Libraries and Online Resources
This book has mostly been written at the British Library in London. Parts of the book have also been written and researched at the New York Public Library, the library of the London School of Economics, and the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève and Deutsches Historisches Institut in Paris. In addition to the material in these libraries and the archives listed below (many of which are themselves partly or wholly digitised), a huge amount of primary material is now available online:
www.archive.org for memoirs from the period
www.britishpathe.com is a great source for newsreels of the times
http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie–for the Bureau of Military History covering material of Irish history from 1913 to 1921
https://gallica.bnf.fr/html/und/presse-et-revues/les-principaux-quotidiens for French newspapers
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org–for a selection of German primary sources
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu–for the collected papers of Albert Einstein
www.marxists.org for the works of Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg
https://monoskop.org–for materials relating to Dada
www.newspapers.com for American and British newspapers
https://www.oireachtas.ie–for the proceedings of the Dáil
www.onb.ac.at–for Austrian newspapers
http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/index.html–for the International Dada Archive at the libraries of the University of Iowa
https://wdc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/russian/search–Warwick University digital collection on the Russian revolution and Britain
zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de for German newspapers
AWD: Allen W. Dulles Papers, Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton
BL: British Library, London
BMH: Bureau of Military History, Ireland
EHC: Ernest Hemingway Collection, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston
FHA: Fritz Haber Archives, Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Berlin
HFA: Henry Ford Archives, Benson Ford Research Centre, Dearborn
HIA: Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford
Frederiksen Letters
Lockhart Papers
Luxemburg Jacob Papers
M. J. Larsons Papers
Paul Levi Papers
Register of the Russia. Posol’stvo (U.S.) Records
Vrangel Collection
Vrangel Family Papers
JKP: Jessie Kenney Papers, Women’s Library, London School of Economics
JRL: Freud Collection, John Rylands Library, Manchester
JRP: John Reed Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard
LOC: Library of Congress, Washington DC
National Endowment for the Advancement of Colored People
Sigmund Freud Collection
NA: National Archives, Kew, London
RL: Royal Library, Windsor
WEB: W. E. B. Du Bois Papers, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
USNA: U.S. National Archives, College Park, Maryland
Published Documents
In the endnotes published documents are cited by abbreviation or by title followed by the volume in Roman numerals, and then the page references for the cited document followed by the page number for the individual citation if the document is of considerable length.
CI: The Communist International, 1919–1943: Documents, 3 volumes, 1956–1965 (ed. Jane Degras)
DBFP: Documents on British Foreign Policy
DIFP: Documents on Irish Foreign Policy
DÖZ: Dokumentation zur österreichischen Zeitgeschichte 1918–1928, 1984 (eds. Christine Klusacek and Kurt Stimmer)
FRUS: Papers Relating to the Foreign Affairs of the United States
GFA: L’Allemagne et les problèmes de la paix pendant la première guerre mondiale: Documents extrait des archives de l’Office allemand des affaires étrangères, 4 volumes, 1962–1976 (eds. André Scherer and Jacques Grunewald)
IDDI: I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani
MG: Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, 10 volumes, 1983–2006 (ed. Robert A. Hill)
PBL: Proceedings of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference: The Peace Negotiations between Russia and the Central Powers, 21 November 1917–3 March 1918, 1918
