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Abbott, Greg, 5–6
Ableman v. Booth, 95
abolition movement, 89–90, 93, 103
Ackerman, Bruce, 79
Adams, John, 32, 34, 209
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 148
administrative law, 211–214, 217–218. See also “executive-administrative state”
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare):
“Democratic Constitution” concept and, 22
events leading to, 1–14
individual insurance requirement, overview, 1–9
NFIB v. Sebelius and judicial restraint, 6, 7, 8, 9–18
State Sovereignty Federalism and, 201–202
Supreme Court case, 9–18
Thayerian deference and, 129
African Americans. See also Fourteenth Amendment; slavery; Thirteenth Amendment; individual names of Supreme Court cases
“Black Codes,” 101, 195
citizenship and Privileges and Immunities Clause, 99–101, 102
judicial skepticism and protection of minorities, 137–144
slavery and “popular sovereignty,” 81
suffrage, 97, 111
Wilson and segregation of federal offices, 136–137
Alien and Sedition Acts, 86–87
“amendments convention” proposal, 254–257
American Federation of Labor, 151
Anthony, Susan B., 148–149
Arena, 2, 10
Articles of Confederation, 26, 51, 52, 53, 171, 189, 209
Bailey v. Alabama, 139–140, 144
Bakeshop Act, 133–134, 137–138
Balkin, Jack, 7
Barnett, Randy E.:
Gonzales v. Raich and, 2–3, 8, 185–189
Restoring the Lost Constitution, 17–18, 78, 243
Senate Judiciary Committee testimony of, 7–8
The Structure of Liberty, 45–46
“Why the Personal Mandate to Buy Health Insurance Is Unprecedented and Unconstitutional,” 4–5 (see also Affordable Care Act [Obamacare])
Barron v. Baltimore, 69
Bates, Edward, 99–101, 102
Beckwith, James Roswell “J.R.,” 114–115
Beeman, Richard, 27
Berg, A. Scott, 145
Bernstein, David, 142
Bickel, Alexander, 21, 161
Bill of Federalism proposal, 254–257
Bingham, John, 106
Birney, James, 91–93, 95
Black, Hugo, 158
“Black Codes,” 101, 195
Bolick, Clint, 180
Booth, Sherman, 95
Bradley, Joseph, 79–80, 115, 146–147
Bradwell v. Illinois, 115–117, 138, 140, 141, 144, 146–147, 146–149, 148–149
Brandeis, Louis, 136, 144–153, 173–175
“Brandeis Briefs,” 144–149, 153
Brandwein, Pamela, 120
Breyer, Stephen, 187–188
Brown, Henry, 121, 128–129
Brown, Scott, 6
Brown v. Board of Education, 120, 160–163
Buchanan v. Warley, 140–144, 244
Bull Moose Party, 134
Burrus, Trevor, 6
Burton, Harold, 158
Bush, George W., 17, 198
Butte County (California) Sheriff’s Department, 185–189
Calabresi, Steve, 3
Calder v. Bull, 47–48, 73, 76, 93, 227–229
Caldwell, Christopher, 135
Cardozo, Benjamin, 152
Carolene Products, 154–158, 160, 198, 234–241, 243
Carvin, Michael, 8
Cass, Lewis, 96
Cato Institute, 3, 6
Center for Legal and Judicial Studies, 1
“Centralization and Socialism” (Fitzhugh), 89
“Champions of Self Restraint,” 158, 159
Chase, Salmon P., 91–98, 147, 193–194
Chase, Samuel, 47–48, 73, 76–77, 227–229
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 217–218
Chisholm, Alexander, 70–73, 76
Chisholm v. Georgia, 70–73, 76, 78–81, 171
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 102, 104–106, 141, 195–198
Civil Rights Act of 1870, 114, 141
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 117
Civil Rights Cases, 117–118, 121, 122
Civil War, slavery and, 98–101
“clear statement rule,” 77
Clement, Paul, 8, 187
Cleveland, Grover, 120
Clingman, Thomas, 110
Colfax massacre, 113–115, 117
Columbia Law Review, 150
Commerce Clause:
Gonzales v. Raich, 185–189
State Sovereignty Federalism and, 200
Committee of Detail, 70, 71
Committee of Five, 32
Compassionate Use Act (California), 185–189
