Abandonment, 7, 96, 133, 163–165, 166, 238, 250, 259, 274, 275–277
Abbas, Rahila, 152
ABC, 198
Abortion, 39, 54, 73, 88, 267, 277n
adoption and, 108–109, 111–114, 117, 250
Christian adoption movement and, 56–57, 74, 75
crisis pregnancy centers and, 101, 104, 105
in South Korea, 270
Above Rubies ladies’ retreats, 176, 182
Above Rubies magazine, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 189, 191, 193, 199, 202, 206, 210
Abstinence Clearinghouse, 105
Abuse. See Child abuse
ACFI. See African Christians Fellowship International
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
ACPF. See African Child Policy Forum
Acres of Hope orphanage, Liberia, 177, 178, 179, 192, 194, 199, 204
Acres of Hope: The Miraculous Story of One Family’s Gift of Love to Children Without Hope (Anglin), 198
ACT. See Against Child Trafficking
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 131, 154, 155, 156, 163, 167
Adolescent Development, Protection, and HIV/AIDS, 152
Adopted for Life: The Priority of Adoption for Christian Families & Churches (Moore), 43, 55, 59
Adopted Territory: Transnational Korean Adoptees and the Politics of Belonging (Kim), 274, 283
Adoptee Solidarity Korea (ASK), 281, 283, 287
Adoptees of Color Roundtable, 5
abortion and, 54, 108–109, 111–114, 117, 250
attachment issues and, 195–198
crisis pregnancy centers and, 79, 100–117
disruption of, 197, 197n, 199, 200–203, 210
emergency, 2
in Ethiopia, 129–174
in Haiti, 1–37
in Liberia, 175–211
of older children, 33, 64, 137, 138
open, 80, 85, 86, 88, 117–121, 131, 268
pipeline adoption cases and, 213–215, 216–217, 234, 235–236, 245–246, 250, 263–264
private, 180
promise of new life and, 8–9
reunification and, 94
in Rwanda, 241–266
secret, 268–269
in Sierra Leone, 200
in South Korea, 267–290
special-needs, 64, 171, 216, 217n
vertical and horizontal, 57
as win-win scenario, 95, 102, 108–109
See also Adoption reform
Adoption advocates
adoption rates, decline in and, 223, 224
Christian adoption movement and, 56
counseling and, 113
orphan care and, 224
in South Korea, 288
UNICEF and, 56
Adoption Advocates International, 73, 192n
Adoption agencies
adoption legislation and, 221–222
Baby Scoop Era and, 89
Christian adoption movement and, 56
in Ethiopia, 130, 136, 142, 150–151, 215, 245–246
in Guatemala, 135
international adoption, corruption in and, 132–133
in Liberia, 180
in South Korea, 268, 269, 271, 272–273
Adoption as Ministry, Adoption as Blessing (Gardner), 55, 137
Adoption attorneys, 23, 79, 85, 109, 114, 120, 123–126, 133, 134, 140, 142, 166, 203, 231, 232, 264
Adoption Connections, 113
Adoption Hand Over Ceremony, 262, 265
Adoption lawyers, 79, 85, 102, 106, 133
Adoption legislation, 221–223
adoption reform and, 225–226
in Ethiopia, 142
in Haiti, 16
in South Korea, 275–277
in Utah, 121–124
Adoption lobby groups, 17
Adoption Ministry 1:27, 127
Adoption plans, 78, 80, 96, 101, 112, 120
Adoption Policy Conference (2010), 20
Adoption Policy Conference (2011), 231
Adoption power of attorney, 241, 262, 263, 264
Adoption reform
adoption legislation and, 225–226
adoption rates, decline in and, 218
Christian adoption movement and, 235–238
in Ethiopia, 245–246
in Liberia, 209–211
pipeline adoption cases and, 216–217
Adoption rings, 107
Adoption searchers, 156, 157–163, 165, 170
Adoption underworld, 133
Adoptive children
activism of, 279–284
attachment problems in, 195–198
PTSD and, 202
respite care for, 196–197, 198
returning of, 200–203
Ae Ran Won maternity home, 268, 271, 272, 283, 284
“Africa: The New Frontier for Intercountry Adoption,” 136
African Americans, 72
African Child Policy Forum (ACPF), 136, 218
African Christians Fellowship International (ACFI), 175, 177–178, 200, 204
Against Child Trafficking (ACT), 158
Age discrepancies, 131, 141, 143, 157, 159, 175, 175n, 181, 181n
AIDS, 44, 53, 130, 135, 138, 255
Allison, Sam, 175–179, 182–184, 187–188, 188–193, 191, 203–207
Allison, Serene, 176, 178–179, 181–187, 187–188, 188–193, 203–205, 205–207
Aloisea, Inyumba, 238, 248–249
Alpha Center, 105–106
Altmire, Jason, 19
Amazing Grace Africa Ministries, 177
Amerasian war orphans, 47–52, 273
America World Adoption (AWA), 97, 135, 154, 214, 223, 263
American Academy of Adoption Attorneys, 226
American Baptists, 6
American Bar Association, 102
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 100
American Mother’s Committee, 49
Americans for African Adoptions, 180
Anglin, Patty, 178, 179, 194, 198–199, 200, 204, 210, 217n
Argus Leader, 105
ASK. See Adoptee Solidarity Korea
Assemblies of God Church, 25
Associated Baptist Press, 23
Associated Press, 12, 13, 16, 219
Association of Black Social Workers, 71
Atlanta Braves, 30
Atlanta Journal Constitution, 112n
Atonement, 88