ROM: The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution, 1995 (eds. Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalëv)
RPG: The Russian Provisional Government 1917: Documents, 3 volumes, 1961 (eds. Robert Paul Browder and Alexander F. Kerensky)
RSS: The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State, 1917–1921, 1975 (ed. Martin McCauley)
–Address of the President of the United States at the Semicentennial of the Founding of the City of Birmingham, Alabama, 1921
–Albert Leo Schlageter: Seine Verurteilung und Erschießung durch die Franzosen in Düsseldorf am 26. Mai 1923, 1938
–Arbeiterklasse siegt über Kapp und Lüttwitz, 2 volumes, 1971 (eds. Erwin Könneman, Brigitte Berthold and Gerhard Schulze)
–Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges Made Against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others, Hearings before the Committee on Rules, House of Representatives, Sixty-Sixth Congress, Second Session, 1920
–Aus Kaiser Karls Nachlass, 1925 (ed. Karl Werkmann)
–Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, 1919
–Congress of the Peoples of the East: Stenographic Report, 1977 (trans. Brian Pearce)
–Der Hitler-Putsch: Bayerische Dokumente zum 8./9. November 1923, 1962 (ed. Ernst Deuerlein)
–Der Waffenstillstand, 1918–1919: Das Dokumenten-Material der Waffenstillstands-Verhandlungen von Compiègne, Spa, Trier und Brüssel, 3 volumes, 1928 (eds. Edmund Marhefka, Hans von Hammerstein and Otto von Stein)
–Deutsche Parteiprogramme 1861–1954: Quellensammlung zur Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 3, 1954 (ed. Wolfgang Treue)
–Die Entwicklung der deutschen Revolution und das Kriegsende in der Zeit vom 1. Oktober bis 30. November 1918, 1918 (ed. Kurt Ahnert)
–Documents and Statements Relating to Peace Proposals and War Aims, December 1916–November 1918, 1919 (ed. G. Lowe Dickinson)
–Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte, 3 volumes, 1961–1966 (ed. Ernst Rudolf Huber)
–The Fall of the German Empire, 1914–1918, 2 volumes, 1932 (ed. Ralph Haswell Lutz)
–Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918: Documents from the Archive of the German Foreign Ministry, 1958 (ed. Z. A. B. Zeman)
–Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia, April–December 1918: Documents and Materials, 1936 (ed. James Bunyan)
–Official German Documents Relating to the World War, 2 volumes, 1923 (ed. James Brown Scott)
–Politische Reden, 4 volumes, 1994 (eds. Peter Wende and Marie Luise Recker)
–Riot at East St. Louis, Illinois: Hearings before the Committee on Rules, House of Representatives, Sixty-Fifth Congress, First Session, on H.J. Res. 118, August 3, 1917, 1917
–Theses, Resolutions and Manifestos of the First Four Congresses of the Third International, 1980 (ed. Alan Adler; trans. Alix Holt and Barbara Holland)
–To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921, 2015 (trans. John Riddell)
–Urkunden der Obersten Heeresleitung über ihre Tätigkeit 1916/8, 1920 (ed. Erich Ludendorff)
–What Happened at Leeds, 1919 (Council of Workers and Soldiers Delegates)
Collected Papers, Speeches and Published Writings
These documents are cited either by the abbreviations below or by the surname of the author. In cases where there are several works by the same author, or there are several authors of primary or secondary sources with the same surname, I have used the author’s surname and an abbreviation of the title of the work.
CDG: Charles de Gaulle: Lettres, notes et carnets, 3 volumes, 2010 (ed. Philippe de Gaulle)
CPAE: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, 14 volumes, 1987–2015
CW: Vladimir Lenin, Collected Works, 47 volumes, 1960–1980
LS: Leninskii Sbornik, 40 volumes, 1924–1985
OO: Opera Omnia di Benito Mussolini, 44 volumes, 1951–1980 (eds. Diulio and Edoardo Susmel)
PSS: Polnoe Sobranie Sochenii, 55 volumes, 1961–1965
SA: Adolf Hitler, Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, 1905–1924, 1980 (eds. Eberhard Jäckel and Axel Kuhn)
SE: The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 24 volumes, 1953–1974 (ed. James Strachey)
