95; mythmaking and, 94, 104–5; as sole purveyor of truth, 99; Trumpism, 5, 91, 92, 93, 94, 101, 104, 105; Trumpists, 93, 94, 105
truth: Christianity and, 63; democracy and, 15; dictator as creator of, 46, 102–3; as embodied in the leader, 15, 27, 104; fascist problem with, 54, 55, 56; “heroic spirit” and, 85; lies repackaged as, 6–7, 14; mythmaking and, 9; post-truth, 2, 9; and the sacred, 39; transcendental, 21; and the unconscious, 21, 27. See also lies
unconscious: dictatorship as externalization of, 21, 27, 30, 59–60, 85, 86; embodied in the leader, 27, 30, 58–59; and Judaism, 70, 73; mythical force of, 57; and psychoanalysis, 65–66, 71–72; and purity of fascist ideal, 23; and sentimentalism, 56; and the soul, 58; and truth, 21, 37, 43, 89; and violent desires, 86, 88
United Kingdom, 54
United States, 3, 6, 7, 25, 76, 77, 91, 104
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 34
University of Buenos Aires, 43
Uriburu, General José F., 42, 48, 82, 83
Valois, Georges, 85
Vargas, Getúlio, 105
Vasconcelos, José, 30, 33, 34, 77
Villegas, Silvio, 47
violence: as central to fascism, 38–39; Chinese Blue Shirts and, 38; Egyptian Blue Shirts and, 38; fascism and, 18, 22–23, 38–39; lies and, 3–4, 6–8, 18, 83; mythology and, 26, 38; populism and, 7; Trumpism and, 6; and the unconscious, 15, 38, 86, 88
von Marées, González, 82
Wallace, George, 105
white supremacy, 4; and Charlottesville attack, 5; and Christchurch attack, 3; and El Paso attack, 3, 4, 5; and Oslo attack, 3; and Pittsburgh attack, 3; and Poway attack, 3
zur Linde, Otto Dietrich, 17