Congregational Church (Durham, Connecticut), 36
Congressional Budget Office, 4
“consent of the governed,” 34–35, 41–44, 73–78
“constitutional abolitionism,” 93
Constitutional Convention (1787), 62
“constitutional republicanism” (“constitutional conservatism”), 251–254
Continental Congress (first), 39
Continental Congress (second), 31, 32
contract rights, civil rights and, 102
Controlled Substances Act (CSA), 2–3, 185–189
Coolidge, Calvin, 253–254
Cordray, Richard, 8
Corfield v. Coryell, 106–107
“counter-majoritarian difficulty,” 21
Croly, Herbert, 130
Cruikshank, William J. “Bill,” 113–115, 117
Day, William Rufus, 141
Declaration and Resolves (First Continental Congress), 39
Declaration of Independence, 31–51
“consent of the governed” concept, 34–35, 41–44, 73–78
Coolidge on, 253–254
drafting of, 32–34
“first come rights and then government” concept, 23, 28, 33, 41, 44
inalienable rights concept, 38, 42, 44
on “just powers,” 169–170, 172
natural law (“laws of nature”) concept, 36–41, 44–51
natural rights concept, 33–35, 44–51
“popular sovereignty” and, 63
Revolutionary War and, 31
U.S. Constitution framing and, 51
Declaration of Rights (Virginia), 33–34, 36–41, 42, 44–51, 52, 66–67
De l’Esprit des Loix (Montesquieu), 208
Dellinger, Walter, III, 8
democracy:
early views of, in U.S., 26–28
inception of, in ancient Greece, 55
republicanism compared to, 52–61
Democracy and Distrust (Ely), 157
“Democratic Constitution.” See also progressivism
defined, 18–26
presumption of constitutionality, 149–153
progressivism and majoritarian will, 126–129
progressivism and Theodore Roosevelt, 130–134
Democratic Party:
inception of (1820s), 81
Liberty Party and, 95
slavery and, 87–91
“double deference” problem, 128–129
Douglas, Stephen A., 96–98, 122
Douglas, William O., 158, 223, 241
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 41, 95, 99–100, 104–105
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 185–189
Due Process Clause, 222–245
Buchanan v. Warley, 140–144
of Fifth Amendment, 225–226
of Fourteenth Amendment, 225–226, 230–231 (see also Fourteenth Amendment)
Fundamental Rights Federalism and, 196–198
judicial engagement and, 225–233
judicial impartiality and, 224–225
O’Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 149–153, 236
progressivism and, 125, 131, 133
rationality/arbitrariness of statutes, 234–245
United States v. Carolene Products, 154–155, 198, 234–241, 243
Williamson v. Lee Optical, 155, 222–223, 234–243
Durbin, Richard, 7
Eleventh Amendment, 78–81
Ely, John Hart, 157, 161
Emancipation Proclamation, 99–101
Enumerated Powers Federalism, 189–195, 197–198, 199–200
Equal Protection Clause, 43–44, 78, 110–111, 182, 196, 236, 242–245
ethics, natural rights and, 48–51
“executive-administrative state,” 203–221
administrative law, 211–214, 217–218
defined, 211–214
executive orders and, 203–205
executive power and, 207
independent agencies and omnibus spending bills, 214–216
judicial power and, 207, 216–221
legislative power and, 203–205, 206
Locke on functions of government, 205–207
separation of powers, 207–211
Farquhar, Robert, 69–70
federalism, 167–184, 185–202
defined, 170–171, 188
diversity of states and, 173–175
Enumerated Powers Federalism, 189–195
“foot voting” and individual sovereignty, 176–178
Fundamental Rights Federalism, 195–198
Gonzales v. Raich example, 185–189
individual sovereignty and, 167–168
“just powers” of states and, 169–170, 171–173
personal level of individual sovereignty, 182–184
retained rights and, 168–170
social policy at state level and, 178–180