Attachment issues, 147, 195–198
Atwood, Thomas, 121–122
Auburn University, 30
Australian Broadcasting Company, 129
AWA. See America World Adoption
Aylor, Joan, 112
Babies without Borders: Adoption and Migration Across the Americas (Dubinsky), 4, 71–72, 98
Baby, We Were Meant for Each Other, 75
Baby Scoop Era, 89, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102, 111, 116, 122, 267
Baby Scoop Era Research Initiative, 90, 92
Bain & Company, 230
Bannis, Pius, 20
Bartholet, Elizabeth, 218–219, 220, 226, 233
Bates, Lisa, 203
Beautiful Forgiveness (talk show), 281
Beck, Glenn, 52
Bednarz, Suz, 94
Beltran, Mario, 124
Benz, Larissa, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 39
Bergeron, Jon, 199
Bethany Christian Services, 2, 56, 62, 65, 103–104, 112, 112n, 118–119, 154, 246
Bethzatha Children’s Home Association, 159
Better Business Bureau of Western North Carolina, 140–141
Better Care Network, 235
Better Future Adoption Services (BFAS), 163–165
BFAS. See Better Future Adoption Services
Bible, 9, 36, 39, 41, 42, 59, 61, 78, 98, 99, 107, 126, 237
Biehl, Megan, 253–254
Big World Ventures, 213
Birth control. See Contraception
Birth Moms (TV show), 99
Birthfathers, 123–125
“Birthmother, Good Mother: Her Story of Heroic Redemption” (Kenny), 115, 116
Birthmother Friends, 109
Christian adoption movement and, 99–100
crisis pregnancy centers and, 101
rights of, 121
state adoption law and, 121
treatment of, 99–100
Birthmothers (organization), 108–110
Bissell, Susan, 11, 63, 152, 220, 233
Blacquiere, Bill, 56
Bloggers for Orphans, 222
Boas, Richard, 284
Bonnor, Baryee, 209–210
Bosnia, 259
Boston Globe, 122
Both Ends Burning, 229, 231, 234
Both Ends Burning (Juntunen), 230
Bowers, Stephne, 146–147, 147–150
Bradshaw, Katie and Calvin, 130–131, 137–146, 171–173
Brandeis University, 132
BRESMA orphanage, 19
Bridges of Faith, 24, 25, 29–34
BridgeStone retreat center, 25–29, 29–34
Bring Love In, 236
Bring My Sons from Afar (Holt), 48
Brokers, 133, 134, 152, 177, 191, 218
Brown, Kim, 233
Brownback, Sam, 17
Bush, George H. W., 18
Butler, Jeff and Chris, 79–84, 86, 87, 88, 126, 127
California, 101
The Call, 57
Campbell, Colin, 176, 183, 184–187, 188, 191, 206
Campbell, Nancy, 176–179, 180, 182, 184–187, 188, 191, 193, 206, 210
Campus Crusade For Christ, 39, 56
Cannon-Winkelman, Heather, 202, 209
CAP. See Center for American Progress
Carr, Johnny, 61–62
Carroll, Dan, 154
Carter-Shotts, Cheryl, 180, 199, 210
CAS. See Children’s Aid Society
Casey, Dennis, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 126–127
Casey, Joy, 126–127
Castillo, Carlos, 16
Castro, Fidel, 4
Catholicism, Catholics, 70
Catholics, 46–47
CCAI. See Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute
CCC. See Children’s Cross Connection
The Celebration Family (Nason), 197
Center for Adoption Policy, 231
Center for American Progress (CAP), 111, 120
CenterPoint, 31
Central Valley Baptist Church, 7, 24
Chad, 22
Chances for Children, 230
Chapman, Steven Curtis, 43, 69, 222
Charities and Societies Agency (Ethiopia), 152, 167
A Cherished Child, 123
Chesnel, Regilus, 12
Child abuse, 106, 181–187, 198–203
Child harvesting, 130, 146, 149
Child prostitution, 23
Child slavery, 9
Child soldiers, 40
Child sponsorship, 14, 43, 61, 138, 202, 237
Child trafficking, 6, 169, 216, 222, 236, 262, 263
Silsby, Laura and, 15–16
Child Welfare League of America, 47, 50
Children. See Adoptive children
Children Concerned, 177
Children of the Promise orphanage, 24
Children’s Aid Society (CAS), 45, 46
Children’s Carousel, 231
Children’s Cross Connection (CCC), 130, 144, 146, 147, 148–150
Children’s HopeChest, 252
China, 63, 97, 132, 134, 135, 137, 197, 216–217, 239
Chislova, Katya, 31
Chizik, Gene, 30
Choi, Hyoung-Suk, 267–269, 270, 272–273, 284–288
Choi, Young-Hee, 287
Christian Action Council, 114
Christian adoption movement, 58, 61, 67, 99
adoption, language of and, 97
adoption, purpose of and, 59
adoption agencies and, 56
adoption culture and, 67
adoption legislation and, 222
adoption rates, decline in and, 216, 228
adoption reform and, 235–238
birthmothers and, 99–100
Christian Alliance for Orphans Summit (2012) and, 39–44
corruption and, 237–238
critique of, 71–72
fatherhood and, 58
influence of, 56
language of, 75–76
maternity homes and, 76–91
Mosley, Reanne, story of and, 76–91
orphan crisis and, 61–67, 152, 247
pipeline adoption cases and, 216
predestination and, 97
racism and, 70–71
salvation and, 39, 44–45, 57, 59, 61, 99
starfish story and, 10n
suffering and, 97–98
theology of, 42, 57–59, 59–60, 97–99
transracial adoptions and, 68–69
Young, Sandy, story of and, 90–91, 93–94, 100
Christian Alliance for Orphans, 17, 54, 55, 56, 61, 65, 69, 97, 222
Christian Alliance for Orphans Summit (2010), 18, 43, 58, 69, 107–108, 174, 224, 227
