Academic pressure, 108
Achievement porn, 59
Action, of hooked model, 50
Addiction, 3–4; alcohol, 3–4; brain and, 39–40; caffeine, 109–10; gaming, 71–74; hooked model of, 49–50; to Internet media, 76–82; net compulsions, 74–76; online pornography, 68–69; shopping, 111–12; of social media, 53–65; spectrum of, 4; texting, 65–67; use of dating apps, 67–68. See also At-risk populations; Internet addiction; Internet media addiction; Social media addiction
Aggression, 5, 33, 73–74, 92, 160; dual diagnosis and, 116
Alcohol addiction, 3–4, 12, 91, 100, 117, 154
Alexis, Aaron, 89
Alone Together (Turkle), 24
American Academy of Pediatrics, 85
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 23
American Psychological Association (APA), 8
American Psychologist (journal), 127
Anhedonia, 29
Annual Digital Fast, 102
Anxiety, 21–23, 108; cyberchondria, 79–82; disconnectivity, 21, 22; dual diagnosis issues, 116
AOL, 65
Artificial intelligence (AI), 16, 137, 143–45
The Art of Screen Time (Kamenetz), 86, 106, 153
Asperger’s, 87
At-risk populations: children and teens, 83–86; individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 86–87; individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), 87–89; military members and veterans, 89; people with mental health and substance abuse issues, 90–91; socially isolated individuals, 89–90; susceptibility traits, 92
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): at-risk addiction of individuals with, 86–87; case study of teen online gaming addiction, 160–61; dual diagnosis and, 116
Attention engineering, 49
Attention Restoration Theory, 85
Auctions, online, 76
Augmented reality, 137; virtual reality and, 138–43
Austin, Darren, 144
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), 117; at-risk addiction of individuals with, 87–89; benefits of Internet for, 123–25
Baby boomers, 6
Bailenson, Jeremy, 140
Bean, Mary A., 122
Behavioral Health of the Palm Beaches, Inc., 97
Benefits of Internet, 121–22; accessing therapy online, 129–31; for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), 123–25; for education, 131–33; for online gaming, 127–29; for people feeling isolated, 125–27; for solving Internet addiction, 133–35
Big Tobacco, 50
Binge watching, Netflix and, 76–78
Biopsychosocial model, social media addiction, 56
Bipolar mania, 24
BlackBerry, 137
Blackberry thumb, 28
Black Mirror (television/Netflix), 151
BlueFire, 99
Body dysmorphic disorder, 57
Brain: addiction in, 39–40; cortisol and, 26, 28, 72; dopamine and reward system of, 40–44; frontal lobe and prefrontal cortex of, 45–46, 84; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in, 44; gray matter and white matter in, 46–47; growth and development of young children, 85; neuroplasticity of, 47–48, 84; neurotransmitters of, 40–45, 72; norepinephrine in, 44–45; nucleus accumbens of, 40, 43; serotonin in, 43–44; stimulation with gaming, 72; susceptibility of, 48–51; teenager’s, 84–85
Bullying. See Cyberbullying
Businesses, role of, in Internet addiction, 152–53
Business Insider, 144
Caffeine, 109–10
CAGE questionnaire, 12
California State University (CSU), 91
Call of Duty (game), 89
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 27
Case studies: adult online gaming addiction, 164–66; Internet pornography addiction, 161–64; online shopping addiction, 166–68; social media and texting addiction, 157–59; teen online gaming addiction, 159–61
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 117
Caspar, George, 64
Catfish (television show), 63
Catfishing, 62–63
Caught in the Net (Young), 7
Cell phone adoption, 17
Center for Humane Technology, 152
Center for Internet Addiction, 18
Centers for Disease Control, 30
Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS), 12
Children: at risk for addiction, 83–86; relationships with parents, 35–36
Children’s Internet Protection Act (2000), 154
China: Internet addiction and myelin, 47; Internet addiction disorder in, 12
Christakis, Dimitri, 31
Chronic sleep deprivation, 23–24
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 110
Coffee, caffeine addiction, 109–10
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 142–43, 162, 163; online access to, 130–31
