Bibliography

General works

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: entries for George Bartley, Will Crooks, Andrew Doyle, Joseph Gutteridge, James Hammett, George Lansbury, Martha Merrington, George Sclater-Booth.

Brian Abel-Smith, The Hospitals 1800–1948: A Study in Social Administration in England and Wales (London: Heinemann, 1964).

Peter Ackroyd, London The Biography (Chatto and Windus, 2000).

Amyatt Amyatt, On the Repression of Vagrancy and Indiscriminate Almsgiving (Fourth ed., Weymouth: H Wheeler, 1878).

Anon [John Rutherford], Indoor Paupers by One of Them (London: Chatto and Windus, 1885).

Ian Anstruther, The Scandal of Andover Workhouse (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1973).

Thomas Archer. The Pauper, The Thief and the Convict (London: Groombridge, 1965). (Available online at www.perseus.tufts.edu).

Max Arthur, Lost Voices of the Edwardians (London: Harper Press, 2006).

Alison Backhouse, The Worm-Eaten Waistcoat (York: A R Backhouse, 2003).

Brian Bailey, Almshouses (London: Robert Hale, 1988).

George Bartley, A Handy Book for Guardians of the Poor (London: Chapman and Hall, 1876) .

Christine Bellarmy, Administering Central-Local Relations 1871–1919: The Local Government Board in its fiscal and cultural context (Manchester University Press, 1988).

Virginia Berridge, ‘Health and Medicine’ in F. M. L. Thompson (ed), The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750–1950: vol 3 Social Agencies and Institutions (Cambridge: University Press, 1990).

Charles Booth, The Aged Poor in England and Wales (London: Macmillan, 1894).

Charles Booth, Life and Labour of the Poor (3 vols, London: Williams and Norgate, 1889–1891).

Charles Booth, Old Age Pensions and the Aged Poor: a proposal (London: Macmillan, 1899).

Charles Booth, Pauperism a picture and the endowment of old age (London: Macmillan, 1892).

J. M. Bowen, ‘A Poor Little House…’ The Story of Belford Union Workhouse and its People from 183 to 1930 (Belford: Bell View, 2005).

John Burnett (ed), Useful Toil: autobiographies of working people from the 1820s to the 1920s (Routledge, 1994).

Anthony Chadwick, Yorkshire Workhouses (Ripon: Museum Trust, 2003 Life in the Workhouse Booklet 1).

Anthony Chadwick, From Workhouse to Welfare State (Ripon: Museum Trust, 2003 Life in the Workhouse Booklet 7).

W. Chance, Children under the Poor Law (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1897).

Valerie E. Chancellor (ed), Master and Artisan in Victorian England: The Diary of William Andrews and the Autobiography of Joseph Gutteridge (London: Evelyn, Adams and Mackay, 1969).

Charles Chaplin, My Autobiography (London: Bodley Head, 1964).

S. G. and E. O. A. Checkland (ed), The Poor Law Report of 1834 (London: Penguin, 1974).

Kellow Chesney, The Victorian Underworld (London: Pelican Books, 1972).

John Cole (ed), Down Poorhouse Lane: The Diary of a Rochdale Workhouse (Littleborough: George Kelsall, 1994).

Fred Copeman, Reason in Revolt (London: Blandford Press, 1948).

Jeffrey Cox, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth 1870–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

Bernard Crick, George Orwell: A Life (London: Secker and Warburg, 1980).

Frank Crompton, Workhouse Children (Stroud: Sutton, 1997).

M. A. Crowther, The Workhouse System 1834–1929 (London: Batsford, 1981).

W. H. Davies, Autobiography of a Super-Tramp (Oxford: University Press, 1980; First published by Jonathan Cape in 1908).

F. G. D’Aeth, Report to the Chairman of the Liverpool Council of Voluntary Aid on the Charitable Effort in Liverpool (Liverpool Council of Voluntary Aid, 1910).

Charles Dickens, ‘The Wapping Workhouse’ in An Uncommercial Traveller (London: Chapman & Hall, 1861).

