Books and articles are listed in full form for the first mention and subsequently by the author’s name, or by the abbreviations as listed in the notes above and the volume number in Roman numerals (e.g. CW XXXV, is Lenin’s Collected Works, Vol. 35). Where there are several works in the bibliography by the same author or an author with the same surname, then an abbreviated title is also used for subsequent mentions. I have generally provided page references for the whole text, and additionally referenced specific pages where the text is longer than a few pages in order to guide the reader to the exact source of a quotation or detail.
Winter 1917
Mayakovsky quotation from ‘To Account’, 1917. All of Mayakovsky’s poems can be found here: http://www.feb-web.ru/feb/mayakovsky/default.asp
PETROGRAD: for the definitive account of Rasputin’s murder see Douglas Smith, Rasputin, 2016, 590–614. For Nicholas II see Robert Service, The Last of the Tsars: Nicholas II and the Russian Revolution, 2017. ‘price of bread’: Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917, 1981, 200. ‘plans to assassinate’: Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, 3 volumes, 1925 (trans. F. A. Holt), Vol. 3, 12 January 1917, 162. • ZURICH: the best biographies of Lenin are Robert Service, Lenin: A Political Life, 3 volumes, 1985–1995, and Lenin: A Biography, 2000; Dmitri Volkogonov, Lenin: Life and Legacy, 1994; Louis Fischer, The Life of Lenin, 1964; Christopher Read, Lenin: A Revolutionary Life, 2005. For a briefer account, James D. White, Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution, 2001. For readability, Victor Sebestyen, Lenin the Dictator, 2017. For a day-by-day calendar, Gerda and Hermann Weber, Lenin: Life and Works, 1974 (trans. Martin McCauley). For an account of Lenin’s pre-revolutionary life, Helen Rappaport, Conspirator: Lenin in Exile, 2012. For his time in Switzerland, Willi Gautschi, Lenin als Emigrant in der Schweiz, 1973. For a personal account, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Memories of Lenin, 2 volumes, 1935, and the one-volume Reminiscences of Lenin, 1959, which incorporates a third section covering the years after 1917. For Krupskaya’s own biography see Robert McNeal, Bride of the Revolution: Krupskaya and Lenin, 1973. ‘questionnaire’: Gautschi, 180. ‘spartan existence’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 175–197. ‘horsemeat’: McNeal, Bride, 236. ‘chocolate’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 195. ‘goes to the theatre’: Anna Ilinichna Elizarova, Reminiscences of Lenin by his Relatives, 1956, 201–207. ‘quite a sportsman’: Ralph Carter Elwood, ‘The Sporting Life of V. I. Lenin’, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 52/1, 2010, 79–94. ‘It’s the brain’: Service, Lenin: A Biography, 158. ‘cat after lard’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 187. ‘dress made with a special pouch’: to Inessa Armand, 16 January 1917, CW XLIII, 603. ‘pump him for his impressions’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 205–206. ‘Nadya notes a thinning out’: 182–183. ‘we of the older generation’: lecture on the 1905 Revolution, 22 January 1917, CW XXIII, 236–253. There are different interpretations of this speech: see Service, Lenin: A Biography, 235; and Read, Lenin, 139–141. • THE FRONT LINE: there is an extensive literature on the way the Great War forced all sides to mobilise their scientific, civilian and financial resources for war with major long-term consequences. See Hew Strachan, Financing the First World War, 2004; Adam Tooze, The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of Global Order, 2014; David Reynolds, The Long Shadow: The Great War and the Twentieth Century, 2013; and William Mulligan, The Great War for Peace, 2014. On science see Michael Freemantle, The Chemists’ War: 1914–1918, 2014. The best overall political history of the war is David Stevenson, Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy, 2004. ‘infinite boredom’: diary entry for 27–28 January 1917, Benito Mussolini, Il mio diario di Guerra, 1915–1917, 1923, 207. ‘panettone’: 25 December 1916, 197–198. ‘government of national impotence’: 30 January 1917, 207–208. For Mussolini’s growing disenchantment and the condition of the troops over the winter of 1916–1917 see Paul O’Brien, Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist, 2005, 107–122. • BUDAPEST: for the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the war, see Manfried Rauchensteiner, The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918, 2014. For Emperor Charles see Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Last Habsburg, 1968. ‘cameras whirr and click’: footage is available online. ‘too much pomp’: Stimmungsberichte aus der Kriegszeit, V, 4 January 1917, available at https://www.digital.wienbibliothek.at/wbrobv/periodical/pageview/609419. ‘lack of funds’: ‘Charles Brings Peace Nearer, Austrian View’, Chicago Sunday Tribune, 26 November 1916. ‘adopted children’: Phyllis Grosskurth, The Secret Ring: Freud’s Inner Circle and the Politics of Psychoanalysis, 1991, 52 (quoting a letter from Freud to Ferenczi in 1913). ‘stream of letters’: FR/AB and FR/FER. ‘Emperor Charles’s cousins’: Timothy Snyder, The Red Prince: The Fall of a Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Europe, 2009, 90–91. ‘revolution’s latest front’: ‘A Difficulty in the Path of Psychoanalysis’, SE XVII, 143–144. • STOCKHOLM: reference to letter from Arthur Haas to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, dated 7 January 1917, in CPAE VIIIB, 1006. • PLESS CASTLE: for an account of Germany’s war see Alexander Watson, Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria–Hungary at War, 1914–1918, 2014. For Wilhelm II see John Röhl, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1859–1941: A Concise Life, 2014 (trans. Sheila de Bellaigue), and, for a fuller version of the second half of the Kaiser’s life, Röhl, Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941, 2014 (trans. Sheila de Bellaigue and Roy Bridge). Also: Christopher Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Life in Power 2009; and Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941, 1996. ‘lies, betrayal, deceit’: HSC, Vol. 2, from Wilhelm II, 15 January 1917, 250–251. ‘may now come to pass’: Wilhelm to Charles, 4 January 1917, GFA I, 660–661. ‘children are starving’: Watson, 416–417. ‘cannot be worse’: protocol of meeting on 8 January 1917, Official German Documents Relating to the World War, 1923 (ed. James Brown Scott), 1317–1319. ‘last card’: protocol of meeting on 9 January 1917, 1320–1321. ‘strange insouciance’: diary entry 9 January 1917, Alexander Georg von Müller, The Kaiser and His Court: The Diaries, Notebooks and Letters of Admiral George Alexander von Müller, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, 1914–1918, 1961 (ed. Walter Görlitz), 229–231. • VIENNA: for Freud’s life see Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, 3 volumes, 1953–1957; Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time, 1988, and Reading Freud: Explorations and Entertainments, 1990; Ronald Clark, Freud: The Man and His Cause, 1980; and Hendrik M. Ruitenbeek, Freud as We Knew Him, 1973. For his relationships with his colleagues see Phyllis Grosskurth, The Secret Ring: Freud’s Inner Circle and the Politics of Psychoanalysis, 1991. For an interesting view of the relationship between Freud and the politics of his time see Mark Edmundson, The Death of Sigmund Freud: Fascism, Psychoanalysis and the Rise of Fundamentalism, 2008. ‘outward style of life’: Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 423–483. ‘Notre Dame’: from a letter to Minna Bernays when Freud was in Paris in the 1880s, in Jaap van Ginneken, ‘The Killing of the Father: The Background of Freud’s Group Psychology’, Political Psychology, 5/3, 1984, 391–414, 393. ‘recommend a good read’: Gay, Freud, 95–124. ‘inveterate hoarder’: Edmund Engleman, Sigmund Freud: Berggasse 19, Vienna, 2015, contains a remarkable selection of pictures of Freud’s apartment as it was before he left Vienna in May 1938. ‘America’: Howard L. Kaye, ‘Why Freud Hated America’, Wilson Quarterly, 17/2, 1993, 118–125. ‘Gettysburg Address’: Edward L. Bernays, ‘Uncle Sigi’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 35/2, 1980, 216–223. ‘filth’: Clark, Freud, 369–370. ‘better not to think in advance’: to Abraham, 13 January 1917, FR/AB, 342. ‘dream of his son Martin’s death’: Peter Loewenberg, ‘L’aggresivité pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale: l’auto-analyse approfondie de Sigmund Freud’, Revue Germanique Internationale, No. 14, 2000, 55–66. ‘Hamlet’: Jones, Freud, Vol. 3, 408. ‘seance in his own home’: to Ferenczi, 23 November 1913, FR/FER I, 523. • THE BRONX: for Trotsky’s time in New York see Frederick C. Giffin, ‘Leon Trotsky in New York City’, New York History, 49/4, 1968, 391–403; Kenneth D. Ackerman, Trotsky in New York, 1917: A Radical on the Eve of Revolution, 2016; and Richard B. Spence, ‘Hidden Agendas: Spies, Lies and Intrigue Surrounding Trotsky’s American Visit of January–April 1917’, Revolutionary Russia, 21/1, 2008, 33–55. For Trotsky’s life in general see Isaac Deutscher’s 3-volume biography of Trotsky beginning with The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921, 1954, and continuing with The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929, 1959. See also Robert Service, Trotsky: A Biography, 2009; Dmitri Volkogonov, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary, 1996; and Trotsky’s own account, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography, 1960. ‘always the same’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 250. ‘my young friend’: originally in Kievskaya Mysl, quoted in Paul Miller, ‘Yugoslav Eulogies: The Footprints of Gavrilo Princip’, Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, 2304, 2014, 15. ‘three-piece suit’: reproduced in Ackerman, Trotsky. ‘telephone’: Trotsky, 271. • THE VATICAN: Pope Benedict XV to Wilhelm, 16 January 1917, GFA I, 676–677. • WASHINGTON DC: for the life of Woodrow Wilson see John Milton Cooper, Jr, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography, 2011. For more personal accounts see Stockton Axson, Brother Woodrow: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson 1993 (ed. Arthur S. Link); and Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir, 1939. ‘crime against civilization’: diary of Colonel House, 4 January 1917, WW XL, 409. ‘suicide on a gigantic scale’: Madison Grant, The Passing of the White Race, 1916, 200. ‘mechanical slaughter’: draft speech, November 1916, quoted in Cooper, Wilson, 363. ‘American principles, American policies’: address to the Senate, 2 January 1917, WW XL, 533–539. ‘greatest message of the century’: ‘Scene in the Senate as President Speaks’, New York Times, 23 January 1917. ‘sacrifices of others’: ‘Message du Président Wilson au Sénat Américain’, L’Action française, 23 January 1917. • LA SALPÊTRIÈRE: for André Breton see Mark Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind: The Life of André Breton, 1995; and André Breton, Selections, 2003 (ed. Mark Polizzotti). For Babinski’s life and technique see François Clarac, Jean Massion and Allan M. Smith, ‘History of Neuroscience: Joseph Babinski (1857–1932)’, IBRO History of Neuroscience, 2008, online. Breton’s description of Babinski’s diagnosis is in the 1924 Surrealist Manifesto. For an overview of the impact of the war on the artistic avant-garde, see Annette Becker, ‘The Avant-Garde, Madness and the Great War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35/1, 2000, 71–84. ‘terrifying cannon burst’: phrase used by Breton’s friend Théodore Fraenkel to describe Breton’s fear that the psychiatric patients were better poets than him: 19 August 1916, Théodore Fraenkel, Carnets 1916–1918, 1990, 56. ‘Nantes’: Polizzotti, 38–43. ‘obsession with poetry’: ibid., 51, which results in the work ‘Sujet’, in which one patient claims the war itself is make-believe. ‘thesis on Freud’: Julien Bogousslavsky and Laurent Tatu, ‘Neurological Impact of World War I on the Artistic Avant-Garde: The Examples of André Breton, Guillaume Apollinaire and Blaise Cendrars’, Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience, 38, 2016, 155–167, 160. • UNDER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN: ‘suggestions impracticable’: telegram on 28 January 1917, Official German Documents II, 1115. ‘out of radio contact’: Joachim Schröder, Die U-Boote des Kaisers: Die Geschichte des deutschen U-Boot Krieges gegen Großbritannien im Ersten Weltkrieg, 2000, 314. ‘heraldic beast’: diary entry 31 January 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 237. ‘Not sure of that’: Cooper, Wilson, 374. ‘madman that should be curbed’: diary of Colonel House, 1 February 1917, WW XLI, 87–88. ‘wonders if the Japanese’: Cooper, Wilson, 375. ‘anything so trivial’: diary of Colonel House, 1 February 1917, as before. ‘top-secret German telegram’: for the full story see Barbara Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram, 1959. • VIENNA: ‘stifled expectations’: to Ferenczi, 16 February 1917, FR/FER II, 182. ‘ground chestnuts’: Rauchensteiner, 660. • MOGILYOV: ‘letter home’: from Nicholas to Alexandra, 23/24 February 1917 (dates used are Old Style until changeover in early 1918), ROM, 67–69. (I have replaced ‘the domino’ in Steinberg and Khrustalëv’s translation with ‘dominoes’ for intelligibility). ‘Caspian fishermen’: Paul Wharton, ‘The Russian Ides of March’, Atlantic Monthly, July 1917. ‘army morphine’: diary entry 3 March 1917, Paléologue, Vol. 3, 212. ‘Rasputin’s ghost’: Julia Kantakauzen, Revolutionary Days, 1920, 110. • THE ITALIAN–AUSTRIAN FRONT LINE: for Mussolini’s life see R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini, 2010; and Dennis Mack Smith, Mussolini, 1983. ‘my best wishes for the day’: diary entry 21 February 1917, Mussolini, 214. ‘crossed paths in Switzerland’: Emilio Gentile, Mussolini contro Lenin, 2017, 3–12. ‘not so well’: diary entry 7 March 1917, Mussolini, 221–224, 222. • PETROGRAD: for a detailed account of the February revolution see Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917, 1981. For an account of the revolution in a longer sweep of history see Orlando Figes’s modern classic, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924, 1996 (in particular, 307–353); or Steven Smith, Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890–1928, 2017. For an eyewitness account, see N. N. Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution 1917, 1984 (ed. Joel Carmichael), 3–135. For the experiences of foreigners see Helen Rappaport, Caught in the Revolution: Petrograd 1917, 2016. ‘German spy’: Hasegawa, 220. ‘award for best dancer’: diary entry 8 March 1917, Paléologue, Vol. 3, 214. ‘dressing gown’: Alexandra to Nicholas, 24 February 1917, ROM, 69–70. ‘they would probably stay indoors’: Alexandra to Nicholas, 25 February 1917, ROM, 73–74. ‘uncontrollable anarchy’: telegram from Rodzianko to Nicholas, 26 February 1917, ROM, 76–77. ‘not even reply’: Hasegawa, 275. ‘like hedgehogs’: Maxim Gorky’s observation in Figes, 316. ‘chimney sweep’: Baron N. Wrangel, From Serfdom to Bolshevism: The Memoirs of Baron N. Wrangel, 1847–1920, 1927 (trans. Brian and Beatrix Lunn), 270. ‘Astoria hotel’: Rappaport, Caught in the Revolution, 109–116. ‘British Ambassador’: Meriel Buchanan, Dissolution of an Empire, 1932, 170. ‘French Ambassador’: diary entry 13 March 1917, Paléologue, Vol. 3, 225. ‘palace lift’: Alexandra to Nicholas, 2 March 1917, ROM, 95. ‘all have betrayed me’: Hasegawa, 505. ‘time to shave’: V. V. Shulgin, Dni, 1925, 250. ‘coffee and brandy’: Alexander F. Kerensky, The Catastrophe: Kerensky’s Own Story of the Russian Revolution, 1927, 21. ‘telephone directory’: Kerensky, Catastrophe, 68. ‘long and soundly’: diary of Nicholas, 3 March 1917, ROM, 108. ‘Georgian bank-robber’: Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928, 2014, 173. ‘cockade or armband’: diary entry 18 March 1917, Paléologue, Vol. 3, 247. ‘orders of the new regime’: Douglas Smith, Rasputin, 2016, 650–654. • BERLIN: diary entry 24 March 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 250.
Spring 1917
ZURICH: ‘heard the news’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 199. ‘staggering’: Figes, 185. ‘simply shit’: Catherine Merridale, Lenin on the Train, 2016, 132. ‘slogans remain the same’: to Alexandra Kollontai, 16 March 1917, CW XXXV, 295–296. ‘no trust in’: telegram to Bolsheviks leaving for Russia, 19 March 1917, CW XXIII, 292. ‘put on a wig’: to V. A. Karpinsky, 19 March 1917, CW XXXV, 300. ‘fools’: to Inessa Armand, 19 March 1917, CW XLIII, 616–618. ‘Mensheviks in your dreams’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 200–201. ‘administrative deposit’: Gautschi, 260. • HALIFAX: for a full account see Richard B. Spence, ‘Interrupted Journey: British Intelligence and the Arrest of Leon Trotskii, April 1917’, Revolutionary Russia, 13/1, 2008, 1–28. ‘Following on board’: ibid., 4. ‘punches British naval officer’: Trotsky, 280. ‘Prince George Hotel’: Service, Trotsky, 159. • ZURICH: for Lenin’s journey back to Russia see Merridale. For an eyewitness account see Karl Radek, ‘V plombirovannom vagone’, Pravda, 20 April 1924. ‘James Joyce’: Merridale, 142. ‘young American diplomat’: Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles, 1995, 27. ‘confiscated by Swiss customs’: Merridale, 148. ‘seasick’: Service, Lenin, 259. • WASHINGTON: ‘no quarrel’: address to joint session of Congress, 2 April 1917, WW XLI, 519–527. ‘thirty-two minutes’: diary of Colonel House, 2 April 1917, WW XLI, 529. ‘Mrs Wilson stands’: diary of Thomas W. Brahany, 5 April 1917, WW XLI, 549. ‘not my war’: Eric Homberger, John Reed, 1990, 122. ‘James Reese Europe’: Jeffrey T. Sammons and John H. Morrow, Jr, Harlem’s Rattlers and the Great War: The Undaunted 369th Regiment and the African American Quest for Equality, 2014, 126. • MILAN: for the life of D’Annunzio see Lucy Hughes-Hallett, The Pike: Gabriele D’Annunzio: Poet, Seducer and Preacher of War, 2013; John Woodhouse, Gabriele D’Annunzio: Defiant Archangel, 1998; and Paolo Alatri, Gabriele D’Annunzio, 1983. ‘Now the group of stars’: English text of D’Annunzio’s message is taken from ‘D’Annunzio Acclaims our Entry into the War’, New York Times, 8 April 1917; the Italian can be found in Gabriele D’Annunzio, Fante del Veliki è del Faiti, 1932, 52–54. ‘Chicago Tribune’: ‘Hails America as Beacon Light Pointing Peace’, Chicago Tribune, 8 April 1917. • BERLIN: ‘American dentist’: Arthur N. Davis, The Kaiser I Knew: My Fourteen Years with the Kaiser, 1918, 2. ‘neither sweets nor potatoes’: diary entry 5 April 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 254. ‘Never before’: Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte, Vol. 2, 1961 (ed. Ernst Rudolf Huber), 467–468. • WRONKE: for Luxemburg’s life and work see J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, 2 volumes, 1966; Paul Fröhlich, Rosa Luxemburg: Ideas in Action, 1972 (trans. Joanna Hoornweg); and Rosa Luxemburg, The Letters of Rosa Luxemburg, 2013 (eds. Georg Adler, Peter Hudis and Annelies Laschitza; trans. George Schriver)–here abbreviated as LRL. ‘Rosa’s cat’: to Kostya Zetkin, March 1911, LRL, 296. ‘finer points’: H. Schurer, ‘Some Reflections on Rosa Luxemburg and the Bolshevik Revolution’, Slavonic and East European Review, 40/95, 1962, 356–372. ‘on leave from World History’: to Luise Kautsky, 15 April 1917, LRL, 392. ‘slit each other’s throat’: Rosa Luxemburg, ‘Rebuilding the Internationale’, Die Internationale, No. 1, 1915. ‘small overture’: to Clara Zetkin, 13 April 1917, LRL, 390. ‘plutonic forces’: to Luise Kautsky, 15 April 1917, LRL, 392. ‘notes down’: daily calendars from this period are available at HIA, Luxemburg Jacob Papers, Box/folder 4. ‘dear little bird’ and ‘squeeze of the hand’: to Sophie Liebknecht, 19 April 1917, LRL, 399, and to Mathilde Wurm, 16 February 1917, 377. ‘two young sycamores’ to ‘a mouse finds its way’: slightly paraphrased from letter Clara Zetkin, 13 April 1917, LRL, 389–391, 390. ‘For three years’: Rosa Luxemburg, ‘Der alte Maulwurf’, Spartakusbrief, No. 5, May 1917. • VIENNA: ‘The world is not the same’: Czernin to Charles, 14 April 1917, GFA II, 103–108, 105. ‘Wilhelm takes a month’: Wilhelm to Charles, 11 May 1917, GFA II, 191. ‘question of nerves’: Grünau to the Foreign Office, 19 April 1917, GFA II, 130–131. ‘war aims’: Watson, 460–468, and Grünau to Bethmann Hollweg, 24 April 1917, GFA II, 149–151. For a wider description of war aims up to 1917 see Stevenson, Cataclysm, 101–123. • PETROGRAD: for an eyewitness account of Lenin’s return see Sukhanov, 269–292. For a general account of his reception and next moves see Merridale, 217–226; and Service, Lenin, 261–269. • CHICAGO: for Hemingway’s extraordinary life see Jeffrey Meyers, Hemingway: A Biography, 1985; and Carlos Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story, 1969. For more recent biographies, see Richard Bradford, The Man Who Wasn’t There: A Life of Ernest Hemingway, 2018; and Mary V. Dearborn, Ernest Hemingway: A Biography, 2017. ‘a poem’: poem by Marcelline Hemingway, 17 April 1917, EHC, Series 5, Box NC01, EHPP-NC01-002–002. ‘Miss Dixon’: Meyers, Hemingway, 19. • VIENNA: ‘frightful consequences’: to Ferenczi, 30 April 1917, FR/FER II, 198. ‘No Nobel prize’: Prochaskas Familien-Kalender 1917, 25 April 1917, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Subject File, 1856–1988, mss39990, box 48. • THE WESTERN FRONT: on the French army see Elizabeth Greenhalgh, The French Army and the First World War, 2014. On the 1917 mutinies see André Loez, 14–18. Les refus de la guerre. Une histoire des mutins, 2010; and Guy Pedroncini, Les Mutineries de 1917, 1967. ‘refuse to swear’: Jamie H. Cockfield, With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I, 1999, 121. ‘Shoot me if you like’: Loez, 9. • PETROGRAD: ‘I was born’: ‘An Unfinished Autobiography’, 17 May 1917, CW XLI, 430. ‘caution, caution, caution’: report to a Bolshevik party conference, 24 April 1917, CW XXIV, 228–243, 237. • HOMBURG PALACE: ‘received a letter’: diary entry 11 May 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 268–269. ‘long list’ to ‘Every week will be more expensive’: Grünau to the Foreign Office, 13 May 1917, GFA II, 194–195. • THE WESTERN FRONT: for the life of Churchill in these years see Martin Gilbert, World in Torment: Winston S. Churchill, 1917–1922, 1975. ‘new game’: ibid., 18–19. • TSARSKOYE SELO: diary of Nicholas, April/May 1917, ROM, 159–160. • PETROGRAD: for the formation and history of Maria Bochkareva’s battalion see Laurie S. Stoff, They Fought for the Motherland: Russia’s Women Soldiers in World War I and the Revolution, 2006; and Maria Botchkareva (Bochkareva) and Isaac Don Levine, Yashka: My Life as Peasant, Officer and Exile, 1919. ‘wrong cause’: order from Kerensky, 14 May 1917, RPG II, 935–936. ‘an offensive, an offensive!’: ‘The Virtual Armistice’, original article in Pravda, 9 May 1917, CW XXIV, 375–377.
