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Ahmed, Riz 205
Allan, Liam 120
Allitt, Beverly 273
All-Party Parliamentary Group on Domestic Violence 106
All-Party Parliamentary Group on Women in the Penal System 69
anonymity: domestic abuse and 66; rape/sexual assault and 3, 10, 128, 144–5
‘An Overview of Sexual Offending in England and Wales’ (Ministry of Justice/Home Office/ONS) (2013) 118–19
Anti-Slavery Commissioner 172
anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs) 165
Archers, The (radio programme) 103–4
Arden, Lady Justice Mary 310
Asian communities: BAME (black, Asian and minority ethnic) barristers 6, 28–9, 35, 224–7; BAME judges 49; cultural relativism/non-intervention on cultural grounds and 209–10; domestic violence and 210–18; forced marriage and 206, 211, 212–13, 214–16; ‘honour’ crimes and 210–14; Islamophobia and 206; language difficulties in court 208–9; niqab or burka in court, wearing 209; police and 196, 205, 207, 208, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216, 226; sexual abuse of young Asian girls 5; stereotyping in court 198; suicide rates among women 216; terrorism and 205, 206–9; see also black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME)
Association of Chief Police Officers 188
Association of Women Barristers 34
Astor, Lord 266
asylum law 3, 192, 221–3, 292, 307, 309, 310
Athwal, Surjit 213
Atkinson, Mr Justice Fenton 266
austerity programmes/policies 74, 81–2, 325; see also legal aid, cuts to
Azam, Mohammed 217
Baader-Meinhof group 287
Baby P (Peter) 109
Baird QC, Vera 139
Bar/barristers: bullying of women 39, 42–3; ‘cab-rank’ principle 141; chambers 27–8, 30, 31–3, 34, 35, 37, 39, 46–7, 250, 309, 325; class background and 26–7, 29, 35; clerks and 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 325; equal pay and 36; gender discrimination and 23–51; legal aid cuts and 30, 325–6; maternity protections for women 31, 37, 38; percentage of women 36–7; pupillages 28, 30, 31, 34, 38, 40–1; Queen’s Counsels (QCs) 29, 36, 39, 42–3, 44–50; racial inequality and 28–9, 35, 224; rape cases and 140–2; recruitment and retention crisis 36–7, 325–6; self-employed status of 28, 37, 38, 39, 325; sexual harassment and 6, 38–9, 180, 183–4; tenancies, 31, 34, 38; training, costs of 30–1; vocational training 30, 31
Barnardo’s 175
Bates, Laura 3
Beale, Jemma 130
Beard, Mary 8; Women and Power 33
Beckford, Jasmine 108
bedroom tax 16
Begum, Iqbal 209
Begum, Shamima 293
Begum, Tasleem 211
Behind the Robe 39
Bell, Mary 270
Bennett, Keith 270
Bibi, Sahjda 212
Bindman QC, Geoffrey 49
Bingham, Lord 310
Birch, Lee 96
Birmingham Crown Court 209
Birth Companions 79
Bisla, Rajinder 253
black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME): barristers 6, 28–9, 35, 224–7; criminal justice system and 191–227; judges 49; see also Asian communities and race
Black, Dr Dora 78
Black, Jill 36
black men/women see race
Blackstone, William: Commentaries on the Laws of England 246
Blakely, David 237–9, 240–1, 242
blame: domestic violence and 91, 99, 102; mothers and 78, 205; rape/sexual assault and 114, 123, 181–2, 183; self-blame 102, 183; victim-blaming 5, 6, 11, 114, 123, 181–2
Boko Haram 290
Boudin, Kathy 287
Boyd, Edward 300
Bradley, Mark 107
Brady, Ian 264–6, 267, 270, 271, 274
Brent Asian Women’s Refuge 210
Brixton riots (1985) 204
Bromley Briefing Prison Factfile, Prison Reform Trust: (2013) 302–3; (2015) 218–19
brothels 158, 163, 169, 174; legalisation of 177–8
Bryant, Naomi 14
burden of proof 59, 130, 136, 324
Bureau of Investigative Journalists 104
Burke, Tarana 2
Bush, George 259
Butler, Ellie 109
Cambridge Institute of Criminology 193
Campbell, Pauline 76
Campbell, Sarah 76
Campbell, Sir Colin 46, 47, 48
Canadian legal system 43–4, 50, 133, 156, 218
