BIBLIOGRAPHY

For readers interested in pursuing the story of the return of the wolf to Yellowstone in greater depth, I have marked certain entries with an asterisk.

—T.M.

Allen, Durward L. Our Wildlife Legacy. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1954.

________. Wolves of Minong: Their Vital Role in a Wild Community. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979.

*Askins, Renée. Shadow Mountain: A Memoir of Wolves, a Woman, and the Wild. New York: Doubleday, 2002. A highly personal memoir by the founder of the Wolf Fund and one of the most effective advocates in bringing the wolf back to Yellowstone.

Barker, Rocky. Saving All the Parts: Reconciling Economics and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993.

Berger, Joel. Greater Yellowstone’s native ungulates: myths and realities. Conservation Biology, September 1991.

Brewster, Wayne G., Norman A. Bishop, Paul Schullery, and John Varley. The public has spoken: wolves belong in Yellowstone. International Wolf, summer 1995.

Clark, Tim W., Elizabeth Dawn Amato, Donald G. Whittemore, and Ann H. Harvey. Policy and programs for ecosystem management in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: an analysis. Conservation Biology, September 1991.

Consolo Murphy, S. and D.W. Smith. Documenting trends in Yellowstone’s beaver population: a comparison of aerial and ground surveys in the Yellowstone Lake Basin. In R.J. Anderson and D. Harmon, eds. Yellowstone Lake: Hotbed of Chaos or Reservoir of Resilience? Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Yellowstone National Park, WY: National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources and Hancock, MI: The George Wright Society, 2002.

Curlee, A. Peyton, Anne-Marie Gillesberg, and Denise Casey, eds. Greater Yellowstone Predators: Ecology and Conservation in a Changing Landscape—Proceedings of the Third Biennial Conference of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Jackson, WY: Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative, 1995.

Eberhardt, L.L., R.A. Garrott, D.W. Smith, P.J. White, and R.O. Peterson. Assessing the impact of wolves on ungulate prey. Ecological Applications, 2003.

*Ferguson, Gary. The Yellowstone Wolves: The First Year. Helena, MT: Falcon Press, 1996.

*Fischer, Hank. Wolf Wars: The Remarkable Inside Story of the Restoration of Wolves to Yellowstone. Helena, MT: Falcon Press, 1995. The best account of the political struggle leading up to the reintroduction, by one of its leading advocates.

Forester, J.D., A.R. Ives, M.G. Turner, D.P. Anderson, D. Fortin, H.L. Beyer, D.W. Smith, and M.S. Boyce. State-space models link elk movement patterns to landscape characteristics in Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Monographs 77, 2007.

Fortin, D., H.L. Beyer, M.S. Boyce, D.W. Smith, T. Duchesne, J.S. Mao. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86, 2005.

Fritts, Steven H. “Soft” and “hard” release: planning the reintroduction. International Wolf, summer 1995.

Fritts, Steven H., Edward E. Bangs, and James F. Gore. The relationship of wolf recovery to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the northwestern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning 28, 1994.

Haber, Gordon C. Biological, conservation, and ethical implications of exploiting and controlling wolves. Conservation Biology, August 1996.

Haines, Aubrey L. The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park. Yellowstone National Park, WY: Yellowstone Museum and Library Association, 1977.

Halfpenny, James C. Charting Yellowstone’s Wolves: A Record of Wolf Restoration. Gardiner, MT: A Naturalist’s World, 2012.

Halfpenny, James. C., and Diann Thompson. Discovering Yellowstone Wolves: Watcher’s Guide. Gardiner, MT: A Naturalist’s World, 1996.

Hanauska-Brown, L., L. Bradley, J. Gude, N. Lance, K. Laudon, A. Messer, A. Nelson, M. Ross, and J. Steuber. Montana Gray Wolf Conservation and Management 2011 Annual Report. Helena, MT: Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 2011.

Hazen, Steven Robert. The impact of wolves on elk hunting in Montana. M.S. in applied economics thesis, Montana State University, 2012.

Jobes, Patrick C. The Greater Yellowstone social system. Conservation Biology, September 1991.

Kauffman, M.J., N. Varley, D.W. Smith, D.R. Stahler, D.R. MacNulty, and M.S. Boyce. Landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system. Ecology Letters 10, 2007.

*Keiter, Robert B, and Mark S. Boyce, eds. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: People and Nature on America’s Wildlands. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. An invaluable overview.