Summer 1917
PARIS: ‘Sur-realisme’: Polizzotti, 59. • VIENNA: ‘Albert Einstein’: to Emperor Charles, mid-February to 29 April 1917, CPAE X, 73–74. ‘Freud’: to Abraham, 20 May 1917, FR/AB, 348–350. ‘become suffocating’: Friedrich Adler, Friedrich Adler vor dem Ausnahmegericht: Die Verhandlungen vor dem §-14-Gericht am 18. und 19. Mai 1917 nach dem stenographischen Protokoll, 1919, 127. ‘what I had to do’: ibid., 194. ‘We live in a time’: ibid., 196. ‘Long live’: ibid., 200. • TSARSKOYE SELO: ‘exactly three months’ and ‘lamp and the window’: diary of Nicholas, 9 June 1917, ROM, 160. • LEEDS: quotations from What Happened at Leeds, 1919. For context see Stephen White, ‘Soviets in Britain: The Leeds Convention of 1917’, International Review of Social History, 19/2, 1974, 165–193. • LEWES: for critical accounts of Éamon de Valera’s life see Tim Pat Coogan, De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow, 1993; and Ronan Fanning, Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power, 2015. For the official account see Frank Pakenham (Earl of Longford), Éamon de Valera, 1970. For an overall history of Ireland through the period see Charles Townshend, The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence, 1918–1923, 2013. For de Valera’s speeches see Speeches and Statements by Éamon de Valera, 1917–1973, 1980 (ed. Maurice Moynihan). ‘calmly ignores’: Fanning, 51. • THE WESTERN FRONT: ‘spring has been stretched’: see the report of Lieutenant-Colonel Chanson of the 358th Infantry Regiment, in Loez, annex online at http://www.crid1418.org/doc/mutins, 66–69. ‘start marching towards Paris’: Pedroncini, 150–152. ‘singing the Internationale’: 135–136. • VIENNA: ‘government posters’: available electronically from the Vienna public library, https://www.onb.ac.at. ‘chief of a primitive tribe’: to Abraham, 21 August 1917, FR/AB, 355. • EAST ST. LOUIS: for the riots and their consequences see Elliot M. Rudwick, Race Riots at East St. Louis, July 2 1917, 1972; Malcolm McLaughlin, ‘Reconsidering the East St Louis Race Riot of 1917’, International Review of Social History, No. 47, 2002, 187–212; and Harper Barnes, Never Been a Time: The 1917 Race Riot that Sparked the Civil Rights Movement, 2008. For eyewitness testimony see Riot at East St. Louis, Illinois: Hearings before the Committee on Rules, House of Representatives, Sixty-fifth Congress, First Session, on H.J. Res. 118, August 3, 1917, 1917. For the long and twisted tale of lynching in the United States, see Philip Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 2002. For Josephine Baker see Josephine Baker and Jo Bouillon, Josephine, 1978 (trans. Mariana Fitzpatrick); Lynn Haney, Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker, 1981; Bryan Hammond and Patrick O’Connor, Josephine Baker, 1988; Jean-Claude Baker and Chris Chase, Josephine: The Hungry Heart, 1993; and Bennetta Jules Rosette, Josephine Baker in Art and Life: The Icon and the Image, 2007. ‘stares back in terror’: Josephine Baker remembered the sight in February 1952 on returning to St. Louis, where she gave a speech. ‘pull for East St. Louis’: ‘Post-Dispatch Man, an Eye-Witness, Describes Massacre of Negroes’, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 July 1917. ‘not dead yet’ and ‘that kind of advertising’: ‘24 Negroes Killed in St. Louis’, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 July 1917. ‘ringing the bells’: ‘Address on the Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots’, 8 July 1917, MG I, 213. ‘safe for democracy’: picture in Barnes. ‘Houston’: Robert V. Haynes, ‘The Houston Mutiny and Riot of 1917’, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 76/4, 1973, 418–439. • PETROGRAD: this account is drawn from Jessie Kenney’s typed manuscript of the Pankhurst mission to Russia, in the Jessie Kenney Papers at the Women’s Library of the London School of Economics: ‘The Price of Liberty’, JKP, 7/JKE5. The original diary was smuggled out at the end of Kenney’s visit. For Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Sylvia and Christabel see Martin Pugh, The Pankhursts: The History of One Radical Family, 2001. ‘It is the men’: ‘The Price of Liberty’, 30 June 1917. ‘human electricity’: Trotsky, 295–296. ‘predators’: ‘The Petty-Bourgeois Stand on the Question of Economic Disorganisation’, original article in Pravda, 1/14 June 1917, CW XXIV, 562–564. ‘at any moment’: speech on attitude towards the Provisional Government, 4/17 June 1917, CW XXV, 15–42. ‘grabbing his briefcase’: Kerensky, Catastrophe, 216. ‘it is a plot’: the Menshevik leader Tsereteli in Volkogonov, Lenin, 136. ‘insinuation’: ‘Insinuations’, original article in Pravda, 11/24 June 1917, CW XXV, 73–74. ‘processions’: speech to Petrograd Bolsheviks, 11/24 June 1917, CW XXV, 79–81. ‘here come the Cossacks’: diary entry 24 June 1917, Louis de Robien, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia, 1917–1918, 1969 (trans. Camilla Sykes), 75. • SARAJEVO: ‘iron and bronze cross’: photograph of the monument in Miller, ‘Yugoslav Eulogies’, 11. • THE RUSSIAN FRONT: ‘order to attack’: order for the offensive, 16 June 1917, RPG II, 942. ‘before breakfast’: diary of Nicholas, 20 June 1917, ROM, 161. ‘Anything is possible’: diary entry 4 July 1917, Robien, 78. ‘new detective novel’: diary of Nicholas, 27 June 1917, ROM, 162. ‘British military observer’: Memorandum from Brigadier General Knox to the War Cabinet, NA, CAB 24/19/88. ‘his own son’: Rauchensteiner, 757. ‘Tajik for relaxation’: George Katkov, The Kornilov Affair: Kerensky and the Breakup of the Russian Army, 1980, 41. ‘devil brought you’: Bochkareva, 195–196. ‘sex behind a tree’: ibid., 217. • TSARSKOYE SELO: ‘bad news from the front’: diary of Nicholas, 13 July 1917, ROM, 163. • ACROSS EUROPE: for the diplomatic ballet in 1917 see David Stevenson, ‘The Failure of Peace by Negotiation in 1917’, Historical Journal, 34/1, 1991, 65–86; and Documents and Statements Relating to Peace Proposals and War Aims, December 1916–November 1918, 1919 (ed. G. Lowe Dickinson). For a detailed account of the Stockholm conference see Hildamarie Meynell, ‘The Stockholm Conference of 1917: Part I’, International Review of Social History, 5/1, 1960, 1–25, and ‘The Stockholm Conference of 1917: Part II’, International Review of Social History, 5/2, 1960, 202–225. ‘being deliberately prolonged’: Max Egremont, Siegfried Sassoon: A Biography, 2005, 143–144. ‘Catholic politician’: see Matthias Erzberger, Erlebnisse im Weltkrieg, 1920, 250–269. ‘abdicate straight away’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1169. ‘reading the newspapers’: ibid., 1171. ‘peace resolution’: Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte, Vol. 2, 471. ‘as I interpret it’: Watson, 460. • PETROGRAD: ‘sunflower seeds’ to ‘her husband’s comrade’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 228–229. • EAST CLARE: ‘The Spaniard’: Fanning, 54. ‘defended one half’: David Fitzpatrick, ‘De Valera in 1917: The Undoing of the Easter Rising’, in John P. O’Carroll and John A. Murphy (eds.), De Valera and His Times, 1983, 101–112, 107. • NEIVOLA: ‘train chugs its way’: Service, Lenin, 283. ‘Ambassador’s Rolls-Royce’: diary entry 16 July 1917, Robien, 83. ‘front page of Pravda’: Sukhanov, 439. ‘given a good hiding’: Service, Lenin, 284. ‘ribbons turned inside’ to ‘spilled face powder’: diary entry 17 July 1917, Robien, 84. ‘son of a bitch’: Israel Getzler, Kronstadt 1917–1921: The Fate of Soviet Democracy, 1983, 120. ‘declare your will’ to ‘Give me your hand’: Sukhanov, 445–447. ‘going to shoot us’: Kotkin, 202. ‘not see each other’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 233. ‘Entre nous’: to Kamenev, 18–20 July 1917, CW XXXVI, 454. ‘Look in the oven’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 234. ‘shave off’: Service, Lenin, 287. • UPSTATE MICHIGAN: ‘Dad’s Ford’: to Anson T. Hemingway, 6 August 1917, EHC, Series 2, Box OC01, EHPP-OC01-006–005. • THE VATICAN: ‘Pope a traitor’: Bosworth, 100. ‘tide of blood’: to Walter Hines Page, 27 August 1917, WW XLIV, 57–59. • WILHELMSHAVEN: ‘world is a madhouse’ and ‘ought to imitate’: diary entry for late June or early July 1917, Richard Stumpf, The Private War of Seaman Stumpf: The Unique Diaries of a Young German in the Great War, 1969 (trans. Daniel Horn), 339. ‘Kaiser suggests’: diary entry 18 August 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 294. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘midget submarines’: Rudolph Alverado and Sonya Alverado, Drawing Conclusions on Henry Ford, 2001, 76. ‘activist notes’: James Weldon Johnson, quoted in Colin Grant, Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and His Dream of Mother Africa, 2008, 124–125. • TSARSKOYE SELO: ‘long stay in Livadia!’: diary of Nicholas, 28 July 1917, ROM, 164. ‘pleasant to meet’: diary of Nicholas, 31 July 1917, ROM, 165. ‘Japanese flag’: ROM, 169. ‘Rasputin told them’: Pierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, 1921 (trans. F. Appleby Holt), 240. • MOSCOW: ‘English county’ and following: diary entries 5 August to 2 September 1917, Kenney. ‘declare Kerensky’s national gathering’: appeal of the Central Committee, RPG III, 1452–1454. ‘precautions necessary’: ‘The Atmosphere in Moscow at the Opening of the Conference’, Izvestiia, 13 August 1917, RPG III, 1456–1457. ‘Power has passed’: ‘On Slogans’, July 1917, CW XXV, 185–192. ‘needs a disguise’: full saga in Service, Lenin, 287–292. • RIGA: ‘news is hateful’: diary entry 4 September 1917, Robien, 101. ‘gramophone horns’: 9 September 1917, ibid.,101. ‘finds herself caught’: diary entry 8 September 1917, Kenney.
Autumn 1917
PETROGRAD: ‘lecture on Greek art’: Sukhanov, 500. ‘reality is more devious’: the details of the Kornilov revolt are contested. For a historian’s account see Katkov. For one of the participants see Alexander Kerensky, The Prelude to Bolshevism, 1919. ‘will not give them the revolution’: statement by Nekrasov, originally in Rech’, 13 September 1917, RPG II, 1578–1579. ‘operatic arias’: Katkov, 92. ‘regime opposed’: radio telegram from Kerensky to the country, 27 August 1917, RPG II, 1572–1573. ‘great provocation’ to ‘inevitable ruin’: Kornilov’s response, 27 August 1917, RPG II, 1573. ‘deathly danger’: editorial in Den’, 28 August 1917, RPG II, 1594–1595. ‘Shakespearean tragedy’: diary entry 14 September 1917, Robien, 112. ‘vast muddle’: diary of Nicholas, 5 September 1917, ROM, 198. ‘Kornilovka’: Bochkareva, 240. • SPARTANBURG: Reid Badger, A Life in Ragtime: A Biography of James Reese Europe, 1995, 155–160. • EASTERN FRONT: ‘Kaiser’s knowledge’: diary entry 29 September 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 303. • HELSINKI: ‘writes to Nadya’ and description of her trip: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 238–239. ‘into their own hands’ to ‘unquestionably’: letter to the Central Committee, CW XXVI, 12–14/25–27 September 1917, 19–21. • TOBOLSK: ‘Three hundred and thirty-seven’: recollections of Vasily Pankratov, September–December 1917, ROM, 259. • PETROGRAD: for Reed’s life see Eric Homberger, John Reed, 1990. For his writings see John Reed, John Reed and the Russian Revolution: Uncollected Articles, Letters and Speeches on Russia, 1917–1920, 1992 (eds. Eric Homberger and John Biggart), and Ten Days that Shook the World, 1919. ‘джон ридь’ to ‘observations’ and ‘phrases’: notebooks, JRP, Series V/E, Items 1332–1333. ‘black and soggy’ and ‘color and terror’: to Boardman Robinson, 17 September 1917, Reed, John Reed and the Russian Revolution, 26–27. ‘fake babies’: notebook, JRP, Series V/E, Item 1333. ‘reported speaking’: David Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918, 1921, 165–168. ‘only party with a program’: ibid., 169. • ROSENBERG FORTRESS: for de Gaulle’s life in general up to the end of the Second World War see Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: Le Rebelle, 1890–1944, 1984; and Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle: Lettres, notes et carnets, 3 volumes, 2010 (ed. Philippe de Gaulle)–afterwards CDG. For a recent English biography see Julian Jackson, A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle, 2018. This account of de Gaulle’s attempted escape from Rosenberg is drawn from his post-war description submitted in 1927 for the French military medal for POW escapees, reproduced in CDG I, 673–685. • LONDON: this section is drawn from the entries from September to November 1917 in WSC VIII, 160–196. • VYBORG: for general description see Service, Lenin, 302–307. ‘positively criminal’: letter to the Central Committee, 1/14 October 1917, CW XXVI, 140–141. • WASHINGTON DC: address to the President by Vira Boarman Whitehouse, 25 October 1917, WW XLIV, 440–441. • DUBLIN: for this episode see Coogan, De Valera, 95–97; and Fanning, 56–61. • PETROGRAD: ‘has finally arrived’: editorial in Rabochii Put, 13 October 1917, RPG II, 1763–1764. ‘inevitable lutte finale’: ‘Red Russia: The Triumph of the Bolsheviki’, written in November 1917 and published in The Liberator in March 1918, in Reed, John Reed and the Russian Revolution, 83. ‘Soviet government will give’: Sukhanov, 584–585. ‘fatal step’: Kamenev’s article was in Maxim Gorky’s newspaper Novaia zhizn: see Figes, 477. ‘not set a date’: Trotsky’s Denial, printed in Izvestiia, 18 October 1917, RPG II, 1767. ‘strike-breaker’: letter to Bolshevik Party members, 18 October 1917, CW XXVI, 216–219. ‘general croaking’: ‘Strong Bulls of Bashan Have Beset Me Round’, original article in Rabochy Put, 20 October 1917, in Joseph Stalin, Works, 13 volumes, 1952–1955, Vol. 3, 409–413. • ROSENBERG FORTRESS: see CDG I, 673–685. • KARFREIT: for the Caporetto episode see Stevenson, Cataclysm, 308–311. For Mussolini’s reaction see O’Brien, 141–146. ‘blood which moves’: Mack Smith, Mussolini, 29. ‘trincerocrazia’: the word appears in a letter of Mussolini’s published in Il Popolo d’Italia on 27 December 1916, OO VIII, 270–272, 272. ‘parasites’: ‘Trincerocrazia’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 15 December 1917, 140–142, 141. ‘touch of an artist’: ‘I Nostri Postulati: Per la Storia di una Settimana’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 27 November 1917, OO X, 86–88, 87. • BERLIN: ‘In all my life’ and following: Davis, Kaiser I Knew, 20–27. ‘spat between’: Rauchensteiner, 793. ‘catches a chill’: diary entry 15 November 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court. • PETROGRAD: for general descriptions of the October revolution see Figes, 474–500; and, for a fuller description, Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, 2017. For an eyewitness see Sukhanov, 547–669. For foreign observers see memoirs cited elsewhere in this book, and also Rappaport, 257–301. For Lenin’s role see Service, Lenin, 306–323. ‘on receiving another note’: Margarita Fofanova in Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks Come to Power, 265. ‘must not wait!’: letter to Central Committee, 24 October 1917, CW XXVI, 234–235. ‘have gone where you did not want me to go’: note to Margarita Fofanova, 24 October 1917, CW XLIII, 638. ‘smells terribly’: Trotsky, 338. ‘ballet tickets’: Reed, Ten Days, 88. ‘belonging to the American embassy’: Francis, 179–180. ‘Long live the world socialist revolution!’: speech to Petrograd Soviet, 25 October 1917, CW XXVI, 239–241. ‘es schwindelt’: Trotsky, 337. ‘rising of the masses’: Sukhanov, 639. ‘candles and torches’: Meriel Buchanan, The City of Trouble, 1918, 177. ‘women soldiers being thrown out of windows’: Stoff, 160. ‘send out our appeal everywhere’: concluding speech at Second All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 26 October 1917, CW XXVI, 254–256. ‘Ludendorff sends a telegram’: telegram 1628, 9 November 1917, in Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918, 1958 (ed. Z. A. B. Zeman), 75. ‘British Ambassador observes’: George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, 2 volumes, Vol. 2, 1923, 208. ‘French diplomat heads’: diary entry 13 November 1917, Robien, 138–139. ‘Michael Romanov’: Rosemary and Donald Crawford, Michael and Natasha: The Life and Love of the Last Tsar of Russia, 1997, 335–338. • VIENNA: ‘grumpy and tired’: to Ferenczi, 6 November 1917, FR/FER II, 245. ‘put Lamarck entirely on our ground’ and ‘future is pretty dim’: to Abraham, 11 November 1917, FR/AB, 361–362. ‘mourning and melancholia’: the paper had been finished two years before; SE XIV, 237–260. ‘silenced’: Gay, Freud, 373, cites the German as ‘verschweigen werden’ from letter of Freud to Ferenczi, 20 November 1917. • SIBERIA: ‘spreads by railway and by telegraph wire’: Roger Pethybridge, The Spread of the Russian Revolution: Essays on 1917, 1972. ‘stop this willfulness?’: recollections of Vasily Pankratov, September–December 1917, ROM, 272. ‘Kun is busy in the local library’: György Borsányi, The Life of a Communist Revolutionary: Béla Kun, 1993, 48. • BRESLAU: to Clara Zetkin, 24 November 1917, LRL, 444–447. • BERLIN: to Heinrich Zangger, 6 December 1917, CPAE VIII, 561–563. • PETROGRAD: see Service, Lenin, 324–337, and The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State, 1917–1921, 1975 (ed. Martin McCauley)–afterwards RSS. ‘highly skilled accountants’: telegram to V. V. Vorovsky, 8 December 1917, CW XLIV, 50. ‘dirty collar’: Trotsky, 337. ‘I felt very hungry’: Nadezhda Krupskaya, Reminiscences of Lenin, 1959, 413. ‘first official automobile’: Stepan Gil, Shest’ let s V. I. Leninym. Vospominaniya lichnogo shofera Vladimira Il’ina Lenina. Izdaniye vtoroye, pererabotannoye i dopolnennoye, 1957, 10–13. ‘That’s Kollontai!’: Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin, 2007, 305, originally from Trotsky. ‘bicycle for the journey’ and ‘shut up shop’: Trotsky, 341. ‘John Reed joins’: Homberger, 158. ‘As soon as’: Decree on the Press, 9 November 1917, RSS, 190–191. ‘Socialism cannot be decreed’: meeting of the Central Executive Committee, 4 November 1917, CW XXVI, 285–293. ‘thin and gloomy Pole’: RSS, 188. ‘bourgeoisie are prepared to commit’: note to F. E. Dzerzhinsky, CW XXVI, 374–376. ‘The following changes’: ‘The Tasks of the Public Library’, November 1917, CW XXVIII, 351. • KANSAS CITY: ‘All cops love me’: to Marcelline Hemingway, 26 October 1917, LEH I, 56. ‘enlist in the Canadian Army’: to Marcelline Hemingway, 30 October and 6 November 1917, LEH I, 58–60. ‘marched and skirmished’: to Clarence and Grace Hemingway, 15 November 1917, EHC, Series 2, Box OC01, EHPP-OC01-008–002. ‘unusual sight’: to Clarence and Grace Hemingway, 17 December 1917, LEH I, 70. • JERUSALEM: for context see Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, 2015; James Barr, A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East, 2011; Sean McMeekin, The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923, 2015; and David Fromkin, A Peace to End all Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914–1922, 1989. For the life of Mustafa Kemal see Andrew Mango, Atatürk, 1999; and Klaus Kreiser, Atatürk: Eine Biographie, 2011. ‘Christmas present’: Rogan, 350–352. ‘Jews Here Jubilant’: ‘Jerusalem Falls to the British Army, Jews Here Jubilant’, New York Times, 10 December 1917. ‘gives me any pleasure’: to Ferenczi, 10 December 1917, FR/FER II, 363–364. ‘got so heated’: Mango, 171–172, though Mango rather doubts the story. ‘stationary train’ to ‘get a better view’: Kreiser, 117–121. • BREST-LITOVSK: for an analysis see Borislav Chernev, Twilight of Empire: The Brest-Litovsk Conference and the Remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917–1918, 2017; and John Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918, 1963. For a word-by-word account see Proceedings of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference: The Peace Negotiations between Russia and the Central Powers, 21 November 1917–3 March 1918, 1918–afterwards PBL. For an insider’s perspective, other than the main figures who are cited elsewhere here–Czernin, Hoffmann, Trotsky–see Ivan Fokke, ‘Na stsene i za kulisami brestkoi tragikomedii: Memuary uchastnika Brest-Litovskih mirnykh peregovorov’, Arkhiv Russkoi Revolutsii, 1930. • INGOLSTADT: ‘My heartache’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 19 December 1917, CDG I, 337–338. • BRESLAU: to Sophie Liebknecht, 24 December 1917, LRL, 457. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘class war’: memorandum by Lincoln Steffens, 28 December 1917, WW XLV, 381–384. ‘poem by Wordsworth’: Cooper, Wilson, 421.
Winter 1918
Rosa Luxemburg quotation from ‘Der Anfang’, Die Rote Fahne, 18 November 1918.
BREST: ‘tense voyage’: Badger, Life in Ragtime, 162. ‘do not recognise’: Sammons and Morrow, 190. • STOCKHOLM: for Einstein’s life see Philipp Frank, Einstein: His Life and Times, 1948; Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, 1997 (trans. Ewald Osers); and Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe, 2007. ‘milk and sugar’: to Hans Albert Einstein, 25 January 1918, CPAE VIII, 615, note 4. ‘torment me’: from Mileva Einstein-Marić, 9 February 1918, CPAE X, 141–143. • KANSAS CITY: ‘get into aviation’: to the Hemingway family, 2 January 1918, LEH I, 71. ‘still a Christian’: to Grace Hemingway, 16 January 1918, LEH I, 76–77. ‘more terrestrial matters’ to ‘sans use of the eyes’: to Marcelline Hemingway, 30 January 1918 and 12 February 1918, LEH I, 79–80 and 82–83. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘10.30 on a Saturday morning’: diary of Colonel House, 9 January 1917, WW XLV, 550–559. ‘moral climax’: address to Congress, 8 January 1917, WW XLV, 534–539. ‘Poland will be free’: for more on this see M. B. Biskupski, ‘Re-creating Central Europe: The United States “Inquiry” into the Future of Poland in 1918’, International History Review, 12/2, 1990, 221–240. • BREST-LITOVSK: ‘Austrian Foreign Minister’: diary entry for 5 January 1918, Ottokar Czernin, In the World War, 1919, 231. ‘Wilhelm presents a map’: Chernev, 64–65; and Max Hoffmann, The War of Lost Opportunities, 1924, 214. ‘Trotsky, persuaded by Lenin’: Trotsky, 363. ‘will not bow its head’: Fokke, 128. ‘unnecessarily decorative’: PBL, 66. ‘master rather than his emissary’ and ‘Austrian counterpart’: Trotsky, 367. ‘no way compensated’: PBL, 62. ‘dictates a history’: Trotsky, 369–370. ‘taking part with much interest’: PBL, 75. ‘protest against the tone’: 82. ‘Vienna urgently needs’: Czernin, 231. ‘bound to raise problems’: Chernev, 120–157. • VIENNA: ‘Eve of the Austrian Revolution’: Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 122. ‘Cold shivers’: to Abraham, 19 January 1918, FR/AB, 369–370 (the original German reads ‘Kälte Tremor’). • BERLIN: ‘must now be done in the west!’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1157. ‘Died for the Fatherland’: Davis, Kaiser I Knew, 285. • PETROGRAD: for the episode of the Constituent Assembly see Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd, 2007, 104–131. ‘rousing speech to Red Guards’: speech at send-off of troop trains, 1 January 1918, CW XXVI, 420. ‘collapse of a bluff, which?’: Edgar Sisson, One Hundred Red Days: A Personal Chronicle of the Bolshevik Revolution, 1931, 236. ‘Ex-poachers’: diary entry 18 January 1918, Robien, 195. ‘armed with sandwiches’: Sisson, 242. ‘company of corpses’: ‘People from Another World’, 6 January 1918 (published in 1926), CW XXVI, 431–433. ‘funereal black’: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 110. ‘Wild West show’: Albert Rhys Williams, Journey into Revolution: Petrograd, 1917–1918, 1969, 198. ‘go at it systematically’: ibid., 199. ‘hand on heart’: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 117. ‘majestic air’: Williams, 200. ‘Let them just go home’: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 122. ‘guards are tired’: S. Mstislavskii, Five Days which Transformed Russia, 1988, 154. ‘not the end’: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 124. • THE WESTERN FRONT: for Erich Ludendorff’s life see Manfred Nebelin, Ludendorff: Diktator im Ersten Weltkrieg, 2010. For Adolf Hitler’s war see Thomas Weber, Hitler’s First War: Adolf Hitler, the Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War, 2010. For the biography of Adolf Hitler see Ian Kershaw, Hitler: Hubris, 1889–1936, 1998; Volker Ullrich, Hitler: A Biography, Ascent, 2013; Thomas Weber, Becoming Hitler: The Making of a Nazi, 2017; John Toland, Adolf Hitler, 1976. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1939 (trans. Chamberlain, Fay, Hayes, Johnson et al.), proves some interesting insights, but must be read above all as a propaganda document. ‘go under’: Nebelin, 408. • PETROGRAD: for the political debate around this question see Service, A Political Life, Vol. 2, 317–322. ‘human yearning’: Theses on the Question of The Immediate Conclusion &c., 7 January 1918, CW XXXVI, 442–450. ‘dirty stable’: speech at meeting of the Central Committee, 11 January 1918, CW XXXVI, 467–470. ‘shot on the spot’: meeting with food supply officials, 14 January 1918, CW XXVI, 501–502. • PARIS: ‘mind bringing me’: Apollinaire to Breton, 6 February 1918, http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/guillaume-apollinaire-4717464-details.aspx. ‘telephone rings’: entry for February 1918, Jessie Kenney. • TOBOLSK: ‘saws up wood’ to ‘greenhouse roof’: diary of Nicholas, 9–26 January 1918, ROM, 227. ‘a lot of time thinking about’: Alexandra to Anna Vryubova, 9 January 1918, ROM, 219–221. ‘swastika’: Alexandra to Aleksandr Syroboiarsky, 11 January 1918, ROM, 221. ‘In other words’: diary of Nicholas, 1/14 February 1918, ROM, 227. • BREST-LITOVSK: ‘demagogic trick’ and following: PBL, 143. ‘twang of sympathy’: Czernin, 246. ‘can only thank the President’: PBL, 145. ‘requests a visa’ and ‘refused’: Trotsky, 375–376; and to Count Czernin, 26 January, 1918, TP I, 9–11. ‘intellectual combat’: PBL, 148. ‘peace without profit’ to ‘I wonder if’: Czernin, 247–249. ‘final card’: PBL, 171–173, very slightly paraphrased. ‘what is going to happen’: Fokke, 207. • PETROGRAD: ‘robbed blind’: diary entry, 14 February 1918, Robien, 222. ‘Hell’s fire’: Patriarch Tikhon anathematises the Bolsheviks, RSS, 193–195. • HASKELL COUNTY: John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History, 2005, 91–97. • BREST-LITOVSK: ‘start hostilities again’: diary entry 17 February 1918, Max Hoffmann, War Diaries and Other Papers, 2 volumes, Vol. 1, 1929 (trans. Eric Sutton), 204–205. ‘Stalin is blunt’: Kotkin, 255. ‘most comical war’: diary entry 22 February 1918, Hoffmann, War Diaries, Vol. 1, 207. ‘radiant with joy’: diary entry 21 February 1918, Robien, 229. ‘spiky article’: ‘The Revolutionary Phrase’, Pravda, 21 February 1918, CW XXVII, 19–29. • VIENNA: ‘mutiny breaks out’: Rauchensteiner, 887–893. ‘infuriates the empire’s Poles’: Watson, 500. • PETROGRAD: for Lenin’s political gamesmanship on Brest-Litovsk and party matters see Service, A Political Life, Vol. 2, 322–355. For the life of Stalin see Kotkin; Miklós Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, 2003; and Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography, 2005. For Béla Kun see Borsányi. For the move to Moscow and details of living arrangements see Kotkin, 259–264; and Trotsky, 350–353. ‘second New York’: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 201. ‘Foreign embassies’ to ‘glass of fresh milk’: diary entry 28 February 1918 and 1 March 1918, Robien, 236–241. ‘Tsar’s brother Michael’: Crawford and Crawford, 340–341. ‘had an affair’: Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, 2003, 24. ‘moving in zig-zags’: ‘The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government’, 23–28 March 1918, CW XLI, 682–684. ‘dark spy’: Borsányi, 52. ‘kill anyone younger than seven’: diary entry 20 March 1918, Ivan Bunin, Cursed Days, 1998 (trans. Thomas Gaiton Marullo), 65–66. • NANTES: for the band’s journey across France see Badger, Life in Ragtime, 166–173. For the somewhat fluid notion of jazz itself and James Reese Europe’s contribution see Badger, ‘James Reese Europe’. ‘receives a delegation’: Cooper, Wilson, 409.