Christian Alliance for Orphans Summit (2012), 210, 238, 247, 248, 261
Christian orphan-care movement, 39–40, 64
Christian World Adoption (CWA), 129–131, 137–145, 148–150, 154, 168
Christianity, 42, 52, 53, 244, 248
Christianity Today, 17, 58, 59, 99
Christ’s Church, Rwanda, 241, 242–243, 264
Chu, Tammy, 280–281
Civil rights, 70–71
Civil War, US, 70
Clinton, Hillary, 231
Coast Guard, US, 3
Coercion, 80–81
Colorado Department of Human Services, 238
Color-blindness, 73
Congregationalists, 45–46
Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute (CCAI), 20, 216, 222, 233, 234n, 242
Congressional Quarterly, 21
Conservatism, conservatives, 21, 56, 72, 121, 187, 235
Contraception, 104, 105, 176, 178, 234, 285
Conversion, 47, 52, 53, 59, 236, 244, 248
Cooper, Anderson, 95
Cooper, Marc, 106
Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, 235
Corruption
adoption demand and, 227
adoption rates, decline in and, 219, 227–228
Christian adoption movement and, 237–238
in Guatemala, 133–134, 156, 215
in Haiti, 11
international adoption and, 132–134
in Liberia, 180
Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, 61
Counseling, 46, 102, 104, 105, 110, 112–113, 114, 116–117, 118, 269
CPCs. See Crisis pregnancy centers
Created for God’s Glory (Holt), 48
Crisis Pregnancy Center Watch, 105
Crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs), 79, 100–117, 118
birthmothers and, 101
counseling and, 102, 110, 112–113
Jordan, Carol, story of and, 103–104
relinquishment rates and, 114–117
tactics of, 104–107
Cruver, Dan, 8–9, 43, 55, 58, 59, 67, 229, 237
Cuba, 4
Culture, 42
CWA. See Christian World Adoption
D’Adesky, Anne-Christine, 15
Dandelions: Adoptees’ Families of Origin, 281, 283, 287
The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them (Brace), 45, 46
Daniel Hoover Children’s Village orphanage, 175, 177, 181, 188, 190, 202, 205
Davenport, Dawn, 277
David, Caleb and Becca, 213–215, 235–236
Davis, Tom, 55
Day, Nate, 172–174
Dayton Daily News, 219
Déby, Idriss, 22
Decisions, Choices & Options, 107
Deinstitutionalization, 169, 209, 242, 243
Democratic Party, Democrats, 21, 57, 221
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 171, 210
Depression, 81–82, 90, 93, 105, 110
Deseret News, 124
Developing nations, 5, 43, 76, 132
DiFilipo, Tom, 17, 55, 218, 222, 223–224, 225, 226, 227
Discipleship Training School (YWAM), 83–84
Discipline, 183–184
Discover the Journey, 9–10
Discrimination, 44, 217–218n, 273, 277
Disruption, 197, 197n, 199, 200–203, 210
Doctors Without Borders, 19
Dohle, Arun, 158–159
Do-Hyun, Kim, 281
Domestic adoption, 111, 218, 235
cost of, 132
open adoption and, 117
predestination and, 76
promotion of, 43
UNICEF and, 11
United States and, 131
Domestic violence, 111
Dominican Republic, 6, 8, 10, 12–13, 15
Down’s syndrome, 217n
DRC. See Democratic Republic of Congo
DREAM Act, 21
Dubinsky, Karen, 4, 22, 71–72, 98, 134
Duggar family, 189
Easter House adoption agency, 94
Eastern Europe, 59
Eastside Baptist, Twin Falls, Idaho, 7, 8, 23
Economist, 249
Edmonds, Dale, 261–262
Education, 53
adoption and, 116, 133, 139, 179
Liberia and, 182
in orphanages, 175
El Salvador, 23
Embracing Hope Ethiopia, 236
Empty Strollers March (2011), 231, 233
Ephesians, 110
Ephrem, Abiy, 168–169
Epidemic disease, 12
Epperly, Pam, 206
abandonment and, 163–165
adoption advocates and, 134, 160
adoption agencies and, 130, 136, 142, 150–151, 215, 245–246
adoption legislation and, 142
adoption process in, 152, 214–215, 242
adoption rates in, 134
adoption reform and, 167–171, 172–173, 245–246
adoption searchers in, 156–163, 165, 170
age discrepancies and, 131, 141, 143, 157, 159
child harvesting in, 130, 146, 149
child trafficking in, 165, 169
colorism and, 136–137
corruption in, 135–136
infant mortality in, 147
kidnapping and, 171
legal system in, 136
Lemma girls, story of and, 130–131, 137–146, 171–174
Ministry of Women, Children, And Youth Affairs (MOWA) in, 152, 168, 169, 214
naming of children and, 130, 131
orphan crisis and, 170
orphan crisis in, 213
orphan status and, 154
orphanages in, 135, 146, 148, 153, 155, 163, 169
pipeline adoption cases and, 213–215, 235–236, 245–246
poverty in, 155–156
reunification and, 169
The Ethiopia Aid Mission Network (TEAM), 235
Ethnic cleansing, 46
Evangelism, Evangelicals. See Christian adoption movement
Faasse, Kris, 119
Facilitators, 177, 178, 180, 199, 241, 257
Faith manipulation, 139
Faith-based initiative programs, 44
Falco, Edie, 95
Fall of Saigon, 4
Falwell, Jerry, 73
Families for Orphans Act (FFOA), 225–227
Families for Orphans Coalition, 225, 226
Family
Haiti and, 5
lack of support of, 77, 82, 85, 90, 101, 267
Family Research Council (FRC), 57, 114–115, 219