state “cooperation” and, 181
State Sovereignty Federalism, 198–202
substantive versus structural constraints on power, 170–171
Federalist Papers:
Federalist 10 (Madison), 56, 225
Federalist 45 (Madison), 59
Federalist 51 (Madison), 58
Federalist 78 (Hamilton), 59–60
Hamilton and, 56, 59–60, 85–86, 192
“Publius” as author of, 56, 85–86
Federalist Party, 85–87
Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy, 1
Federal Rights Fundamentalism, 195–198, 199–200
Fifteenth Amendment, 111
Fifth Amendment, 69, 225–226
Filled Milk Act, 155–156, 160, 198, 234–241, 243
First Amendment:
freedom of speech, 86
on natural rights, 66
protection of speech and assembly, 117
“first come rights and then government” concept, 23, 28, 33, 41, 44, 63
Fitzhugh, George, 89
Fletcher v. Peck, 80
Footnote Four, Carolene Products, 156–158, 198
Fortune, 158
Fourteenth Amendment:
Brown v. Board of Education, 161
Due Process Clause and judicial engagement, 225–226, 230–231
Due Process Clause and progressivism, 125, 131, 133
effect of Slaughter-House Cases and Bradwell v. Illinois on, 115–119 (see also Due Process Clause)
enactment of, 105–106, 108–111
Enumerated Powers Federalism and, 192
Equal Protection Clause, 43–44, 78, 110–111, 182, 196, 236, 242–245
federalism and state powers, 175, 229
Fundamental Rights Federalism and, 195–198
Lochner v. New York, 129–130
Plessy v. Ferguson and, 120–123
Privileges or Immunities Clause, 40
separation of powers and, 210–211
Frankfurter, Felix, 137, 151, 158, 160
Franklin, Benjamin, 27, 32, 52, 62
“free labor,” 103–104
Free Soil Party, 95–98
Frémont, John, 96
Freneau, Philip, 85
Fried, Charles, 8
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 91, 193–195
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 91, 95
Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, U.S. Constitution), 90, 92–93, 99
Full Faith and Credit Clause (Article IV, U.S. Constitution), 93
Fundamental Rights Federalism, 195–198
Gage, Thomas, 31
Garfield, James A., 120
Garrison, William Lloyd, 90, 95
Gaziano, Todd, 1, 4
Gerry, Elbridge, 26, 57
Gibbons v. Ogden, 173, 230
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 11, 187–188
“given-if-then” analysis, 49–51
Gonzales v. Raich, 2–3, 8, 185–189
Goodrich, Reverend Elizur, 36–38, 36–41, 45–51
Grant, Ulysses S., 114
Greve, Michael, 181
Grotius, Hugo, 45
Hamilton, Alexander, 59–60, 72, 85–87, 171, 192
Hamilton, Walton H., 150
Hancock, John, 32
Hans v. Louisiana, 79–80
happiness, right of, 33–34, 37–40, 43–50, 68–69
Harlan, John Marshall, 118, 122–123
Harvard Law Review, 125–129, 150
Harvard Law School, 158–160
Hatch, Orrin, 5
Hayek, Friedrich, 176
Hayes, Rutherford B., 118, 119–120
“herein granted,” 64
Heritage Foundation, 1, 5, 10
Ho, Jim, 5–6
Hobbes, Thomas, 182
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 129–130, 133–134, 137, 138–140, 143–144, 148
Hoover, Herbert, 151
Howard, Jacob, 106, 107–108
Hudson, Henry E., 7
Hughes, Charles Evans, 151
Hulett, Alta M., 149
Hull, Frank, 8–9
inalienable rights concept, 38, 42–44
income tax
consumption tax versus, 255
Sixteenth Amendment on, 135, 181
Institute for Justice, 232–233
“intelligible principle,” 213–214
involuntary servitude, 139–140, 144
Iredell, James, 72–73, 76, 80
Jackson, Andrew, 87
Jackson, Robert, 158, 160
Jay, John, 72, 80
Jefferson, Thomas, 32–34, 40, 52, 85–87
Johnson, Andrew, 104–105
Jones v. Van Zandt, 93, 94–95
Jost, Timothy Stoltzfus, 2–3
Judiciary. See also Affordable Care Act (Obamacare); individual names of Supreme Court cases; individual names of Supreme Court justices