Spring 1918
THE WESTERN FRONT: for the German offensive, see Robert T. Foley, ‘From Victory to Defeat: The German Army in 1918’, in Ashley Ekins (ed.), 1918: The Year of Victory, 2010, 69–88; and Watson, 514–523. ‘rumours among troops’ to ‘single cigarette’: Nebelin, 407–412. ‘looks like a film’: letter dated 21 March 1918, extract reproduced in Albrecht von Thaer, ‘Generalstabdienst an der Front und in der O.H.L.’, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, No. 40, 1958, 170–171. ‘lights up his sleeping quarters’: Gilbert, World in Torment, 79. ‘push looks awful’: to Hemingway family, 23 March 1918, LEH I, 91. ‘always been a carnivore’: to Abraham, 22 March 1918, FR/AB, 374. ‘utterly defeated’: diary entry 23 March 1918, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 344. ‘sending King George’: Gilbert, World in Torment, 81. ‘begins to wonder’: diary entry 29 March 1918, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 346. ‘crawling through’: Noble Lee Sissle, ‘Memoirs of Lieutenant “Jim” Europe’, unpublished manuscript, 1942, LOC, NAACP Papers, Group 1, Boxes J56 and J70, 155–165. ‘German army that is breaking apart’: Watson, 525–526. ‘Oh! Oh! Oh!’: Gilbert, World in Torment, 94. • ZURICH: to Mileva Einstein-Marić, 3 April 1918, CPAE X, 154–155. • VIENNA: for this episode see Rauchensteiner, 896–906. See also the German and Austrian correspondence in April/May 1918, in GFA IV, 101–168. For the panic in Vienna and at court see Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 142–150. • MAYNOOTH: see Coogan, De Valera, 107–109. ‘have not met one soldier’: Minutes of the War Cabinet, Irish Conscription, 6 April 1918, WSC VIII, 297–298. ‘fit resting place’: Father Patrick Gaynor quoted in Fitzpatrick, ‘De Valera in 1917’, 110. • RUSSIA: for histories of the Russian civil war see Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, 1987 (2008 edition cited here); Jonathan D. Smele, The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars, 1916–1926: Ten Years that Shook the World, 2015; and Laura Engelstein, Russia in Flames: War, Revolution and Civil War, 1914–1921, 2018. For an older account see William Henry Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921, 1935, 2 volumes. For foreign intervention see Mawdsley, 62–76; and Engelstein, 383–400. For the civil war in the context of other pressures facing the Bolshevik regime in its early years, see Richard Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 1919–1924, 1997; and Figes, 555–720. For British involvement see Clifford Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 2006, with 17–71 particularly relevant for this section. For a broader perspective on relations between the Bolsheviks and the West in these years see Robert Service, Spies and Commissars: Bolshevik Russia and the West, 2011. For Count Mirbach see Winfried Baumgart, ‘Die Mission des Grafen Mirbach in Moskau April–Juni 1918’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 16/1, 1968, 66–96. ‘taken Kharkov’: diary entry 9 April 1918, Hoffmann, War Diaries, Vol. 1, 214. ‘diplomatic capital of Russia’: Francis, 237. ‘French diplomat describes’: diary entries 25 April–15 May 1918, Robien, 251–264. ‘discipline must be discipline’: Kotkin, 297. ‘exhilarating game’: see, for example, George Hill, Go Spy the Land: Being the Adventures of I.K.8 of the British Secret Service, 1932; and Paul Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow, 1922. ‘British operative briefly considers’: Service, Spies and Commissars, 147. ‘say with confidence’ to ‘Furious struggle’: speech in Moscow Soviet, 23 April 1918, CW XXVII, 292–293. ‘credentials formally’: diary entry 26 April 1918, Robien, 252. ‘thieving rabble of proles’: diplomatic report sent by Mirbach, 29 April 1918, Baumgart, 76. ‘socialist future!’ to ‘We’ll see’: report sent on 30 April 1918, 77–78. ‘advertising power’: ‘Political Report No. 3’, 12–26 January 1918, prepared by Felix Cole, US Consul in Archangel, USNA, RG84.800 Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Archangel, Vol. 14. For an overview of the activities of Felix Cole see Benjamin D. Rhodes, ‘A Prophet in the Russian Wilderness: The Mission of Consul Felix Cole at Archangel, 1917–1919’, Review of Politics, 46/3, 1984, 388–409. ‘suction pump’ to ‘Baghdad railroad’: ‘The Allies, Archangel and Siberia’, report by Felix Cole, 26 April 1918, USNA, RG84.877 Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Archangel, Vol. 18. ‘time is fast approaching’: cable from Francis to Washington, 13 April 1918, Rhodes, ‘Prophet in the Russian Wilderness’, 397. • THERESIENSTADT FORTRESS: Tim Butcher, The Trigger: The Hunt for Gavrilo Princip: The Assassin who Brought the World to War, 2014, 283. An account of Princip’s own view of his situation written by an Austrian, Dr Pappenheim, was published in German in 1926. • TOBOLSK: for this period of the Romanovs’ incarceration see Service, Last of the Tsars, 2017, 152–175. ‘rumours the Tsar’s daughter’: newspaper report 23 November 1917, ROM, 204. ‘the Tsar jokes’: Gilliard, 255. ‘last chance of escape’: 257–258. ‘the baggage’: Service, Last of the Tsars, 174. ‘Distraught’: Gilliard, 260–262. ‘I’d rather cut off’: Service, Last of the Tsars, 164. • MOSCOW: see Christina Lodder, ‘Lenin’s Plan for Monumental Propaganda’, in Matthew Cullerne Brown and Brandon Taylor (eds.), Art of the Soviets: Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in a One-Party State, 1917–1992, 1993, 16–32. • SPA: ‘taken away my will to live’ to ‘would gladly give up’: Nebelin, 423–424. ‘lieutenant visits Ludendorff’: Thaer, 192–198. • AMERICAN FRONT LINE: this account is drawn from Sammons and Morrow, 265–275. ‘great Day of Decision’: ‘Close Ranks’, The Crisis, July 1918. • CHELYABINSK: for the role of the Czechoslovak legion in this phase of the Russian civil war see Engelstein, 393–400. The description of conditions is drawn from Dalibor Vácha, ‘Tepluskas and Eshelons: Czechoslovak Legionaries on their Journey across Russia’, Czech Journal of Contemporary History, 1/1, 2013, 20–53. • NEW YORK: ‘well-wishers crowd’ and following: ‘President Leads Red Cross Parade’, New York Times, 19 May 1918. ‘insurance policy’ and ‘Woolworth Building’ : to the Hemingway family, 14 May 1918 and 17/18 May 1918, with latter addition, LEH I, 97–101. • CHELYABINSK: ‘telegram from Moscow’: For the relevant series of documents see Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia, April–December 1918: Documents and materials, 1936 (ed. James Bunyan), 88–98. • THE WESTERN FRONT: ‘wish for peace?’: General Rees’s memoirs quoted in J. H. Johnson, 1918: The Unexpected Victory, 1997, 70–71. ‘discuss evacuating’: Stevenson, Cataclysm, 340. ‘city of the dead’: letter dated 28 May 1918, Edward Villiers Stanley, Paris 1918: The War Diary of the British Ambassador, the 17th Earl of Derby, 2001 (ed. David Dutton), 22. • PETROGRAD: letter to the workers of Petrograd, 22 May 1918, CW XXVII, 391–398.
Summer 1918
LINCOLN: ‘singing as we are now’: Darrell Figgis, A Second Chronicle of Jails, 1919, 58. ‘Back inside’ to end: Fanning, 67–68; and Coogan, De Valera, 112–121, including reference to Machiavelli at 118–121. • MADRID: for the origins of the Spanish naming of the flu, Ryan A. Davis, The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918, 2013. ‘El Liberal reports’: ibid., 44. ‘alarmist suggestions’: British Medical Journal, 1/2996, 1 June 1918, 623–628. ‘all the armies’: Anton Erkoreka, ‘Origins of the Spanish Influenza Pandemic (1918–1920) and its Relation to the First World War’, Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 3/2, 2009, 190–194. • PARIS: ‘more money’: Ernest Hemingway, Ernest Hemingway, Cub Reporter: Kansas City Star Stories, 1970 (ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli), 10. ‘hot poppums’: to the Hemingway family, 3 June 1918, LEH I, 110. ‘wonderful time!!!’: to a friend at the Kansas City Star, 9 June 1918, LEH I, 112. • SAMARA: ‘Tsaritsyn’: Kotkin, 300–307. ‘Götterdämmerung’: report by Mirbach, 1 June 1918, Baumgart, 86–87. • VIENNA: ‘no relying on the supernatural’: to Ferenczi, 9 May 1918, FR/FER II, 281–282. ‘begging letter’: Charles to Wilhelm, 24 June 1918, GFA II, 218–219. • PERM: Crawford and Crawford, 353–363. • GIZAUCOURT: Noble Lee Sissle, ‘Memoirs of Lieutenant “Jim” Europe’, 167–170. • AHRENSHOOP: ‘like a crocodile’: to Max Born, 29 June 1918, CPAE VIIIB, 818–819. ‘nice last year’: from Hans-Albert Einstein, after 4 June 1918, CPAE X, 166–168. • PETROGRAD: ‘new rationing system is introduced’: Mary McAuley, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd, 1917–1922, 1991, 286. ‘so few one-legged’: ibid., 326. ‘no longer give a positive diagnosis’: report by Mirbach, 25 June 1918, Baumgart, 94–95. ‘details of the assassination plot are unclear’: for a conspiratorial reading see Yuri Felshtinsky, Lenin and his Comrades, 2010, 104–135; for a more straightforward version see Figes, 632–635. ‘appropriate German word to use’: Felshtinsky, 117. ‘broken glass’: ibid., 132. • FOSSALTA DI PIAVE: for a description of this episode see Meyers, Hemingway, 30–44. ‘Hemenway’: ‘3 Dead, 6 Hurt, 3 Missing, City’s Share of Glory’, Chicago Daily Tribune, 17 July 1918. ‘scrapbook’: from Anson T. Hemingway to Ernest Hemingway, EHC, 19 July 1918, Series 3, Box IC10, EHPP-IC10-048–007. ‘sometimes a letter every day’: letters from Agnes von Kurowsky, 1918 to 1922, EHC. ‘Austrian carbines’: to Hemingway family, 21 July 1918, LEH I, 117–119. • KARLSBAD: for Mustafa Kemal’s diary in Karlsbad see İnan, Ayşe Afet, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün Karlsbad Hatıraları, 1999. • SPA: for the sequence of events from July see Stevenson, Cataclysm, 343–351; and Nick Lloyd, Hundred Days: The End of the Great War, 2014, 1–27. ‘Baedeker’: Karl Baedeker, Northern France from Belgium and the English Channel to the Loire excluding Paris and its Environs: Handbook for Travellers, 1909, 82. ‘several thousand tanks’: letter dated 20 July 1918, Thaer, 212–215. ‘blames his subordinates’: Nebelin, 438. • PRESSBURG: ‘all a dream?’: Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 167. ‘flour ration’ to ‘Suicides’: Rauchensteiner, 973. • EKATERINBURG: Service, Last of the Tsars, 254–257. • SPA: ‘quiet evening at headquarters’: diary entry 23 July 1918, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 374. ‘shouldn’t have trusted that date’: Nebelin, 439. • PARIS: Le Matin, 6 July 1918, in Olivier Lahaie, ‘L’épidémie de grippe dite “espagnole” et sa perception par l’armée française (1918–1919)’, Revue historique des armées, 262, 2011, consulted at http://rha.revues.org/7163. • WÜLZBURG: escape narrative drawn from de Gaulle’s 1926 account as before. ‘been buried alive’ to ‘thick of it all along’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 1 September 1918, CDG I, 421–422. • NEW YORK: ‘organisation he creates’: Constitution and Book of Laws, July 1918, MG I, 256–280. • MOSCOW: ‘list of individuals’: Vladimir Lenin, On Literature and Art, 1967, 205. ‘attics and dark rooms’: V. Tatlin, S. Dymshits-Tolstaia and John Bowlt, ‘Memorandum from the Visual Arts Section of the People’s Commissariat for Enlightenment to the Soviet of People’s Commissars: Project for the Organization of Competitions for Monuments to Distinguished Persons’, Design Issues, 1/2, 1984, 70–74, 73. • MILAN: ‘changes its masthead’: Bosworth, 101. ‘time for angels’: ‘Una Politica’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 23 February 1918, OO X, 342–343. • ACROSS RUSSIA: for an overview for this phase of the civil war see Figes, 555–588. For individual campaigns see Mawdsley and Engelstein. ‘one hundred known kulaks’: telegram from Lenin to Communists in Penza, 11 August 1918, Vladimir Lenin, The Unknown Lenin: From the Soviet Archive, 1996 (ed. Richard Pipes), 50. ‘committing a great crime’: telegram to A. Y. Minkin, 14 August 1918, CW XXXV, 352. ‘charlatans and fools’: Service, Trotsky, 223. ‘bloody reign of terror’: Kotkin, 300–307. • CROYDON: ‘wood-carved furniture’: Gilbert, World in Torment, 131. ‘ten times as many’: Hew Strachan, The First World War, 2014, 311. ‘sturdy lot’: Gilbert, World in Torment, 132. • VIENNA: ‘flowery prose’: the manifestos are reproduced in Giorgio Evangelisti, La Scrittura nel Vento: Gabriele D’Annunzio e il volo su Vienna. Immagini e documenti, 1999, 78–84. The rest of this book contains a wealth of other detail on the flight and those involved. ‘a few minutes’: ‘Italienische Flieger über Wien’, Die Neue Zeitung, 10 August 1918. ‘wonderfully theatrical’ to ‘our D’Annunzios?’: ‘Italienische Flieger über Wien’, Arbeiter-Zeitung, 10 August 1918. • MOSCOW: for the thesis of an inside job see Felshtinsky, 136–170; for alternative accounts, see Volkogonov, Lenin, 219–229; and Semion Lyandres, ‘The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence’, Slavic Review, 48/3, 1989, 432–448. For an eyewitness, see Gil, 13–26. ‘victory or death’: speech at the Mikhelson Works, 30 August 1918, CW XXVIII, 51–52. ‘buy a lemon’: Service, Lenin, 368. ‘What are we going to do?’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 480. ‘discreetly takes’: Sebestyen, 413. ‘What’s there to look at?’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 481. ‘Trotsky is telegrammed’: Service, Trotsky, 222. ‘turns his talents to propaganda’ to ‘skull’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 222. ‘apostle of the socialist revolution’ and ‘systematic terror’: Kotkin, 287. ‘prepare the terror’: Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 56. • FORT GIRONVILLE: ‘doing his duty in Paris’: Badger, Life is Ragtime, 192. ‘Pershing watches’ to ‘boys have done’: John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the Great War, Vol. 2, 1931, 266–273. ‘savours the victory’: ‘Great Force in Stroke’, New York Times, 13 September 1918. • MOSCOW: ‘Recovery proceeding excellently’: telegram to Trotsky, 6 September 1918, CW XXXV, 359. ‘no accident’: speech in Kazan, 12 September 18, TP I, 128–131. ‘Fewer highbrow articles’: ‘The Character of our Newspapers’, originally Pravda, 20 September 1918, CW XXVIII, 171–178. ‘furious note’: to Y. A. Berzin, V. V. Vorovsky and A. A. Joffe, 20 September 1918, CW XXXV, 362–363. ‘I reprimand you’: telegram to A. V. Lunacharsky, 18 September 1918, CW XXXV, 360. ‘pointed out a thousand times’: Sebestyen, 428. • AVESNES-SUR-HELPE: Wolfgang Foerster, Der Feldherr Ludendorff im Unglück: Eine Studie über seine seelische Haltung in der Endphase des ersten Weltkriegs, 1952, 72–79. • THE BRONX: for John Reed’s return to America see Homberger, 166–174. ‘hardrock blasters’: Reed, Education of John Reed, 177. • GORKI: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 484–485. • BUDAPEST: for a general account see Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 222–223. ‘Freud’s Cigar’: Kosztolányi Dezső, ‘Freud szivarja’, Pesti Napló, 1 October 1918. ‘only a handful of us’ to ‘come to this’: ‘Lines of Advance in Psycho-Analytic Therapy’, SE XVII, 158–168. ‘swimming in satisfaction’ to ‘better times approaching’: to Ferenczi, 30 September 1918, FR/FER II, 296. • BRESLAU: ‘socialism will be decreed’ to ‘direct influence’: ‘The Russian Revolution’, written in September 1918 and unpublished until 1928, Luxemburg, 281–311, particularly 306–308. ‘spineless jellyfish’ to ‘compelled to rebel?’: Rosa Luxemburg, ‘Die russische Tragödie’, Spartakusbrief, No. 11, September 1918. • SOFIA: ‘We’ve eaten shit’: Mango, 185. • SPA: Nebelin, 458–459. • THE WESTERN FRONT: ‘embalming fluid’: Alfred W. Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918, 2003, 124. • MUNICH: for the Thule Society see Reginald Phelps, ‘“Before Hitler Came”: Thule Society and Germanen Orden’, Journal of Modern History, 35/3, 1963, 245–261. For an eyewitness account see Rudolf von Sebottendorf, Bevor Hitler Kam, 1934. For the complex of beliefs on which both the Thule Society and then the Nazi Party drew see Eric Kurlander, ‘Hitler’s Monsters: The Occult Roots of Nazism and the Emergence of the Nazi “Supernatural Imaginary”’, German History, 30/4, 528–549; and G. L. Mosse, ‘The Mystical Origins of National Socialism’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 22/1, 1961, 81–96. ‘bronze pins’: Sebottendorf, 52. ‘divining rods’: Phelps, ‘Before Hitler Came’, 251. ‘Race purity’ to ‘fertilised it with their blood’: Sebottendorf, 47.