Anne Digby, Pauper Palaces (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978).

Anne Digby, The Poor Law in nineteenth century England and Wales (London: Historical Association, 1982).

Felix Driver, Power and Pauperism: the Workhouse System 1834–1884 (Cambridge: University Press, 1993).

Frederick Eden, The State of the Poor (London: Routledge, 1928; First published in 1792).

Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973, first published 1845). (Available online at www.marxists.org/ archive/marx/works/1845/condition-working-class).

Geoffrey Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994).

William J. Fishman, East End 1888 (Nottingham: Five Leaves, 2005).

Josiah Flynt, Tramping with Tramps: Studies and Sketches of Vagabond Life (London: Fisher Unwin, 1900).

Simon Fowler, Philanthropy and the Poor Law in Richmond 1836–1871 (Richmond: Local History Society, 1991).

Mark Freeman and Gillian Nelson (eds), Vicarious Vagrants: Incognito Social Explorers and the Homeless in England, 1860–1910 (Lambertville NJ, True Bill Press, 2008).

W.R. Garside, British Unemployment 1919–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

Frank Grace, Rags and Bones: A social history of a working class community in nineteenth-century Ipswich (London: Unicorn Press, 2005).

Frank Gray, The Tramp: His being and meaning (London: Dent, 1931).

David R. Green, From Artisans to Paupers: Economic Change and Poverty in London, 1790–1870 (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1995).

William Grisewood, The Poor of Liverpool and what is being done for them (Liverpool: Egerton Smith, 1899).

Susan Hall, Workhouses and Hospitals of North Manchester (Manchester: Neil Richardson, 2004).

Hugh Hanley, Apprenticing in a Market Town: the story of William Harding’s Charity, Aylesbury 1719–2000 (Chichester: Phillimore, 2005).

S. H. Hardwick, Our Tramps (Wolverton: McCorquodale, 1895).

Thomas Hardy, Far From the Madding Crowd (London: Smith Elder, 1874).

George Haw, From Workhouse to Westminster: The Life Story of Will Crooks MP (London: Cassell, 1907).

Nathaniel Hawthorn, Our Old Home: A Series of English Sketches (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1883). (Available online at www.eldritchpress.org/nh/ooh.html).

Mary Higgs, Glimpses into the Abyss (London: P S King, 1906).

Mary Higgs, Five Days and Five Nights as a Tramp among Tramps… Social Investigation by a Lady (Manchester: John Haywood, 1904).

Michelle Higgs, Life in the Victorian and Edwardian Workhouse (The History Press, 2007).

Tim Hitchcock, Down and Out in Eighteenth Century London (London: Hambledon, 2004).

Patricia Hollis, Ladies Elect: Women in English Local Government 1865–1914 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987).

Robert Humphries, No Fixed Abode: A History of Responses to the Roofless and Rootless in Britain (London: Macmillan, 1999).

F.J.Johnson (ed), Edwardian and Great War Cheadle 1905–1918 (Cheadle: Cheadle and Tean Times, 1997).

Valerie Johnston, Diet in Workhouses and Prisons (New York: Garland, 1985).

Jennifer Jones, Macclesfield Workhouse (Macclesfield: Graveyard Press, 1999).

Steven King, Poverty and Welfare in England 1700–1850: a regional perspective (Manchester: University Press, 2000).

Steven King and Alannah Tomkins (eds), The Poor in England 1700–1850: An economy of makeshifts (Manchester: University Press, 2003).

‘A Lambeth Guardian’ The New Pauper Infirmaries and Casual Wards (London: Frederic Norgate, 1875).

Marlene and Graham Langley, At the Crossroads: A History of Arclid Workhouse and Hospital (Nantwich: Langley, 1993).

Neville Land, Victorian Workhouse: A study of the Bromsgrove Union Workhouse 1836–1901 (Studley: Brewiin Books, 1990).

George Lansbury, My Life (London: Constable, 1931).