Fetrow, Karen, 117–119
FFOA. See Families for Orphans Act
Fields of the Fatherless (Davis), 55
Filipinos, 72
Finally Home Foundation, 43
Finding Fernanda: Two Mothers, One Child, and a Cross-Border Search for Truth (Siegal), 134
First Instance Court, Ethiopia, 163
Florence Crittenton maternity home, Silver Spring, Md., 90
Florida, 3
Fly Away Children, 129–130, 141, 142
Focus on the Family, 53, 54, 56, 57, 73
For His Glory Adoption Outreach, 9, 17, 28
Ford, Gerald, 18
Fortenberry, Jeff, 21
Foster care, 18, 54, 64, 189, 200, 203, 209, 217, 241, 244–245, 271
Fox News, 52
Francis, St., 59
Fraud, 64, 83, 85, 98, 124, 142, 152, 168, 171–173, 180, 215, 219, 238, 276, 287, 289
FRC. See Family Research Council
Freedom Federation Summit, 73
Friess, Foster, 234
“Fruits of Ethiopia, Intercountry Adoption: The Rights of the Child, or the ‘Harvesting’ of Children?,” 158
Fuller, Mark, 30
Gallion, Mari, 107
Gardner, Michelle, 55, 129, 130, 137–138, 139, 141, 142–143, 146, 149
Gathering of the First Generation of Adult Korean Adoptees, 280
Gelgela Integrated Orphans and Destitute Family Support Association, 159, 170
The Girls Who Went Away: The Hidden History of Women Who Surrendered Children for Adoption in the Decades Before Roe v. Wade (Fessler), 89
Gladney Center for Adoption, 101, 246
Global Orphan Care Initiative, 42
Global Overseas Adoptees’ Link (G.O.A.’L), 281
The Globe and Mail, 220
God, 8, 12, 15, 28, 35, 54, 59, 71, 74, 83, 85, 95, 122, 129, 177, 192, 194
image of, 58
love of, 61
purpose of, 36
single motherhood and, 102, 107
universal fatherhood of, 58
God’s Littlest Angels orphanage, 11, 15
Good News Club, 48
Gospel, 244
Grace Church, Eden Prairie, Minn., 107
Graham, Carl, 185–187
Great Commission mandate, 9, 39, 59, 61
Greene, Melissa Fay, 136
Gregory, Ann, 124
Gremillion, Pam, 180
Grothman, Glenn, 106
Guardian, 12
adoption agencies and, 135
corruption in, 133–134, 156, 215, 216
Guttmacher Institute, 116–117
Gutwein, Fritz, 23
Habumuremyi, Pierre Damien, 260
Hague Adoption Convention, 11, 20, 135, 142, 218, 219, 220, 221–222, 231, 242, 254, 255
Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, 134
Haiti
adoption advocates and, 9–10, 11, 19
adoption legislation and, 16
adoption process in, 1–2, 10, 13–15, 18–21
Benz, Tom and, 24–29, 29–35, 39
BridgeStone retreat center and, 25–29, 29–35
corruption in, 11
earthquake (2010) in, 1–3
family structures in, 5
humanitarian parole policy in, 10, 18–21, 24
missionary work in, 7–8, 12–13
racial issues and, 5
reuniting children with their
Silsby, Laura and, 21–24, 27, 34, 35, 36, 39
Silsby, Laura in, 6–8, 10, 12–13, 15–16
Haiti OrphansNoMore, 25
Haiti Sharing Jesus Ministries, 12
Haiti Vox Bulletin, 15
Haitian Orphan Rescue Mission, 8
Harbor House, 102
Harding, Robert, 146
Harding, Tomilee, 142, 146, 147
Hasenbalg, Scott, 222
Hatlevig, Mary, 174
Hawkins, Matthew, 163–165, 166
Hayes, Peggie, 122
Health and Human Services Department, 111, 116
Heart for the Fatherless Ministry, 76
Heartbeat International, 100, 101
Heiman, Marcel, 92
Heinlein, Peter, 152
Helms, Jesse, 221
Help HAITI Act, 21
Hepatitis C, 108
Heritage Foundation, 114
Hickman County DCS, 186, 187, 188, 206
Highview Baptist, Louisville, 42–43
His Chase Foundation, 262
H.I.S. Home for Children, 5, 15, 17
His House orphanage, 9
HIV, 53, 108, 135, 139, 141, 158, 159, 160, 217n, 243, 255
Holt, Harry and Bertha, 47–52, 273, 280
Holt, Molly, 277
Holt International Children’s Services, 51, 180, 233, 280
Home of Hope orphanage, 250
Home studies, 50, 177, 197, 199, 202, 214
Homeland Security Department, US, 2, 10
Homeschooling, homeschoolers, 42, 126, 176, 182, 183, 192
Homophobia, 54
Hoogeveen, Niels, 54, 136, 221, 226, 228
HOPE Act, 20
Hope and Homes for Children, 259, 260
Hope for Orphans, 56, 199, 222, 246, 277
Hopegivers International, 61
HopeHouse International, 66
House of Representatives, US, 288
“How Big Is God?” crusade, 180, 191, 208
“How to Start and Operate Your Own ProLife Outreach Crisis Pregnancy Center” (Pearson), 104
Hübinette, Tobias, 49, 51, 274
Huelskamp, Tim, 112n
Huffington Post, 20
Human Sciences Research Council, 7n, 256
Humanitarian parole policy, 10, 18–21, 24
Hunter, Joel, 57
Hurricane Irene, 231
Hutson, Matthew, 75
ICPC. See Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children
Illinois, 93
I’m Having Their Baby (TV show), 119
Imperialism, Western, 21–22
Indentured servitude, 46
Indian Adoption Project, 47, 50
Indian Child Welfare Act, 47
Indiana, 18
Indonesia, 22
Infant Adoption Awareness Training Program, 116, 265
Institute of Child Development (TCU), 43
Intercountry adoption. See International adoption
Intercountry Adoption Act (2000), 221–222
International adoption
adoptee criticism of, 279–284