‘carceral clawback’ (arguments for reducing imprisonment of women subverted and used for locking women up) 80, 81
Carlen, Pat 80
Casey, Dame Louise 297
caution 73, 201; women-specific conditional 73
Centre for Social Justice 300
Centre for Women’s Justice 3
Challen, Sally 88
chambers, legal 27–8, 30, 31–3, 34, 35, 37, 39, 46–7, 250, 309, 325
charity sector, treatment of women in 3
Charter 88 32
Chaudhary, Vishal 174
children and babies: Bar careers and 24, 37, 38, 325; black mothers and 198–9, 203– 5; child marriage 312; cot death/sudden infant death syndrome 59, 60, 61; custody of 14, 109, 124, 153; domestic violence and 14, 85, 86, 90, 101, 105, 106–7, 108–12, 248–9, 253, 255, 256–7; immigration and 222; imprisonment of mothers and 68–80, 83, 198, 199; infanticide 64–5, 66; killing of by men 95, 106–7, 108–12, 235, 264–7, 269, 270–1, 273, 274–6, 318; killing of by women 59–66, 236, 264–7, 269, 270–1, 273, 274–7, 278–9, 285, 288; prostitution and 161, 162, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173–5, 176, 177, 178, 298–9; sexual abuse of 4–5, 13, 14, 155, 162, 170, 171, 172, 173–5, 176, 177, 258, 261, 264–7, 288, 295–300, 313–315, 318; sexualisation of 156–9; trafficking of 7, 174–5, 313–15; youth justice system and 301–5
Christianity 9, 290; see also Eve (biblical character)
citizenship, removal of British 292–3
Clark, Christopher 60
Clarke, Ken 136
class, social: black working-class women, criminal justice system and 200, 203; child sexual exploitation cases and 296; domestic violence and 99, 100, 104; feminism and 321–2; ‘good mother’ image and 59, 63; legal profession and 26–7, 29, 35 178, 190; prostitution and 163–4, 178; rape and 145
Clause 28, Local Government Act (1988) 228
clerks, legal 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 325
coercive and controlling behaviour, crime of 104
Coghlan, Monica 54
Commission for Judicial Appointments (2000) 46–7
Commission for Racial Equality 193
‘common law wife’ 56
Communications Act (2003) 157
community sentencing 58, 68–9, 72–3, 80, 84
computer/tablets, use in evidence of 119–20, 154, 207
Constitutional Reform Act (2005) 47
Cornton Vale prison, Sterling 82
Coroners and Justice Act (2009) 149–50, 258
corroboration rule 98–9, 129, 130–1, 238
Corston, Baroness Jean 74, 81, 83
Court of Appeal 26, 29, 67, 90, 139, 149, 150, 161, 250, 254, 285, 287, 309, 310
Craddock, Sandra 67
credibility, concept of 4, 39, 119, 125, 131–2, 138, 140, 144, 154, 156, 193, 198, 209, 317
Creek, Hilary 287
Crime Survey for England and Wales: (2013– 14) 124; (2015) 89, 105; (2016) 105–6
Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority 124
Criminal Justice Act, The: (1982) 165; (2003) 91
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act (2008) 158
cross-examination: domestic abuse cases and 107–8; language problems and 209; prostitution cases and 168–9; rape cases and 113–14, 121–3, 124, 125, 127–8, 131, 132–3, 134–5, 137–9, 142, 317–18
Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) 89, 118, 120, 121, 129, 146, 306, 310–11
Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate 121
cultural relativism/non-intervention on cultural grounds 4–5, 209–10, 211, 216
Cussen, Desmond 237, 238–9, 240, 242, 243
cuts, budget 30, 72, 81–2, 89, 107, 120, 325–6; BAME services and 89; community sentencing and 72; criminal bar recruitment and retention and 325–6; criminal justice system 81, 324–6; ISVAs and 147; legal aid 30, 107, 325; Ministry of Justice 120, 325; police and 120–1, 325; Women’s Centres and 81–2
DBS (Disclosure and Barring Service) checks 176
De Laurey, Joyti 58
De Montfort University 104
death penalty 236–45, 275, 279–81, 292
Deepcut Army Barracks 14
Department for Education 312
Department of Justice 76
Derby child exploitation case 298
Deregulation Act (2015) 185