constitutional authority of, 2
Constitution on judicial branch, 55–56
Due Process Clause and, 224–233
“executive-administrative state” and judicial branch, 207, 216–221
on federalist system, 94–95
federal power and impartiality of, 59
judicial activism, 158–160
judicial enforcement of Constitution, 111–112
judicial restraint concept, 122, 156–158, 198, 201
opinion of the court, 71
“power” of judicial review, 125–129
“Republican Constitution” concept and, 24
Judiciary Act, 72–73
“just powers,” 169–170, 171–173, 227
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 96–98
Katsas, Greg, 8
Kennedy, Anthony, 9–10, 187–188, 201
Kentucky:
Alien and Sedition Acts, 86
Court of Appeals, 141
“laboratories of experimentation,” 173–175
Lane, Charles, 115
“laws of nature” (natural law) concept, 36–41, 44–51
Lawson, Gary, 216
Leahy, Patrick, 15–16
Lee, Mike, 8
Lee, Richard Henry, 32
Lee Optical, 155, 222–223, 234–243
legislators. See also U.S. Congress
Chase on natural rights and, 93–94
“consent of the governed” concept, 74
“executive-administrative state” and, 203–205, 206
majoritarian will and progressivism, 126–129
statutes versus laws, 77, 227–228
Levin, Mark, 256
Levinson, Sanford, 26, 27
Lexington and Concord, battles of, 31
liberty. See also Declaration of Independence
assessing rationality/arbitrariness of statutes and, 234–245
means-ends fit of, 231–233
Liberty Party, 95
Lincoln, Abraham, 41, 98–101
“living” constitution, 135–137
Livingston, Robert, 32
Lochner v. New York, 129–130, 133–134
Locke, John, 39, 75, 205–207, 224, 225
Madison, James:
“executive-administrative state” and, 220
Federalist Papers, 56, 58, 59, 226
impartial judiciary and, 225
majoritarian rule and, 162
Ninth and Tenth Amendments, 191
popular sovereignty concept and, 66, 72
republicanism and, 52–61
Republican Party inception and, 85–87, 97
on retained rights, 169
state legislatures and, 255–256
majoritarian rule:
Brown v. Board of Education, 160–163
“consent of the governed” and, 41–42
“executive-administrative state” and, 220
“majoritarian will,” 21
progressivism and, 126–129
republicanism and, 53–58, 60
shift from, to rights of sovereign individuals, 142
slavery and male black suffrage, 97
Marbury v. Madison, 60
Marshall, John, 60, 71, 77, 80, 86, 173, 230
Mason, George, 27, 33–34, 36–41, 44–51, 57–58, 66–67, 255–256
Massachusetts:
Constitution of, 67, 209–210
on natural rights, 67
Supreme Judicial Court, 40, 68
Matilda (slave), 91, 193–194
McCollum, Bill, 6
McCullough v. Maryland, 86
Medicaid, 11–14, 201–202
Michael, David, 187–189
Militia Act of 1862, 99
Miller, Geoffrey, 155–156
Miller, Samuel F., 116, 146
Milnot Company, 154–158, 160, 198, 234–241, 243
Missouri Compromise of 1820, 96–97
Monson, Diane, 2–3, 185–189
Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat), 208
Morgan, Robert, 234–235
Morris, Governeur, 27, 57–58
Muller v. Oregon, 145–146
Murphy, Frank, 158
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 140–144, 151
National Bank of the United States, 86, 91
National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius, 6, 7, 8, 9–18
National Gazette, 85
National Lawyers Convention (Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy), 1
natural law (“laws of nature”) concept, 36–41, 44–51
natural rights concept:
Chase on legislature and, 93–94
Declaration of Independence on, 33–35, 44–51
“presumed consent” and, 43–44, 75–78, 228–229
slavery and, 103, 106–109
U.S. Constitution and, 63–69
Necessary and Proper Clause:
Enumerated Powers Federalism and, 194–195