adoption rates, decline in and, 218–220
attraction of, 131–132
conflicts surrounding, 5–6, 22
Ethiopia and, 129–174
evangelism and, 47–52
Haiti and, 1–37
Liberia and, 175–211
orphan crisis and, 62–67
orphanages and, 14
predestination and, 76
scandals and, 41
South Korea and, 273–279
UNICEF and, 11
United States and, 131
International Adoption Guides, 192n
International Bible Society, 25
International Red Cross, 19
International Social Services, 20, 273
Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC), 122
Ireland, 89
Iron Curtain, 59
Jacobs, Mark and Chelsea, 262
Jacobs, Susan, 168, 231–232, 238–239
Jamaica, 45–46
James, 25, 41, 44, 57, 98, 99, 237
JCICS. See Joint Council on International Children’s Services
Jenkins, Dave and Jana, 241–246, 258, 262–266
Jenkins, Larry, 123
Jesus, 25, 30, 54, 57, 59, 61, 78, 179, 180
Johnson, Chuck, 218, 219, 224, 225, 226, 227, 246, 247
Johnson, Kay, 216–217
Joint Council on International Children’s Services (JCICS), 17, 55, 142, 173, 217n, 218, 222–223, 234n, 246
Jolie, Angelina, 136
Jones, Emmanuel, 200
Joseph, Raymond, 3
Joseph of Nazareth, 54
Journal of Christian Legal Thought, 237
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological and Neonatal Nursing, 93
Joyner, Chuck, 193
Jukanovich, Jennifer, 252
Juntunen, Craig, 229–234
Kagame, Jeannette, 250
Kale Hiwot (Word of Life Church), 144
Kenny, Gale, 45–46
Guatemala and, 134
Kim, JaeRan, 280
Kinfu, Fanuel, 165–167
Kingdom Kids Adoption Ministries, 129, 137, 138
Kisses from Katie: A Story of Relentless Love and Redemption (Davis), 67–68
Klobuchar, Amy, 17–18
Knowing God (Packer), 244
KOB Eyewitness News, 123
Kolini, Emanuel, 248
Korea, 47–48. See South Korea
Korean Unwed Mothers’ Family Association (KUMFA), 285–288
Korean Unwed Mothers’ Support Network (KUMSN), 284, 285–286, 287
Korean War, 47
Krabacher, Susie, 14–15
KUMFA. See Korean Unwed Mothers’ Family Association
KUMSN. See Korean Unwed Mothers’ Support Network
Kuwait, 279
Kwon Dobbs, Jennifer, 278, 279–280
Kyrgyzstan, 215–216
Land of Gazillion Adoptees, 280
Landrieu, Mary, 11, 137, 216, 220, 221, 222, 225, 231, 234
Language
of adoption, 96–98
of Christian adoption movement, 75–76
Last Harvest Ministries, 102
Latifah, Queen, 2
Lebanese Americans, 211
Legal representation. See Adoption lawyers
Legislation. See Adoption legislation
Lemma, Aynelum, 143–146
Lemma, Maree (Tseganesh), 130–131, 174
Lemma, Meya (Yemisrach), 130–131, 140, 174
Lemma, Tarikuwa, 130–131, 137–146, 141, 171–174
Lemma Debissa, 130–131, 139, 142, 144–145
Leslie, Tim, 43–44
Above Rubies magazine and, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
adoptees, abuse of and, 181–193, 198–203
adoption agencies and, 180
adoption process in, 179
adoption rates in, 178
adoption reform in, 209–211
age discrepancies and, 175n, 181, 181n
Allisons, story of and, 178–179, 181–191, 203–205, 205–207
child trafficking in, 180, 207–208
civil war in, 175, 177, 179, 199, 202
corruption in, 180
education in, 182
infant mortality in, 177
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare in, 179, 196, 207
missionary work in, 177
orphanages in, 175, 177, 179, 181, 190, 209
pipeline adoption cases in, 211
postwar government in, 179
repatriation of adoptees and, 189–191
sexual abuse and, 184, 193–194
Liberian A Capella Boys Choir, 178
Liberty University, Va., 57, 73
Life magazine, 49
Lighthouse orphanage, 9
Little, Cindy, 110
Loritts, Crawford, 39
Los Angeles Times, 49, 54, 195
Luks, JoAnna, 153
Luter, Fred, Jr., 70
Luwis, Brian, 97, 135–136, 223, 224, 225, 228
Luyken, Maria, 180
Lyslo, Arnold, 50
Madoff, Bernie, 220
Magdalene Laundry asylums, 89
Mahaney, C. J., 58
Maison des Enfants de Dieu orphanage, 5, 28
Malaria, 190
Malnourishment, 184
Manzanares, Robert, 123–124
Marks-Hasenbalg, Kerry, 222
Marriott, Robin, 113
Masha’s law, 221
Maternity homes, 76–91, 267–268
adoption demand and, 91–93
childbirth experience and, 80–81, 91
history of, 91–92
legal representation and, 79, 85
Mosley, Reanne, story of and, 76–88, 126
in South Korea, 268–269, 271, 285
Young, Sandy, story of and, 90–91, 93–94, 100, 9091
Mathewes-Green, Frederica, 114
Matthew, Gospel of, 25, 39, 44
MayWeAdopt.com, 102
McBride, Becca, 68–69
McMahon, Michael, 101
McMutrie, Jamie and Ali, 19
Medefind, Jedd, 17, 18, 43–44, 52, 55, 59, 61, 65, 67, 155, 228, 234, 235, 237
Mercer, Jean, 196
Mercy and Sharing orphanage, 14
Methodists, 42
Michael, Angela, 113–114
Mickelson, George, 106
Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, 270
Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF), 238, 243, 244, 246, 251, 253–254, 258–260
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 179, 196, 207
Ministry of Women, Children, And Youth Affairs (MOWA), 152, 168, 169, 214