Robert Lea, Unquiet Country: Voices of the Rural Poor 1820–1880 (Macclesfield: Windgather Press, 2005).

Lincolnshire (Parts of Lindsey), Report of the Vagrancy Committee adopted by Quarter Sessions on Friday 23 October 1903 (Lincoln: Morton, 1903).

Jack London, The People of the Abyss (Miami: Synergy International, 2000; First published 1903).

Sophia Lonsdale, The English Poor Laws: their History, Principles and Administration (London: P S King & Son, 1902).

John Macnicol, The Politics of Retirement in Britain 1878–1948 (Cambridge: University Press, 1998).

Hilary Marland, Medicine and Society in Wakefield and Huddersfield 1780–1870 (Cambridge: University Press, 1987).

Henry Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor: volumes 3 and 4 (London: 1862). (Available online at www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_bolles.html).

Kathryn Morrison, The Workhouse: A Study of Poor Law Buildings in England (Swindon: English Heritage, 1999).

National Trust, The Workhouse Southwell (London: National Trust, 2002).

Alan R. Neate, St Marylebone Workhouse (London: St Marylebone Society, 2003).

Julie O’Neill, The Life and Times of J T Becher of Southwell (Nottingham: selfpublished, 2002) .

George Orwell, Down and Out in London and Paris (London: Penguin, 2003; First published by Victor Gollancz in 1933).

Ruth Paley and Simon Fowler, Family Skeletons (London: The National Archives, 2005).

Robert Pashley, Paupers and the Poor Law (London, 1852).

Michael Paterson, Voices from Dickens’ London (Newton Abbott: David and Charles, 2006).

Liza Picard, Victorian London: The Life of a City 1840–1870 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005).

Stephen Pope, Gressenhall Farm and Workhouse (Cromer: Poppyland Publishing, 2006).

Raymond Postgate, The Life of George Lansbury (London: Longmans Green, 1951).

Herbert Preston-Thomas, The Work and Play of a Government Inspector (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1909).

Frank Prochaska, The Voluntary Impulse: Philanthropy in Modern Britain (London: Faber and Faber, 1988).

June Purvis, Emmeline Pankhurst (Routledge, 2002).

Maud Pember Reeves, A Round about a Pound a Week (London: Bell, 1913).

Carol Richmond, Bicester Poor Law Union and Workhouse Records (Witney: Oxfordshire Black Sheep Publications, 2006).

Robert Roberts, The Classic Slum: Salford life in the first quarter of the century (London: Penguin, 1978).

Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer (London: T Fisher Unwin, 1889).

Lionel Rose, The Erosion of Childhood: Child Oppression in Britain, 1860–1918(London: Routledge, 1991).

Lionel Rose, ‘Rogues and Vagabonds in Britain’: Vagrant Underworld in Britain 1815–1985 (London: Routledge, 1988).

B. Seebohm Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life (London: Macmillan, 1901). Charles Shaw, When I was a Child (Firle: Caliban Books, 1977; First published 1903).

John Shepherd, George Lansbury At the Heart of Old Labour (Oxford: University Press, 2002).

Menella B. Smedley, Boarding Out and Pauper Schools for Girls (London: Henry S King, 1875).

Samuel Smiles, Self-Help, with Illustrations of Conduct and Perseverance (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1996; First published, 1859).

Dorothy Stanley (ed), The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley, GCB(London: Sampson Low, 1909).

Gareth Stedman Jones, Outcast London: a study in the relationship between classes in Victorian society (London: Penguin, 1984).

Graham Storey (ed), The Letters of Charles Dickens; Vol 11 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999).

Anne-Marie Strange, Death, Grief and Poverty in Britain, 1870–1914 (Cambridge: University Press, 2005).

Brenda Thompson, Children (Ripon: Museum Trust, 2003. Life in the Workhouse Booklet 2).

Brenda Thompson, Food (Ripon: Museum Trust, 2003. Life in the Workhouse Booklet 6).