Fundamental Rights Federalism and, 197–198
National Bank and, 86
slavery and, 93, 94–95
State Sovereignty Federalism and, 199–200
Neily, Clark, 232–233
New Republic, 15, 130
New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 173–175
Nineteenth Amendment, 111
Ninth Amendment, on “rights,” 64–65, 66, 106–107, 168–170, 172, 191, 244
“nonextension” of slavery, 95–96
Oakes, James, 99
Obama, Barack:
executive orders by, 203–205
on NFIB v. Sebelius, 15, 17, 18
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 188
O’Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 149–153, 236
omnibus spending bills, 214–216
opinion of the court, practice of, 71
“Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, The” (Thayer), 125–129, 150
Our Undemocratic Constitution (Levinson), 26, 27
Paine, Byron, 95
Parker, John, 151
Peckham, Rufus, 138
Philanthropist (Ohio), 91–93
Phillips, Wendell, 95
Pilon, Roger, 3
Plessy v. Ferguson, 120–123, 128–129, 141–142, 231
“police power” rationales, 141, 192, 229–230
Politico, 2
“popular sovereignty,” 62–81
concept of, 19–20, 22–26
“consent of the governed” reconciled with, 73–78
Eleventh Amendment and, 78–81
government as servants of sovereign people, 34
individual sovereignty concept, 70–73, 76, 78–71, 126–127, 142, 167–168, 171, 176–178, 182–184, 245
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 96–98
overview, 62
Plessy v. Ferguson and collective popular sovereignty, 122
Supreme Court on, 69–73
U.S. Constitution and individual sovereignty, 63–69
U.S. Constitution and protection of retained rights, 168–170
“presumed consent,” 43–44, 75–78, 228–229
“presumption of constitutionality,” 23, 149–153, 154–155
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 94–95, 193–195, 197
“principles of society” concept, 36–38, 47–48
Privileges and Immunities Clause (Article IV, U.S. Constitution), 40, 99–101, 102, 104–109, 106–109, 111–112, 116, 196
Progressive Democracy, The (Croly), 130
Progressive Party, 134
progressivism, 123–134
Brandeis and “Brandeis Briefs,” 144–149
Brandeis and presumption of constitutionality, 149–153
Due Process Clause (Fourteenth Amendment) and, 125, 131, 133
judicial skepticism and protection of minorities, 137–144
Lochner v. New York, 129–130
overview, 81, 123–125
Thayerian deference and judicial review, 125–129
Theodore Roosevelt and, 130–134
Wilson and, 134, 135–137
property rights:
Buchanan v. Warley, 140–144
civil rights and, 102–103
Declaration of Independence on “life, liberty, and property,” 39–40, 68–69
slavery and, 90–91
Theodore Roosevelt on, 133
wording of Constitution and, 68–69
public/private distinction, 119
Publius, 56, 85–86
Raich, Angel, 2–3, 185–189
Raich, Robert, 187–189
Rakove, Jack, 53–54
Ramsey, Mike, 186
Randolph, Edmund, 26, 57, 70, 71, 76, 86
“rational basis” scrutiny, 241–243
Reagan, Ronald, 198
Reconstruction era, 113–123
Colfax massacre, 113–115
end of, 119–123
Reconstruction amendments. See Fourteenth Amendment; Thirteenth Amendment
Supreme Court on Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, 115–119
Reed, Stanley, 158
Rehnquist, William, 187–188, 198–202
religion, individual sovereignty and, 182–184
“Republican Constitution,” 18–27, 247–258. See also “popular sovereignty”; progressivism; slavery
Bill of Federalism proposal, 254–257
Brown v. Board of Education, 160–163
Chase and, 91–98
constitutional heritage of, 250–251
“constitutional republicanism” (“constitutional conservatism”) for, 251–254
“first come rights and then comes government” concept, 41
Harvard “restraint” versus Yale “activism,” 158–160