TMW: How the Revolution Armed: The Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky, 5 volumes, 1979–1981 (ed. Brian Pearce)
TP: The Trotsky Papers, 2 volumes, 1964–1971 (ed. Jan M. Meijer)
WSC: The Churchill Documents, 17 volumes, 2006–2014 (ed. Martin Gilbert)
WW: The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 69 volumes, 1966–1994 (ed. Arthur S. Link)
ADLER, Friedrich, Friedrich Adler vor dem Ausnahmegericht. Die Verhandlungen vor dem §-14-Gericht am 18. und 19. Mai 1917 nach dem stenographischen Protokoll, 1919
D’ANNUNZIO, Gabriele, Fante del Veliki è del Faiti, 1932 (ed. Saverio Laredo de Mendoza)
Prose di Ricerca, 3 volumes, 1962–1968 (ed. Egidio Bianchetti)
La Scrittura nel Vento: Gabriele d’Annunzio e il volo su Vienna. Immagini e documenti, 1999 (ed. Giorgio Evangelisti)
BRETON, André, Manifestes du surréalisme, 1972 (ed. Jean-Jacques Pauvert)
CHURCHILL, Winston, Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, Vol. 3, 1914–1922, 1974 (ed. Robert Rhodes James)
Winston Churchill’s Speeches: Never Give In!, 2003 (ed. Winston S. Churchill)
DE GAULLE, Charles, ‘La bataille de la Vistule’, Revue de Paris, No. 6, 1920, 35–53
DE VALERA, Éamon, Speeches and Statements by Éamon de Valera, 1917–1973, 1980 (ed. Maurice Moynihan)
FEDERN, Paul, Zur Psychologie der Revolution: Die Vaterlose Gesellschaft, March 1919
FITZGERALD, F. Scott, This Side of Paradise, 1920
FRAENKEL, Théodore, Carnets 1916–1918, 1990
GRAVES, Philip, The Truth about ‘The Protocols’: A Literary Forgery, 1921
HEMINGWAY, Ernest, The Wild Years, 1962 (ed. Gene Z. Hanrahan)
Ernest Hemingway, Cub Reporter: Kansas City Star Stories, 1970 (ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli)
Dateline: Toronto/The Complete Toronto Star Dispatches, 1920–1924, 1985 (ed. William White)
Conversations with Ernest Hemingway, 1986 (ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli)
JOHNSON, James Weldon, The Selected Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Vol. 2, 1995 (ed. Sondra Kathryn Wilson)
KEMAL, Mustafa, Atatürk’ün bütün eserleri, 1998–2009
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün Karlsbad Hatıraları, 1999 (ed. Ayşe Afet İnan)
KEYNES, John Maynard, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1920
KOLLONTAI, Alexandra, Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai, 1977 (trans. Alix Holt)
LENIN, Vladimir, On Literature and Art, 1967
The Unknown Lenin: From the Soviet Archive, 1996 (ed. Richard Pipes)
LUXEMBURG, Rosa, The Rosa Luxemburg Reader, 2004 (eds. Peter Hudis and Kevin B. Anderson)
MAYAKOVSKY, Vladimir, Selected Poems, 2013 (trans. James H. McGavran III)
MORDEL, Albert, The Erotic Motive in Literature, 1919
REED, John, Ten Days that Shook the World, 1919
The Education of John Reed: Selected Writings, 1955 (ed. John Stuart)
John Reed and the Russian Revolution: Uncollected Articles, Letters and Speeches on Russia, 1917–1920, 1992 (eds. Eric Homberger and John Biggart)
STALIN, Joseph, Works, 13 volumes, 1952–1955
Collected Letters
With collections of letters between two known individuals or collections where all the letters relate to one individual I have only listed the sender or recipient, as relevant.
AN/MUSS: Carteggio d’Annunzio–Mussolini (1919–1938), 1971 (eds. Renzo de Felice and Emilio Mariano)
CH/CH: Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill, 1998 (ed. Mary Soames)
FR/AB: The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham, 1907–1925, 2002 (ed. Ernst Falzeder; trans. Caroline Schwarzacher)
FR/EIT: Sigmund Freud and Max Eitingon, Briefwechsel 1906–1939, 2 volumes, 2004 (ed. Michael Schröter)
FR/FER: The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, 3 volumes, 1993–2000 (eds. Ernst Falzeder and Eva Brabant; trans. Peter T. Hoffer)
FR/FR: Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud, Correspondence, 1904–1938, 2014 (ed. Ingeborg Meyer-Palmedo; trans. Nick Somers)
FR/PF: Psychoanalysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister, 1963 (eds. Heinrich Meng and Ernst L. Freud; trans. Eric Mosbacher)
