1. See chapter 4, “Color Blind,” of Michael O. Emerson and Christian Smith, Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
2. “When sin is limited to the individual realm and does not extend into the corporate realm, our understanding of salvation is also limited to the individual realm.” Soong-Chan Rah, The Next Evangelicalism: Releasing the Church from Western Cultural Captivity (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2012), 40.
3. Hafiz and Daniel James Ladinsky, The Gift: Poems by the Great Sufi Master (New York: Arkana, 1999), 300.
1. Richard Horsley, foreword to Walter Brueggemann, Money and Possessions (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2016), xii.
2. John Dominic Crossan, “Roman Imperial Theology,” in In the Shadow of Empire: Reclaiming the Bible as a History of Faithful Resistance Richard A. Horsley, ed., (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2008), 73.
1. Rachel Sherman, Uneasy Street: The Anxieties of Affluence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019).
2. Martin Luther King Jr., Strength to Love (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2010), 69.
3. See William T. Cavanaugh, “Attachment and Detachment,” in Being Consumed: Economics and Christian Desire (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2009).
4. King, Strength to Love, 68.
1. “Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America,” Digital Scholarship Lab, accessed August 3, 2019, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining.
2. Greg Nokes, “Black Exclusion Laws in Oregon,” Oregon Encyclopedia, accessed September 17, 2019, https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/exclusion_laws/#.XUS_Z5NKi5w.
3. “1970-2017: The Depressing Decline in Black Home Ownership Rates in Oregon and City of Portland,” Oregon Housing Blog, January 23, 2019, http://oregonhousing.blogspot.com/2019/01/1970-2017-depressing-decline-in-black.html.
4. Óscar A. Romero and Carolyn Kurtz, The Scandal of Redemption: When God Liberates the Poor, Saves Sinners, and Heals Nations (Walden, NY: Plough, 2018), 21.
5. Martin Luther King Jr., Strength to Love (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2010), 37.
6. Jonathan Wilson-Hargrove, Reconstructing the Gospel: Finding Freedom from Slaveholder Religion (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2018).
7. Stephanie Dickrell, “Nearly 74,000 Speak at Least Some Somali in Minnesota,” SCTimes, October 22, 2017, www.sctimes.com/story/news/local/2017/10/22/nearly-74-000-speak-least-some-somali-minnesota/783691001/ https://multco.us/file/56387/download
8. Meizhu Lui et al., The Color of Wealth: The Story Behind the US Racial Wealth Divide (New York: New Press, 2006), 8.
9. I recommend doing a deep dive on redlining in your specific city; everyone, however, can read Thomas Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
10. Read her book: Julia Dinsmore, My Name Is Child of God . . . Not “Those People” (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2007).
1. Read Karen Gonzales, The God Who Sees (Harrisonburg, VA: Herald Press, 2019). See also Phyllis Trible and Letty M. Russel, eds., Hagar, Sarah, and Their Children (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2006).
2. Melissa Florer-Bixler, email interview, August 4, 2019. The story is taken from the Babylonian Talmud, Yoma 76a.
3. Walter Brueggemann, Money and Possessions (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2016), 17.
4. William T. Cavanaugh, Being Consumed: Economics and Christian Desire (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2009), 94.
5. Liz Theoharis, Always with Us? What Jesus Really Said About the Poor (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2017), 10-11.
6. Find these and the following statistics in Ronald J. Sider, “Crucial Economic Data,” in Fixing the Moral Deficit: A Balanced Way to Balance the Budget (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2012).
7. Sider, Fixing the Moral Deficit, 29.
8. Cavanaugh, Being Consumed, 91.
1. “Lazarus at the Gate: An Economic Discipleship Guide,” Boston Faith and Justice Network, 2012, www.theologyofwork.org/uploads/general/lazarus-at-the-gate-curriculum.pdf.