Autumn 1918
CHICAGO: ‘For a few seconds’: Meyers, Hemingway, 38. ‘influenza closes everything’: see www.influenzaarchive.org project. For one particularly striking example of the explosion of influenza see Carol S. Byerly, ‘The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919’, Public Health Reports, 125, Supplement 3, 2010, 82–91. • SPA: principally drawn from diary entry 1 October 1918, Thaer, 234–237. ‘worries about the widows’: Nebelin, 682, footnote 25. ‘will be hanged some day’: ibid., 468. • GORKI: ‘fires off a note’: CW XXXV, Note to Sverdlov and Trotsky, 1 October 1918, 364–365. ‘finds time to be infuriated’: ‘The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky’, 10 October, 1918, CW XXVIII, 104–112. • WASHINGTON: for the sequence of events see Stevenson, Cataclysm, 384–391. For an alternative reading of Wilson’s purposes see Tooze, 222–232. For the documents themselves see Documents and Statements Relating to Peace Proposals and War Aims, December 1916–November 1918, 1919 (ed. G. Lowe Dickinson). For a highly readable account of the last months of the war incorporating diplomatic and military perspectives see Gordon Brook-Shepherd, November 1918: The Last Act of the Great War, 1981. ‘in order to prevent further bloodshed’: Urkunden der Obersten Heeresleitung über ihre Tätigkeit 1916/8, 1920 (ed. Erich Ludendorff), 535. The armistice request is not included in Lowe Dickinson. • THE WESTERN FRONT: ‘German army retreats’: Lloyd, Hundred Days, 208–210. ‘Wervik’: Weber, Hitler’s First War, 220–221; and Hitler, 264. • MOSCOW: ‘noisy gestures’ to ‘no lover of noise’: Kotkin, 308. ‘insist on Stalin’s recall’: to Lenin, 4 October 1918, TP I, 134–137. ‘lighten the load’: Trotsky’s explanation, 13 October 1918, TP I, 148–151. • VIENNA: for the beginnings of the break-up of the Habsburg Empire see Rauchensteiner, 979–998. ‘bankruptcy of the old state’: ‘Die Friedensfrage in Parlament’, Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 4 October 1918, DÖZ, 15. ‘magnificent Duce’: Bosworth, 100. ‘crew for a sinking ship’: Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 188. • BERLIN: ‘Woodrow’s latest diplomatic note’: Wilson’s reply to the German note of 12 October, 14 October 1918, Documents and Statements Relating to Peace Proposals, 250–252. ‘Ludendorff is evasive’ and following quotations: Michael Geyer, ‘Insurrectionary Warfare: The German Debate about a Levée en Masse in October 1918’, Journal of Modern History, 73/3, 2001, 459–527, particularly 503–507. ‘dug up and sent home’: Wilhelm Breucker, Die Tragik Ludendorffs. Eine kritische Studie auf Grund persönlicher Erinnerungen an den General und seine Zeit, 1953, 35. • VENICE: Alatri, 199. • MOSCOW: speech at a joint session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 22 October 1918, CW XXVIII, 113–126. • VIENNA: see Rauchensteiner, 992–998. ‘Fiume’: ibid., 997. ‘Prague’: Victor S. Mamatey, ‘The Establishment of the Republic’, in Victor S. Mamatey and Radomír Luža (eds.), A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1918–1948, 1973, 3–38, particularly 23–38. ‘Budapest’: Rauchensteiner, 1004. ‘prevent further bloodshed’: ibid., 998. ‘terribly thrilling’, to Eitingon, 25 November 1918, FR/EIT I, 139–140. ‘Withdraw your libido’: to Ferenczi, 27 October 1918, FR/FER II, 304–305. • PASEWALK: on Hitler’s time in Pasewalk there is little evidence and much conjecture. See Kershaw, 101–105; and Ullrich, 69–72. For an entirely sceptical approach see J. Armbruster, ‘Die Behandlung Adolf Hitlers im Lazarett Pasewalk 1918: Historische Mythenbildung durch einseitige bzw. Spekulative Pathographie’, Journal für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, 10/4, 2009, 18–22. For a speculative approach, Bernhard Horstmann, Hitler in Pasewalk: die Hypnose und ihre Folgen, 2004. Hitler’s own account is at Hitler, 264–269 • BERLIN: ‘seem to forget’: diary entry 28 October 1918, Thaer, 246–249. ‘Mark my words’: Bruecker, 61. ‘Chile and Argentina’: letter 26 October 1918, Thaer, 244–245. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘Much as I should enjoy’: Wilson to House, 28 October 1918, FRUS, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: I, 119 • SPA: Röhl, Concise Life, 176. • THE AUSTRO-ITALIAN FRONT LINE: Rauchensteiner, 1002–1005. • MOSCOW: ‘In Honour of the Austro-Hungarian Revolution’, Pravda, 5 November 1918, CW XXVIII, 130. • THE AUSTRO-ITALIAN FRONT LINE: ‘highest mountain’: Rauchensteiner, 1008. ‘macabre Lord’s Prayer’: Woodhouse, 312, original dated 1 November 1918, in Gabriele D’Annunzio, Prose di Ricerca, 3 volumes, 1962–1968 (ed. Egidio Bianchetti), Vol. 1, 648–649. ‘ministers gather’: Rauchensteiner, 1010. ‘trainload of Austrian soldiers’: ‘Plünderungen durch Soldaten’, Arbeiter-Zeitung, 3 November 1918, DÖZ, 34. • LONDON: ‘drizzle of empires’: Gilbert, World in Torment, 158. • KIEL: ‘no turning back’: Schleswig-Holsteinische Volkszeitung, 5 November 1918, in Die Entwicklung der deutschen Revolution und das Kriegsende in der Zeit vom 1. Oktober bis 30. November 1918, 1918 (ed. Kurt Ahnert), 156–157. ‘hussars are said to be on their way’: Mark Jones, Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, 2016, 44. • SPA: ‘can sign up’: diary entry 5 November 1918, Thaer, 252. ‘not informed’: Cecil, 289. • THE GHENT ROAD: Gilbert, World in Torment, 156–158. • PETROGRAD: description of preparation and events in Petrograd: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 353–388. ‘Georgian bank-robber writes’: ‘The Role of the Most Distinguished Party Activists’, Pravda, 6 November 1918. ‘Shortly the revolution’ to ‘We are strong’: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 377–382. Newspaper description of events in Moscow: ‘The Festival of Great Renewal’, Pravda, 9 November 1918. Also: James von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 1917–1920, 1993, 93–97. ‘Lenin unveils’: speech unveiling the plaque, 7 November 1918, CW XXVIII, 167–168. ‘special visit to Cheka headquarters’: speech to Cheka staff, 7 November 1918, CW XXVIII, 169–170. ‘carried out at night’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 239. • THE WESTERN FRONT: for a general description see Bullitt Lowry, Armistice 1918, 1996, 147–162. ‘Then we are lost’: ibid., 158. • SPA: for Kurt Eisner see Allan Mitchell, Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic, 1965. ‘dodges revolutionary roadblocks’: diary entries 7–8 November 1918, Harry Kessler, Das Tagebuch, 1880–1937, 9 volumes, 2004–2018 (eds. Roland S. Kamzelak und Ulrich Ott), Vol. 6, 612–622. ‘sidearm’: 9 November 1918, ibid., 622–627. • VIENNA: ‘So much is now going on’ to ‘Don Quixote’: to Ferenczi, 9 November 1918, FR/FER II, 310. ‘Thousands of Austrian refugees’: ‘Die Vorarlberger streben nach der Schweiz’, Arbeiter-Zeitung, 6 November 1918, DÖZ, 42. • SPA: for the situation in Spa see Sigurd von Ilsemann, Der Kaiser in Holland: Aufzeichnungen des letzten Flügeladjutanten Kaiser Wilhelms II., ed. Harald von Koenigswald, 2 volumes, Vol. 1, 1967, Amerongen und Doorn, 1918–1923, 38–43; and Alfred Niemann, Kaiser und Revolution: Die entscheidenden Ereignisse im Grossen Hauptquartier, 1928, 132–145. For an account of the fall of monarchs across Germany see Lothar Machtan, Die Abdankung: Wie Deutschlands gekrönte Häupter aus der Geschichte fielen, 2008. ‘medicated slumber’: Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 7 November 1918, 35. ‘Scheidemann’: see Philipp Scheidemann, Memoirs of a Social Democrat, 2 volumes, Vol. 2, 1929, 580–582. ‘disgraceful betrayal!’: Niemann, 142. • EIJSDEN: diary entry 10 November 1918, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 43–48. For the Dutch reception see Sally Marks, ‘“My name is Ozymandias”: The Kaiser in Exile’, Central European History, 16/2, 1983, 122–170. ‘no hope left for me’: Cecil, 294. ‘My conscience is clear’: diary entry 11 November 1918, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 53–54. ‘letter is read out in German’: ‘Aufzeichnungen über die Schlußsitzung der Waffenstillstandskommission am 11. November 1918, 2.15 nachts in Compiègne’, in Der Waffenstillstand, 1918–1919: Das Dokumenten-Material der Waffenstillstands-Verhandlungen von Compiègne, Spa, Trier und Brüssel, 3 volumes, 1928 (eds. Edmund Marhefka, Hans von Hammerstein and Otto von Stein), Vol. 1, 61–73. • THE WESTERN FRONT: ‘bows at the enemy’: Brook-Shepherd, November 1918, 392. PARIS: ‘Apollinaire’s funeral cortège’: Polizzotti, 84. ‘three hundred Parisians’: Pierre Darmon, ‘Une Tragédie dans la tragédie: la Grippe Espagnole en France (Avril 1918–Avril 1919)’, Annales de Démographie Historique, No. 2, 2000, 153–175, 158. ‘last diary entry’: Peter Read, Picasso and Apollinaire: The Persistence of Memory, 2008, 136. • VIENNA: ‘sympathetic visitors’ to ‘chambermaid’: Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 212–216. ‘excuse me’: ‘Der Tod Dr. Viktor Adlers’, Kronen-Zeitung, 13 November 1918, DÖZ, 37–38. • EUROPE: ‘Finnish diplomat’: Nebelin, 507. ‘come back to power’: Margarethe Ludendorff, Als ich Ludendorffs Frau war, 1929, 209. ‘bad dream’: ibid., 212–213. ‘Emil Sebastyen’ to ‘loft apartment’: Borsányi, 77–86. • MILAN: ‘post-war must be ours’: Bosworth, 102. • BERLIN: for conditions in Germany after the war see Richard Bessel, Germany after the First World War, 1993. For the course of political events see Mark Jones, Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, 2016; and Ralph Haswell Lutz, The German Revolution, 1918–1919, 1922. For the role and attitude of Friedrich Ebert see D. K. Buse, ‘Ebert and the German Crisis, 1917–1920’, Central European History, 5/3, 1972, 234–255. ‘drawn to a socialist rally’: Hitler, 731; and Weber, Becoming Hitler, 3–4. ‘has completed its revolution’: Lutz, 55. ‘chaos, hunger and misery’: circular 2 November 1918, in Bessel, 70. ‘over our ears’: to Adolf Warski, November/December 1918, LRL, 484–485. • ISTANBUL: for Istanbul’s final years as the Ottoman capital see Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453–1924, 2006, 380–414; Charles King, Midnight at the Pera Palace: The Birth of Modern Istanbul, 2014; and Nur Bilge Criss, Istanbul under Allied Occupation, 1918–1923, 1999. For a Turkish first-hand account see Halidé Edib, The Turkish Ordeal, 1928, 1–19. ‘Forty-two Allied ships’ to ‘Gallipoli’: ‘Allied Fleet at the Dardanelles’, Times, 13 November 1918. ‘Armenian bishop’: Rogan, 385–387. ‘Turkey Overrun by Brigands’: Times, 20 November 1918. ‘Kemal arrives at Haydarpaşa’: Mango, 171–172. • VIENNA: ‘tries to explain his son’s silence’: to Pfister, 2 January 1919, FR/PF, 64–65. ‘Limitations and deprivation’: to Ferenczi, 17 November 1918, FR/FER II, 311. ‘bar of soap’: Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 220. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘document has been circulating’: see ‘Materials on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion’, records kept by Leland Harrison, USNA, RG59, Box 1 Entry A1-349; and Robert Singerman, ‘The American Career of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion’, American Jewish History, 71/1, 1981, 48–78. ‘Supreme Court judge’: Singerman, 51. • SOUTHERN RUSSIA: ‘breathing space’: speech to Fifth All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 30 October 1918, TMW I, 512–514. ‘Trotsky’s train’: Trotsky, 411–422; and Volkogonov, Trotsky, 152–154 and 163–173. ‘at his present whereabouts’: telegrams to Trotsky, 12 December 1918, CW XLIV, 170. ‘Revolution, the daughter of war’ to ‘A formidable blow’: speech in Voronezh, 18 November 1918, TMW I, 515–545. ‘Denikin’: Engelstein, 378–382. ‘Yudenich’: ibid., 308–311. ‘Kolchak’: ibid., 417–444; and more generally Jonathan Smele, Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920, 1997. ‘history is now condensed’: speech in Voronezh, 18 November 1918, TMW I, 541. ‘finally finishes the pamphlet’: ‘The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky’, CW XXVIII, 227–325. ‘blind puppy’: ibid., 235. ‘particularly ridiculous’: ibid., 262. ‘sheer mockery’: ibid., 244. ‘lynching’: ibid., 245. ‘unrestricted by any laws’: ibid., 236. ‘a million times’: ibid., 248. • BLODELSHEIM: ‘tired of the army life’: letter dated 21 November 1918, Badger, Life in Ragtime, 197–198. ‘cover of The Crisis’: The Crisis, November 1918. ‘The nightmare is over’: ‘Peace’, The Crisis, December 1918. • LINCOLN: see Coogan, De Valera, 124–127; and Declan Dunne, Peter’s Key: Peter Deloughry and the Fight for Irish Independence, 2012. • THE ATLANTIC: ‘set of invitation cards’: diary of Edith Benham, 5 December 1918, WW LIII, 319. ‘sweetheart’: diary of Raymond Blaine Fosdick, 11 December 1918, WW LIII, 366. ‘ice cream’: 8 December 1918, 341. ‘Victrola’: ‘Victrola and Records Bought for President’s Ship’, Talking Machine World, 15 February 1919. ‘off-colour jokes’: diary of Edith Benham, 10 December 1918, WW LIII, 358. ‘have her sandwich’: 9 December 1918, 344. ‘what sort of a fellow’: diary of Dr Grayson, 8 December 1918, WW LIII, 337. ‘Château Thierry’: diary of William Christian Bullitt, 9/10 December 1918, WW LIII, 352. ‘lucky number’: diary of Dr Grayson, 13 December 1918, WW LIII, 378. • AMERONGEN: ‘two dozen’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1190. ‘who carries the blame’ to ‘I would like to give you a kiss’: diary entry 19 November 1918, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 58–60. For various escape plans, see diary entries for December–‘damn arm?’ and ‘sanatorium’, 11 and 13 December 1918 respectively, ibid., 72–78. • BERLIN: see Jones, Founding Weimar, 104–135. ‘Ebert worries’: Bessel, 84–85. ‘welcome back to your homeland’ to ‘Germany’s unity’: ‘Ansprache an die heimkehrenden Truppen’, 10 December 1918, Politische Reden, 4 volumes, 1994 (eds. Peter Wende and Marie Luise Recker), Vol. 3, 94–96. ‘current of separatism’: see Klaus Epstein, ‘Adenauer and Rhenish Separatism’, Review of Politics, 29/4, 1967, 536–545; and Ralph Schattkowsky, ‘Separatism in the Eastern Provinces of the German Reich at the End of the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 29, 1994, 305–324. ‘one enemy above all ’: Buse, 246. ‘Freikorps’: see Nigel H. Jones, Hitler’s Heralds: The Story of the Freikorps, 1918–1923, 1987; and Robert G. L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany, 1918–1923, 1952. • MOSCOW: for Lenin and the problem of bureaucracy see Read, Lenin, 270–276. For the functioning of the early Soviet state see Lara Douds, Inside Lenin’s Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State, 2018. ‘Any worker will master any ministry’: Smith, Russia in Revolution, 216. ‘deliberately maintained’ to ‘register is kept’: Fischer, Lenin, 463–465. ‘outskirts of Moscow’ to ‘enquiry offices’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 517–519. ‘sends more immediate complaints’: to Lenin, 26 December 1918, TP I, 210–213. • TRAUNSTEIN-IM-CHIEMGAU: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 14–18. • ZURICH: for the Dada manifesto see Dada 3, December 1918, available online at https://monoskop.org. For the Berlin manifesto see Hans Richter, Dada: Art and Anti-Art, 1965 (trans. David Britt), 107. • BERLIN: for the build-up to the Spartacist coup see Fröhlich, 259–287; and Jones, Founding Weimar, 136–172. ‘on the edge of the abyss’: Vossische Zeitung, 25 December 1918, in Jones, Founding Weimar, 141. ‘constantly live like this?’: Mathilde Jacob, Rosa Luxemburg: An Intimate Portrait, 2000 (trans. Hans Ferbach), 97. • VIENNA: ‘Just before the end of the year’: to Ferenczi, 1 January 1919, FR/FER II, 320–322. ‘few weeks later’: to Ferenczi, 24 January 1919, FR/FER II, 328–329. • DOUAI: the artist was Henri Duhem, ‘L’exhumation de l’Eve de Rodin’, L’Illustration, 28 December 1918. • MOSCOW: to Lenin, 20 December 1918, LRL, 486.
Winter 1919
The Gandhi quotation is taken from a pamphlet published in May 1919, reproduced in Mahatma Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 15, 1958, 268. The quotation from Trotsky is originally from the onboard newsletter of Trotsky’s train, entitled En Route, in its ninety-third edition of September 1919, reproduced in TMW II, 412–414.
A ROAD OUTSIDE MOSCOW: ‘running around on all fours’: Arthur Ransome, Russia in 1919, 1919, 58. ‘first boatload of Czech troops’: Henry Baerlein, The March of the Seventy Thousand, 1926, 276. ‘on their way to visit Nadya’ to ‘car is recovered’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 493–495; and Gil, 28–34. • PARIS: for the peace conference as a whole see Margaret MacMillan, Peacemakers: Six Months that Changed the World, 2001. ‘cold as Greenland’: James T. Shotwell, At the Paris Peace Conference, 1937, 95. ‘prematurely pronounce’: Barry, 381. ‘Two black American soldiers’: Sammons and Morrow, 397. ‘trap-door’: Grose, 43. • HÄSSLEHOLM: ‘lips quiver’: Margarethe Ludendorff, 244. ‘stabbed him in the back’: Roger Chickering, ‘Sore Loser: Ludendorff’s Total War’, in Roger Chickering and Stig Förster (eds.), The Shadows of Total War: Europe, East Asia and the United States, 1919–1939, 2003, 151–178, 154. ‘Wild rumours circulate’: Nebelin, 507. ‘Swedish socialists threaten’: Margarethe Ludendorff, 245. • BERLIN: for the course of events see Jones, Founding Weimar, 172–192; and Lutz, 88–98. For description see Harry Kessler’s diaries for early January in the German original or translated and abridged in Harry Kessler, The Diaries of a Cosmopolitan, 1918–1937, 2000 (trans. Charles Kessler). For an account from the Spartacist perspective see Fröhlich, 288–297. ‘awakened from our dreams’ to ‘school of action’: ‘Rede zum Programm’, Politische Reden, Vol. 3, 142–175. ‘reminded of a religious prophet’: diary entry 5 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 6, 77–78. ‘further loss of blood’: Robert Leinert, a Social Democrat from Hanover, quoted in Jones, Founding Weimar, 186. ‘books a room’ to ‘Not since the great days’: diary entry 6 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 6, 79–81. ‘Over a thousand’: Jones, Founding Weimar, 61. • MILAN: ‘great Republic of the stars’: ‘Viva Wilson!’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 3 January 1919, OO XII, 107–109, 108. ‘heart of America has gone out’: diary of Edith Benham, 5 January 1919, WW LIII, 619. ‘Benito is back’: Arno J. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counter-Revolution at Versailles, 1918–1919, 1967, 219–221. ‘reached its climax’: quotes from Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, ‘I redentoria della vittoria: On Fiume’s Place in the Genealogy of Fascism’, Journal of Contemporary History, 31/2, 1996, 253–272, 261. The original ‘Letter to the Dalmatians’ from 15 January 1919 available in Prose di Ricerca, Vol. 1, 803–820. ‘confront the new conspiracy’: ‘D’Annunzio Counsels Bombs for Bissolati’, New York Times, 15 January 1919. • PARIS: ‘found dead in a hotel room’: Polizzotti, 85–89. ‘I rely on you’: Jacques Vaché, Lettres de Guerre, 1919, 25–27. ‘sits alone on a bench’: André Breton and André Parinaud, Entretiens, 1913–1952, 1952, 57. ‘What I loved most’: Polizzotti, 91. • BUDAPEST: Borsányi, 103–104. • BERLIN: for descriptions of the general situation in Berlin see diary entries 7–17 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 82–101. For a Spartacist perspective see Fröhlich, 288–305. For the collapse of the Spartacist rising see Jones, Founding Weimar, 193–220. ‘cafés on Potsdamer Platz’ to ‘cigarettes’: diary entry 8 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 84–86. ‘fiery atmosphere of the revolution’ to ‘Act quickly!’: ‘Was machen die Führer?’, Die Rote Fahne, 7 January 1919. ‘sick body of the German people’: Germania, 9 January 1919, in Jones, Founding Weimar, 196. ‘Rosa Luxemburg herself’: ibid., 212. ‘Seven Spartacists’: ibid., 213. ‘psychosis of the days of August 1914’: ibid.,221. ‘I wish I were back in jail’ to ‘fairy tale by Tolstoy’: Jacob, 99–100. ‘victories will spring’ to ‘I was, I am, I shall be!’: ‘Die Ordnung herrscht in Berlin’, Die Rote Fahne, 14 January 1919. For a detailed account of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht see Klaus Gietinger, Eine Leiche im Landwehrkanal: Die Ermordung der Rosa Luxemburg, 2009, 17–23. For another account, including the media and political reaction, see Jones, Founding Weimar, 233–243. For documentation around the murders, see Heinrich Hannover and Elisabeth Hannover-Drück, Der Mord an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht: Dokumentations eines politischen Verbrechens, 1996. For the life and career of Waldemar Pabst, see Gietinger, Der Konterrevolutionär: Waldemar Pabst. Eine deutsche Karriere, 2009. ‘sanitised version of events’: the version of the Wolffsche news agency, based on official sources, reproduced in Hannover and Hannover-Drück, 36–38. ‘Pabst later claims’: Gietinger, 24–25. ‘victims of their own bloody terror’: Hannover and Hannover-Drück, 41–42. ‘elephant stabbed with a penknife’: diary entry 17 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 98–101, 101. • PARIS: ‘trumpets and kettle-drums’: Shotwell, 126–128. ‘supreme conference’: protocol of the plenary session, 18 January 1919, WW LIII, 128–132. ‘must be in our hearts’: ibid., 131. • SOLOHEADBEG: for context and immediate consequences see Townshend, 73–83; Maurice Walsh, Bitter Freedom: Ireland in a Revolutionary World, 1918–1923, 2015, 70–86; and BMH, Witness Statement 1739, Dan Breen, 19–23. ‘meet together publicly for the first time’ to ‘in English’: full proceedings are available at https://www.oireachtas.ie. ‘luncheon at the Mansion House’: ‘Sinn Féin Congress’, Times, 22 January 1919. ‘final touches to an escape plan’: Piearas Béaslaí, Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland, 1926, 256. ‘nations of the world, greeting!’: see the record of the Dáil. ‘most drastic measures’: ‘Ruthless Warfare’, An tOglac, February 1919, in Townshend, 77. • MOSCOW: ‘Our enemy today’: speech at Communist Party conference, 18 January 1919, CW XXVIII, 405–406. ‘Death to the butchers!’: speech to a protest rally, 19 January 1919, CW XXVIII, 411. ‘Eleventh Army has ceased’: from Ordzhonikidze to Lenin, 24 January 1919, in Chamberlin, Vol. 2, 146. • BERLIN: ‘funeral procession’ to ‘scrawled’: Jones, Founding Weimar, 248–249. ‘hills of corpses’: speech given by Paul Levi, reproduced in Jacob, 123. ‘commercial shipping fleet’: Lutz, 115. ‘Eisner’s political authority’: Mitchell, 242–272. ‘friends abducted me’ to ‘hundreds of such places’: diary entry 9 February 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 128–130, 130. ‘venereal disease’: Bessel, 237. • VIENNA: ‘accompanied by two baskets’: to Abraham, 5 February 1919, FR/AB, 391–392. ‘animal hooves’: ‘Die Lebensmittelmärkte’, Arbeiter Zeitung, 4 February 1919, DÖZ, 125. ‘In grateful acknowledgement’: Edward L. Bernays, Biography of an Idea: The Founding Principles of Public Relations, 1965, 179. • LINCOLN: see Coogan, De Valera, 124–127; and Declan Dunne. ‘broken a key’: Béaslaí, 267. • AMERONGEN: ‘Senator from Tennessee’ to ‘Belgian pilot’: Marks, ‘My Name is Ozymandias’, 133. ‘remained in the open air’: ‘Rumors of Attempts to Deport Ex-Kaiser’, New York Times, 7 January 1919. ‘Kaiser’s birthday’ to ‘red tulips’: diary entry of Countess Elisabeth Bentinck, 27 January 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 90. • PARIS: for an account of the workings of the peace conference see MacMillan 2001. ‘recitations of Homer’: Harold Nicholson quoted in Giles Milton, Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of Islam’s City of Tolerance, 2008, 126. ‘And so it goes’: letter to Edith Dulles, 9 April 1919, AWD, Box 19, Folder 6. ‘cannot be at peace’: notes of a conversation held at the Quai d’Orsay, 22 January 1919, FRUS, Russia, 1919, 30–31. ‘cordon sanitaire’: for an exploration of this term see Patrick Wright, Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War, 2007; for a general discussion of the issue of Russia at the peace conference see John M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism and the Versailles Peace, 1967; and MacMillan, 71–91. ‘British military assessment’: ‘Bolshevik Strength and Weakness’, 24 February 1919, NA, WO 32/5680. ‘Whites joke’: Chamberlin, Vol. 2, 162. ‘car windscreen’: MacMillan, 85. ‘Many terrible things’: address to the third plenary session, 14 February 1919, WW LV, 177. ‘smuggled in’: John Milton Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations, 2001, 10. • WASHINGTON DC: for an account of the unrest in the United States in 1919, see Ann Hagedorn, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919, 2007. ‘Senate inquiry’: Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, 1919. ‘very radical looking’: 11 February 1919, ibid., 9. ‘as many wives as they want?’: ibid., 35. ‘whole day in mid-February’: for Reverend Simons’s full testimony, 12 February 1919, ibid., 141–162. ‘looks so Yiddish’: ibid., 116. ‘we ought to know’: ibid., 136. ‘stiff letter of complaint’: ibid., 378–379. ‘slipperiest witnesses’: for Bryant’s testimony, 20–21 February 1919, ibid., 465–561, and for Reed, 21 February 1919, 561–601. ‘believe in God’ to ‘witchcraft’: ibid., 465. ‘No more than I see’: ibid., 496. ‘professional gambler’: ibid., 491. ‘self-determination’: ibid., 499. ‘present time’: ibid., 503. ‘real butcher’: ibid., 557. ‘even more belligerent’: ibid., 540. ‘club-house bill’: Russian scrapbook, JRP, Series VI, Biographical Material, Item 1371. ‘infamous and anti-constitutional’: ‘Reed Condemns Peace League as Infamous’, New York Times, 23 February 1919. • NEW YORK: ‘triumphal epoch’: Sammons and Morrow, 385. ‘Sixteen abreast’: description drawn from Sammons and Morrow, 386–389. ‘impostor’: ibid., 452. ‘Garvey is moved’: Grant, 112. ‘black soldier saved civilization’: Du Bois, ‘The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918’, The Crisis, March 1919. ‘wherever persons of African descent’: Du Bois, ‘The Pan African Congress’, The Crisis, April 1919. ‘world-fight for black rights’: Du Bois, ‘My Mission’, The Crisis, May 1919. • LIBAU: for context see Robert Gerwarth, The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917–1923, 2016, 69–76. ‘full Latvian citizenship’: Waite, 104. ‘excellent colonisation opportunities’: recruitment advertisement quoted at footnote 33 in Waite, 105. ‘obscenity of Auschwitz’: after the Second World War, Rudolf Höss, camp commandant at Auschwitz, wrote in his memoirs of his experiences in Latvia as a Freikorps volunteer, including burning down houses with people trapped inside. For another example of the genre from the 1930s see Erich Balla, Landsknechte wurden wir… Abenteuer aus dem Baltikum, 1932. The British Library copy of this book, acquired from a library in Hamburg, clearly shows the book’s popularity. It was borrowed twenty-one times in 1935 alone. ‘sprinkling it with the urine’: David Clay Large, Where Ghosts Walked: Munich’s Road to the Third Reich, 1997, 103. ‘dead are rising up again’: ‘Arbeiter, Proletarier!’, Die Rote Fahne, 3 March 1919. ‘During the past week’: Laird M. Easton, The Red Count: The Life and Times of Harry Kessler, 2002, 293; original from 13 March 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 184–185. • PARIS: Polizzotti, 94–95. • MUNICH: ‘his Wittelsbach best’: Clay Large, 104. ‘caught in a snapshot’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 38–40. ‘beer hall meetings’: Hitler, 820–821. ‘old army gas masks’: Ernst Schmidt quoted in Anton Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg begann in München, 1913–1923, 2000, 192. • VENICE: ‘message arrives at the Hotel Danieli’: the Lisle-Strutt episode is described in some detail in Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 229–247. Here, the quotes are from the original diary consulted in the Royal Library at Windsor. • DUBLIN: ‘photograph is circulated’ to ‘unsubstantiated rumour’: documents and press cuttings kept by the British secret service in their file on de Valera, NA, KV2/515. ‘night in a whiskey factory’: Coogan, De Valera, 127. • WASHINGTON DC: for the political complexities of the League fight see Cooper, Breaking the Heart. ‘gala dinner in New York’: ‘League of Nations Fight Opened Here’, New York Times, 7 March 1919.