Desai, Jayaben 206
Devonshire, Duke of 166
diminished responsibility 67, 68, 243–5, 248, 249, 250, 251
disabilities 3, 15, 16, 30, 85, 101, 164, 212, 255, 306
Dick, Cressida 195
Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) 5, 166
discrimination: cases, cost of 185, 186; gender see individual issue; racial see black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) people and race
divorce 18, 90, 122, 153, 154, 156, 163, 212, 213, 214, 227–8, 236, 245
Dohrn, Bernadine 287
Domestic Abuse against Men in Scotland (Gadd et al.) 105–6
domestic violence 2, 7, 14, 44, 66, 68, 72, 74, 85–112, 318; BAME communities and 89, 198, 202–3, 210, 211, 213, 216–18; class and 99–100, 104; child custody and 14, 109, 124, 153; coercive and controlling behaviour, crime of 104; cost to economy of 87–8; courts and 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 98–100, 101, 102, 106, 107–8; disclosure scheme 88; domestic violence and abuse commissioner, proposed 88; emergency notices and 88; Everyone’s Business, HMIC review (2014) 92–3; hearsay evidence and 91; killing of husbands/partners 67–8, 84, 209, 217, 235–61, 271–3, 278–80; killing of women 3, 7, 85, 88, 94–8, 100–1, 107, 148, 149, 150–1, 210–14, 235–6; men suffering 85–6, 105–6; nagging and 91; 999 calls 91–2, 93, 95; numbers of victims/scale of problem 85–6, 89; photographic evidence 91, 92; police and 86, 87, 88, 89–90, 91–8, 99, 104, 106; pregnancy and 102, 103; prosecution rates 89; psychological effects of 93, 100, 101–3, 106; rape and 90, 102; recording rates of 89–90; refuges and 89, 101; reluctance to complain/to give evidence in court 91; social housing and 89; stalking and 88, 96, 97; The Archers domestic abuse storyline and 103–4
‘double deviance’ (breaching criminal law and ideas of appropriate womanhood and family) 317
Downey, Lesley Ann 265
drug addiction/drug offences 58, 72, 77, 82, 136, 161, 162, 163, 171, 175, 176, 203–4, 217, 218–20, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 314, 321; immigrant women as drug carriers 218–20
Eastern European: drug trafficking gangs 174; women from, imprisonment of 218–19
Eastman, Dr Nigel 258
economy: domestic violence cost to 87–8; gig economy 185, 319; prison and 57; ungendered 319–23
Ecpat UK 314
Ellis, Ruth 236–43, 245, 275, 279, 281
email 11, 116–17, 122, 154, 159, 180, 289
emergency notices 88
Emery, Chanel 111
English, Christine 67
Ensslin, Gudrun 287
equality, gender: definition of 13, 16–17; economy and 319–23; law and 13–18, 71–2, 317–19, 324–6 see also individual legal issue; legal profession and 1–2, 6–7, 11, 23–51, 319, 324–6; legal system and see under individual legal issue; #MeToo campaign and modern fight for 2–7, 9–11, 182, 323; mythology and 21–3; patriarchy and 6, 7–9, 228, 320–1; working-class attitudes towards 321–2
Equality Act (2010) 39, 180, 192, 230
Equality and Human Rights Commission: Inquiry into Trafficking in Scotland (2011) 170–1
Equal Treatment Bench Book 133–4
ethnic minorities see black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) and race
European Arrest Warrant (EAW) 172, 173, 315
European Convention of Human Rights 13–14
European Court of Human Rights 16
European Court of Justice 230
Evans, Natasha 76
Eve (biblical character) 21, 22, 23, 167
Eve Was Framed (Kennedy) 2, 8, 15, 162, 259
Evening Standard 49
Everyday Sexism Project 3
evidence: domestic violence cases 91–3, 98, 112; failure to disclose 11, 120, 325; forensic 120, 132, 146, 276, 285; gathering of 92–3, 98, 121, 213, 325; hearsay 91; psychiatric 251; sexual history used as in rape cases 125, 134, 138, 139, 317–18; social media/mobile phone used in 11, 120, 154
expert witnesses 60–1, 67, 111, 258, 285–6
failure to inform, crime of 56–7
false allegations: rape and 128–30, 134; sexual harassment 9–10