Mintz, Steve and Carolyn, 123
Miss Mamma Mia forum, 284, 285 See Korean Unwed Mothers’ Family Association
“The Missing Piece: Adoption Counseling in Pregnancy Resource Centers” (Young), 114–115
Missionaries of Charity, 250
Missionary work
adoption and, 210
in Ethiopia, 213
in Jamaica, 45–46
in Liberia, 177
voluntourism and, 7
Modernists, 52
Mohler, Albert, 17
Moise, Maggie, 12
Moody, Anne, 113
Moore, Russell, 16–17, 43, 52–53, 54, 57, 58, 59–60, 69, 70, 72, 73, 210, 216
Moria, Ellene, 134
Mormon Church, 121–122
Mormon LDS Family Services, 121–124
Moses, 78
MOWA. See Ministry of Women, Children, And Youth Affairs
MTV, 100
Mujawamariya, Jeanne d’Arc, 254
Munyentwari, Alfred, 251–252
Musick, Debi, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 126
Musick, Miles, 78, 82, 83, 126
Myhill, Paul, 64
NACAC. See North American Council on Adoptable Children
Napolitano, Janet, 3–4
NARAL, 105
Nason, Dennis and Diane, 197–198
National Abortion Federation, 100
National Center for Health Statistics, 111
National Commission for Children (NCC), 261, 262, 263
National Committee for Adoption, 131
See also National Council for Adoption (NCFA)
National Conference on Social Welfare (1960), 92
National Council for Adoption (NCFA), 19, 108, 115, 116, 121, 131, 218, 219, 223, 227, 228, 246
National Organization for Women, 100
Nationalism, 142
NCC. See National Commission for Children
NCFA. See National Council for Adoption
Nelson, Carol, 140
Nelson, Mike and Mary, 171–173
Nepal, 216
Netherlands, 159
New Beginnings Home, 76–88, 126
New Destiny, 209
New England Journal of Medicine, 13
New Hope Maternity Home, Kanab, Utah, 101
New Jersey, 45
New Life Adoption Foundation, 8
New Life Children’s Refuge, 6, 7, 8, 22
New Mexico, 141
New York Foundling Hospital, 45
Newsboys, 176
Newsweek, 220
Ngabonziza, Damien, 251, 254–255, 260
NGOs. See Non-government organizations
No Greater Joy ministry, 193
Noel Orphanage, Rwanda, 258–260
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 20, 152, 230, 256, 262
Norman, Amy, 7n
North America, 5
North American Council on Adoptable Children (NACAC), 96
Nzabamwita, Nyanja, 263–264
O magazine, 178
O Solo Mama, 97
O’Brien, Soledad, 3, 9–10, 10n
O’Donnell, Rosie, 95
“Of Orphans and Adoption, Parents and the Poor, Exploitation and Revenue: A Scriptural and Theological Critique of the Evangelical Christian Adoption and Orphan Care Movement” (Smolin), 98
Office for Orphan Policy, Diplomacy and Development (State Department), 225
Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, 44, 55
Older children, 33, 64, 137, 138
“On Adoption and Orphan Care,” 55–56
One Child Campaign, 213–214, 215
Open adoption, 80, 85, 86, 88, 117–121, 131, 268
Open Adoptions & Family Services, 65, 120
Operation Babylift, 4
Operation Pedro (Peter) Pan, 4
Operation Pierre Pan, 4
Operation Rescue, 113
Operation Save America, 113
Operation Vigilant Sentry, 3
OprhansNoMore Project, 28
Original sin, 193
Origins-USA, 93
Orphan, Kristin, 43
Orphan care, 43, 57–58, 224, 234, 257
Orphan crisis, 42, 44, 70–71, 132, 152, 235, 256, 257, 278
Christian adoption movement and, 61–67, 247
Ethiopia and, 155, 170, 213–214
Orphan train movement, 45–46, 47
Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed (O’Connor), 45
Orphanages
in China, 216
education in, 175
in Ethiopia, 135, 146, 148, 153, 155, 169
in Liberia, 175, 177, 179, 181, 190, 209
in Rwanda, 242, 243, 251, 258–260
sexual abuse in, 153, 175, 184, 190, 193–194
in South Korea, 274
Ukrainian, 25–26
Orphan-care movement, 16–17
Orphanology (Merida and Morton), 55, 71, 73
Orphans
American perception and policy about, 132
artificial creation of, 76
biblical definition of, 107
definition of, 168
double, 62–63
existing family ties of, 6
manufacturing of, 157
single, 62
war, 47–52
Orphan’s Ransom, 42
Orphan’s Table, 55
Orthodoxy, 52
Orthopraxy, 52
Our Little Tongginator, 98
Overseas adoption. See International adoption
Packer, J. I., 244
Pandemics, 53
Parental rights, 123–126, 133, 174
Parents for Ethical Adoption Reform (PEAR), 21, 63, 171, 225, 234n
Paternalism, 92
Paternity, 123
Patriarchy, 270
Paul, Apostle, 23
P.E.A.C.E. Plan (Saddleback Church), 53, 246, 247, 248, 255, 256
PEAR. See Parents for Ethical Adoption Reform
Pearl, Michael, 192, 193–194, 195, 198–199
Pearson, Robert, 104–105
Pegis, Jessica, 97
Pennsylvania, 101
Pentecostals, 107
People magazine, 217n
PEPFAR. See President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
Petree, HollyAnn, 208
Philanthropy, 46
Philippians, 23
Physical abuse. See Child abuse
Piah, Jerolinmek, 208
Pickett, Richard and Malinda, 16
Pipeline adoption cases, 234
adoption reform and, 216–217
Christian adoption movement and, 216
Policy. See Adoption legislation