Comorbidity: dual diagnosis and, 113; Internet addiction and, 112–19; for social media addiction, 56; term, 114
Compulsions, net, 74–76
Computer Addiction Treatment Program, 97
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (journal), 142
Contemplative computing: as self-help for Internet addiction, 105–6; term, 105
Co-occurring disorders, term, 114
CrackBerry, 137
Cravings, withdrawal and, 37
Crisis intervention, online therapy for, 130
Crochet Saved My Life (Vercillo), 126
Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry (journal), 129
Cyberaddiction, term, 16
Cyberchondria, 79–82; by proxy, 80
Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking (journal), 124
Dating apps, addiction to use of, 67–68
Demand engineers, 49
Depersonalization, 38
Depression, 5, 29–32, 108, 115, 117; Facebook-linked, 30; gender and, 29; MySpace and, 31; socially isolated people, 126
Derealization, 38
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 14, 71; diagnosis of Internet addiction, 8–10; DSM-3, 9–10; DSM-5, 9, 10, 75
Digital diet, as self-help for Internet addiction, 101–3
Digital minimalism, 106
Digital Minimalism (Newport), 50
“Digital Sabbath,” 102
Dilenschneider, Anne, 102
Disconnectivity anxiety, 21, 22
The Distraction Addiction (Pang), 105
Doan, Dr., 26
Donkey Kong (game), 18
Dopamine, 30; addiction to, 40–41; brains of children and teens, 84; neurotransmitter in brain, 40–45; pathways in brain, 42–43; reward system of, 40–43
Dual diagnosis: best treatment option for, 115; comorbidity and, 113; Internet addiction and, 112–19; issues associated with, 116; term, 113, 114
Eating disorder, 115
eBay auction, 76
Eco-therapy, for Internet addiction treatment, 98–99
Education: pros and cons of Internet for, 131–33; school’s role in identifying at-risk children, 149–50
Electronic cocaine, 39
Electronic heroin, 39
Email apnea, 106
eSports, 74
Exercise, online addiction, 79
Eye strain, 27
Facebook, 31, 56, 88, 134; catfishing on, 62; depression and, 30; like button of, 54–55; texting, 65
Face-to-face interpersonal relationships, 24–26, 36–37
Family therapy, for Internet addiction, 100
Feelings, loss of control over life, 28–29
Fisherman, Dean, 27–28
Fitbit, 17
Fitness apps, 78–79
FOMO (fear of missing out), 55, 61–62, 78
Forward head posture, 28
Frogger (game), 18
Gambling, net compulsion, 74–76
Game Transfer Phenomena (GTP), 73
Gaming addiction, 71–74; case study of adult online, 164–66; case study of teen online, 159–61; online website owners, 75
Gaming widows, 36
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), neurotransmitter in brain, 44
Gay rights, 6
GChat, 65
Gen Xers, 6
German Psychological Association, 31
Glossary, 169–73
Goldstein, Meredith, 62
Gottberg, Kathy, 145
Government, raising awareness of Internet addiction, 153–54
Gray matter, brain and addiction, 46–47
Group therapy, for Internet addiction, 100–101
Guardian (newspaper), 139
Guitar Hero (game), 71
Habit, addiction vs., 14–15
Harm reduction, addiction treatment, 95–96
Health information, searching for, 79–82
Health issues, common physical, 27–28
Hemorrhoids, 28
Hiding in the Bathroom (Aarons-Mele), 59
Hills, Dominguez, 91
Home Shopping Network, 111
Homosexuality, 8–9
Hooked model, 49–50
Hutton, John, 110
I Can’t Help Myself (Goldstein), 62
Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, 97
Impulse control disorder, 10
Indiana School of Medicine, 73
Individuals, role of, in Internet addiction, 147–49
Individual therapy, for Internet addiction, 99–100
Infants, 35
Intermittent reward, of hooked model, 50
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 14, 71; ICD-10, 11; ICD-11, 11, 12; on Internet addiction, 11
Internet addiction: addiction vs. habit, 14–15; comorbidity/dual diagnosis, 112–19; criteria, 5; defining, 3–15; diagnostic criteria for, 11–13; DSM’s diagnosis of, 8–10; history of defining, 5–8; ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) on, 11; ICD-11, 12; key components of, 4; self-identification of, 13–14; term, 4; traits of addicts, 8, 13–14, 92. See also Treatment options
Internet addiction disorder, term, 7