Brenda Thompson, Health and Sickness (Ripon: Museum Trust, 2003. Life in the Workhouse Booklet 5).

Brenda Thompson, Old People (Ripon: Museum Trust, 2003. Life in the Workhouse Booklet 4).

Brenda Thompson, Vagrants (Ripon: Museum Trust, 2003. Life in the Workhouse Booklet 3).

James Treble, Urban poverty in Britain, 1830–1914 (London, 1979).

E. S. Turner, What the Butler Saw: two hundred and fifty years of the Servant Problem (London: Michael Joseph. 1962).

Louisa Twining, Recollections of Life and Work (London: Edward Arnold, 1893).

David Vincent, Poor Citizens: the state and the poor in twentieth century Britain (London: Longman, 1991).

John Waller, The Real Oliver Twist: Robert Blincoe a life that illuminates a violent age (Cambridge: Icon Books, 2005).

James Walvin, Victorian Values (London: Cardinal, 1988).

Micky Watkins, Henrietta Barnett in Whitechapel (London: Hampstead Garden Suburb Residents Association, 2005).

Robert Whelan, Helping the Poor: Friendly visiting, dole charities and the dole queue (London: Civitas, 2001).

Peter Wood, Poverty and the Workhouse in Victorian Britain (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1991).

James Woodforde, The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802 (Oxford: University Press, 1978).

Jennifer Worth, Shadow of the Workhouse (Phoenix, 2009).

Articles

Denis Campbell, ‘Mid-Staffs: the Essential Guide’, 16 February 2013.

Russell Chamberlin, ‘Saving the Spike’, Spectator, 4 February 2006.

A. P. Coney, ‘Mid-Nineteenth Century Ormskirk: Disease, overcrowding and the Irish in a Lancashire Market Town’, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire (1990) 139.

‘James Cropper’, Poor Law Conferences Held in the Year 1901–2 (London: P S King, 1902).

B. P. Curle, ‘Mr Drouet’s Establishment at Tooting: An Essay in Victorian child welfare’, Surrey Archaeological Collections (1969) 66.

S. E. De Morgan, ‘Recollections of a London Workhouse, forty years ago’, Englishwomen’s Review, 15 February 1889.

Charles Dickens, ‘A Walk in the Workhouse’, Household Words 25 May 1850.

David Englander, ‘From the Abyss: Pauper Petitions and Correspondence in Victorian London’, London Journal (2000) 25.

Simon Fowler, ‘Jenny Foster Newton: ‘a bonnie fighter’’, Richmond History (1998) 19.

Simon Fowler, ‘Vagrancy in mid-Victorian Richmond, Surrey’, The Local Historian(1991) 21.

David R. Green, ‘Pauper protests: power and resistance in early nineteenth century workhouses’, Social History (2006) 31.

Rosaline Hall, ‘A poor cotton weyver: poverty and the cotton famine in Clitheroe’, Social History (2003) 28.

Elizabeth T. Hurren, ‘Agricultural trade unionism and the crusade against outdoor relief: poor law politics in the Brixworth Union, Northamptonshire, 1870–1875’, Agricultural History Review (2000) 481.

Elizabeth T Hurren, ‘Welfare-to-work schemes and a crusade against outdoor relief on the Brixworth Union, Northamptonshire in the 1880s’, Family and Community History (2001) 4.

Dick Hunter, ‘The Poor Law in Hackney a century ago’, The Local Historian (2004) 34.

Dick Hunter, ‘Vagrancy in the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire during the late Victorian period’, The Local Historian (2006) 36.

Elizabeth Hurren and Steve King, “Begging for a burial’: form, function and conflict in nineteenth century pauper burial’, Social History (2005) 30.

David G. Jackson, ‘The Medway Union Workhouse 1876–1881: A study based on the admission and discharge registers and the census enumerators books’, Local Population Studies (2005) 75.

Keith Laybourn, ‘The Guild of Help and the Community Response to Poverty 1904–c1914’ in Keith Laybourn (ed), Social Conditions, Status and Community 1860–c1920 (Thrupp: Sutton, 1997).