New Deal Supreme Court and, 153–158, 226
Reconstruction era and, 113–123
restoring, 247–258
republicanism, 52–61
federal power limits and, 58–61
identifying majoritarian difficulty, 53–58
overview, 52
Republican Party, inception of, 60–61, 85–87, 97, 98–101. See also “Republican Constitution”; individual names of Republican presidents
Restoring the Lost Constitution (Barnett), 17–18, 78, 243
“Right of the People to Rule, The” (Roosevelt), 131–133
“rights and then government” concept, 23, 28, 33, 41, 44
Rivkin, David, 7
Roberts, John G., Jr., 11–18, 129, 201–202
Roberts, Owen, 151–152
Roosevelt, Franklin, 130, 151, 153
Roosevelt, Theodore, 130–134, 145, 205
Rosen, Jeffrey, 15
Rutledge, Wiley, 158
Sanford, Edward, 151
“saving construction,” 16, 201
Scalia, Antonin, 188, 201
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 158–160, 220
secession, Civil War and, 98–101
Second Amendment, 3, 117, 200
Second Treatise of Government (Locke), 75
Seminole Rock deference, 218–219
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 199
separation of powers:
“executive-administrative state,” 207–211
federalism and, 170–171
republicanism and, 58–61
Seventeenth Amendment, 135
Shanbaum, Theodore, 222
Shapiro, Ilya, 6
Sherman, Roger, 26–27, 32, 36, 57, 65–69
Sixteenth Amendment, 135, 181
Slaughter-House Cases, 115–117, 121, 146–147, 149
slavery, 85–112
abolition movement, 89–90, 93, 103
Chase and “Republican Constitution,” 91–98
Declaration of Independence and, 39–44
Democratic Party and, 87–91
Enumerated Powers Federalism and, 190–195
federalism and, 180
involuntary servitude and protection of economic liberty, 101–104
“popular sovereignty” and, 81
Privileges or Immunities Clause (Article IV, U.S. Constitution), overview, 104–109
Privileges or Immunities Clause (Article IV, U.S. Constitution) and judicial enforceability, 111–112
Republican Party inception, 60–61, 85–87, 97, 98–101
state constitutions on natural rights, 67–69
suffrage of African Americans and women, 97, 109–111
Snyder, Brad, 152
social compact, Chase on, 76–77
social issues, federalism and, 173, 178–180
Somin, Ilya, 142, 176–177
Souter, David, 187–188
“sovereign immunity” doctrine, 70–73
Spooner, Lysander, 74–78, 93, 110
states. See also Kentucky; Massachusetts; Virginia
Articles of Confederation and powers of, 209
constitutions of, 67–69, 190, 209–210
Cruikshank and, 117
Democratic Party on states’ rights and slavery, 89
diversity of, 173–175
“foot voting” and individual sovereignty, 176–178
Fourteenth Amendment and powers of, 175, 229
“just powers” of, 169–170, 171–173
legislative power proposal for, 255
personal level of individual sovereignty, 182–184
“police power” rationales, 141, 192, 229–230
“popular sovereignty” and, 70–73, 76, 78–81
secession of, and Civil War, 98–101
social policy at state level, 178–180
state action doctrine, 117
state “cooperation” and federalism, 181 (see also federalism)
State Sovereignty Federalism, 198–202
statutes:
assessing rationality/arbitrariness of, 234–245
laws versus, 77, 227–228
Stevens, John Paul, 187–188
Stewart, Nathaniel, 4–5
Stimson, Henry, 152
Stone, Harlan, 154–158, 234
Story, Joseph, 94–95, 194–195
Structure of Liberty, The (Barnett), 45–46
substantive due process doctrine, 226
suffrage:
of male African Americans, 97
of women, 109–111
“supposed consent” (“presumed consent”), 43–44, 75–78, 228–229
Sutherland, George, 174–175
Taft, William Howard, 134, 151
Take Care Clause (Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution), 203
Taking Clause (Fifth Amendment), 69