Internet addiction issues: anxiety, 21–23; brain changes and, 34–35; chronic sleep deprivation, 23–24; common physical health and, 27–28; depression, anhedonia and suicide risk, 29–32; feeling loss of control over life, 28–29; in-person relationship difficulty, 24–26; loneliness, 24–26, 32; psychosis, 38; relationship problems as, 35–37; sedentary lifestyle and, 26–27; time as, 33–34; withdrawal and tolerance, 37–38; work or school performance, 32–33
Internet media addiction, 76–82; cyberchondria, 79–82; fitness apps, 78–79; Netflix binge, 76–78; online news, 78; television, 76–78; wearable tech, 78–79
Internet pornography, 110; case study of addiction, 161–64
Investment, of hooked model, 50
James, Laura, 88
Kamenetz, Anya, 86, 106, 148, 149, 153
Kaplan, Rachel, 85
Kaplan, Stephen, 85
Kardaras, Nicholas, 26, 31, 42, 91, 131
Kardashians, reality TV of, 77
Korea University, 44
Kuss, Daria, 55
Maher, Bill, 50
Massive multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), 18, 71, 89, 127, 128
Match survey, 68
Media, role of, in Internet addiction, 150–52
Medical information, searching for, 79–82
Medicare/Medicaid, 154
Mental health issues, at-risk addiction individuals with, 90–91
Mesocortical pathway, dopamine in brain, 42
Mesolimbic pathway, dopamine in brain, 42
Military members, at-risk for addiction, 89
Mindfulness practice, 141
Minecraft (game), 41
Monkey mind, 105
Mood disorders, dual diagnosis and, 116
Myelin, Internet addiction and, 47
MySpace, 31
Naltrexone, 99
Narcissism, 119
National Institute of Mental Health, 29, 153
Net compulsions, 74–76
Netflix, 3, 103, 151; binge watching, 76–78
Neuroplasticity, of brain, 47–48
Neuropsychopharmacology (journal), 43
Newport, Cal, 50, 104, 106, 108
News addiction, online, 78
New York Times (newspaper), 7
Nigrostriatal pathway, dopamine in brain, 42
Nintendo thumb, 28
No junk food, 102
Nomophobia (fear of being without a smartphone), 55
Norepinephrine, neurotransmitter in brain, 44–45
Nottingham Trent University, 16, 55
Nucleus accumbens, as brain’s pleasure center, 40
Obesity, 26–27
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 74, 141
Odd Girl Out (James), 88
Ommwriter, 135
Online gambling, 76
On-Line Gamers Anonymous (OLGA), 101
Online gaming, 75; benefits of, 127–29; case study of adult addiction to, 164–66; case study of teen addiction to, 159–61
Online perfect life, curating, 58–59
Online pornography addiction, 68–69
Online therapy, benefits of Internet, 129–31
Orange Is the New Black (Netflix show), 77
Outback therapeutic expeditions, 98–99
Pacific Quest treatment center, 98
Parent-child relationships, 35–36
Partners/spouses, relationships with, 36
Pavlov’s dogs, 66
Pearlman, Leah, 54
Pelley, Virginia, 64
“Perfect” life, self-curating, 58–59
Personality disorders, 91, 116
Pew Center study, 79
Phantom vibration syndrome, 21–22, 37
Physical health issues, 27–28
Pierce, Jennifer Burek, 74
Pokemon, 138–39
Populations at risk. See At-risk populations
Pornography, 110; addiction to online, 68–69, 117, 139–40; case study of Internet addiction to, 161–64; desensitization to violence, 69, 74
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 140–41
Prefrontal cortex: of brain, 45–46; damage to, 48; development of, 84
Pregnancy, image of perfect, 59
Psious, 142
Rat Pack, 89–90
Ready Player One (movie), 150–51
Reality television, 77
Real Time (talk show), 50
Rebooting, as self-help for Internet addiction, 103–5
Rehab treatment centers, 96–98
Relationships: face-to-face, 36–37; Internet addiction leading to problems with, 35–37; online, 37; parent-child, 35–36; problems with in-person, 24–26; selfie addiction impacting, 58; on social media, 53–54; technology-based, 25
Repetitive stress injuries, 27
Responsibility: role of government, 153–54; role of individual, 147–49; role of institutions, 149–53; role of media, 150–52: role of other businesses, 152–53; role of schools, 149–50
reSTART, Internet addiction treatment center, 97, 117
Roberts, Kevin, 13–14, 27, 42, 88, 90, 99, 101, 117
Robots, social use of, 24
Rosenstein, Justin, 54
RuneScape (game), 71
Rushe, Dominic, 139
Schizoid disorder, 91
Schizophrenia, 116
Schools: Internet addiction and performance in, 32–33; role of, in Internet addiction, 149–50