Fawcett Commission on Women and the Criminal Justice System 140, 210
female genital mutilation (FGM) 3, 213, 214, 307–12
Female Genital Mutilation Act (2003) 311
Femicide Census 100–1, 151, 236
feminism 1, 8, 11, 31, 117, 264, 282; backlash against new wave of 11; class and 321–2; judges and 115; patriarchy and 8; prostitution and 164, 165; race and 321; rape cases and 115, 117, 324; sexual harassment and 179; standard of proof and 324; wickedness of some women and 264
fines 25, 72, 96, 97, 163, 201
Finsbury Park Mosque 206
forced marriage 3, 206, 211, 212, 213, 214–16
Forced Marriage Unit, UK government 214
Freedom of Information (FOI) 104
Gadd, Dr David 105
Game of Thrones (TV series) 117
gangs, criminal 85, 174, 220, 300–1, 313–14
Garden Court 31
Garissa University College, Kenya 289
gay marriage 153
Gayle, Colin 168
Geldof, Bob 106
Gender Recognition Act (2004) 231, 233
General Medical Council 61
Gifford, Lord 252
girls 295–315; attractiveness and size, pressure to conform to commercially driven ideas of 305; child sexual exploitation scandals 4–5, 14, 295–300; child trafficking 313–15; cyberbullying 306; FGM and 307–12; gangs and 300–1; modern-day slavery and 313–15; pornography and 305, 306; race and 304–5; revenge porn 307; self-harm 307; sex education in schools 312–13; sexting and 305–6; sexual initiation and 305–6; youth justice system and 301–4; see also children and babies
Glanville Williams: Learning the Law 41
Glasgow Disability Alliance 3
Glasgow University 24
Goldman Sachs 58
good wife and mother, concept of 53–84; child-killing and 59–66; compulsion of court to make women fulfill accepted criteria of decent womanhood 59; failure to inform charge and 56–7; ‘good wife’ in court 53–8; premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and 67; prison and 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68–84; sentencing and 55, 57–9, 60, 63, 64, 67–84; ‘slave to hormones’ image of women and 65–8
Gray, Judd 278
Grayling, Chris 81
Green, Damien 180
Greenham Common, women’s peace camp at 282–4, 288
Groce, Cherry 204
Groce, Michael 204
grooming, sexual 4, 155, 161, 173–4, 176, 295–300
Grunwick dispute (1977) 206
Guildford Four 285
Hale, Baroness Brenda 36, 50, 310
Harris, Rolf 119
Hartley, Emily 76
Harvard Women’s Law Journal 45
Havers, Mr Justice 242
hearsay evidence 91
Hearst, Patty 287
‘heat of the moment’ principle 241–2, 248–50, 254
Hebb, Detective Chief Inspector 276
Hedman, Brian 111
High Court 29, 50, 79, 176–7, 178, 197, 222, 236
Hill, Anita 181
Hindley, Myra 264–7, 270–1, 274, 275, 288
HM Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) 92, 93, 94
HM Inspectorate of Prisons 303
Holloway Prison 25, 75, 78, 79, 198–9, 266, 267, 279
Home Affairs Committee 296
Home Affairs Public Administration Select Committee 119
Home Office 69, 118, 175, 176, 194, 195, 214, 220, 281, 315
Homicide Act (1957) 64, 66, 243–4
homosexuality 135, 147, 153, 228, 265, 307, 318, 323; see also lesbianism
Hood, Roger 193
hook-up apps 155
Houghton, Corporal Clifford 285
House of Commons 35, 40; Justice Committee 83–4
House of Lords 134–5; Appellate Committee 36
Howe, Darcus 196
Hudson, Tara 232
human rights 3, 13–14, 16, 22, 32, 51, 71, 87, 136, 144, 170, 171, 209, 218, 230, 231, 233, 312, 326
Human Rights Act (1998) 14, 32, 87, 230
human trafficking 7, 155, 158, 161, 169–75, 219, 296, 298, 299, 313–15
Humes, Leslie 149
Humes, Madeleine 149
Humphreys, Abbie 65
Humphreys, Mr Justice Christmas 237
Hunt, Caroline 76
Hussain, Rafaqat 212
Hussain, Tafarak 212
Hussein, Saddam 259
Hussein, Shabir 211
immigration 3, 6, 158, 170, 189, 192, 219, 220–3, 315; detention, women in 219, 220–3; drug couriers and 218–20; human trafficking and 170–1, 219; marriage and 215, 218; One Year Rule and 218; prison numbers and 219