Marjorie Levine-Clark, ‘Engendering Relief: Women, Ablebodiedness, and the New Poor Law in Early Victorian England’, Journal of Women’s History (2000) 11.

Lynn MacKay, ‘A culture of poverty? The St. Martin in the Fields Workhouse, 1817’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1995) 26.

Ann Morton, ‘Contracting out Cruelty’, Ancestors Magazine (2005) 29.

Brian Owen, ‘The Newtown and Llanidloes Poor Law Union workhouse, Caersws, 1837–1847’, Montgomeryshire Collections (1990) 78.

L. R. Phelps, ‘Poor Law and Charity’, Poor Law Conferences Held in the Year 1901–2(London: P S King, 1902).

Ruth Richardson, “Middlesex Hospital Outpatients Wing/the Strand Union Workhouse”, History Today (September 1993) 43.

David Roberts, ‘How Cruel was the Victorian Poor Law?’ Historical Journal (1963) 6.

Southwell Workhouse Research Group, ‘’Penny Pinching Parishes’, AncestorsMagazine(2006) 49.

Spencer Thomas, ‘Power, paternalism, patronage and philanthropy: the Wyndhams and the New Poor Law in Petworth’, The Local Historian (2002) 32.

Kathryn Thompson, ‘Apprenticeship and the New Poor Law: a Leicester example’, The Local Historian (1989) 19.

Martin Wilcox, ‘Opportunity or exploitation? Apprenticeship in the British Trawl Fisheries 1850–1936’, Genealogists’ Magazine (2004) 28.

T. W. Wilkinson, ‘In a London Workhouse’ in George R. Sims, Living London Vol II Section I (London: Cassell, 1905).

Derek Williams, ‘The Ludlow Guardians 1836–1900’, Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Historical Society (2002) 77.

Richard Wiltshire, ‘Asylums for London’s Poor and Sick’, Ancestors Magazine(2005) 31.

‘A Discreet Report’, All the Year Round (1868) 19, p.350.

‘A Country Workhouse’, All the Year Round (1868) 19, p.16.

Newspapers

The Times

(Various dates). The Guardian

Official Papers

22nd Annual Report of the Poor Law Board 1869–1870 (C.123).

27th Annual Report of the Local Government Board 1897–98 (C. 8978).

2nd Annual Report of Local Government Board (1872–3, xxix, c748, appendix 32), Outdoor relief – report of committee of Brixworth Union.

Appendix A to the Poor Law Commissioners First Annual Report (PP 1835.xx.500).

Appendix to the Second Annual Report of the Poor Law Commissioners (PP 1836. xiv.595).

Bedwellty: Report of the Guardians appointed by the Ministry of Heatlth, period ending 30 September 1927 (Cmd 2976).

Chester-Le-Street Union: Report of the Board of Guardians, 1 July – 31 December 1927 (Cmd 3072).

Committee of the Council on Education: Minutes, Appendices (Schools of Parochial Unions) (PP 1849.xxiv.1111).

Copies of Depositions taken by Mr Weale in an Inquiry into the Treatment of Aged Paupers in the Barrow Workhouse (PP 1846.xxxvi.219).

Copy of Proceedings of the Directors and Guardians of the Poor of St Marylebone relative to the Infant Pauper Children in the Workhouse, 1843 (PP 1843.xx.559).

Dietaries for the Inmates of Workhouses: Report of Dr Edward Smith, FRC. (1866.xxxv.321).

Education and Training of Pauper Children (PP 1851.xlix.31).

Investigation in the Coalfield of South Wales and Monmouth (Cmd 3272).

Metropolitan districts, etc.: relief to the lunatic poor; workhouses (infirmary wards) by H. B. Farnall, Poor Law Inspector (PP 1866.lxi.1).

Nineteenth Annual Report of the Local Government Board (London: HMSO, 1890).

Poor Law (Mr Catch) (PP 1867–1868.lxi.249).