Keiter, Robert B., and Patrick T. Holscher. Wolf recovery under the Endangered Species Act: a study in contemporary federalism. Public Land Law Review 11, 1990.

Keiter, Robert B., and Harvey Locke. Law and large carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains of the U.S. and Canada. Conservation Biology, August 1996.

*Lowry, William R. Repairing Paradise: The Restoration of Nature in America’s National Parks. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009. An excellent exploration of the philosophy of why.

*Lyon, Ted B., and Will N. Graves, with contributions by others. The Real Wolf: The Science, Politics, and Economics of Co-existing with Wolves in Modern Times. Ted B. Lyon, 2014. Absolute bilge—a valuable example, nonetheless, of the kind of “evidence” amassed against the wolf by its antagonists.

Mao, J.S., M.S. Boyce, D.W. Smith, F.J. Singer, D.J. Vales, J.M. Vore and E.M. Merrill. Habitat selection by elk before and after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 69 (4), 2005.

*McNamee, Thomas. The Return of the Wolf to Yellowstone. New York: Henry Holt, 1997.

_____. Yellowstone’s missing element. Audubon, January 1986.

_____. Yellowstone’s missing wolves. Defenders, November–December 1992.

Mech, L.D., D.W. Smith, K.M. Murphy, and D.R. MacNulty. Winter severity and wolf predation on a formerly wolf-free elk herd. Journal of Wildlife Management 65, 2001.

_____. The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology, April 1995.

_____. Updating our thinking on the role of human activity in wolf recovery. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Information Bulletin, 1993.

_____. The Way of the Wolf. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 1991.

*_____. The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. New York: Doubleday, 1970, and Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981. Still the definitive text on the gray wolf by the leading expert in the world.

*_____, and Luigi Boitani, eds. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Technical, but the state of the art in scientific understanding of wolf biology and behavior.

Merkle, J.A., D.R. Stahler, and D.W. Smith. Interference competition between gray wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park. Canadian Journal of Zoology/Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 87, 2009.

Metz, Matthew C., John A. Vucetich, Douglas W. Smith, Daniel R. Stahler, and Rolf O. Peterson. Effect of sociality and season on gray wolf (Canis lupus) foraging behavior: implications for estimating summer kill rate. PLOS ONE, March 1, 2011.

Metz, M.C., D.W. Smith, J.A. Vucetich, D.R. Stahler, and R.O. Peterson. Seasonal patterns of predation for gray wolves in the multiprey system of Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Animal Ecology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01945.x, 2012.

National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara. Review of proposed rule regarding status of the wolf under the Endangered Species Act, January 2014.

Niemeyer, Carter. Precapture operation—snaring and radio-collaring of “Judas” wolves. International Wolf, summer 1995.

*_____. Wolfer: A Memoir. Boise, ID: Bottlefly Press, 2010. A dramatic first-person account by a former predator control agent who became the wolf project’s lead trapper and a fierce conservationist.

Oakleaf, J.K., D.L. Murray, J.R. Oakleaf, E.E. Bangs, C.M. Mack, D.W. Smith, J.A. Fontaine, M.D. Jimenez, T.J. Meier, and C.C. Niemeyer. Habitat selection by recolonizing wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 70, 2006.

Packard, Jane M., L. David Mech, and Ulysses S. Seal. Social influences on reproduction in wolves. In Ludwig N. Carbyn, ed., Wolves in Canada: Their Status, Biology, and Management. Edmonton: Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series No. 45, 1983.

Packard, Jane M., Ulysses S. Seal, L. David Mech, and Edward D. Plotka. Causes of reproductive failure in two family groups of wolves (Canis lupus). University of Minnesota, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, and Marshfield Medical Foundation. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 68, 1985.

Peterson, Rolf O., John A. Vucetich, Joseph M. Bump, and Douglas W. Smith. Trophic cascades in a multi-causal world: Isle Royale and Yellowstone. In Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 2014 (in press).

*Phillips, M. and D.W. Smith. The Wolves of Yellowstone. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 1996. A first-person account of the wolf restoration by the two leaders of the project.

Power, Thomas Michael. Ecosystem preservation and the economy in the Greater Yellowstone area. Conservation Biology, September 1991.

Ripple, W.J., E.J. Larsen, R.A. Renkin, and D.W. Smith. Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park’s northern range. Biological Conservation 102, 2001.