immoral earnings, living off 168, 169, 178
Independent and Bar Law Reform Lecture (2004) 50
Independent Police Complaints Commission 118
Independent Sexual Violence Advisors (ISVAs) 146–7
industrial tribunals, sexual harassment and 180, 184–5, 188
infanticide 64–5, 66; see also children and babies
internet 2, 9, 12; bullying and 155–6, 306–7; evidence gathering and 154; online dating 154–5; pornography and 158–9; prostitution and 162, 169–70; revenge porn and 156–7, 307; search history 154; sexual harassment/#MeToo campaign and 2, 9–10, 182; terrorism and 289; toxic masculinity on 12
Ipswich murders of prostitutes 167
IRA 56, 266, 267, 284, 285, 288
Iranian and Kurdish Women’s Rights Organisation 3
Iraq 87, 213, 259, 270, 291, 292, 299, 329
Ireland/Irish community 14, 36, 56, 126, 162, 167, 188, 194, 266, 267, 284, 285, 288, 293
Irish national rugby team, rape accusations related to 126–8
James, Elizabeth 225
James, Private Cheryl 14
Jarrett, Cynthia 204
Jay Report (2014) 296
Jones, Ann: Women Who Kill 278, 279, 282
Jones, Sally (Umm Hussein al-Britani) 290–1
journalists, female 6
judges/judiciary 2, 193, 197, 224, 225; appointment of 34, 46–51; average age of 29; class and 29; female 29, 38, 43, 44, 45–51, 156; female barristers and 34, 35, 40–1, 42, 43; ‘good wife’/’good woman’ image and 54, 56, 57–9, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 80–1, 84; lesbianism and 227–8; murder trials and 236, 241, 242, 43, 244, 245, 250, 251–2, 253, 254, 255, 258, 260, 266, 268, 272, 280; race and 29, 49–50, 193, 197, 199, 204, 211, 218, 219, 223, 224, 225, 226–7; rape trials and 90, 99–100, 104, 105, 107, 109–10, 115, 116, 122–3, 125, 129, 130–1, 132, 133–4, 135, 126, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 147–8, 150; sentencing and 68, 70–1, 72, 75, 77, 80–1, 84
Judicial Appointments Commission (JAC) 47–8, 49
juries: domestic abuse trials and 100, 101, 104–5; female barristers and 24–5, 42, 43, 50, 224–5; ‘good wife’ idea and 54, 56, 57; murder trials and 237, 28, 239, 241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 268, 269, 280, 286, 287; race and 196, 202, 207, 208, 209, 224–6; rape trials and 123, 125, 127–8, 129, 130–2, 133–4, 135, 138, 140, 142, 148; recording of sexual activity online and 156, 318
Kanter, Dr R. M. 45
Karma Nirvana 214
Kaur, Balwant 210
Kelly, Professor Liz 121
Kennedy, Ewan 303
Kennedy, Marion 253
Kilbride, John 265
Koseda, Rosemarie 109
Kramer, Wendy 77
Labour movement 24
Labour Party 24, 48–9, 225, 243, 296–7
Lady in the Lake (murdered wife) 148
Lakshmi, Padma 187
Lammy Review (2017) 193, 196, 199
language 26, 42; female barristers and 42–4, 208–9; legislation and 43–4; murder charges and 259; ‘neutral’, problems with 318; political correctness and 299–300; problems in court/use of translators 208–9; sentencing of women and 81; sexual 116–17
Latham, Joanne 231
law graduates, increasing supply of 30
law schools: female participation in 38
Lawrence, Doreen 192
Lawrence, Neville 196
Lawrence, Stephen 189, 192, 196, 204, 299
Lawson, Nigella 99
Lawton, Sir Frederick 90
legal aid 30, 107, 180, 184, 185, 186, 325–6
legal profession see individual area of profession
lesbianism 135, 147, 192, 227–30, 266, 271, 300, 307
Lewthwaite, Samantha (‘White Widow’) 288–90
L’Heureux-Dubé, Claire 218
Liberal Democratic Party 57
Lindsay, Germaine 289
Lloyd, Lord 135
London School of Economics 27
Longford, Lord 266
Lorrington, Beverly 108
Lotto, Lorenzo 133
Lovett, Anne 64
Lucretia 133
MacDonald QC, Lord Ken 5
Macpherson Inquiry/Report (1999) 189, 192, 195, 196, 299
Madani, Ines 291
Magdalene, Mary (biblical character) 54
Maguire family 285
Mahmood, Banaz 213
Maltby, Kate 180
Mansell QC, Judge Richard 99–100
Mansfield, Michael 31
manslaughter 67, 108–9, 149, 211, 242, 243, 244, 245, 253, 254, 259, 260, 261, 269, 279