FR/SAL: Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salomé, Letters, 1972 (ed. Ernst Pfeiffer; trans. William and Elaine Robson-Scott)
HSC: Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Briefe, 1882–1924, und Briefwechsel mit Kaiser Wilhelm II, 2 volumes, 1928
LEH: The Letters of Ernest Hemingway, 4 volumes up to 1931, 2011–2017 (eds. Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon)
LRL: Rosa Luxemburg, The Letters of Rosa Luxemburg, 2013 (eds. Georg Adler, Peter Hudis and Annelies Laschitza; trans. George Schriver)
LSF: Letters of Sigmund Freud, 1873–1939, 1961 (ed. Ernst L. Freud; trans. Tania and James Stern)
HESS, Rudolf, Briefe: 1908–1933, 2002 (ed. Wolf Rüdiger Hess)
VACHé, Jacques, Lettres de Guerre, 1919
Memoirs and Diaries
AXSON, Stockton, Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson, 1993 (ed. Arthur S. Link)
BALABANOFF, Angelica, Impressions of Lenin, 1964 (trans. Isotta Cesari)
BALLA, Erich, Landsknechte wurden wir… Abenteuer aus dem Baltikum, 1932
BÉASLAÍ, Piearas, Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland, 1926
BENTINCK, Norah, The Ex-Kaiser in Exile, 1921
BERKMAN, Alexander, The Bolshevik Myth, 1925
BERNAYS, Edward L., Biography of an Idea: The Founding Principles of Public Relations, 1965
BOTCHKAREVA (Bochkareva), Maria and LEVINE, Isaac Don, Yashka: My Life as Peasant, Officer and Exile, 1919
BRECHT, Arnold, Aus nächster Nähe: Lebenserinnerungen 1884–1927, 1966
BRETON, André, Nadja, 1960 (trans. Richard Howard)
Selections, 2003 (ed. Mark Polizzotti)
BUCHANAN, George, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, 2 volumes, 1923
BUCHANAN, Meriel, The City of Trouble, 1918
Dissolution of an Empire, 1932
BUNIN, Ivan, Cursed Days, 1998 (trans. Thomas Gaiton Marullo)
CZERNIN, Ottokar, In the World War, 1919
DAVIS, Arthur N., The Kaiser I Knew: My Fourteen Years with the Kaiser, 1918
DORTEN, J. A., La Tragédie Rhénane, 1945
DUKES, Paul, Red Dusk and the Morrow, 1922
EDIB, Halidé, The Turkish Ordeal, 1928
ELIZAROVA, Anna Ilinichna, Reminiscences of Lenin by his Relatives, 1956
FIGGIS, Darrell, A Second Chronicle of Jails, 1919
FOKKE, Ivan, ‘Na stsene i za kulisami brestkoi tragikomedii: Memuary uchastnika Brest-Litovskih mirnykh peregovorov’, Arkhiv Russkoi Revolutsii, 1930
FOTIEVA, L. A., Iz Zhizni Lenina, 1956
FRANCIS, David, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918, 1921
FRÖHLICH, Paul, Rosa Luxemburg: Ideas in Action, 1972 (trans. Joanna Hoornweg)
GIL, Stepan, Shest’ let s V. I. Leninym. Vospominaniya lichnogo shofera Vladimira Il’ina Lenina. Izdaniye vtoroye, pererabotannoye i dopolnennoye, 1957
GILLIARD, Pierre, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, 1921 (trans. F. Appleby Holt)
GITLOW, Benjamin, The Whole of Their Lives, 1948
GOLDMAN, Emma, My Disillusionment in Russia, 1923
Living My Life, 1932, 2 volumes, 1932
GREW, Joseph C., Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945, 1953
HABER, Charlotte, Mein Leben mit Fritz Haber, 1970
HANFSTAENGL, Ernst, Hitler: The Missing Years, 1957
HARRISON, Marguerite E., Marooned in Moscow, 1921
HEMINGWAY, Ernest, A Moveable Feast, 1964
HILL, George, Go Spy the Land: Being the Adventures of I.K.8 of the British Secret Service, 1932
HITLER, Adolf, Mein Kampf, 1939 (trans. Chamberlain, Fay, Hayes, Johnson et al.)
Adolf Hitler: Monologe im Führer-Hauptquartier, 1941–1944, 1980
HOFFMANN, Heinrich, Hitler was My Friend, 1955 (trans. R. H. Stevens)
HOFFMANN, Max, The War of Lost Opportunities, 1924
War Diaries and Other Papers, 2 volumes, 1929 (trans. Eric Sutton)
HOUSTON, David F., Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet, 1913–1920, 2 volumes, 1926
ILSEMANN, Sigurd von, Der Kaiser in Holland. Aufzeichnungen des letzten Flügeladjutanten Kaiser Wilhelms II., 2 volumes, 1967 (ed. Harald von Koenigswald)
JACOB, Mathilde, Rosa Luxemburg: An Intimate Portrait, 2000 (trans. Hans Ferbach)
JOHNSON, James Weldon, Along This Way: The Autobiography of James Weldon Johnson, 1945
JONES, Thomas, Whitehall Diary, Vol. 3, Ireland 1918–1925, 1971 (ed. Keith Middlemas)
JOSEPHSON, Matthew, Life Among the Surrealists: A Memoir by Matthew Josephson, 1962