Spring 1919
MOSCOW: Miklós Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, 2003, 256. The story is originally from Trotsky. • OAK PARK: ‘It’s hell’: to William D. Horne, 3 February 1919, LEH I, 167–168. ‘talk at his high school’: the original article describing the event from the Oak Park High School Trapeze, 21 March 1919, reprinted in Conversations with Ernest Hemingway, 1986 (ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli), 3–5. ‘allowed a reporter’: original article is ‘227 Wounds, but is Looking for Job’, New York Sun, 22 January 1919, reprinted in Bruccoli (ed.), Conversations, 1–2. ‘resembles closely’: ‘From Italian Front’, Oak Leaves, 14 March 1919, EHC, Series 5, Box NC01, EHPP-NC01-005–016. ‘if he himself were white’: Sammons and Morrow, 457. ‘She doesn’t love me Bill’: to William D. Horne, 30 March 1919, LEH I, 176–178. • MOSCOW: ‘invitation is issued’: invitation to first congress of Communist International, 24 January 1919, CI I, 1–5. ‘room is painted red’: Ransome, 214. ‘Vladimir opens proceedings’: opening speech, 2 March 1919, CW XXVIII, 455–457. ‘leather coat and military breeches’ to ‘Spring is coming’: Ransome, 217–218. ‘historical imperative’: Resolution Constituting the Communist International, 4 March 1919, CI I, 16–17. ‘Internationale sung in a dozen’: Ransome, 217. ‘genuine order, communist order’: Platform of the Communist International, 4 March 1919, CI I, 17–24, 18. ‘cloak of the League of Nations’: ibid., 19. ‘white cannibals’: ibid., 23. ‘debris and smoking ruins’: Manifesto of the Communist International, 6 March 1919, CI I, 38–48, 39. ‘Alexandra Kollontai puts forward’: CI.Th., Resolution on the Role of Working Women, 6 March 1919, 46. ‘anyone wish to discuss this?’: The Organisation of the Communist International, 6 March 1919, Theses, Resolutions and Manifestos of the First Four Congresses of the Third International, 1980 (ed. Alan Adler; trans. Alix Holt and Barbara Holland), 50. ‘victory of the proletarian revolution’: closing speech, 6 March 1919, CW XVIII, 476–477. ‘Dictatorship of the Photographer’: Ransome, 220. ‘greatest events in world history’: Kotkin, 318. ‘Pitiable, pitiable’: Ransome, 227. ‘If Russia today’ to ‘microbe is already there’: Ransome, 225–226. • ECKARTSAU: ‘plays bridge with them’: apart from the Lisle-Strutt diaries in the Royal Library at Windsor see British diplomatic correspondence for further elements of this story, NA, FO 608/18/27. ‘confiscating food’ to ‘repatriation’: ‘Report on Situation in Vienna and Budapest’, 8 March 1919, NA, FO 608/11/13, and reports from Vienna dated 19 March, 24 March and 31 March 1919, FO 608/27/7. ‘I am still Emperor’: entry for 3 March 1919, Lisle-Strutt diary. • BOSTON: Badger, Life in Ragtime, 206–211. • VIENNA: translation is from Gay, Freud, 380. A translation of the whole letter in, to Ferenczi, 17 March 1919, FR/FER II, 334–335. • MOSCOW: see Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 75–87. ‘childish’: report of the Central Committee, 18 March, 1919, CW XXIX, 146–164, 156. ‘notes the persistent misspelling’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 83. • PARIS: ‘gold taps’: Cooper, Wilson, 484. ‘a broom’ to ‘causes are’: Thompson, 240. • MILAN: ‘no preconceptions’: Giovanna Prosacci, ‘Italy: From Interventionism to Fascism, 1917–1919’, Journal of Contemporary History, 3/4, 1968, 153–176, 171. ‘assembles his fellow discontents’: for an account of the San Sepolcro meeting, Bosworth, 108–110; for Mussolini’s interventions see OO XII, 317–327. For the origins of Italian fascism see Emilio Gentile, Le origini dell’ideologia fascista, 1918–1925, 1975; and Roberto Vivarelli, Storia delle origini del fascismo, 2 volumes, 1991. For the history of fascism in general see Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism, 2005. • BUDAPEST: for the treatment of Hungarian issues at the peace conference see MacMillan, 265–278. ‘French colony’: ibid., 270. ‘personal influence’: Borsányi, 144. ‘first flash of lightning’: Manifesto of the ECCI, 28 March 1919, CI I, 48–50. • ECKARTSAU: description drawn from Lisle-Strutt’s diary entries for 23 and 24 March 1919. Most, but not all, of those are reproduced in Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 243–247. • MOSCOW: ‘series of recordings’: speeches on gramophone records, late March 1919, CW XXIX, 239–253. ‘no fewer than nine passports’: Kotkin, 322. ‘sell seedlings’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 508. • AMRITSAR: for two strongly opposed accounts see Nick Lloyd’s apologia, The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day, 2011, and Kim Wagner’s more recent Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre, 2019. • PARIS: ‘confined to bed’: diary of Dr Grayson, 6 April 1919, WW LVII, 50. ‘falls ill at the same time’: Barry, 383. ‘Influenzal psychoses’: Policlinico, 8 February 1919, cited in Barry, 378. ‘Woodrow to Jesus’: Cooper, Wilson, 491. ‘universal contempt’: ibid., 487. ‘ocean of talk’: diary of Dr Grayson, 17 April 1919, WW LVII, 428. • AMERONGEN: ‘Every thousandth log’ to ‘move into a hotel’: diary entry 17 April 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 94–97. ‘writes to Ludendorff’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1225. • VIENNA: Paul Federn, Zur Psychologie der Revolution: Die Vaterlose Gesellschaft, 1919. For more about Paul Federn and how his work relates to Sigmund Freud’s thinking, see F. Houssier, A. Blanc, D. Bonnichon and X. Vlachopoulou, ‘Between Sigmund Freud and Paul Federn: Culture as a Shared Path of Sublimation’, Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 39/1, 2016, 61–69; and van Ginneken. ‘Volksführer’: Federn, 28. • MUNICH: ‘elected as the Vertrauensmann’: Thomas Weber notes the overwhelmingly left-wing political orientation of the battalion and the likelihood that Adolf Hitler would hardly have been voted into this position unless he was, at the very least, viewed as being broadly in line with the battalion’s general political alignment: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 41–43. For the propaganda role of the Vertrauensmann position see Joachimsthaler, 201–202. ‘Soviet Republic’: Mitchell, 305–317. ‘shaking feverishly’: Sterling Fishman, ‘The Rise of Hitler as a Beer Hall Orator’, Review of Politics, 26/2, 1964, 244–256, 249. ‘barracks is renamed’: Ernst Toller, I Was a German: The Autobiography of Ernst Toller, 1934, 160; Joachimsthaler, 207. The Karl Liebknecht barracks were subsequently renamed the Adolf Hitler barracks. ‘marry an Eskimo girl’: Toller, 171. ‘nineteen votes’: Joachimsthaler, 210. • MILAN: ‘absolutely spontaneous’: ‘Dopo i Fatti del 15 Aprile 1919’, Il Giornale d’Italia, 17 April 1919, OO XIII, 61–63. • THE URAL MOUNTAINS: for the rise and fall of Kolchak see Engelstein, 417–444. ‘Lenin calls for total mobilisation’: On the Situation on the Eastern Front, 1 April 1919, CW XXIX, 276–279. ‘for every man conscripted’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 59. ‘military gamester’: Norman Rose, Churchill: An Unruly Life, 1994, 149. ‘nurses’ uniforms’: Chamberlin, Vol. 2, 263–264. ‘provide security for those’: parliamentary report, Times, 17 April 1919. ‘foe of tyranny in every form’ to ‘worst tyranny in history’: ‘Bolshevist Atrocities’, 11 April 1919, in Winston S. Churchill (ed.), Winston Churchill’s Speeches: Never Give In!, 2003, 77–78. ‘baboons’: H. A. L. Fisher to his wife, 8 April 1919, WSC VIII, 609. • VIENNA: to Eitingon, 9 May 1919, FR/EIT, 152–155. • BUDAPEST: ‘hills around Budapest’: ‘The Communist Revolution in Hungary’, 31 May 1919, NA, CAB 24/80/86. ‘Lenin Boys’: Gerwarth, 134. ‘Your example shows’ to ‘don’t need instructions’: Borsányi, 151–156. • PARIS: for the Italian departure see MacMillan, 288–314. ‘breaks down in tears’: ibid., 288. ‘fattest and most bourgeois’: Bosworth, 111. ‘tragic gargoyle’: Walter Starkie quoted in Woodhouse, 318. ‘Croatified Quaker’ and ‘teeth’: speech in Rome, 4 May 1919, Prose di Ricerca, Vol. 1, 860–877, particularly 870–871 (see also Woodhouse, 318–319). • SEATTLE: ‘postal clerk recalls’: Hagedorn, 184. ‘malicious rumour’: Grant, 151. ‘purposeful enterprise’: Grant, 189–191. • MUNICH: ‘bourgeois executioners?’: message of greetings to the Bavarian Socialist Republic, 27 April 1919, CW XXIX, 325–326. ‘sabotage’: Mitchell, 323. ‘wear a pretty hat’: Toller, 175. ‘magic lustre’: Mitchell, 326. ‘freshly slaughtered pigs’: Toller, 200. ‘peroxiding his hair’: Richard Dove, He Was a German: A Biography of Ernst Toller, 1990, 86. ‘fair share’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 62. ‘mass murder at home’: Borsányi, 162. • BOSTON: ‘Jim Europe is stabbed’: Badger, Life in Ragtime, 215–221. ‘Won Fame by “Jazz” Music’: New York Times, 10 May 1919. ‘jazzing away the barriers’: Chicago Defender, 10 May 1919, in Hagedorn, 200. ‘Roosevelt of Negro musicians’: ‘Lieutenant James Reese Europe Buried with Honors’, New York Age, 17 May 1919, in Badger, Life in Ragtime, 221. ‘We return’: ‘Returning Soldiers’, The Crisis, May 1919. • PARIS: ‘horse races’: diary of Dr Grayson, WW LVII, 8 May 1919, 535. ‘Germans will make no mistake’: MacMillan, 469. • WEIMAR: ‘verzichtet–verzichtet’: Scheidemann’s speech against the Versailles Treaty, 12 May 1919, Politische Reden, Vol. 3, 254–262. ‘music on a gramophone’: MacMillan, 473. • SMYRNA: for a description of the entry of Greek troops into Smyrna see Milton, 135–148. ‘Turkish Freikorps’: Ryan Gingeras, Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 2016, 265. ‘French general’: Mansel, 381. ‘should be permanently ejected’: ‘Memorandum on the Future of Constantinople’, 2 January 1919, records of the India Office, BL, IOR/L/PS/10/623. ‘their own passports’: Mansel, 385. ‘only once he has a fetva’: Mango, 207. ‘funeral turns into a nationalist protest’ to ‘crush their heads’: ‘Execution of Kemal Bey (Mutessarrif of Bogazian), for responsibility for Armenian massacres, and Demonstrations at funeral’, 17 May 1919, NA, FO 608/113/3. ‘The fools’: Mango, 219. ‘Swedish marching song’: Mango, 224. • BERLIN: for the trial and escape see Gietinger, 31–41. ‘Mathilde Jacob thinks’: Jacob, 112. ‘she was, she is, she will be again’: Anthony Read, The World on Fire: 1919 and the Battle with Bolshevism, 2008, 203. • BELÉM: Crommelin’s account of the trip was published as ‘The Eclipse Expedition to Sobral’, The Observatory, No. 544, October 1919, 368–371. ‘local newpaper publishes’: in Marcelo C. de Lima and Luís C. B. Crispino, ‘Crommelin’s and Davidson’s Visit to Amazonia and the 1919 Total Solar Eclipse’, International Journal of Modern Physics, 25/9, 2016, 1641002-1–1641002-5. ‘team on Principe are similarly worried’: A. Vibert Douglas, The Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington, 1956, 40. • MUNICH: ‘always advocated’: Joachimsthaler, 212. • MILAN: ‘Universale Illusione’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 14 May 1919, OO XIII, 120–123. • DUBLIN: ‘willed into more elaborate form’: for the struggle to assert statehood see Townshend, 52–99, and Walsh, 127–144. ‘I trust you will not allow yourself’: Coogan, De Valera, 135. For an account of de Valera’s voyage, ibid., 136–137. • AMERONGEN: ‘doing something useful’: diary entry 26 June 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 106–109, 108. ‘suggest the Kaiser might’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1196.
Summer 1919
PETROGRAD: ‘Death to spies!’: ‘Beware of Spies’, Pravda, 31 May 1919, CW XXIX, 403. ‘chop down wood’: Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 2012, 99. ‘swift capture of Gorka’: to Lenin, 12 June 1919, Stalin, Vol. 4, 271. ‘Gorka was taken by land’: Oleg V. Khlevniuk, Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator, 2015 (trans. Nora Seligman Favorov), 59. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘bomb explodes’: Read, World on Fire, 214–218. ‘Pamphlets’: the whole pamphlet was reprinted in the following day’s newspapers: see ‘Palmer and Family Safe’, New York Times, 3 June 1919. ‘John Reed’: Hagedorn refers to two articles in the Liberator in July and August 1919 in Savage Peace, 223. ‘Mitchell Palmer promises’: for the immediate crackdown, see Kenneth D. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties, 2007, 25–36. • ADINKERKE: descriptions of trip from diary of Dr Grayson, 18 and 19 June 1919, WW LXI, 3–8 and 10–16. ‘What’s done is done’: discussion with the American Delegation, 3 June 1919, WW LX, 45–71. • TEREZÍN FORTRESS: Miller, ‘Yugoslav Eulogies’. ‘Czech journalist’: ibid., 5–6. • NEW YORK: for de Valera’s time in America see Coogan, De Valera, 137–196. ‘that’s a secret’ to ‘re-juiced’: ‘De Valera, President of Ireland, Here’, New York Tribune, 24 June 1919. ‘compares Ireland’ to ‘handed down to them’: Speeches and Statements by Éamon de Valera, 29–31. ‘present unholy alliance’: Coogan, De Valera, 143. ‘you and the children’: letter to Sinéad de Valera, 19 July 1919, Coogan, De Valera, 154. ‘six at home’: letter dated 13 August 1919, same page. • PARIS: Polizzotti, 104–108. • SCAPA FLOW: ‘pleasing to know’: diary entry 26 June 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 108–109. • WASHINGTON DC: for the Palmer episode see Ackerman, J. Edgar, 50–59. ‘Round up these men’: ‘Millions Spent by Bolsheviki to Overthrow U.S.’, Chicago Tribune, 27 June 1919. • VERSAILLES: ‘cigarette case’: Shotwell, 382. ‘souvenir programmes’: diary of Colonel House, 28 June 1919, WW LXI, 333. ‘fountain pen’: Shotwell, 385. ‘Colmar Cathedral’: ‘Restoration of Stained Glass Carried Off from Colmar by Austrians in 1815 to the Hofburg in Vienna’, 15 July 1919, NA, FO 608/20. ‘anything more stupid’: MacMillan, 448. ‘die or resign’: diary of Dr Grayson, 3 July 1919, WW LXI, 375. ‘franchise to all the world’: address to passengers, 4 July 1919, WW LXI, 382. • MODLIN: ‘utmost brutality’ and ‘only serious military force’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 25 June 1919, CDG I, 462. ‘without any cachet’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 23 May 1919, CDG I, 458–459. ‘generation of catastrophes’: Lieutenant Medvecki, quoted in Lacouture, 103. ‘very embarrassed’: 19 July 1919, CDG I, 466. • URALS: ‘political questionnaire’: MacMillan, 90. ‘Kharkov stands in no greater danger’: message to the population of Kharkov, 4 June 1919, in Mawdsley, 236; for a general assessment of Denikin’s offensive see 228–245. ‘storms out of a meeting’: Service, Trotsky, 238–239. ‘first man to set foot in Moscow’: Pyotr Wrangel, The Memoirs of General Wrangel: The Last Commander-in-Chief of the Russian National Army, 1929 (trans. Sophie Goulston), 89. ‘pull themselves together’ to ‘practical proposals’: All Out for the Fight Against Denikin, 3 July 1919, CW XXIX, 436–455. • MT. CLEMENS: for the life of Henry Ford see Steven Watts, The People’s Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century, 2005. For the Mt. Clemens episode see Watts, 268–270. ‘I admit I am ignorant’ to ‘I like the banjo’: Roger Butterfield, ‘Henry Ford, the Wayside Inn, and the Problem of “History is Bunk”’, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, 77, 1965, 53–66, 55–56. • MUNICH: ‘propaganda course’: see Joachimsthaler, 237–244; and Ernst Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und die Reichswehr’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 7/2, 1959, 177–227. ‘one of the lecturers finds him’: Karl-Alexander Müller, Mars und Venus: Erinnerungen 1914–1919, 1954, 338–339. • ERZURUM: ‘Turkish Versailles’: Stefan Ihrig, Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination, 2014, 19. ‘town’s bloody occupation’: Kreiser, 143. ‘borrows morning dress’: Mango, 238. • UPPER REACHES OF THE VOLGA: ‘Krasnaya Zvezda’ to ‘squarity and sizeability’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 524–527. ‘our country house’: to Nadya, 9 July 1919, CW XXXVII, 543–544. ‘stick strictly to the rules’ to ‘hope there will be’: to Nadya, 15 July 1919, CW XXXVII, 546. • FIUME: drawn from ‘Disturbances in Fiume on the Nights of July 2, 5 and 6 1919’, USNA, RG84 Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Vol. 80, Fiume. An alternative rendering of Fiume’s summer of violence is provided by J. N. Macdonald, A Political Escapade: The Story of Fiume and D’Annunzio, 1921, 60–87. • CHICAGO: for the Chicago riots see William M. Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919, 1970; and Hagedorn, 312–318. For the race riots of 1919 in general see David F. Krugler, 1919, the Year of Racial Violence: How African Americans Fought Back, 2015. ‘searches for evidence to connect’: Mark Ellis, ‘J. Edgar Hoover and the “Red Summer” of 1919’, Journal of American Studies, 28/1, 1994, 39–59. ‘hunt for black employees’: one escapes through a window; another hides in an ice box. ‘Loop Mob Gets on Trail of Negro Toilers’, Chicago Tribune, 29 July 1919. ‘like wartime casualty lists’: ‘List of Injured in Race Riot’, Chicago Tribune, 29 July 1919. ‘don’t see why’: Hagedorn, 315. ‘As regrettable as’: ‘The Washington Riots’, The Crisis, October 1919, reproduced in Sondra Kathryn Wilson (ed.), The Selected Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Vol. 2, 1995, 36–39. • VIENNA: ‘He swore undying loyalty’ to ‘really miss him’: to Lou Andreas-Salomé, 1 August 1919, FR/SAL, 98–99. ‘orchids’: to Anna, 21 July 1919, FR/FR, 152–153. ‘(often violent) dreams’: to Sigmund, 24 July 1919, ibid., 154–157. ‘alpine roses’: to Sigmund, 5 August 1919, ibid., 170–171. ‘a lot of death in it’: to Anna, 21 July 1919, ibid., 152–153. ‘finds distraction’: to Pfister, 31 August 1919, FR/PF, 72. ‘Freud is a genius’: Albert Mordell, The Erotic Motive in Literature, 1919, 15. • BUDAPEST: for the struggles and ultimate failure of Kun’s regime see Borsányi, 160–206. ‘celebrations in the Hungarian capital’: ibid., 176. ‘thrown into the Danube’: ibid., 195. ‘number of shirts’: ibid., 198. ‘firm handshake’: letter to Béla Kun, end July 1919, CW XLIV, 271. • UPSTATE MICHIGAN: ‘we’re idealists’ to ‘We’ll live’: to William D. Horne, 7 August 1919, LEH I, 201–202. ‘hundred and eighty trout’: to Clarence Hemingway, 16 August 1919, LEH I, 202. ‘bring his Italian medal’: to Clarence Hemingway, 3 September 1919, LEH I, 205. ‘sleeps with a woman’: Meyers, Hemingway, 49. • RUSSIA: ‘Afghanistan, Punjab and Bengal’: political survey written 5 August 1919, TP I, 620–629, 625. ‘all sides, including the Reds’: Engelstein, 520–533. ‘Cossack method’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolsheviks, 59. ‘Kolchak’s favourite book’: Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 1967, 118. ‘anyone with the surname Bronstein’: Service, Trotsky, 263. ‘Denikin promptly pushes out’: Engelstein, 466. ‘an unpleasantness’: in Volkogonov, Trotsky, 159. ‘Proletarian, to horse!’: TMW II, 412–414. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘Beyond a doubt’ to ‘practice of lynching’: memorandum for the Director of Military Intelligence, 15 August 1919, MG I, 491–493. ‘reads the Communist Manifesto’: Ackerman, J.Edgar, 68. • MUNICH: ‘lectures on war guilt, Goethe’: Deuerlein, Eintritt, 197–198. ‘field-runner a natural’: ibid., 200–201. ‘considered anti-Semitic’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 110. • VIENNA: ‘people of Austria’ to ‘ascendancy and oppression’: ‘Covering Letter to Reply to Observations on Peace Treaty made by Austrian Delegation’, 2 September 1919, NA, FO 608/25. • CHICAGO: for an account of the meetings in Chicago see Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism, 1957, 176–187. ‘husky Russians’: Ackerman, J. Edgar, 75. • BERLIN: ‘number of items’: Willibald Gutsche, Ein Kaiser im Exil: Der letzte deutsche Kaiser Wilhelm II. in Holland. Ein kritische Biographie, 1991, 43–44. ‘lift and electric lighting’: ibid., 41. • FIUME: for a full account of the Fiume story see Woodhouse, 315–352; Hughes-Hallett, 483–568; Macdonald, A Political Escapade; and Michael A. Ledeen, The First Duce: D’Annunzio at Fiume, 1977. ‘lieutenant colonel’: Woodhouse, 326. ‘American diplomat catches’: ‘Paraphrase of the Cipher Telegram sent to the Department of State’, 5 September 1919, USNA, RG84 Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Vol. 80, Fiume. ‘from a picnic’: British diplomatic file quoted in Woodhouse, 327. ‘Great Poet, I hope that your dream’: Il Popolo d’Italia, 13 September 1919, in Macdonald, 96. ‘nothing to show’: ‘Decypher of telegram from Fiume’, 13 September 1919, NA, FO 608/36/1. ‘first act of revolt’: ‘Gesto di Rivolta’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 14 September 1919, OO XIV, 5. ‘I am astonished’ to ‘prick the belly’: Woodhouse, 334; original in AN/MUSS, 9–10. ‘drops pamphlets’ to ‘British are uncertain’: ‘Decypher of telegram from Fiume’, 18 September 1919, NA, FO 608/36/1. ‘comic element’: interview in the Corriere della Sera in Macdonald, 106. ‘truly Futurist’: letter dated 16 September 1919 in Ernest Ialongo, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti: The Artist and his Politics, 2015, 92. • MUNICH: ‘Capitalism Be Eliminated?’: Joachimsthaler, 252. • BERLIN: ‘Joyous news’: to Pauline Einstein, 27 September 1919, CPAE IX, 170–171. ‘need to be properly interpreted’: see Daniel Kennefick, ‘Testing Relativity from the 1919 Eclipse–a Question of Bias’, Physics Today, 62/3, 2009, 37–42; and Peter Coles, ‘Einstein, Eddington and the 1919 Eclipse’, available online at https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0102462. • MUNICH: ‘too lightly characterised’ to ‘complete and total removal’: letter to Adolf Gemlich, 16 September 1919, SA, 88–90. • SOUTHERN RUSSIA: ‘will see in my memo’: to Lloyd George, 20 September 1919, WSC IX, 865. ‘confidently predict’ to ‘upsetting your balance’: from Lloyd George, 22 September 1919, WSC IX, 867–869. • ORLY: ‘ponder the vast airfield’: Polizzotti, 113. ‘rally a foursome’: Grose, 65.