Pollock, Gina, 171
Polreis, Renee, 196
Positive adoption language, 96, 99
Positive Alternatives Act (2005), 101
Posner, Sarah, 57
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 91, 93, 194, 199, 202, 204
Pound Puppy Legacy website, 54, 136, 221, 223
Poverty, 5, 6, 13–14, 45, 53, 75, 138, 147, 155–156, 209, 243
Premarital sex, 111, 270, 275, 284
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), 54
Préval, René, 18
Primm Springs, Tenn., 176, 183, 186, 191
Principle of subsidiarity, 11
Pro-Choice Virginia Foundation, 105
“Pro-Life Dilemma: Pregnancy Centers and the Welfare Trap” (Mathewes-Green), 114
Protestants, 46–47
Psalms, 44
PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder
Puello, Jorge, 23
The Purpose Driven Life (Warren), 40, 53, 246
Purvis, Karyn, 43
Queen Latifah, 2
Racialicious (website), 5
Racism, 5, 70–71, 75, 233, 280
RAD. See Reactive Attachment Disorder
Rainbow congregations, 42–43
Ranch for Kids Project, 196–197
Rangira, Vianney, 260
Rape, 191
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), 195–196
Reclaiming Adoption (Cruver), 55, 58, 59, 229
Redeeming Orphans, 42
Reform Adoption Bill (Liberia), 210
Regent Journal of International Law, 98
Reitz, Whitney, 20
Religious discrimination, 44
Religious relief organizations, 4
Rendell, Edward, 19–20
Repatriation, 18, 189–191, 201, 217, 287
Republican Party, Republicans, 221
Resilience (documentary), 280
Respite care, 196–197, 198, 217
Restaveks, 9, 9n Rhatigan, Chris, 20
Richter, Linda, 7n
Rights
birthfather, 123–126
of birthmothers, 121
civil, 70–71
gay, 53–54
Rightwing News, 21
Ripley, Merrily, 73
Riverkids Foundation, 262
The Road to Evergreen: Adoption, Attachment Therapy, and the Promise of Family (Stryker), 195, 217n
Robinson, Evelyn, 284
ROC. See Rwanda Outreach and Community Partners
Rollins, Lisa Marie, 72
Rothschild, Matthew, 52
Russia, 59, 132, 135, 137, 146, 196, 197, 200, 217–218
adoption agencies and, 241, 254
adoption process in, 249–251, 253–255
Christian adoption movement and, 242, 255–257
churches, partnership with in, 246–248
closing of adoption program in, 241–242
deinstitutionalization in, 242, 243
domestic adoption in, 260–262, 265–266
family preservation and, 251
genocide in, 243, 244, 246, 248, 251
international adoption and, 242, 250–253
Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF) in, 238, 243, 244, 246, 251, 253–254, 258–260
orphanages in, 242, 243, 251, 258–260
pipeline adoption cases and, 250, 263–264
Rwanda Outreach and Community Partners (ROC), 241
Saddleback Church, Lake Forest, Cali., 39, 53, 54–55, 56, 174, 224, 246, 247, 255, 256, 260
Safe Families for Children, 18
Saigon, Fall of, 4
Sainvil, Jean, 12
Salt Lake Tribune, 123
Salvation, 10, 44–45, 57, 59, 61, 99
Salvation Army, 91
Sanctity of Life, 109
Sanders, Fred, 58
Santorum, Rick, 234
Sapphire, 183
Save the Children, 10, 18, 62, 208, 235
SBC. See Southern Baptist Convention
Schatz, Elizabeth, 192, 194, 199, 208
Schatz, Kevin, 192, 195, 199, 208
Lydia Schatz, 192, 194, 199, 208
Schmitz, Debra and Tom, 198
Schuff, Karin, 170
Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism, 65, 132
The Seed from the East (Holt), 48, 50
Sendek (newspaper), 165–167
The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking: How Irrational Beliefs Keep Us Happy, Healthy, and Sane (Hutson), 75
Severe Abuse of Adopted Children Committee, 192n
Sexual abuse, 153, 175, 184, 189, 190, 193–194
Shepard, Joe, 197
Show Hope, 222
Siegal, Erin, 134
Sierra Leone, 200
Silsby, Laura, 6–8, 10, 12–13, 15–16, 21–24, 27, 34, 35, 36, 39, 227
Simon, Stephanie, 54
Sin, 193
Single motherhood
acceptance of, 100
child abuse and, 106
maternity homes and, 76–91
public attitudes towards, 119
in South Korea, 267–272, 273–274, 278–279, 280–284, 284–288
stigma of, 88, 268, 274, 278–279, 287–288
SinglePregnancy.com, 107
The Single Woman’s Guide to a Happy Pregnancy (Gallion), 107
Sis Sherena, 187–188
16 and Pregnant (TV show), 100
60 Minutes, 198
Slavery, child, 9
Small Town, Big Miracle: How Love Came to the Least of These (Martin), 55, 73
Smith Rotabi, Karen, 135, 156, 161
Smolin, David, 64–65, 98–99, 173, 236–238, 238–239, 256
Smolin, Desiree, 98, 173, 238–239
SNNPR. See Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region
Social workers, 71, 72, 86, 92, 125, 141, 149, 154, 159, 160, 188, 286
Soll, Joe, 93
Solomon, 98
SOS Children’s Villages International, 13
SOS Children’s Villages-Rwanda, 251
South Asian tsunami (2004), 1, 22, 220
South Dakota, 105
South Korea, 132
adoptee activism in, 279–284
adoption advocates in, 288
adoption agencies in, 268, 269, 271, 272–273
adoption legislation in, 275–277
Choi, Hyoung-Suk, story of and, 267–269, 270, 272–273, 284–288
domestic adoption in, 270, 275–277