KALLENBACH, Hans, Mit Adolf Hitler auf Festung Landsberg, 1939
KANTAKAUZEN, Julia, Revolutionary Days, 1920
KARDINER, Alfred, My Analysis with Freud, 1977
KERENSKY, Alexander, The Prelude to Bolshevism, 1919
The Catastrophe: Kerensky’s Own Story of the Russian Revolution, 1927
KESSLER, Harry, The Diaries of a Cosmopolitan, 1918–1937, 2000 (ed. Charles Kessler)
Das Tagebuch, 1880–1937, 9 volumes, 2004–2018 (eds. Roland S. Kamzelak und Ulrich Ott)
KING, Martin Luther (Sr.), Daddy King: An Autobiography, 1980
KRUPSKAYA, Nadezhda, Memories of Lenin, 2 volumes, 1935
Reminiscences of Lenin, 1959
‘Poslednie polgoda Vliadmira Il’icha’, Izvestiya TSK KPSS, 4, 1989
LÜDECKE, Kurt, I Knew Hitler: The Story of a Nazi Who Escaped the Blood Purge, 1937
LUDENDORFF, Erich, Kriegführung und Politik, 1922
LUDENDORFF, Margarethe, Als ich Ludendorffs Frau war, 1929
LURKER, Otto, Hitler hinter Festungsmauern: Ein Bild aus trüben Tagen, 1933
MATTIOLI, Guido, Mussolini Aviatore, 1933
MÜLLER, Alexander Georg von, The Kaiser and His Court: The Diaries, Notebooks and Letters of Admiral George Alexander von Müller, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, 1914–1918, 1961 (ed. Walter Görlitz)
MÜLLER, Karl-Alexander, Mars und Venus: Erinnerungen 1914–1919, 1954
Im Wandel einer Welt: Erinnerungen, 1919–1932, 1966
MULZAC, Hugh, A Star to Steer By, 1963
MUSSOLINI, Benito, Il Mio Diario di Guerra, 1915–1917, 1923
NIEMANN, Alfred, Kaiser und Revolution: Die entscheidenden Ereignisse im Grossen Hauptquartier, 1928
PALÉOLOGUE, Maurice, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, 3 volumes, 1925 (trans. F. A. Holt)
PERSHING, John J., My Experiences in the Great War, 2 volumes, 1931
RANSOME, Arthur, Russia in 1919, 1919
RECK-MALLECZEVEN, Friedrich Percyval, Diary of a Man in Despair, 2000 (trans. Paul Rubens; original German 1947)
ROBIEN, Louis de, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia, 1917–1918, 1969 (trans. Camilla Sykes)
ROY, M. N., Memoirs, 1964
RUSSELL, Bertrand, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1914–1944, 1968
SCHEIDEMANN, Philipp, Memoirs of a Social Democrat, 2 volumes, 1929 (trans. J. E. Michell)
SEBOTTENDORF, Rudolf von, Bevor Hitler kam, 1934
SERGE, Victor, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 2012
SHAKESPEARE, Geoffrey, Let Candles Be Brought In, 1949
SHERIDAN, Clare, Mayfair to Moscow: Clare Sheridan’s Diary, 1921
My American Diary, 1922
Naked Truth, 1928
SHOTWELL, James T., At the Paris Peace Conference, 1937
SHULGIN, V. V., Dni, 1925
SISSON, Edgar, One Hundred Red Days: A Personal Chronicle of the Bolshevik Revolution, 1931
SNOWDEN, Ethel, Through Bolshevik Russia, 1920
STANLEY, Edward Villiers, Paris 1918: The War Diary of the British Ambassador, the 17th Earl of Derby, 2001 (ed. David Dutton)
STERBA, Richard F., Reminiscences of a Viennese Psychoanalyst, 1982
STUMPF, Richard, The Private War of Seaman Stumpf: The Unique Diaries of a Young German in the Great War, 1969 (trans. Daniel Horn)
SUKHANOV, N. N., The Russian Revolution 1917, 1984 (ed. Joel Carmichael)
THAER, Albrecht von, ‘Generalstabdienst an der Front und in der O.H.L.’, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, No. 40, 1958
TOLLER, Ernst, I Was a German: The Autobiography of Ernst Toller, 1934
TOYNBEE, Arnold, The Western Question, 1922
TROTSKY, Leon, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography, 1960
ULYANOV, Dmitri, Ocherki raznykh let: Vospominaniya, perepiska, stat’i, 1984
ULYANOVA, Maria, O V. I. Lenine i sem‘ye Ul‘yanovykh, 1989
‘O Vladimire Il’iche (Posledniye gody zhizni)’, Izvestiya TSK KPSS, 1–6, 1991
WELLS, H. G., Russia in the Shadows, 1921
WILLIAMS, Albert Rhys, Journey into Revolution: Petrograd, 1917–1918, 1969
WILSON, Edith Bolling, My Memoir, 1939
WRANGEL, Baron N., From Serfdom to Bolshevism: The Memoirs of Baron N. Wrangel, 1847–1920, 1927 (trans. Brian and Beatrix Lunn)
WRANGEL, Pyotr, The Memoirs of General Wrangel: The Last Commander-in-Chief of the Russian National Army, 1929 (trans. Sophie Goulston)
ZETKIN, Clara, Reminiscences of Lenin, 1929