Autumn 1919
MOSCOW: ‘speaks to a conference of working women’ to ‘unproductive work’: speech to a conference of non-party working women, 23 September 1919, CW XXX, 40–46. ‘two once fell out’: Bertram D. Wolfe, ‘Lenin and Inessa Armand’, Slavic Review, 22/1, 1963, 96–114, 108–110. ‘Inessa is a frequent visitor’ to ‘sits in his kitchen’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 539. • ISTANBUL: ‘Kemal’s influence continuing to spread’: De Robeck to Curzon sent 30 September 1919 and received the following day, DBFP First Series, Vol. 4, 785–786. • FIUME: ‘La prima adunata fascista’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 6 October 1919, OO XIV, 43–45. • VIENNA: Jones, Freud, Vol. 3, 14–19. • AMERICA: for Wilson’s voyage across America see Cooper, Breaking the Heart, 158–198. For a personal account see Edith Wilson, My Memoir, 275–288. All the speeches are in the Woodrow Wilson Papers, alongside other material, allowing the President’s American progress to be followed day by day. Most descriptions here are drawn from those texts. ‘moving picture men’: ‘President Starts his Long Tour’, Washington Herald, 4 September 1919. ‘terms of the treaty are severe’ to ‘only country in the world’: address to the Columbus Chamber of Commerce, 4 September 1919, WW LXIII, 7–18. ‘lifelong reckoning’: address in Convention Hall in Kansas City, 6 September 1919, ibid., 66–76. ‘single whispering gallery?’ to ‘blissful peace’: address in the Des Moines Coliseum, 6 September 1919, ibid., 76–88. ‘farmers and ranchers who have come’: diary of Dr Grayson, 8 September 1919, ibid., 95. ‘Henry Ford’: Cooper, Breaking the Heart, 164. ‘disciples of Lenin’ to ‘chaos and disorder’: address in the Billings Auditorium, 11 September 1919, WW LXIII, 175. ‘Trotsky are on their way’: in Hagedorn, 152. ‘American people could really understand’: Cooper, Breaking the Heart, 170. ‘handkerchief in lavender’: Edith Wilson, 282. ‘inexpressible weariness’: Wyoming State Tribune, 25 September 1919, WW LXIII, 487. ‘cabbages and apples’: diary of Dr Grayson, 25 September 1919, ibid., 488–489. ‘mists of this great question’: address in the City Auditorium in Pueblo, Colorado, 25 September 1919, ibid., 513. ‘feel like I am going to pieces’: diary of Dr Grayson, 26 September 1919, ibid., 513–521. ‘Nothing to be alarmed about’: to Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre, 26 September 1919, ibid., 521. • OMAHA: Hagedorn, 376–378. For the violence in Arkansas see Grif Stockley, Blood in their Eyes: The Elaine Race Massacres of 1919, 2001. • NEW YORK: ‘white man has outraged American civilization’ to ‘opportunity presents itself’: editorial letter, 1 October 1919, MG II, 41–44. ‘kickback’: Grant, 205. ‘latest in a long line’: ibid., 206–207. ‘Du Bois warns his uncle’: ibid., 204. • MOSCOW: ‘Winston plays with the idea’: Henry Wilson’s diary, 16 October 1919, WSC IX, 921. ‘Cheka officials sift’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 121–122. ‘stops going on his walks’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 528. ‘White general declares’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 123. ‘retires to the sofa’: Trotsky, 427. ‘let us try’: ibid., 424. ‘metal wagons’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 124. ‘stone labyrinth’ to ‘cultural treasures’: ‘Petrograd Will Defend Itself from Within as Well’, En Route, 16 October 1919, TMW II, 540–542. • MANCHESTER: ‘Life is hard’: Sigmund to Sam, 27 October 1919, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/4. ‘pathetic stumps’: this wording is from Stefan Zweig, quoted in Gay, Freud, 380. ‘rabble is the worst?’: ibid., 387. ‘sterner’: Sam to Sigmund, 4 November 1919, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/2/2. ‘countermanding the project’: the cable Edward sends back to his uncle dated 9 October 1919 is in LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. • PRANGINS: for the sale of Habsburg jewellery, see annexe to ‘Mémoire présenté au nom de S.M. L’Impératrice et Reine Zita’, NA, FO 893/20/10. • WASHINGTON DC: for an account of Woodrow’s confinement see Cooper, Wilson, 534–542; and Edith Wilson, 289–293. On prohibition see Thomas M. Coffey, The Long Thirst: Prohibition in America, 1920–1933, 1975; and Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, 2010. ‘invading army’: Ackerman, J. Edgar, 100. ‘doctor is evasive’: Cooper, Wilson, 540. ‘Thanksgiving proclamation’: memorandum by Robert Lansing, 5 November 1919, WW XLIII, 619. • MUNICH: ‘are we dogs?’: police notes of a meeting 22 November 1919, in Weber, Becoming Hitler, 136–137. ‘Instead of the understanding’: Deuerlein, Eintritt, 206. ‘compares his technique’: Fishman, 249. ‘bring three friends’: police report dated 13 November 1919, in Deuerlein, Eintritt, 207. ‘three hundred in the audience’: police report dated 26 November 1919, in Deuerlein, Eintritt, 208. • LONDON: for a full account of the meeting see ‘Joint Eclipse Meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society’, The Observatory, November 1919, 545, 389–398. For the testing of the results see Kennefick. For the need to seek further proofs see Jeffrey Crelinsten, Einstein’s Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, 2006. For the media response, see Einstein’s biographies. For the German media response, see Lewis Elton, ‘Einstein, General Relativity, and the German Press, 1919–1920’, Isis, 77/1, 1986, 95–103. For controversy see Milena Wazeck, Einstein’s Opponents: The Public Controversy about the Theory of Relativity in the 1920s, 2014 (trans. Geoffrey S. Koby). ‘Revolution in Science’: The Times, 7 November 1919. ‘gargantuan headline’: New York Times, 10 November 1919. ‘scientist from Yorkshire’: from Robert W. Lawson, 28 November 1919, CPAE IX, 256–257. ‘ringing telephones’: to Adrian D. Fokker, 1 December 1919, CPAE IX, 264–265. ‘hardly breathe’: to Max Born, 8 December 1919, CPAE IX, 280–281. ‘state of unrest’: ‘Jazz in Scientific World’, New York Times, 16 November 1919. • ACROSS THE UNITED STATES: details of the raids from Ackerman, J. Edgar, 113–123, unless otherwise stated. ‘back to Russia’: ibid., 117. ‘communist meeting in Yonkers’: ‘Patriotic Song Ends Soviet Talk’, New York Tribune, 10 November 1919. ‘Russian Plot Nipped’: Wausau Daily Record, 8 November 1919. ‘cartoon of Uncle Sam’: ‘There Seems to be a Comeback’, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 10 November 1919. • IRELAND: ‘In County Clare’: BMH Witness Statement 1547, Michael Murphy, 11–12. • MILAN: ‘Neither a victory, nor a defeat’: ‘L’Affermazione fascista’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 18 November 1919, OO XIV, 136–137. ‘mock funeral march’: Giorgio Pini and Duilio Susmel, Mussolini: l’uomo e l’opera, Vol. 2, 1954, 45–48. ‘Mussolini takes stock’: Bosworth, 114–115; and A. Rossi, The Rise of Italian Fascism, 1938 (trans. Peter and Dorothy Wait), 39–42. • LONDON: ‘chances of saving the situation’: Churchill to Lloyd George, Bonar Law and Curzon, 3 December 1919, WSC IX, 970. ‘refugees freeze’: Engelstein, 439–440. ‘Can’t you understand?’: Trotsky, 433. • WASHINGTON DC: Cooper, Wilson, 549. • AMERONGEN: ‘twelve thousand mark’: diary of Elisabeth Bentinck, 15 November 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 124. ‘glass of port’ to ‘children’s playhouse’: diary of Elisabeth Bentinck, 1 and 2 December 1919, ibid., 127. ‘Aged and Melancholy’: Dearborn Independent, 15 November 1919. ‘dark musings’: Kaiser’s doctor in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1201. ‘died in his arms’: diary of Elisabeth Bentinck, 12 December 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 129. ‘explains to a bewildered guest’ to ‘Russia against England!’: diary of Wolfgang Krauel, 24 October 1919, in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1232. ‘positive disgust’: ibid., 1202. ‘blames the Jews’ to ‘exterminated from German soil!’: letter to General Mackensen, 2 December 1919, in Cecil, 302. ‘poisonous mushroom’: diary of Wolfgang Krauel, 24 October 1919, in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1233. ‘they cannot do’: diary of Elisabeth Bentinck, 31 December 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 132. ‘unmitigated relief’: Marks, ‘My Name is Ozymandias’, 149. • SAGUA LA GRANDE: ‘adventurous’ to ‘behaving splendidly’: Captain Joshua Cockburn to Garvey, 2 December 1919, MG II, 157–159. ‘Eternal has happened’ to ‘steel their souls’: editorial letter by Garvey, 3 December 1919, MG II, 159–161. • MODLIN: ‘what I intended’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 18 November 1919, CDG I, 472. • MOSCOW: ‘banking on the world revolution’ to ‘may say without exaggeration’: report to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, 5 December 1919, CW XXX, 205–252, 208. ‘fizzling out’ to ‘thrust upon us’: ibid., 222. ‘just try it’: ibid., 219. ‘sphere of peaceful construction’: ibid., 225. ‘if you want free sale’: ibid., 226. ‘Either the lice’: ibid., 228. • KIRŞEHİR: ‘Will no one arise’: Mango, 262. • MUNICH: ‘black trousers, white shirt’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 137. ‘possible without might?’ to ‘soaked in blood’: party meeting 10 December 1919, SA, 96–99. • VIENNA: ‘seem not to be aware’: Sigmund to Sam, 17 December 1919, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/7. ‘blames strike conditions’ to ‘America would listen’: Edward Bernays to Freud, 18 December 1919, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. ‘person of public notoriety’: Freud to Edward Bernays, 4 January 1920, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. ‘finished sowing’: to Abraham, 15 December 1919, this translation from Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 447; the whole letter in English can be found at FR/AB, 411–412. • NEW YORK: see Ackerman, J. Edgar, 155–163. ‘beginning of the end’: ‘Goldman Proud to be First Political Agitator Deported by the United States’, New York Tribune, 22 December 1919. ‘we’re coming back’: ‘Soviet Ark to Russia’, Los Angeles Times, 22 December 1919. ‘share out clothing’: Emma Goldman, Living My Life, 1932, Vol. 2, 721. ‘latest recipient’: Homberger, 201. ‘too many foreign words’: ‘Stop Spoiling the Russian Language’, December 1919, CW XXX, 298.
Winter 1920
Fitzgerald’s famous quotation can be found in context in F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise, 1920, 304. The quotation from Alexandra Kollontai appeared first in an article entitled ‘Communism and the Family’ in the magazine Kommunistka in 1920, reproduced in Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai, translated from the Russian by Alix Holt, 1977, 250–260.
PARIS: ‘better if I’d died’: from Dr Grayson’s diary, in Cooper, Wilson, 552. ‘blind and deaf Don Quixote’: John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1920, 41. • HAMBURG: ‘had been worried about her’ to ‘undisguised brutality’: to Pfister, 27 January 1920, FR/PF, 74–75. ‘death-drive’: for a description of the idea see Gay, Freud, 394–396. • AMERICA: for a description of the raids and the chaos which ensued see Ackerman, J. Edgar, 180–196. ‘Los Angeles’: ‘Federal Police Nip Communists’, Los Angeles Daily Times, 3 January 1920. ‘Greatest Raid in History’: Ogden Standard, 3 January 1920. ‘play music and learn English’: Ackerman, J. Edgar, 202. ‘danger in the dragnet methods’: Chicago Daily News, 6 January 1920, ibid., 205. • MUNICH: ‘We fight against the Jew’: meeting in the Kindl Keller, 7 January 1920, SA, 101. ‘Every drop of our sweat’: meeting in the Gasthaus Zum Deutschen Reich, 16 January 1920, SA, 105. • SUNDERLAND: ‘ever a more awful spectacle’ to ‘this is Utopia!’: speech in Sunderland, 3 January 1920, in Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, Vol. 3, 1914–1922, 1974 (ed. Robert Rhodes James), 2917–2927. ‘Trotsky’s train is derailed’: Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 496. ‘shoved through the ice’: Engelstein, 442. • UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: for descriptions of the first night of prohibition see Coffey, 3–9. ‘unceremoniously dumped’: Grant, 228. • BERLIN: ‘lady calls on a British military officer’ to ‘Winston Churchill’: ‘Notes on an Interview with Enver Pasha’, 6 January 1920, NA, WO 32/5620. ‘subsequent meeting’ to ‘influence and power’: ‘Notes on a second Interview with Enver Pasha’, 15 January 1920, NA, WO 32/5620. • MOSCOW: ‘time to produce a dictionary’: to Lunacharky, 18 January 1920, CW XXXV, 434. ‘rather unhappy family’: for one account see Katy Turton, Family Networks and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, 1870–1940, 2018. ‘Varya impresses her friends’: Fischer, Lenin, 487. ‘what books to remove’: Betram D. Wolfe, ‘Krupskaya Purges the People’s Libraries’, Survey, 72, 1969, 141–155. ‘answer should come to me’: to Skylanksy, 16 February 1920, TP II, 44–45. • NEW YORK: ‘trifle tacky’: Jeffrey Meyers, Scott Fitzgerald: A Biography, 1994, 67. • MOSCOW: ‘write me what is the matter’ to ‘from me’: Fischer, Lenin, 433–434; and Sebestyen, 453. ‘evading my questions’: R. C. Elwood, Inessa Armand: Revolutionary and Feminist, 1992, 257. • BERLIN: ‘like a pagan idol’: to Heinrich Zangger, 3 January 1920, CPAE IX, 338–340. ‘Great Man of World History’: Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung, 14 December 1919. ‘Prague philosopher’: Frank, 211. ‘tells the Archbishop’: Isaacson, 279. ‘if the aliens’: calendar entry for 31 January 1921, CPAE XII, 430. ‘Mayakovsky’: Bengt Jangfeldt, Mayakovsky: A Biography, 2014 (trans. Harry D. Watson), 253. ‘Bolsheviks are not so unappealing’: to Hedvig and Max Born, 27 January 1920, CPAE IX, 386–388. ‘old-fashioned assimilationists’: for the relationship between Fritz Haber and Albert Einstein see Fritz Stern, Einstein’s German World, 2000. For the life of Fritz Haber see Charlotte Haber, Mein Leben mit Fritz Haber, 1970; and Margit Szöllösi-Janze, Fritz Haber, 1868–1934: Eine Biographie, 1998. ‘first German edition of The Protocols’: Cohn, 133–135. • PETROGRAD: ‘one hundred and two small diamonds’: Homberger, 204. ‘personal endorsement’: JRP, MS Am 1091, Series II, 556. • THURLES: ‘four hand grenades’: ‘Four Hours’ Terror in Thurles’, Guardian, 22 January 1920. ‘new vocabulary of violence’: for the development of the conflict see Townshend, 113–119; Walsh, 87–103; and Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins, 1990, 120–156. ‘chafe under his presidential pomposity’: Coogan, De Valera, 156–175. • PARIS: for Tzara’s arrival in Paris to ‘too important’: Polizzotti, 122–123. ‘cooing at the baby’: Germaine Everling, ‘C’était hier: Dada…’, Les œuvres libres, June 1955, 137–138. ‘audience that turns up’ to ‘Back to Zurich!’: Polizzotti, 124–125; and Michel Sanouillet, Dada in Paris, 2009 (trans. Anne Sanouillet), 103–105. • FIUME: for a general account see Woodhouse, 315–352; and Hughes-Hallett, 483–568; for more detail see Macdonald and Ledeen. ‘Irish nationalists and Béla Kun’s Hungarian Bolsheviks’: Mark Phelan, ‘“Prophet of the Oppressed Nations”: Gabriele D’Annunzio and the Irish Republic, 1919–1921’, History Ireland, 21/5, 2013, 44–48; and Ledeen, 177–186. ‘oppressed peoples of the world’: Woodhouse, 347. ‘special steamer’: Macdonald, 157. ‘Guido Keller’: Hughes-Hallett, 529–531. ‘table cloth with a large ink stain’: Macdonald, 160. • VIENNA: ‘all my good bringing up’: Anna to Sam, 9 February 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/3/1. ‘soft Shetland cloth’: postcard from Sigmund to Sam, 22 February 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/11. • MUNICH: for an account of the meeting see Weber, Becoming Hitler, 150–155. The police report of the meeting at the Hofbräuhaus, 24 February 1920, SA, 109–111, with the shout ‘get out’ at 110. For the full twenty-five points of the party programme see Wolfgang Treue (ed.), Deutsche Parteiprogramme 1861–1954/ Quellensammlung zur Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 3, 1954, 143–146. ‘newspapers barely report’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 155. ‘Secret Jewish Document’: ‘Ein jüdisches Geheimdokument’, Völkischer Beobachter, 25 February 1920. • PARIS: see Polizzotti, 134–137. ‘inconsistent farce’: ‘Le Dadaisme n’est qu’une farce inconsistante’, Action française, 14 February 1920. ‘André Gide’: Gide in the Nouvelle Revue Française, in Sanouillet, 143. • THE HAGUE: ‘Dutch persuade the Kaiser’: Marks, ‘My Name is Ozymandias’, 133. ‘Wilhelm explains’: diary entry 10 March 1920, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 147–148. • NEW YORK: ‘warm-up speaker’: Professor William H. Ferris, report of a UNIA event, dated 6 March 1920, MG II, 231–233. Garvey’s own speech is at 233–238, with the remarks on the UNIA’s financial situation over the previous nine months on 236. For a first-hand account of the problems of the Yarmouth on these early trips see Hugh Mulzac, A Star to Steer By, 1963, 78–80. • TORONTO: ‘presents a book by D’Annunzio’: Baker, 580. ‘shekels’: to William D. Horne, 25 March 1920, LEH I, 227. ‘first signed article for the Star’: most of these articles are collected in Ernest Hemingway, Dateline Toronto: The Complete Toronto Star Dispatches, 1920–1924, 1985 (ed. William White). ‘slackers who dodged the draft’: ‘Popular in Peace–Slacker in War’, Toronto Star Weekly, 13 March 1920, reproduced in White, 10–11. • ST. LOUIS: there are different versions of Josephine Baker’s cupid episode in St. Louis–one with Josephine suspended, one simply with her dancing. All include the element of initial embarrassment made up for by the alacrity of her switch into performance. See Baker and Bouillon, 13–17, for Margaret Baker’s recollection. A somewhat different version is contained in Haney, placing the Cupid episode a little later, 27–31. • BERLIN: for the meeting itself, ‘Interviews with Field-Marshal von Ludendorff and General Hoffman’, 4 March 1920, NA, CAB 24/100/31. ‘Huns are very impudent’: H. A. L. Fisher to Lloyd George, 13 March 1920, Gilbert, World in Torment, 182. • DUBLIN: see Coogan, Michael Collins, 120–144, with ‘a question of our nerves’ at 134. • MOSCOW: for Lenin’s hunting see Fischer, Lenin, 380–383. ‘Leon is convinced’: Trotsky, 497. ‘pins and needles’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 259. ‘locksmith from Moscow’: Dmitri Ulyanov, Ocherki raznykh let: Vospominaniya, perepiska, stat’i, 1984, 137–138. ‘Why on earth didn’t you fire?’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 1, 33. • ÅBO: Homberger, 204–207.
Spring 1920
MONTREUX: for the history of the Kapp Putsch see Johannes Erger, Der Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch: Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Innenpolitik 1919/20, 1967. ‘Kessler is in a bookshop’: diary entry 13 March 1920, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 290–291. ‘quick-thinking civil servant’: Arnold Brecht, Aus nächster Nähe: Lebenserinnerungen 1884–1927, 1966, 302–307. ‘Wilhelm calls for champagne’: diary entry 15 March 1920, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 149. • PRANGINS: for Charles’s growing doubts about Horthy see Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 253–256. For the sale of Habsburg jewellery, see annexe to ‘Mémoire présenté au nom de S.M. L’Impératrice et Reine Zita’, NA, FO 893/20/10. • AMERONGEN: ‘revolution instead of the opera’: Grose, 69. • CORK: ‘prepare for death’: Coogan, Michael Collins, 123. ‘I’ll be out’: BMH, Witness Statement 1547, Michael Murphy, 18–19. • BERLIN: see Erger for the progress and failure of the Kapp Putsch. For Hitler’s Berlin excursion see Weber, Becoming Hitler, 159–162. ‘anti-Semitic propaganda Kapp once supported’: Michael Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945, 2005, 90. • ISTANBUL: ‘if I wanted I could give’: Mango, 273. ‘forcible occupation of Istanbul’: Mansel, 392–393. ‘seaside town in Italy’: for the San Remo conference see Fromkin, 403–404. • MOSCOW: ‘strikes across the country’: Vladimir Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1919–1922, 1994, 287–299. ‘carried out by a dictator’: speech on economic development, 31 March 1920, CW XXX, 439–490, 476. ‘appointed, rerouted and dispatched’: Brovkin, 273. • WASHINGTON DC: Cooper, Wilson, 558–560. • ACROSS GERMANY: ‘strike must continue’: 19 March 1920, Arbeiterklasse siegt über Kapp und Lüttwitz, Vol. 1, 1971 (eds. Erwin Könneman, Brigitte Berthold and Gerhard Schulze), 202. ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’: 20 March 1920, ibid., 764. • PARIS: Polizzotti, 129–130. • MUNICH: ‘turns up wearing gaiters’: Friedrich Percyval Reck-Malleczeven, Diary of a Man in Despair, 2000 (trans. Paul Rubens; original German 1947), 35. • SEBASTOPOL: ‘God has not given’: Pyotr Wrangel, 140. ‘cannot refuse to drink’: ibid., 146. ‘I’m struggling’: Pyotr to Olga Wrangel, 1 April 1920, HIA, Vrangel Family Papers, Box 1, Folder 13. ‘If only God helped me’: Pyotr to Olga Wrangel, 8 April 1920, ibid. • COLÓN: for an account of the voyage see Mulzac, 79–83. ‘cartoon in the Negro World’: Negro World, 13 March 1920, reproduced in MG II, 260. ‘wanted a place in the sun’: report of UNIA Meeting, 13 March 1920, MG II, 241–259, 254. ‘no power on earth’: report of UNIA meeting, 29 April 1920, MG II, 299–303, 302. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘looks meaningfully at the door’: David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet, 1913–1920, 1926, Vol. 2, 69–70. ‘This is an experiment’ to ‘see red’: from the diary of Josephus Daniels, 14 April 1920, WW LXV, 186–187. • MOSCOW: for Lenin’s birthday see Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!: The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia, 1997, 95–104. ‘proposes a newspaper campaign’: note from Lenin to Chicherin, 6 April 1920, Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 79–80. ‘beating Lenin to the punch’: telegram to Stalin, 14 February 1920, in Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 78; see also Adam Zamoyski, Warsaw 1920: Lenin’s Failed Conquest of Europe, 2008, 1–13. ‘drastic measures’: to Lenin, Stalin and others, 26 April 1920, TP II, 148–151. • DOORN: ‘Busts, paintings and etchings’: Gutsche, 45. ‘four hundred and seventy imperially felled logs’: ibid., 42. • WASHINGTON: ‘three hundred and sixty suspected radicals’ and ‘Everybody is laughing’: Ackerman, J. Edgar, 283. ‘only three handguns’: ibid., 291. • PETROGRAD: for an account of the spectacle see Emma Goldman, My Disillusionment in Russia, 1923, 74–78. ‘sheerest fabrication’: speech to departing Red Army soldiers, 5 May 1920, CW XXXV 127–128. • VIENNA: ‘prevents all evening entertainment’: W. E. Yates, Theatre in Vienna: A Critical History, 1996, 203. ‘must sound rather bad’: Anna to Sam, 7 March 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/3/2. ‘give up tennis’: Anna to Sam, 20 April 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/3/3. • MUNICH: for Hitler’s development as a speaker, see Reginald H. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner im Jahre 1920’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 11/3, 1963, 274–330. ‘mass murder of the intelligentsia’: speech at the Hofbrähaus, 27 April 1920, SA, 127–129, 127. ‘talk in Stuttgart’: 7 May 1920, SA, 130. ‘subjugation of India’: for example, speeches on 11 and 16 June 1920, SA, 142–148. ‘sun will shine through once more’: speech in Hofbräuhaus, 17 April 1920, SA, 122–125, 124. ‘need a dictator’: speech at the Hofbrähaus, 27 April 1920, SA, 127–129, 127. ‘excerpts of the Protocols’: for example, Völkischer Beobachter, 22 and 27 April 1920. ‘grasp at the very root’: speech at the Hofbräuhaus, 6 April 1920, SA, 119–120. • LONDON: ‘English version of the Protocols’: Cohn, 152. ‘note of prophecy’: ‘The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet’, Times, 8 May 1920. • BERLIN: ‘tortured by bed bugs’: Frank, 199. • DEARBORN: for Henry Ford’s anti-Semitism see Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate, 2003. ‘winter will not freeze it’: ‘Mr Ford’s Page’, Dearborn Independent, 7 February 1920. ‘house painter in Oklahoma’: ‘The Reminiscences of Mr. Fred L. Black’, HFA, Owen W. Bombard Interview Series, Accession 65, 8. ‘primed for conspiracy theories’: for one take on the psychology and impact of conspiracy theories (including Henry Ford and the Protocols) see David Aaronovitch, The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History, 2009. ‘not making as much money’: Baldwin, 96–97. ‘Persecution is not a new experience’: this, and following, taken from ‘The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem’, Dearborn Independent, 22 May 1920. ‘case of The Protocols’: ‘Does a Jewish World Program Exist?’, Dearborn Independent, 10 July 1920. ‘articles shall continue’: Baldwin, 120. ‘supersensitivity’: ‘The Jewish Question–Fact or Fancy?’, Dearborn Independent, 12 June 1920. ‘enormity of the injury’: for this episode, see Baldwin, 132–133. • PETROGRAD: for an account of the delegation’s time in Russia, apart from the accounts written by the participants, see Stephen White, ‘British Labour in Soviet Russia, 1920’, English Historical Review, 109/432, 1994, 621–640. ‘their oldest clothes’: Ethel Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia, 1920, 21. ‘peering behind an iron curtain’: Snowden, 132. • ÅBO: Homberger, 204–207. • PARIS: ‘not a Dadaist’: Polizzotti, 145.