2. Dorothy Day and Robert Ellsberg, The Duty of Delight: The Diaries of Dorothy Day (New York: Image Books, 2011).
3. Dorothy Day, “Love Is the Measure,” Catholic Worker, June 2, 1946, www.catholicworker.org/dorothyday/articles/425.html.
4. Day, “Love Is the Measure.”
1. Nikole Hannah Jones, “Choosing a School for My Daughter in a Segregated City,” New York Times, June 9, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/magazine/choosing-a-school-for-my-daughter-in-a-segregated-city.html.
2. “Overview and Mission Statement,” US Department of Education, accessed September 18, 2019, www2.ed.gov/about/landing.jhtml.
1. Maxwell King, The Good Neighbor: The Life and Work of Fred Rogers (New York: Abrams Press, 2019), 251.
2. Alexis Ditkowsky, “The Children We Mean to Raise: The Real Messages Adults Are Sending About Values,” Making Caring Common Project, July 7, 2014, https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/reports/children-mean-raise.
1. Thomas Merton, Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (New York: Image Books, 1968), 155.
1. “Odds of Dying,” National Safety Council, accessed August 11, 2019, https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/all-injuries/preventable-death-overview/odds-of-dying.
2. Padraig O’Tuama, from a lecture given at the Festival of Faith and Writing. For more of Padraig’s work, check out his poetry collections and his book of nonfiction called In the Shelter (London: Hodder Faith, 2015).
3. Alex Nowrasteh, “Terrorism and Immigration: Risk Factors,” Policy Analysis 798 (September 2016).
1. Eula Biss, On Immunity: An Inoculation (Minneapolis: Milkweed Press, 2014).
1. Approximately half of this chapter is lightly adapted from D. L. Mayfield, “Feasting in the House of the Lord,” Curator, October 22, 2018, www.curatormagazine.com/d-l-mayfield/23426.
2. For more information on the Rohingya crisis, see “Rohingya Refugee Crisis,” OCHA, accessed September 19, 2019, www.unocha.org/rohingya-refugee-crisis.
3. Jessica Goudeau, After the Last Border (New York: Viking, 2020).
1. Now I tend to agree with missiologist Lesslie Newbigin that Matthew 28 is one of three great commissions given in Scripture, along with John 20 and Luke 4.
2. There are many places to look up these numbers, but I rely heavily on the work of Jenny Yang and Matthew Soerens, both of World Relief. See Matthew Soerens and Jenny Yang, “Soerens and Yang: Trump Has a Choice to Make—Ban Refugees or Truly Restore American Greatness?” Fox News, July 27, 2019, www.foxnews.com/opinion/matthew-soerens-jenny-yang-trump-refugees-ronald-reagan.
3. Matthew Soerens and Jenny Yang, Welcoming the Stranger (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2018).
1. Jamila Reddy, “The Activism of Self-Care: 5 Things to Help You Heal,” Philadelphia Printworks, December 13, 2016, https://philadelphia-printworks.myshopify.com/blogs/news/the-activism-of-self-care-5-things-to-help-you-heal.
2. See Eugene Peterson, A Long Obedience in the Same Direction (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2019).
1. Nick Page, “Exile 79: Exile Stories,” Mid-Faith Crisis, accessed September 20, 2019, https://midfaithcrisis.org/podcast/episode-79-exile-stories.
2. James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), 9.
1. Shane Claiborne, Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove, and Enuma Okoro, Common Prayer: A Liturgy for Ordinary Radicals (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015), 555.
2. Grace Lichtenstein, “Sold Only in the West, Coors Beer Is Smuggled to the East,” New York Times, December 28, 1975, www.nytimes.com/1975/12/28/archives/article-4-no-title-sold-only-in-the-west-coors-beer-is-smuggled-to.html.
3. B. Erin Cole and Allyson Brantley, “The Coors Boycott: When a Beer Can Signaled Your Politics,” CPR News, October 3, 2014, www.cpr.org/2014/10/03/the-coors-boycott-when-a-beer-can-signaled-your-politics.