international adoption and, 273–279
maternity homes in, 268–269, 271, 285
Ministry for Health, Welfare and
Family Affairs in, 270
naming conventions in, 270–271
orphanages in, 274
reclaiming children in, 272–273
secret adoption in, 268–269
single motherhood in, 267–272, 273–274, 278–279, 280–284, 284–288
Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), 7, 16, 42, 56, 57, 58, 59, 70, 71, 73, 113, 235
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 42, 210
Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region (SNNPR), 130, 143, 148, 169
Special-needs children, 64, 171, 216, 217n
The Spirit of Adoption (Bohlender), 55
Sponsorship, 14, 43, 61, 138, 202, 237
Ssempa, Martin, 54
State Department, US, 2, 10, 19, 27, 28, 153–154, 167–168, 178, 200, 216, 219, 222, 225, 228, 232, 238
Stinson, Randy, 61
Stoker, Kim, 281
Stolen Generations, 95
Strottman, Kathleen, 20, 222, 224
Stryker, Rachael, 195–196, 198, 217n Stuck (documentary), 229, 231, 233–234
Studdert, Stephen, 18
Styffe, Elizabeth, 42, 247, 248, 255–257, 260
Swanson, Jo Anne, 121
Taiwan, 137
TCU. See Texas Christian University
TEAM. See The Ethiopia Aid Mission Network
Teen Mom (TV show), 100
Texas Christian University (TCU), 43
Thanksgiving Baby Lift, 49
“That We Might Be Adopted” (blog), 126
Theology, 55, 57–59, 59–60, 97–99
There Is No Me Without You: One Woman’s Odyssey to Rescue Africa’s Children (Greene), 136
Thermilus, Frantz, 13
This Means War: Equipping Christian Families for Fostercare or Adoption (Ellicott), 55, 61
Thomas, Anita, 141
Thompson, Kate, 188–190, 203–205, 206
Thompson, Roger, 188, 203–205, 206
Tigabu, Abebe, 165–167
Time magazine, 23
Times of London, 10
TLC, 99
To Train Up A Child (Pearl), 192–193, 198–199
Today Show, 2
Together for Adoption, 8, 43, 66, 229
Torres, Jorge, 23
TRACK. See Truth and Reconciliation for the Adoption Community of Korea
Trafficking. See Child trafficking
Trenka, Jane Jeong, 276–277n, 278–279, 280–284, 286–287, 288, 290
Truth and Reconciliation for the Adoption Community of Korea (TRACK), 279, 281, 285, 286–287
Twagira, Augustine, 258–260, 261
Twietmeyer, Kiel and Carolyn, 217–218n
Tyler, Penny and Ardee, 191–192
Uganda, 40, 67, 171, 242, 244, 265
UN. See United Nations
UNICEF. See United Nations Children’s Fund
United Arab Emirates, 279
United Kingdom, 94–95
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 4, 63, 232, 235, 256
adoption advocates and, 56
adoption rates, decline in and, 218, 219–220
Christian adoption movement and, 56
Ethiopian adoption and, 152, 169
Haitian adoption and, 10–11, 13, 15, 18, 23
international adoption and, 11
Liberian adoption and, 180
United Nations (UN), 4, 53, 62, 230
United States
adoption demand in, 64
adoption industry in, 65
adoption legislation in, 17–18, 21
domestic adoption in, 131
international adoption and, 131
open adoption in, 131
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 62, 169, 224, 235
Unmarried Mothers (Vincent), 92
Unruh, Leslie, 105
Unwed motherhood. See Single motherhood
US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), 3, 20, 168, 234n
USA Today, 197
USAID. See United States Agency for International Development
USCIS. See US Citizenship and Immigration Services
Utah Birthfather Registry, 124
Values Voters Summit, 112n
Veazie, Pam, 234n
Veleff-Day, Lisa, 172–174
Vietnam War, 4
Village Voice, 106
Vincent, Clark E., 92–93
Vision Forum Ministries, 11
Voice of America, 152
Vollmers, Kevin, 280
WACSN. See West African Children’s Support Network
Wage homes, 90
Wall Street Journal, 5, 12, 16, 57
Wallace, George, 73
War orphans, 47–52
Warren, Kay, 42, 53–54, 54–55, 69, 255–256
Warren, Rick, 40–42, 53–54, 59, 238, 239, 246, 247, 248–249, 256
Washington State Bar Association, 85
Washington Times, 111, 219, 233
Watkins, Christine, 124
Waxman, Henry, 105
Way Forward Project, 242
Webb, Doug, 152, 155, 168, 169, 170
Wereldkinderen Child Welfare Association, 158
Wesleyan Holiness Church, 6
West African Children’s Support Network (WACSN), 177, 179, 180, 191, 201, 202, 208, 209
Western imperialism, 21–22
Wilka, Tim, 105–106
Williams, Hana, 192
Wilson-Buterbaugh, Karen, 90, 92, 95–96, 100
Winfrey, Oprah, 178
Wodajo, Agitu, 163–165
A Woman’s Touch CPC, 112
World Economic Forum (2012), 279
World Orphans, 64
World War II, 273
WorldHelp, 22
Worldwide Orphans Foundation, 65
Wright, Tammy, 108
Wrongfully Detained (documentary), 229, 231
Yahoo, 177
Young, Curtis, 114–115
Young, Sandy, 90–91, 93–94, 100, 116
Youth With A Mission’s Adoption Ministry (YWAM), 77, 78, 83, 84, 126–127, 177
Your Choice Pregnancy Resource Center, 113
YWAM. See Youth With A Mission’s Adoption Ministry
Zaina, Nyiramatama, 265
Zambia, 55
Zimbabwe, 146
Zoe Foundation, 11
Zoe’s Ark, 22