Summer 1920
KIEV: for a general account see Zamoyski, 48–52. ‘former commander-in-chief’: Figes, 698–699. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘unconscionable falsehoods’: Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges Made Against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others, Hearings before the Committee on Rules, House of Representatives, Sixty-sixth Congress, Second Session, 1 June 1920, 6. ‘world is on fire’: ibid., 18. ‘so-called “liberal press’’’: ibid., 34. ‘parlor Bolsheviki’: ibid., 25. ‘sly and crafty eyes’ to ‘lopsided faces’: ibid., 27. • PARIS: for Berlin Dada slogans see Sarah Ganz Blythe and Edward D. Powers, Looking at Dada, 2006, 5. • PETROGRAD: ‘great international language’: Snowden, 77. (Trotsky was subsequently upbraided by Lenin for having been seen in the imperial box with the British delegation: Trotsky, 576.) ‘girl falls to her knees’: Snowden, 21. ‘reportedly eat moss’: Smith, Russia in Revolution, 227. ‘chemist’s scales’: Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 501. ‘limon’ to ‘overcoats bought with firewood’: Steven G. Marks, ‘The Russian Experience of Money, 1914–1924’, in Murray Frame, Boris Kolonitskii, Steven G. Marks and Melissa K. Stockdale (eds.), Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 2014, 121–150, 130–133. ‘lemons hand-delivered’: M. N. Roy, Memoirs, 1964, 332. ‘economist proposes a system’: Marks, ‘Russian Experience of Money’, 136. ‘blasphemous thoughts’: Service, Trotsky, 268–269. ‘working title Hunger’: notebook, JRP, Series V/E, Item 1336. ‘use up less wool’: Snowden, 22. ‘vitally necessary operation’: Wright, 192. ‘interminable discussion’: Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1914–1944, 1968, 149. • TEREZÍN FORTRESS: Miller, 10. • MOSCOW: ‘food on allotments’: to Lydia Fotieva, 27 May 1920, CW XLIV, 377. ‘by hand’ to ‘figure as an example’: to the fuel department of the Moscow Soviet, 16 June 1920, CW XLIV, 387. ‘damage to Soviet property’: 14 June 1920, CW XLIV, 196–197. ‘Cooking Food Without Fire’: to the Presidium of the Moscow Soviet, 29 June 1920, CW XLIV, 395. ‘publish quickly’: Fischer, Lenin, 431. ‘order of the day’: Zamoyski, 53. ‘time to encourage revolution in Italy’ to ‘Czech lands and Romania’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 388. ‘sinful’: Kotkin, 360. • MUNICH: ‘warning sign to the Entente’ to ‘seek an Anschluss’: speech in Rosenheim, 21 July 1920, SA, 163. ‘far-right delegation’: for this episode and its background, see Kellogg, 110–122. • BAD GASTEIN: for Freud’s work on the crowd see van Ginneken and ‘Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego’, originally published in German in 1921, SE XVIII, 67–143. ‘not even an organ grinder’: to Anna, 1 August 1920, FR/FR, 181–182. ‘Lenin is an artist’: ‘L’Artefice e la Materia’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 14 July 1920, OO XV, 91–94, 93; see more generally Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy, 1997. WARSAW: ‘more the danger approaches’: Anon. (Charles de Gaulle), ‘La bataille de la Vistule’, Revue de Paris, No. 6, 1920, 35–53, 37. ‘tragic destiny’: ibid., 38. • NEW YORK: ‘accredited spokesman’: letter to Du Bois, 16 July 1920, MG II, 426. ‘under no circumstances’ to ‘public know’: from Du Bois to Garvey, 22 July 1920, MG II, 431–432. • LONDON: letter to Sir Henry Wilson, General Harington and General Macdonogh, 20 July 1920, WSC IX, 1145–1146. • PETROGRAD: ‘false passports’: Roy, 308. ‘bring their own Chianti’: ibid., 359. ‘group of Irish delegates’: for an account of the relationship between Irish nationalism and Moscow see Emmet O’Connor, ‘Communists, Russia and the IRA, 1920–1923’, Historical Journal, 46/1, 2003, 115–131. ‘infantile’: for the question of so-called left-wing Communism see Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 121–125. ‘organising a women’s conference’: Elwood, Armand, 258–261. ‘music of Wagner’: Geldern, 181. ‘produced in four languages’: Serge, 118. ‘Vladimir gives the opening speech’: report on the international situation, 19 July 1920, CW XXXI, 215–234, with ‘backward’ at 232. ‘capture the moment’: Serge, 120. ‘especially regilded’: Geldern, 180. ‘nearby bedchamber’: Roy, 372. • DUBLIN: ‘new force appears in Ireland’: for the origins of the Black and Tans, see D. M. Leeson, The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920–1921, 2011, 68–95. ‘Tuam’ to ‘Belgium and France’: Leeson, 44. ‘rumours that he is having an affair’: Coogan, De Valera, 185–187. • UPSTATE MICHIGAN: this account of Hemingway’s summer is drawn from his letters. ‘gambles at roulette’: letter to Grace Quinlan, 8 August 1920, LEH I, 237–240. ‘man named Ponzi’: Robert Sobel, The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market, 1965, 224. ‘for a job in New York’: letter to Grace Quinlan, LEH I, 8 August 1920, 237–240. ‘lazy loafing’: from Grace Hemingway, 24 July 1920, EHC, Series 3, Box IC11, EHPP-IC11-010–006. • MOSCOW: ‘jar of fruit and a bag of flour’: James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society: Development of Sport and Physical Education in Russia and the USSR, 1977, 79–80. ‘threat to resign’: Homberger, 210. ‘as a child accepts’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 131. ‘iron proletarian centralism’: Theses on the Role of the Communist Party, 24 July 1920, CI I, 127–135, 133. ‘Internationale three times a day’: Roy, 330. • NEW YORK: ‘striking out for freedom’ to ‘from all quarters’: speech at the opening of the UNIA Convention, 1 August 1920, MG II, 476–487. ‘Jim Europe’s old band’ to ‘Africa for the Africans’: report of UNIA parade, 3 August 1920, MG II, 490–494. ‘Madison Square Garden’ to ‘Palestine and Africa’: report of Madison Square Garden meeting, 3 August 1920, MG II, 497–509. ‘Declaration of Rights’: UNIA Declaration of Rights, MG II, 571–580. ‘already swept the world’: report of the convention, 22 August 1920, MG II, 614–620, 617. ‘we are coming’: report of the convention, 4 August 1920, MG II, 529–538, 538. ‘resting back in cushioned chairs’: report of the convention, 15 August 1920, MG II, 583–597, 594. ‘updates from its informants’: these are reproduced in MG II. ‘fool or a rogue’: interview with Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph by Charles Mowbray White, MG II, 609–612, 609. ‘more or less a fraud’: letter from W. E. B. Du Bois to H. L. Stone, 24 July 1920, MG II, 435. ‘think he is a demagogue’: interview with Du Bois by Charles Mowbray White, 22 August 1920, MG II, 620–621. ‘ablest statesman of his race’: report of the convention, 31 August 1920, MG II, 642–651, 649. ‘purchase them now’: editorial letter by Marcus Garvey, 31 August 1920, MG II, 654–656. • THE POLISH FRONT: ‘sixth year in a row’: de Gaulle, 45. ‘not averse to a temporary alliance’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 189–190. ‘beautiful plan’: note from Lenin to Skylansky, August 1920, TP II, 278–279. ‘Georgian bank-robber bristles’: Kotkin, 361–363. • SÈVRES: for the diplomacy leading up to Sèvres see MacMillan, 438–466; and Fromkin, 403–411. ‘sublime principles’: in Abdulhamit Kırmızı, ‘After Empire, Before Nation: Competing Ideologies and the Bolshevik Moment of the Anatolian Revolution’, in Stefan Rinke and Michael Wildt (eds.), Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and its Aftermath from a Global Perspective, 2017, 119–140, 132. • DEARBORN: ‘opines innocently’: ‘Mr. Ford’s Page’, Dearborn Independent, 7 August 1920. • WARSAW: for the lead-up to the crucial battle and then the so-called miracle on the Vistula, see Zamoyski, 64–109. ‘battle for life and death’ to ‘determined at this very moment’: speech of Antoni Szlagowski by the grave of Ignacy Skorupka, 17 August 1920, in Waldemar Wojdecki, Arcybiskup Antoni Szlagowski, kaznodzieja Warszawy, 1997, 184–187. ‘Poles have grown wings!’: de Gaulle, 45. • MUNICH: all description taken from speech at the Hofbräuhaus, 13 August 1920, SA, 184–204. ‘Egypt’s cultural flowering’: ibid., 186. ‘could not survive without work’: ibid., 188. ‘alleged use of Assyrian stonemasons’: ibid., 188–189. ‘if we are socialists’: ibid., 200. ‘Franz Léhar’: ibid., 197. ‘always ready to rip up’: ibid., 198. ‘lively and enthusiastic crowds’: Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 308. • MILAN: ‘taking flying lessons’: Bosworth, 119. For the myth-making of Mussolini and flight see Guido Mattioli, Mussolini Aviatore, 1933. For the origins of the squadristi see Roberta Suzzi Valli, ‘The Myth of Squadrismo in the Fascist Regime, Journal of Contemporary History, 35/2, 2000, 131–150; and Emilio Gentile, ‘Paramilitary Violence in Italy: The Rationale of Fascism and the Origins of Totalitarianism’, in Robert Gerwarth and John Horne (eds.), War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War, 2012, 85–106. ‘sleeps in his underwear’: Bosworth, 130. • MOSCOW: ‘Reed pesters Vladimir’: Fischer, Lenin, 433. For Inessa Armand’s trip to Kislovodsk, see Elwood, Armand, 262–266. • BERLIN: this description is drawn principally from Siegfried Grundmann, Einsteins Akte: Einsteins Jahre in Deutschland aus der Sicht der deutschen Politik, 1998, 151–155. ‘with or without a swastika’: ‘Meine Antwort ueber die antirelavitätstheoristische GmbH’, from the Berliner Tageblatt, 27 August 1920, reproduced in CPAE VII, 344–349. ‘entente of mediocrity’: from Fritz Haber, 30 August 1920, CPAE X, 395–397. ‘Stay the holy man’: from Hedwig Born, 8 September 1920, CPAE X, 416–417. ‘world is a curious madhouse’: to Marcel Grossman, 12 September 1920, CPAE X, 428–430. • WALL STREET: ‘Niagara Falls’: for this description, and following, see Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror, 2009, 43–49. ‘young financier’: David Nasaw, The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy, 2012, 69. ‘rent asunder’: headline, Philadelphia Enquirer, 17 September 1920. ‘relations between capital and labor’: ‘Dynamite for Wall Street’, Wall Street Journal, 17 September 1920. • BAKU: for a general account of the Baku Congress see Stephen White, ‘Communism and the East: The Baku Congress, 1920’, Slavic Review, 33/3, 1974, 492–514. ‘pronounced in American?’: Homberger, 214–215. ‘not given a choice’ to ‘requirements are taken care of’: Benjamin Gitlow, The Whole of Their Lives, 1948, 32–34. Gitlow specifically refers to booze and women, with the procurement of young girls organised by Radek. ‘huddle in linguistic groups’: Congress of the Peoples of the East: Stenographic Report (trans. Brian Pearce), 1977, 70. ‘Internationale’: according to the stenographic record the Internationale was played or sung twenty-three times during the opening ceremony. ‘Uncle Sam is not one’: stenographic record, 4 September 1920, 88. ‘fell into a false situation’: 4 September 1920, ibid., 76. ‘oppressed peoples’: 7 September 1920, ibid., 161. ‘Sweep away with fierce will’ and ‘Blow up Europe!’, 5 September 1920, ibid., 113–114. ‘Effigies’: White, 492. ‘Béla Kun’: stenographic record, 6 September 1920, 127. • THE HAGUE: ‘snippets of Carmen’: Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Anna Freud: A Biography, 2008, 96. ‘German colleague gives a rambling presentation’: Clark, Freud, 403. ‘bananas’: Gay, Freud, 393. ‘eating sparingly’ to ‘pineapple’: exchange of notes, FR/FR, 199–200. ‘canoe trip’: Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 29. • KISLOVODSK: ‘living corpse’ to ‘needs of the struggle’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 47–48. ‘plays the piano for guests’: Elwood, Armand, 265.
Autumn 1920
VIENNA: Wolfgang Zdral, Die Hitlers: Die Unbekannte Familie, 2005, 198. • BAD NAUHEIM: for the relationship between Lenard and Einstein before Bad Nauheim, see Andreas Kleinert and Charlotte Schönbeck, ‘Lenard und Einstein: ihr Briefwechseln und ihr Verhältnis vor der Nauheimer Diskussion von 1920’, Gesnerus, 35, 1978. ‘not yet made it possible’: Frank, 201. ‘avoid the other physicists’: CPAE X, see notes on 436. ‘most romantic point’ to ‘even consciousness’: to Hedwig Born, 10 October 1920, CPAE X, 440–441. ‘minds so malleable’: to Hendrik A. Lorentz, 25 September 1920, CPAE X, 437–438. • NALCHIK: for Armand’s final days see Elwood, Armand, 265–266. In a footnote, Elwood notes the story that Armand was in despair over personal matters and ended her life with poison. For the death of John Reed see Mary V. Dearborn, Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant, 1996, 161–163. ‘watermelon’: Serge, 127. ‘caught in a trap’: Goldman, Living My Life, Vol. 2, 851. ‘the cause goes on’: Clare Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow: Clare Sheridan’s Diary, 1921, 162. ‘real American’: Marguerite E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow, 1921, 222. • VIENNA: ‘mouldy cheese overwhelms’: Sigmund to Sam, 15 October 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/19. ‘comic poem’: Sam to Sigmund, 30 October 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/2/16. ‘popularity in itself’: Sigmund to Sam, 5 November 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/21. ‘silly’ to ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’: Sigmund to Sam, 26 November 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/22. • MOSCOW: for Clare Sheridan’s trip to Russia see Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 1921. ‘D’Annunzio’: ibid., 12. ‘most privileged class’: ibid., 26. ‘redacted version of Vladimir’s speech’ to ‘no way in the slightest’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 138; the full speech is in Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 95–115. ‘cannot expect to see a communist society’: speech to young Communists, 2 October 1920, CW XXXI, 283–299, 298–299. ‘scheme for Russia’s electrification’: H. G. Wells, Russia in the Shadows, 1921, 134. ‘film of the Baku conference’: ibid., 80. ‘At the ballet’: Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 84. ‘mistaken for Sylvia Pankhurst’: ibid., 78. ‘don’t mind being looked at’ to ‘caressing me with tools’: ibid., 137–138. ‘vous êtes encore femme’: Clare Sheridan, Naked Truth, 1928, 196. ‘know how to get you to England’: Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 170. • NEW YORK: ‘masses of the race’: editorial letter by Garvey, 11 October 1920, MG III, 50–51. ‘writes to the shipping registers’: from Du Bois to Lloyd’s Register, 6 November 1920, MG III, 72–73. • RIGA: ‘now alone in the struggle’: Pytor Wrangel, 296. ‘Destroy Wrangel!’: in Engelstein, 557. ‘greatest crime’: telegram to the front, 24 October 1920, CW XXXV, 461. • VIENNA: ‘done it differently’: Kurt Robert Eissler, Freud as an Expert Witness: The Discussion of War Neuroses Between Freud and Wagner-Jauregg, 1986, 92. ‘machine gun behind the front’: ibid., 60–61. ‘mendacious spitefulness’ to ‘scheissfreundlich’: to Abraham, 31 October 1920, FR/AB, 432–433. • WASHINGTON DC: for Harding and the origins of normalcy see Robert K. Murray, The Harding Era: Warren G. Harding and his Administration, 1969; and John W. Dean, Warren G. Harding, 2004. For the normalcy speech itself see David H. Carwell, ‘Warren G. Harding: Return to Normalcy’, in Jeffrey S. Ashley and Marla J. Jarmer (ed.), The Bully Pulpit, Presidential Speeches and the Shaping of Public Policy, 2016, 41–51. For Wilson’s last days in the White House see Cooper, Wilson, 573–578. ‘whole world will wait’: A Statement, 3 October 1920, WW XLVI, 183. ‘Hemingway casts his vote’: Keneth Kinnamon, ‘Hemingway and Politics’, in Scott Donaldson (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hemingway, 1996, 149–169, 160. ‘stopped to get their breath’: from Norman Hezekiah Davis, 3 November 1920, WW XLVI, 314. ‘crown will be one of glory’: from Bainbridge Colby, 3 November 1920, WW XLVI, 313. ‘not a repudiation’ to ‘Nothing can destroy’: from Eleanor Randolph Wilson McAdoo, 3 November 1920, WW XLVI, 315. ‘realise their error’: Axson, 199. ‘which she ranks’: Edith Wilson, 308. • SEBASTOPOL: ‘cannot be landed here’: Admiral de Robeck to the Foreign Office, 10 November 1920, WSC IX, 1234. • FORMER BATTLEFIELDS OF NORTHERN FRANCE: see Jean-Pascal Soudagne, L’histoire incroyable du soldat inconnu, 2008, 79–113. ‘group trip to a Paris art exhibition’: Lacouture, 109. • SEBASTOPOL: the description of the departure from Crimea is drawn principally from A. Valentinov’s account in S. V. Volkov (ed.), Iskhod Russkoi armii Generala Vrangelia iz Kryma, 2003, 534–549. • DUBLIN: for a full account of Bloody Sunday see Townshend, 201–208. ‘copy of Irish Field’ to ‘bad mistake’: BMH, Witness Statement 771, James Doyle, 2. ‘Any casualties?’: Coogan, Michael Collins, 160. ‘ambushed on a rainswept road’: whether this was in fact an ambush or an accidental battle, brought on by the need to evade British patrols, is not entirely clear. Some Auxiliaries may have been shot while surrendering (Townshend, 210–215). ‘Devil’s competition’: Townshend, 270–271. ‘sinking back into barbarism’: letter dated 11 December 1920 quoted in R. F. Foster, W. B. Yeats: A Life, Vol. 2, The Arch-Poet, 1915–1939, 2003, 184. • NEW YORK: for the exchange of letters dated 2 October and 19 November 1920 see LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. • REVAL: ‘contain the heads’: Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 204. ‘old friend from Germany’: Clara Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin, 1929, 11–12. ‘just limp behind it’ to ‘give me no pleasure’: ibid., 14. ‘used to hum arias’: Elizarova, Reminiscences of Lenin by his Relatives, 127–129. ‘complain so bitterly’ to ‘prevented the mind’: Zetkin, 15. ‘What a waste!’ to ‘marriage forms of Maoris’: ibid., 52–54. ‘over-excitement and exaggeration’: ibid., 55. ‘simple as drinking a glass of water’: ibid., 57–58. ‘living to the full’ to ‘D’Annunzio’: ibid., 59–60. ‘hardly time to discuss the other matter’: for this section of their conversation, ibid., 61–71. ‘working groups’ to ‘expediency’: ibid., 63. ‘must dress more warmly’: ibid., 71. • VIENNA: for these exchanges see cables 27 November and 1 December 1920 and letter 19 December 1920, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. • DEARBORN: ‘hack who has to write’: Baldwin, 98. ‘collected in a book entitled The International Jew’: Leo P. Ribuffo, ‘Henry Ford and “The International Jew”’, American Jewish History, 69/4, 1980, 437–477. • ISTANBUL: for the Bizerte story see Sergey Vlasov, Uzniki Bizerty: dokumental’nye povesti o zhizni russkikh moriakov v Afrike v 1920–25, 1998; and Hélène Menegaldo, ‘Les russes à Bizerte: de la Tunisie à la France, les étapes d’une intégration contrariée’, Mémoire(s), identité(s), marginalité(s) dans le monde occidental contemporain, 13, 2015. • MUNICH: ‘crazy utopia’: speech in the Kindl Keller, 5 November 1920, SA, 257–258. ‘want to build’: speech in the Hofbräuhaus, 19 November 1920, SA, 259–263, 260. ‘membership cards start at 500’: Joachimsthaler estimates at 195 at the end of 1919, 1,100 in July 1920, and around 2,000 by the end of 1920. ‘between advertisements for hot chocolate’: Völkischer Beobachter, 16 December 1920. • PARIS: ‘Hold on to your overcoat’: Littérature, No. 17, December 1920, 12. • LUDWIGSHÖHE: for Ilsemann’s trip to Ludendorff see diary entry 9 November 1920, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 162–166. For his return to Doorn see diary entry 22 November 1920, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 166. • NEW YORK: ‘Marcus Garvey’, The Crisis, December 1920. • FIUME: for an account of the end of the Fiume adventure see Hughes-Hallett, 553–568. ‘mock battle with live weapons’: Woodhouse, 339. ‘deserters to the Cause’: slightly abbreviated Woodhouse, 349. • CHICAGO: ‘Plain and Fancy Killings, $400 Up’, Toronto Star Weekly, 11 December 1920, in Hemingway, Dateline Toronto, 65–66. • ANKARA: ‘know how vital’ to ‘demolition of capitalism’: to Stalin, 14 December 1920, Mustafa Kemal, Atatürk’ün bütün eserleri, 1998–2009, Vol. 10, 160. ‘independence of Dagestan’: to Lenin, 18 December 1920, Kemal, Vol. 10, 171. ‘Autonomy does not mean independence’: speech to the Congress of the Peoples of Daghestan, 13 November 1920, Stalin, Works, Vol. 4, 407–411, 409. • MOSCOW: ‘zigzag transition’: report to the 8th All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 22 December 1920, CW XXXI, 487–518, 496. ‘we ourselves forget about them’: speech to Communist delegates, 30 December 1920, CW XXXII, 19–37, 22. ‘largest agitational spectacle yet’: Geldern, 199–207. ‘no question of selling out’: report to the 8th All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 22 December 1920, CW XXXI, 494. ‘Sukharevka’ to ‘Soviet power plus’: ibid., 515–516. • FIUME: Hughes-Hallett, 564–568 • DUBLIN: ‘odd shooting’ to ‘one good battle’: Coogan, De Valera, 202. ‘patrol in Midleton’: this account is drawn from two sources: ‘Weekly Survey of the State of Ireland for Week Ended January 3rd, 1921’, NA, CAB 24/118/20; and BMH, Witness Statement 1456, John Kelleher, 22.
Winter 1921
The Lenin quotation is from a speech given on the anniversary of the revolution, 6 November 1921, CW XXXIII, 120. The quotation from Einstein is from a letter to Emmanuel Carvallo, 12 March 1921, CPAE XII, 155–156.