Poor Law (Out Relief) Copy of a Memorandum by Local Government Board relating to the Administration of Out Relief dated February 1878 (PP 1878.lxv.352).

Poor Law (Walsall) Workhouse (PP 1867–68.lx.40).

Poor Law (Workhouse Inspection) (PP 1867–68.lxi.35).

Report of a Committee on Workhouse Dietaries, 1898. (PP 1898.li.459).

Report of Dr Edward Smith on the Sufficiency of the Existing Arrangements for the Care and Treatment of the Sick Poor in Forty-Eight Provincial Workhouses in England and Wales (PP 1867–8.lx.4).

Report of H. B. Farnall on the Infirmary Wards of the several Metropolitan Workhouses (PP 1866.lxi.387).

Report of the Departmental Committee appointed to inquire into the Nursing of the Sick Poor in Workhouses (Cd 1367).

Report of the Departmental Committee on the Relief of the Casual Poor (HMSO, 1930) Cmd 3640.

Report of the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy (Cd 2852).

Report of the Departmental Committee to inquire into the Nursing of the Sick Poor in Workhouses (Cd. 1366; appendices Cd 1367) .

Report of the Departmental Committee to inquire into Workhouse accounts (Cd 1440).

Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress (Vol 1, London: HMSO, 1909).

Reports by Poor Law Inspectors on Workhouses in the their districts, in pursuance of instructions (PP 1867–68.lxi.1).

Return of Officers whose incomes are paid from Poor Rates in England and Wales (PP 1849.xxxvi.619).

Rotherhithe Workhouse Infirmary: copies of the Report of the Inquiry lately held by the Metropolitan Inspector in the Complaints of Miss Beeton against the management of the Rotherhithe Workhouse Infirmary (PP 1866.lxi.518).

Royal Commission on the Aged Poor (C. 7684).

Second Report from the Select Committee on Poor Relief (PP 1862.x.230).

Select Committee of the House of Lords on Poor Law Relief (PP 1888.xv.23).

Select Committee on the Abuses at Andover Union (PP 1846.v.1).

Select Committee on the Poor Law Amendment Act: 15th report (PP 1837–38.210).

The Use of Stimulating Liquors at Wrexham Union (PP 1876.lxiii.405).

Third Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1850 (PP 1851.lxii.510).

Vagrancy (PP 1866.xxxv.i).

West Ham Union: Second Report, 1 November 1926–31 May 1927 (Cmd 2900).

Records Held at The National Archives

AST 8/44 Printed memorandum [from Charles Frost] on the Rational treatment of casual paupers [1903]

KV 2/2322 MI5 file on Fred Copeman

MH 12/12478 (Lambeth 1869)

MH 12/12599 (Richmond 1857)

MH 12/15536 (Ripon workhouse 1865)

MH 12/15536 (Tadcaster Union 1865)

MH 12/6845 (Stepney 1850)

MH 12/8483 (Mitford and Launditch Union 1874)

MH 12/9525 Southwell Union

MH 25/24 Local Government Board miscellaneous correspondence 1873

MH 57/16 Tour of inspection of workhouses in Eastern Counties by Susan Lawrence, Assistant Secretary of State for Health [Easter 1931]

MH 57/135 Appointments of guardians etc Bedwellty, Chester-le-Street, and West Ham Unions, 1926–1929

MH 68/266 Bedwellty Correspondence, 1926–1930

MH 79/264-266 reports on Bedwellty, Chester-le-Street, and West Ham Unions, 1926–1929

Records Held at Other Archives

Callow Collection Box 3 (Society of Genealogists)

Minute book Southwell Board of Guardians (Nottinghamshire Archives)

Minute book Tadcaster Board of Guardians (North Yorkshire Record Office G/TD 1424)

Minute book for Llanfllin, Powys County Archives (http://a-day-in-the-life.powys.org.uk/eng/social/es_workstaff.php)

Report of the Board of Guardians (Richmond Poor Law Union) Year ending 31 March 1852 (Richmond Local Studies Library)