TABLE R.60
Mechanisms of Resveratrol in Cells In Vitro Related to Cancer Chemoprevention

Mechanism	Experimental system	“Efficacious” concentrations (μM)a
Inhibition of growth	Multiple cell lines	~5–10
Induction of apoptosis	Leukemia cells	32–100
Induction of p53-independent apoptosis	Colon tumor cells	100
Estrogen agonism	Mammary cells	10–25
Antiestrogenicity	Mammary cells	0.1–1
Inhibition of oxygen radical formation nitric oxide production	Macrophages	~30
Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes: CYP1A1 CYP1B1, CYP3A4	Liver cells, microsomes, recombinant enzyme	1–20
Activation of p53	Mouse epidermal cells	20
Activation of c-jun kinase	Mouse epidermal cells	10–40
Decrease in COX-2 expression	Mammary epithelial cells	~5
Increase in p21/Cipl, cyclins D1, D2, E; decrease in cdks 2,4,6	Epidermoid carcinoma cells	~10
Increase in cyclins A, B1, and cdks 1 and 2	Colon tumor cells	30
Inhibition of protein kinase C activity	Gastric cells	50
Inhibition of protein kinase D activity	Fibroblasts	>100
Inhibition of NF-κBb activation	Monocytes, macrophages	30
Inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 activation	Myeloid, lymphoid, epithelial cells	5

^a Lowest concentrations at which reproducible changes have been observed, or IC₅₀ or EC₅₀, if provided.
^b NF-κB, nuclear factor κB.

Source: From Gescher and Steward, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 12:953–957, 2003. With permission.