DUBLIN: ‘looks ten years older’: Peter Hart, Mick: The Real Michael Collins, 2005, 264. ‘Long Whoor’: Coogan, De Valera, 202. • CHICAGO: ‘lying on an application’: Hemingway mis-states his age as twenty-four rather than twenty-one, mentions a commission in the Italian army and fails to mention his time in the American Red Cross: to Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 November 1920, LEH I, 250–251. ‘poems of Siegfried Sassoon’: to Hadley Richardson, 23 December 1920, 258. ‘dope on Rooshia’: to Grace Hemingway, 10 January 1921, EHC, Series 2, Box OC01, EHPP-OC01-013–003. • LONDON: Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 216–223. • GORKI: ‘party is sick’: ‘The Party Crisis’, article in Pravda, written 19 January 1921, CW XXXII, 43–53, 43. ‘Syndicalist deviation’: ibid., 53. ‘transmission belts’: speech to Communist delegates, 30 December 1920, CW XXXII, 19–37, 21. ‘receives maps’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 373. • FIUME: ‘Wagner’s wife once played’: Hughes-Hallett, 572. • PRAGUE: for Einstein’s visit see Frank, 206–212. ‘deliberate poisoning’ to ‘psychological illness of the masses’: speech in Munich, 3 January 1921, SA, 283–287, 286. ‘should be murdered’: see entry for 9 January 1921 in the chronology in CPAE XII, 424. • DEARBORN: ‘show business’: ‘How Jews Capitalized a Protest against Jews’, Dearborn Independent, 22 January 1921. ‘prejudice and hatred’: ‘Issue a Protest on Anti-Semitism’, New York Times, 17 January 1921. • INÖNÜ: McMeekin, 451. • MUNICH: ‘Die Türkei–der Vorkämpfer’, Völkischer Beobachter, 6 February 1921. • MOSCOW: for the visit to Varya, and Lenin’s preference for Pushkin over Mayakovsky, see Fischer, Lenin, 488–489; and Elizarova, Reminiscences of Lenin by his Relatives, 201–207. ‘the letters of Marx’ to ‘this dirty lot’: to D. B. Ryazanov, 2 February 1921, CW XLV, 80–81. • CLONMULT: ‘Clonmult’: Peter Hart, The IRA and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916–1923, 1998, 97–98. ‘area of active lawlessness’ to ‘Catholic reformatory’: ‘Survey of the State of Ireland for the Week Ending February 28th 1921’, NA, CAB 24/120/71. ‘Irish woman in County Cork’: the case of Mary Lindsay is briefly described in Townshend, 240, but the story itself has been told and retold many times (for example, in Sean O’Callaghan, Execution, 1974) and even spawned a television drama. For a broader view, including the pushing out of Protestants from Cork, see Gerard Murphy, The Year of Disappearances: Political Killings in Cork, 1921–1922, 2010. ‘house in which Michael Collins was born’: Collins’s own account in Coogan, Michael Collins, 177–178. ‘train carrying British soldiers’: Townshend, 241. ‘Irish cheddar’: BMH, Witness Statement 1713, James O’Donovan, 12. • MUNICH: ‘brass band’: Joachimsthaler, 282. ‘get close to the Communists’: Ernst Deuerlein, Der Aufstieg der NSDAP in Augenzeugenberichten, 1974, 131. ‘war wounded go free’: advertisement for a speech on 2 February 1921, SA, 310. ‘blue suit and trench coat’: Hellmuth Auerbach, ‘Hitlers Politische Lehrjahre und die Münchener Gesellschaft, 1919–1923’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 25/1, 1977, 1–45, 22. • PARIS: for the play itself: Pierre Palau, Les Détraquées, 1958. For Breton’s reaction: André Breton, Nadja, 1960 (trans. Richard Howard), 40–51. Breton had a signed copy of Babinski’s 1917 book on hysteria at home, with a note promising André a great medical career: Polizzotti, 56. • MOSCOW: ‘Disaster is imminent’: to the Politburo, 12 February 1921, CW XXXII, 134–136. ‘proletarian class = the Communist Party’: Read, Lenin, 274. ‘soldiers’ shoes’: Figes, 760. ‘Kronstadt batteries’: Paul Avrich, Kronstadt 1921, 1970, 96–97. ‘proclamation’: Figes, 760. ‘nerves are kaput’: Kotkin, 410. • BERLIN: ‘whole world looks on you’ to ‘Jewish faithlessness’: from Fritz Haber, 9 March 1921, CPAE XII, 124–127. ‘only for my name’ to ‘seats have already been booked’: to Fritz Haber, 9 March 1921, CPAE XII, 127–130. • CHICAGO: ‘nothing in the wide world’: speech, 1 February 1921, MG III, 149–156, 149. ‘as long as they understand’: report by Bureau of Investigation agent, 10 February 1921, MG III, 173–175. ‘carry mortar’ to ‘build up in Africa’: speech, 4 February 1921, MG III, 161–162. ‘trying to develop a business relationship’: Grant, 280–283. ‘in fact steel’: the retraction was printed in The Crisis, March 1921. ‘temperamental, unscrupulous’: speech, 16 February 1921, MG III, 206–218, 206. • VIENNA: see Martin A. Miller, Freud and the Bolsheviks: Psychoanalysis in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, 1998; Freud’s letters to Osipov: 169–175. • KRONSTADT FORTRESS: ‘exiled leaders’: Avrich, 116. ‘White plot cooked up in Paris’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 382. ‘bared their fangs’: Avrich, 95. ‘clemency, Mr Trotsky’ to ‘shot like partridges’: ibid., 145–146. ‘issues its own retort’: the full statement is in ibid., 241–243. ‘a gun’: summing-up speech to the Tenth Congress of the Communist Party, 9 March 1921, CW XXXII, 188–207, 206. For Lenin’s speech on trades unions jibing Trotsky on 14 March 1921 see CW XXXII, 210–213. ‘fetish of democratic principles’ to ‘temporary vacillations’: Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 508–509. ‘bureaucratic distortions’: speech as before on 14 March 1921, CW XXXII, 210–213. ‘may have made mistakes’ to ‘no alternative’: summing-up speech to the Tenth Congress of the Communist Party on the tax in kind, 15 March 1921, CW XXXII, 229–238, 233–234. ‘turning back towards capitalism’: report on the tax in kind, 15 March 1921, CW XXXII, 214–229, 218. ‘theoretically it is conceivable’: ibid., 220. ‘must do a bit of starving’: Service, Lenin, 426. ‘inch of its life’ to ‘hobble about’: report on the tax in kind, 15 March 1921, CW XXXII, 214–229, 224. ‘Crocodiles are despicable’: ibid., 222. ‘pulls off his masterstroke’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 184; for the congress generally, ibid., 176–184. ‘temperamental man’ to ‘hasn’t got a clue’: summary of remarks at the Tenth Communist Party Congress, 16 March 1921, Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 123–124. ‘Quotation Marks’: Avrich, 244–246. ‘canned horsemeat’: ibid., 201. ‘public health risk’: ibid., 210. ‘notes one revolutionary exile’: Goldman, Living my Life, Vol. 2, 886. • NEW YORK: ‘playing charades’: Clare Sheridan, My American Diary, 1922, 21. ‘force as an element’ to ‘mind cannot grasp it’: ibid., 40. ‘made British Ambassador’: Service, Spies and Commissars, 276. ‘kill off all Bolsheviks’ to ‘wonderfully emptier world’: Sheridan, American Diary, 51. ‘Russian cab driver’: ibid., 75. • MOSCOW: ‘very petty incident’ to ‘butcher generals’: remarks to a journalist from the New York Herald, reported in the Petrogradskaya Pravda, 26 March 1921, CW XXXVI, 538. ‘hoping for more trade’: see Service, Spies and Commissars, 308–317. ‘best port wine’: Kotkin, 398. • BERLIN: for events in Saxony see Dirk Schumann, Political Violence in the Weimar Republic, 1918–1933: Fight for the Streets and Fear of Civil War, 2009 (trans. Thomas Dunlap), 59–76. For Hitler’s Bavarian tour see speeches 15–21 March 1921, SA, 353–355. • PARIS: Littérature, No. 18, March 1921. • ISTANBUL: ‘angry and depressed’ to ‘mad-house’: personal letter from Horace Rumbold to Lord Curzon, 23 March 1921, NA, FO 800/157/91. The full official communication is in DBFP, First Series, Vol. XVII, 87–91, with ‘Macedonian revolutionary’ at 89. • MUNICH: ‘introduces him to Erich Ludendorff’: Kellogg, 128. See also Weber, Becoming Hitler, 225–226. • MILAN: ‘airplane and the bomb’: Falasca-Zamponi, 73. ‘Mantua’: Christopher Duggan, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796, 2007, 428. ‘jack-in-the-boxes’ to ‘gigantic, barbaric, universal’: speech in Trieste, 6 February 1921, OO XVI, 150–160, 156–157. • PARIS: this description is drawn mostly from Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 248–275, which is based principally on Karl Werkmann, Aus Kaiser Karls Nachlass, 1925. • DOORN: ‘give up their art collections’: the Kaiser’s doctor, quoted in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1234.
Spring 1921
MOSCOW: ‘peat industry’: to Lunacharsky, 9 April 1921, CW XXXV, 484–485. ‘give orders’: Lenin to Skylansky, 9 April 1921, TP II, 444–446. ‘harder to concentrate’: Felshtinsky, 189–190. • KINGSTON: ‘faces criticism’: Grant, 289–290. ‘good-for-nothing Jamaicans’: speech by Garvey, 26 March 1921, MG III, 280–285, 281. • INÖNÜ: ‘thunderous majesty’: Mango, 311. ‘hot snow or wooden iron’: Ihrig, 30. • PHILADELPHIA: for an account of the origins of Shuffle Along see Cary D. Wintz and Paul Finkelman (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, 2004, Vol. 2, 1108–1110. ‘too dark’: Baker and Bouillon, 27. • NEW YORK: for an account of Einstein’s trip to America and Britain in the spring of 1921 see Fölsing, 495–509. For his media reception see József Illy, Albert Meets America: How Journalists Treated Genius during Einstein’s 1921 Travels, 2006. ‘not finished yet’ to ‘political motives’: ‘Professor Einstein Here, Explains Relativity’, New York Times, 3 April 1921. ‘psychopathological’: ‘Psychopathic Relativity’, New York Times, 5 April 1921. ‘handbook’: Grundmann, 191. ‘official is congratulated’: ‘Jewish World Notes’, Dearborn Independent, 23 April 1921. ‘going to respond to every attack’: ‘Fervid Reception to Zionist Leaders’, New York Times, 11 April 1921. • DUBLIN: ‘laughs at de Valera’: Coogan, Michael Collins, 208. ‘forty-six casualties’: ‘Weekly Survey of the State of Ireland for Week Ended March 28th, 1921’, NA, CAB 24/121/83. ‘Castleconnell’: Walsh, Bitter Freedom, 257. ‘Nemesis may follow’: ‘Fight Between Parties of Police’, Guardian, 19 April 1921. • JERUSALEM: ‘All of us here today’: remarks to a Palestinian Arab delegation, 2 April 1921, WSC IX, 1419–1421. ‘full of sympathy for Zionism’: remarks to a Zionist delegation, 2 April 1921, WSC IX, 1421–1422. ‘moderate, friendly and statesmanlike’: cabinet memorandum, 2 April 1921, WSC X, 1428–1431. • DOORN: ‘compares his own dear Kaiserin’: diary entry, 11 April 1921, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 173–174. ‘every common worker’: letter of Wilhelm dated 17 April 1921, in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1205. ‘band of veterans of the war of 1870’: ‘Kaiserin’s Body Back in Germany’, New York Times, 19 April 1921. ‘American newspapers estimate’: ‘Extol Hindenburg at Kaiserin’s Bier’, New York Times, 20 April 1921. ‘Workers in Potsdam’: ‘Kundgebungen in Potsdam’, Vossische Zeitung, 20 April 1921. • ISTANBUL: ‘If it weren’t such a tragedy’ to ‘family menagerie’: letter to her parents by Clover Dulles, 4 April 1921, AWD, Subseries 6B, Box 120, Folder 3. For the French offer and Wrangel’s response see ‘Repatriation of Cossacks in “Rechid Pasha” by French under False Pretences’, NA, ADM 137/2500/A 307, and HIA, Vrangel Collection, Box 138, File 10. ‘intercepting short-wave radio transmissions’: Grose, 78–79; a large collection of General Wrangel’s intelligence reports are held as part of the Vrangel Collection at the Hoover Institution. • BERLIN: for the Silesia crisis see F. Gregory Campbell, ‘The Struggle for Upper Silesia, 1919–1922’, Journal of Modern History, 42/3, 1970, 361–385. ‘well-armed Polish-speaking soldiers’: ‘Allies Fighting Polish Invaders in Upper Silesia’, New York Times, 5 May 1921. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘reminders of his former position’: details about the house, and a description of how it was purchased and so forth, can be found in Cooper, Wilson, 576; and Edith Wilson, 320–324. The house itself is now a museum open to the public. Woodrow’s bedroom is just as Edith left it. She died in 1961. One of her last engagements was to invite the wife of newly elected President John F. Kennedy (born 1917) to tea to discuss the job of being the nation’s First Lady. ‘insists on hanging prominently’: Cooper, Wilson, footnote on 665. ‘seems not to want to know’ to ‘self-consuming mind’: diary of Ray Stannard Baker, 25 May 1921, WW LXVII, 288–289. ‘business partner is duly dispatched’: the partner is Woodrow Wilson’s Secretary of State, Bainbridge Colby, who engages in ‘the toils of the plasterers and carpenters’ to get things ready. WW LXVII, from Bainbridge Colby, 9 July 1921, 347. ‘or she did!’: diary of Ray Stannard Baker, 27 May 1921, WW XLVII, 295. • PRINCETON: ‘Marx Brothers comedy is enacted’: ‘Princeton Honors Fuss Dr. Einstein: Theory of Relativity Easier for German Scientist Than Getting a Degree–Grins at His Mistakes’, Evening Bulletin, 10 May 1921, in Illy, 171–172. ‘Kinertia’: ‘Kinertia versus Einstein’, Dearborn Independent, 30 April 1921; for a discussion see Wazeck, 171–175. ‘America is interesting’ to ‘a wonderful sense’: to Michele Besso, before 30 May 1921, CPAE XII, 182–183. • MUNICH: the letter is from Rudolf Hess, dated 17 May 1921, Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 132–133. • ROME: ‘Papal letter’: Dermot Keogh, The Vatican, the Bishops and Irish Politics, 1919–1939, 1986, 70. ‘the hills of Ireland could be levelled’: Michael Collins to Kitty Kiernan, 20 June 1921, Coogan, Michael Collins, 121. • VIENNA: ‘bronze doppelgänger’: to Ferenczi, 8 May 1921, FR/FER III, 55–56. • MOSCOW: ‘Aren’t you ashamed?’: to A. V. Lunacharsky, 6 May 1921, CW LXV, 138–139. Quotations from 150,000,000 are taken from Vladimir Mayakovsky, Selected Poems, 2013 (trans. James H. McGavran III), 196–247. ‘Can’t we stop this?’: to M. N. Pokrovsky, 6 May 1921, CW LXV, 139. ‘Is it being done?’ to ‘exact details’: to Y. A. Litkens, 6 May 1921, CW XXXV, 489. • PARIS: for a detailed account of proceedings see Sanouillet, 186–194. • SAINT-CYR: Lacouture, 115. • ROME: Bosworth, 130. • CROTON-ON-HUDSON: Sheridan, American Diary, 129–130.
Summer 1921
SMYRNA: ‘two topics of conversation’: letter to her parents by Clover Dulles, 21 June 1921, AWD, Subseries 6B, Box 120, Folder 3. • MOSCOW: ‘quick calculation’ to ‘circulated widely’: Lenin to Skylansky, 30 May 1921, TP II, 458–461. ‘a push’: report to the Tenth All-Russian Conference of the Communist Party on the tax in kind, 26 May 1921, CW XXXII, 402–416, 415. ‘long time’ to ‘unstable equilibrium’: closing speech to Tenth All-Russian Conference, CW XXXII, 436–437. ‘if revolution occurs’ to ‘conjectures on that score’: Robert Service’s translation for the first part in A Political Life, Vol. 3, 213. ‘bandits’ to ‘measures are properly enforced’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 386–388; Figes, 768–769. • WASHINGTON DC: for the origins of the 1921 Immigration Act see John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925, 1955, particularly 300–311. ‘perverted ideas’ to ‘economic parasites’: Special Session of the Congress, March 1921, in Jonathan Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics and the Legacy of Madison Grant, 2009, 226. ‘dash into harbour’: Higham, 312. • BERLIN: ‘Dancing couples’ to ‘theory of relativity’: Wazeck, 71. ‘rooms above a bakery’: Fölsing, 510. ‘toy dogs’ to ‘magic spell’: the remarks originally appeared in the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, and were then reported in the New York Times in the 8 July 1921 edition. ‘accursed Jew’: from an unknown sender, after 4 July 1921, CPAE XII, 214. ‘Another person in Mexico’: Sheridan, American Diary, 196. ‘several weeks in the German capital’: Thomas Friedrich, Hitler’s Berlin: Abused City, 2012 (trans. Stewart Spencer), 28. ‘not be able to lie to history’: postcard to Fritz Lauböck, 25 June 1921, SA, 435. • ISTANBUL: Cohn, 71–83. For Dulles, see Grose. • NEW YORK: ‘pre-breakfast whistling tune’: advertisement for Shuffle Along in New York Herald, 29 May 1921. ‘infectious score’: ‘Shuffle Along Premiere’, New York Times, 23 May 1921. ‘breeze of super-jazz’: review in the Evening Journal, as advertised in the New York Herald as above. ‘strange workings of the Caucasian mind’ to ‘should continue to shuffle along’: ‘Shuffle Along Latest Musical Gem to Invade Broadway’, New York Age, 4 June 1921. • MOSCOW: for a colourful account of the congress and the characters in Moscow see Serge, 158–171. ‘with us in spirit’: Zinoviev’s opening speech on 22 June 1921, To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921 (trans. John Riddell), 2015, 74–82. ‘Petit bourgeois’: Serge, 166 (the 2012 version translates to English). ‘developing’ to ‘ripe’: ‘Theses on Tactics and Strategy’, drafted by Karl Radek, in To the Masses, as above, 924–950, 924. ‘does not develop in a straight line’: ibid., 925. ‘bêtises de Béla Kun’: Serge, 163 (Lenin spoke in French, though the 2012 version of Serge’s book translates into English). ‘an émigré myself’: note to the participants in a sitting of the commission on tactics, 7 July 1921, CW XLV, 203–204. ‘Whoever arrives in Russia’ to ‘our open enemy’: Trotsky’s intervention on a discussion of the Italian question, 29 June 1921, in To the Masses, 374–379, 378–379. ‘refusing to travel there’: Kotkin, 415. • TULSA: for a detailed account see Alfred Brophy, Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921, 2002, 28–65. ‘haven’t negroes the right’: ‘Thirty Whites Held for Tulsa Rioting’, New York Times, 5 June 1921. • BELFAST: ‘appeal to all Irishmen’: Coogan, Michael Collins, 214. • MOSCOW: ‘latest calculation’: ideas about a state economic plan, 4 July 1921, CW XXXII, 497–498. ‘humanitarian appeal’: Figes, 760. ‘free of squeaks’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 410. • LONDON: ‘more ill-will’: Coogan, De Valera, 230. ‘map is of the Mercator type’: ibid., 231. ‘chant the rosary’: ‘The Premier Meets Mr De Valera’, Guardian, 15 July 1921. • ROME: for the pact of pacification see Bosworth, 131–133. ‘far horizon’ to ‘thousands of local elements’: ‘Fatto Compiuto’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 3 August 1921, OO XVII, 80–83, 83. ‘see if D’Annunzio can be persuaded’: Renzo De Felice, D’Annunzio Politico, 1918–1938, 1978, 169; and Hughes-Hallett, 581. • LONDON: for an account of the discussions see Frank Pakenham, Peace by Ordeal: An Account, from First-Hand Sources, of the Negotiation and Signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921, 1962; and Geoffrey Shakespeare, Let Candles Be Brought In, 1949. For Lloyd George speaking Welsh and de Valera speaking English, Shakespeare, 83. ‘reminded of being on a circus horse’: Shakespeare, 76. ‘draws a diagram’: Coogan, Michael Collins, 231. • ESKİŞEHİR: see McMeekin, 454–455. • NEW YORK: for an account of Garvey’s time as the ship’s purser see Grant, 295. For Garvey’s speech in New York see speech dated 20 July 1921, MG III, 532–545. ‘conquer Africa’ to ‘become so powerful’: ibid., 540. ‘Negro traitors’ to ‘like a piece of cotton’: ibid., 542–543. • LONDON: ‘trips on her high heels’: CH/CH, 237. ‘dancing in full swing’: letter from Clementine to Winston Churchill, 9 August 1921, 240. • BERLIN: for the episode with Dickel and Hitler’s resignation see Joachimsthaler, 285–287; Weber, Becoming Hitler, 263–264; and for a slightly wider view Kershaw, 160–165. ‘check these quotes’ to ‘iron leadership’: letter to NSDAP committee, 14 July 1921, SA, 436–438. ‘pamphlet’: Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 138–140. • DOORN: ‘very lively’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1207. ‘Chamberlain’s latest book’: letter from the Kaiser in August 1921 thanking him for his ‘wonderful’ book, in HSC II, 259. ‘order of the decent people’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1235. • ACROSS ANATOLIA: ‘No one is safe’: Gingeras, 285–289. ‘Foreign observers accuse’: Arnold Toynbee, The Western Question, 1922, 301. ‘“subconscious” pre-human animal’: Toynbee, 263. • LONDON: for Philip Graves’s articles from The Times demonstrating the falsity of the Protocols, see The Truth about ‘The Protocols’: A Literary Forgery, 1921. ‘thanked The Times’: speech in Rosenheim, 9 August 1921, SA, 458. • GORKI: ‘so tired’: to Maxim Gorky, 9 August 1921, CW XLV, 249. ‘disguised interventionists’ to ‘capacity for these things’: to V. M. Molotov, 11 August 1921, CW XLV, 250–251. ‘neither treatment, nor work’: to Maxim Gorky, 9 August 1921, CW XLV, 249. • DUBLIN: for the exchanges over the summer months see Official Correspondence Relating to the Peace Negotiations, June–September, 1921, 1921. ‘take to the beaches’: Walsh, Bitter Freedom, 284. ‘peaceful and undisturbed’: ‘Weekly Survey of the State of Ireland for Week Ended August 29th, 1921’, NA CAB 24/127/94. ‘find myself looking at friends’: letter to Harry Boland dated July 1921, in Coogan, Michael Collins, 232. ‘argue the matter late into the night’: Hart, 290–291. • HORTON BAY: ‘afternoon swim’: Baker, 80–81. ‘first American killed in Italy’: Meyers, Hemingway, 60. • RIVER SAKARYA: ‘three weeks in late summer’: for an account of the Battle of Sakarya see McMeekin, 456–458. McMeekin calls it ‘the last real battle of the First World War’. ‘Bon voyage’: Edib, 288 • NEW YORK: ‘messages for various world leaders’: see MG III, 585–587. ‘greatest state social event’: ‘First UNIA Court Reception’, 27 August 1921, MG III, 698–706, 698. ‘congress of rats’ to ‘disgrace to Harvard’: ibid., 606. ‘tinsel show’: enclosure dated 23 September 1921, MG IV, 74–77, 75. ‘sympathetic British politicians’: ‘Treatment of African Natives’, Guardian, 29 August 1921, and ‘The Pan African Manifesto’, Times, 30 August 1921. For an account of the congress in London and Brussels (including the presence of Belgian officials, and a trip to a museum where Congo’s great mineral wealth is advertised), see Jessie Fauset, ‘Impressions of the Second Pan-African Congress’, The Crisis, November 1921. ‘Bolshevik talk’: reproducing article from La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime, 31 August 1921, MG IX, 158–159. ‘colored American cannot withstand’: ‘Denounce our Haiti Policy’, New York Times, 6 September 1921; Du Bois subsequently denied having said this: see, ‘Africa for the Africans’, The Crisis, February 1922. For a further account of proceedings in Paris, where a delegate from Guadeloupe declares: ‘I consider it a joy to be a member of that nation which made the revolution of 1789’, see ‘Transcription from Paris Session’, 4 September 1921, WEB, Series 1a. For Du Bois’s onward trip to Geneva see Fauset’s article, as above. • MOSCOW: ‘recommendations for improvement’: for examples of Lenin’s hectoring communications from this period, see his notes to M. I. Friumkin and others, 17 August 1921, CW XLV, 257, and to V. S. Dovgalevsky, 2 September 1921, CW XXXV, 519–520. ‘donates all unconsecrated vessels’: Pipes, Under the Bolshevik Regime, 347. • HILDESHEIM: for an account of the gathering see Phyllis Grosskurth, ‘The Idyll in the Harz Mountains’, in Toby Gelfand and John Kerr (eds.), Freud and the History of Psychoanalysis, 1992, 341–355. ‘practical joke’: Jones, Freud, Vol. 3, 85. ‘expression of the loss of value’ to ‘form no estimate’: ‘Psychoanalyis and Telepathy’, translated from 1921 manuscript, SE XVIII, 175–193, 177. ‘if I were at the beginning’: to Hereward Carrington, 24 July 1921, in LSF (ed. Ernst L. Freud, trans. Tania and James Stern), 339–340. • DOORN: ‘Baroness Sunshine’ and ‘hardly anyone left’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1207.