Ruth, T.K., D.W. Smith, M.A. Haroldson, P.C. Buotte, C.C. Schwartz, H.B. Quigley, S. Cherry, K.M. Murphy, D. Tyers and K. Frey. Large-carnivore response to recreational big-game hunting along the Yellowstone National Park and Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness boundary. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31, 2003.

*Schullery, Paul, ed. The Yellowstone Wolf: A Guide and Sourcebook. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. Very good on Yellowstone history, the legal issues, and a long view of the future.

*Singer, Francis J., ed. Grazing Influences on Yellowstone’s Northern Range. Yellowstone National Park, WY, 1990. Technical, and available possibly only in the park’s library, but if you really want to get to the bottom of the mysteries of the interaction of elk, bison, and their food, this is the place to go.

Smith, Douglas, and Gary Peterson. Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005.

Smith, Douglas W. Adjusting to new sights, smells and sounds—in captivity. International Wolf, summer 1995.

_____. The founder wolves. International Wolf, summer 1995.

Smith, D., W. Brewster, and E. Bangs. Wolves in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: restoration of a top carnivore in a complex management environment. In Clark, T., A.P. Curlee, S. Minta, and P. Kareiva, eds., Carnivores in Ecosystems: The Yellowstone Experience. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.

Smith, D.W., T.D. Drummer, K.M. Murphy, D.S. Guernsey, and S.B. Evans. Winter prey selection and estimation of wolf kill rates in Yellowstone National Park, 1995–2000. Journal of Wildlife Management 68, 2004.

Smith, D.W., R.O. Peterson, and D. Houston. Yellowstone after wolves. BioScience 53, 2003.

Smith, D.W., K.M. Murphy, and S. Monger. Killing of a bison (Bison bison) calf, by a wolf (Canis lupus), and four coyotes (Canis latrans) in Yellowstone National Park. Canadian Field-Naturalist 115, 2001.

Smith, D.W., E.E. Bangs, J.K. Oakleaf, C. Mack, J. Fontaine, D. Boyd, M. Jimenez, D.H. Pletscher, C.C. Niemeyer, T.J. Meier, D.R. Stahler, J. Holyan, V.J. Asher, and D.L. Murray. Survival of colonizing wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, 1982–2004. Journal of Wildlife Management 74, 2010.

Tucker, Pat, and Daniel H. Pletscher. Attitudes of hunters and residents toward wolves in northwestern Montana. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17, 1989.

United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Montana Sheep and Lamb Loss, 2012.

*United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho: Final Environmental Impact Statement. 1994. All the original rules and considerations that went into making the whole thing possible.

*United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Agency review draft, revised Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan, 1984. No need to read the thing, just look at the date.

_____. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2012 Interagency Annual Report.

Vucetich, J.A., D.W. Smith, and D.R. Stahler. Influence of harvest, climate, and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961–2004. Oikos 111, 2005.

*Weaver, John L. The Wolves of Yellowstone. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Natural Resources Report No. 14, 1978. A document of great historical significance. The reintroduction had been delayed for years by claims that there existed a secretive, remnant population of Yellowstone wolves. Weaver proved definitively that were no wolves in Yellowstone, and opened the way to their restoration a mere seventeen years later.

*Weise, Thomas F., William L. Robinson, Richard A. Hook, and L. David Mech. An experimental translocation of the eastern timber wolf. Twin Cities, MN: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1975. A fascinating, cautionary account of an earlier attempt at moving and reestablishing wolves. It was a total flop.

Welsch, Jeff. Wolves: A howling success, celebrating 15 years of restoration. Greater Yellowstone Advocate, spring 2010.

_____. Changing behavior patterns: presence of wolves keeps elk on the move, but populations and hunter-success rates remain high. Greater Yellowstone Advocate, spring 2010.

Wilmers, C.C., R.L. Crabtree, D.W. Smith, K.M. Murphy, and W.M. Getz. Trophic facilitation by introduced top predators: grey wolf subsidies to scavengers in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 2003.

Wright, G.J., R.O. Peterson, D.W. Smith, and T.O. Lemke. Selection of northern Yellowstone elk by gray wolves and hunters. Journal of Wildlife Management 70, 2006.

*Yellowstone National Park. Wolves for Yellowstone? Two-volume report to the U.S. Congress, 1990 and 1992. Hundreds of pages of indispensable raison d’être.