1. Louise Erdrich, The Birchbark House (New York: HarperCollins, 2008).
2. See Doug Wilson, a founder of the classical Christian education and his book Black and Tan (Moscow, ID: Canon Press, 2005). Here is one quote: “The intellectual leadership of the South was conservative, orthodox, and Christian. In contrast, the leadership of the North was radical and Unitarian. . . . On the slavery issue the drums of war were being beaten by the abolitionists, who in turn were driven by a zealous hatred of the Word of God” (p. 47).
3. For more information on biblicism and how evangelicals in the United States read the Bible, see Christian Smith, The Bible Made Impossible: Why Biblicism Is Not a Truly Evangelical Reading of Scripture (Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos, 2012).
4. To get a sense of the viewpoints of Bob Jones Sr. himself, consider this: he preached his self-avowed “most important sermon ever” on Easter Sunday 1960 on how segregation was scriptural—and this sermon was given to every student who entered the school from 1960–1986. The BJU campus did not allow interracial dating until 2000 (and only changed their policy due to public outcry) and African Americans were not admitted until 1971. See Camille Lewis, “‘Is Segregation Scriptural?’ by Bob Jones SR, 1960,” A Time to Laugh (blog), March 15, 2013, www.drslewis.org/camille/2013/03/15/is-segregation-scriptural-by-bob-jones-sr-1960 and “History of Bob Jones University,” Wikipedia, accessed September 23, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bob_Jones_University.
5. Willie James Jennings, The Christian Imagination: Theology and the Origins of Race (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 17.
6. Jennings, Christian Imagination, 22.
7. Michael R. Lowman and Corinne Sawtelle, United States History in Christian Perspective: Heritage of Freedom, 3rd ed. (Pensacola, FL: Abeka Press, 2012), 238.
8. Lowman and Sawtelle, United States History in Christian Perspective, 6.
1. See Alan Ehrenhart, The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City (New York: Random House, 2012).
2. For more on this topic, see Mark Charles and Soong-Chan Rah, Unsettling Truths: The Ongoing, Dehumanizing Legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2019).
3. Nikole Hannah-Jones, “America Wasn’t a Democracy, Until Black Americans Made It One,” New York Times, August 14, 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/black-history-american-democracy.html.
1. Matthew Kaemingk, Christian Hospitality and Muslim Immigration in an Age of Fear (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2018), 82.
2. William Stringfellow, An Ethic for Christians and Other Aliens in a Strange Land (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004), 85.
3. For more on his life and work see Bryan Stevenson, Just Mercy (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015).
4. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case for Reparations,” Atlantic, June 22, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631.
1. While there is no direct quote of Lewis here, Sehnsucht was a common theme in his life and writings—see the journal devoted to him and this idea at “Sehnsucht: The C. S. Lewis Journal,” Logos, accessed September 23, 2019, www.logos.com/product/49483/sehnsucht-the-cs-lewis-journal?.
2. C. S. Lewis, The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses (New York: William Collins, 2013), 30-31.
3. Lisa Sharon Harper, The Very Good Gospel (Colorado Springs, CO: WaterBrook, 2016), 13.
4. Randy S. Woodley, Shalom and the Community of Creation: An Indigenous Vision (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012), 11.
5. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases (Old Delhi, India: Alpha Editions, 2018), 7.
6. James H. Cone, The Cross and the Lynching Tree (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2015), 31. Please read the entire book, with a special emphasis on chapter two and how Reinhold Niebuhr in particular missed the clear connections between the cross and the lynchings of Black men and women in America.
7. George Tsakiridis, “Vine and Fig Tree,” George Washington’s Mount Vernon, accessed September 23, 2019, www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/vine-and-fig-tree.
8. Randy Woodley, Shalom and the Community of Creation: an Indigenous Vision (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012), 15.