Screen-Free Week, 102
Screen Time, 134
Sedentary lifestyle, problems associated with, 26–27
Self-curated “perfect” life, 58–59
Self-Determination Theory, 128
Self-help for Internet addiction: contemplative computing as, 105–6; digital diet as, 101–3; rebooting as, 103–5. See also Treatment options
Selfie addiction, 56–58
Self-reinforcing behavior, 25
Sense of control, Internet use and, 29
Seo, Hyung Suk, 44
Serotonin, 43; addiction risk and, 48–49; neurotransmitter, 43; role in gambling addiction, 43–44
Shiba Inu Puppy Cam, 41
Shopping addiction, 111–12; case study of online, 166–68
Sieberg, Daniel, 104
Simon Fraser University, 90
The Sims (game), 71
Sleep: chronic deprivation, 23–24; disorders, 116
Slot machines, apps similarity to, 49
SnowWorld (game), 129
Socially isolated individuals, 89–90; benefits of Internet for, 125–27
Social media, 18; autism spectrum disorders and, 124; case study of, 157–59; dopamine and, 30
Social media addiction, 53–65, 117; catfishing and, 62–63; cyberbullying and trolling, 64–65; fear of missing out (FOMO) and, 61–62; “like” button and, 54–55; models for, 56; online relationships of, 53–54; to other people’s content, 60–61; self-curated “perfect” life in, 58–59; selfie addiction and, 56–58; stalking and, 60–61
Social skills model, social media addiction, 56
Socio-cognitive model, social media addiction, 56
Stalking, 60–61
State Prison of Southern Michigan, 98
Steers, Mai-Ly, 30
Stimulation, excessive, video games in, 31–32
Stonewall riots, 5–6
Stress, 16, 21, 92, 125; injuries, 27–28; neurotransmitters and, 44, 72; reduction of, 44, 86, 129; response levels, 24, 26, 28, 33
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 154
Substance addiction, 109
Substance use issues, at-risk addiction individuals with, 90–91
Suicide, 101, 126; crisis intervention, 130; depression and, 29–31, 108, 125
Sunset Heart Hands, 58
Superfan, 60
Susceptibility, brain and addiction, 48–51
Taco Bell commercial, 58
Technology: changes in, 17–19; contemplative computing, 105–6; defining, for addiction, 16–17; digital minimalism, 106; fitness apps, 78–79; history of changing, 15–19; hooked model for, 49–50; keeping up with the Joneses for, 29; rebooting relationship with, 104; wearable tech, 78–79; withdrawal and tolerance, 37–38
Teenagers: at-risk for addiction, 83–86; case study of online gaming addiction, 159–61
Television, binge watching, 76–78
Tetris effect, 73
Texting: addiction, 65–67; autism spectrum disorders and, 124; case study of addiction to, 157–59; text neck, 27–28
Therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) online, 130–31. See also Treatment options
Time, Internet addiction and, 33–34
Time-restriction diet, 102
Time Well Spent movement, 152
Tinder finger, 67
Tobacco, 50; nicotine addiction, 117, 143
Tolerance, withdrawal and, 37–38
Trauma, 140–41
Treatment options: abstinence as, 95; contemplative computing, 105–6; digital diet as, 101–3; eco-therapy as, 98–99; family therapy as, 100; group therapy as, 100–101; harm reduction as, 95–96; individual therapy as, 99–100; places to receive Internet addiction, 96–101; rebooting as, 103–5; rehab centers for, 96–98; self-help as, 101–6; wilderness camps as, 98–99
Trigger, of hooked model, 49
Trolling, 64–65
Turkle, Sherry, 24
TV Turnoff Week, 102
Twenge, Jean, 108
University of Houston, 30
University of Pittsburgh, 7
University of Tubingen, 31
University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 153
Veterans, at risk for addiction, 89
Vice Motherboard article, 64
Victoria University, 31
Video games: Atari system, 17, 18, 68; designers of, 75; excessive stimulation and, 31–32; intermittent rewards in, 41; kids and, 5; real life and, 33
Virtual reality, 137; augmented reality and, 138–43
VR Lab, 140
Wearable technology, 78–79
WeChat, 65
White matter, brain and addiction, 46–47
Wilderness camps, for Internet addiction treatment, 98–99
Withdrawal: Internet addiction and, 37–38; psychosis and, 38
Work performance, Internet addiction and, 32–33
World Health Organization (WHO), 11
World of Warcraft (game), 12–13, 71–72, 127, 129, 151
World Wide Web, 17
WriteRoom, 135
Writer’s cramp, 28
Yale University, 123
Zenware, 135