Taney, Roger, 95, 99, 104–105
Tenth Amendment, on “powers,” 63–64, 65, 168–170, 172, 190–191, 244
term limits proposal, for Congress, 255
Terms of Engagement (Neily), 232–233
Thayer, James Bradley, 125–129, 150
Thirteenth Amendment:
Fundamental Rights Federalism and, 195–198
involuntary servitude and, 101–104, 115–119, 139–140, 144
Plessy v. Ferguson and, 122–123
Supreme Court changes to, 115–119
Thomas, Clarence, 188, 213–214, 217–219
Trotter, Monroe, 136–137
“true democracy,” 88
Trumbull, Lyman, 106
unalienable (inalienable) rights concept, 38, 42–44
Unconstitutionality of Slavery, The (Spooner), 74–78, 110
United States v. Carolene Products, 154–158, 160, 198, 234–241, 243
United States v. Cruikshank, 113–115, 117
United States v. Fisher, 77
United States v. Lopez, 200
United States v. Morrison, 200
Univision, 203
U.S. Congress. See also legislators Article I, Section 8 (U.S. Constitution), 190
congressional power and ACA, 10–14
first National Bank and Necessary and Proper Clause, 86
impartial judiciary and, 224–225
“Republican Constitution” concept and legislators, 23–24
term limits proposal for, 255
U.S. Constitution, 52–61. See also individual amendments; individual names of clauses Article I, 203
Article I, Section 8, 190
Article I, Section 10, 192
Article III, 72, 78–81
Article III, Section II, 70
Article V, 254, 257
Constitutional Convention formed, 52
Declaration of Independence and framing of, 51 (see also Declaration of Independence)
democracy and republicanism concepts, 52–61
judicial enforcement of Constitution, 111–112
majoritarian will and, 53–58
“popular sovereignty” and Eleventh Amendment, 78–81
“popular sovereignty” in, 63–69
protection of retained rights, 168–170
as “Republican Constitution” versus “Democratic Constitution,” 18–27 (see also “Republican Constitution”)
separation of powers and, 58–61
structure of, and protection of individual sovereignty, 167–168
“We the People,” 18–26, 70–73, 76, 78–81, 97, 171, 245 (see also “popular sovereignty”)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services:
NFIB v. Sebelius, 11–14
U.S. House of Representatives: Affordable Care Act and, 6–7
U.S. Senate:
Affordable Care Act and, 5–6, 7–8
Seventeenth Amendment, 135
U.S. Supreme Court. See judiciary; individual names of Supreme Court cases; individual names of Supreme Court justices
Van Buren, Martin, 87–88
Van Devanter, Willis, 152
Verrilli, Donald, 9
“Vices of the Political System of the United States, The” (Madison), 53–54, 56
Vinson, Fred, 158
Vinson, Roger, 7–8
Virginia:
Affordable Care Act and, 6, 7
Alien and Sedition Acts, 86
Declaration of Rights, 33–34, 36–41, 42, 44–51, 52, 66–67
Volokh, Eugene, 5
Volokh Conspiracy, 6
Wall Street Journal, 1–2
“war of all against all,” 182–184
Warren, Charles, 142
Warren, Earl, 160–161, 223, 235, 241
Washington, Bushrod, 40, 106–107
Washington, George, 26, 52, 76, 85, 169
“We the People.” See also “popular sovereignty”
as individual sovereignty, 70–73, 76, 78–81, 171, 245
majoritarian rule and, 97
overview, 18–26
Whig Party, 87, 95, 98
White, Walter, 151
“Why the Personal Mandate to Buy Health Insurance Is Unprecedented and Unconstitutional” (Barnett, Stewart), 4–5
Wickard v. Filburn, 2
Williams, George Henry, 114
Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, 155, 222–223, 234–243
Wilson, James, 71–72, 74, 80
Wilson, Woodrow, 134, 135–137, 144, 152–153
Wirt, William, 91
women:
labor and employment issues, 115–117, 138, 140, 141, 144, 145–149, 146–149
“popular sovereignty” and, 81
suffrage of, 109–111
Yale Law School, 150, 158–160