Marley, Lisa 76
marriage 17–18; distribution of assets after breakdown of 17, 18; domestic violence within see domestic violence; FGM and 312; forced marriage 3, 206, 211, 212, 213, 214–16; gay marriage 153; pregnancy outside 65; rape and see rape
Marshall, Denise 79
masculinity 8–9, 12, 13, 159, 200, 319, 321
maternity leave/protections 31, 37, 38
McGrail, Joseph 253
McGuinness, Detective Chief Superintendent Frank 267
McLachlan, Chief Justice Beverley 50
McNally, Justine 232
Medusa 263
Meinhof, Ulrike 287
Mendleson, Anna 287
Mental Health Act 109, 229, 268
mental health problems: diminished responsibility and 66–7, 68, 243, 244–5, 248, 251, 252; domestic abuse and 109, 110–11; girls and 301, 304; hormonal balance and 68; immigration detention and 221, 222; inappropriate detention in prisons/special hospitals 229–30; murder and 109, 119, 125–6, 221, 222, 236, 243, 244, 251, 252, 266, 268, 269, 301, 304; parenting/child-killing and 65, 66, 236; prostitution and 162, 167, 177; rape and 119, 125–6, 129; sentencing/prison and 72, 73, 74, 75–7, 78, 81, 87; terrorism and 286–7
mental states: ‘fugue’ 251; hormones, women’s and 64, 67–8; insanity and 243, 244; inappropriate detention and 229–30; ‘M’Naghton rules 244; Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy 273; see also diminished responsibility
mercy killings 245
‘merit’, definitions of 46
Merkel, Angela 9
#MeToo campaign 2–3, 9–10, 11, 182, 323
Metropolitan Police: stop and search and 195; undercover officers relationships with women 188–90; under-recording of crime 119
Mezey, Dr Gillian 258
MI5 188
Miah, Badshu 212
Miller, Maria 318
Ministry of Justice 70, 73, 118–19, 120, 325
Minson, Shona 71
misogyny 7, 8, 11, 33, 143, 159, 167, 181, 267, 273, 293, 313
Missing People 314
‘M’Naghton rules 244
mobile phone 7, 96, 119, 120, 154, 156, 187, 301, 305, 306, 307
modern-day slavery 171, 172, 313–15, 320
Modern Slavery Act (2015) 172
Mohammed, Fqir 212
Monaghan, Karon 49
Morris of Borth-y-Gest, Lord 246–7
Mortimer QC, John 32
mothers: BAME 199, 203–5; child-killing and see children and babies; domestic abuse and 101, 109, 110–12; female barristers as 37; ‘good’ 8, 18, 58–69; immigration detention and 222; prostitutes as 169, 178; sentencing/prison and 70–84; stereotyping of 8, 18, 56–7, 58–69, 199, 203–5
M62 motorway coach bombing (1974) 285
Mubiangata, Claude 107
Mullane, Frank 95
Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy 273
murder 235–61; child-killing 59–66, 95, 106–7, 108–12, 235, 236, 264–7, 269, 270– 1, 273, 274–7, 278–9, 285, 288, 318 see also children and babies; death penalty for 236–43, 245, 275, 279–82; diminished responsibility defence 67, 68, 243–5, 248, 249, 250, 251; domestic violence and 88, 95–6, 235–6, 246– 61; ‘fugue’ mental state 251; Homicide Act (1957) 243; ‘honour’ killing 210– 14; immediacy/’heat of the moment’ principle and 241–2, 248–50, 254; insanity and 243, 244; ‘killing in extremis’ defence 261; loss of self-control defence 149–50; mandatory life sentence 260–1; men by women 235, 236–43, 245; nagging and 253; post-natal depression and 236; ‘pre-emptive strike’ self-defence proposed 259; prostitution and 117, 167–8; provocation defence 148–9, 243–4, 248–61; ‘reasonable man’ and 258–9; Ruth Ellis case 236–43, 245; self-defence 245–61; serial killers 271–5; statistics 235–6
Muslim community 5, 22, 56, 193, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212, 216, 289, 290, 300; see also black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME)
Mylvaganam, Tanoo 224
mythology, law and 22–3, 146; see also rape
National Audit Office 70
National Crime Agency 172, 315
National Domestic Violence Helpline 103
National Referral Mechanism (NRM) 172, 314
Navsarka, Sanam 109
Nembhard, Isha 301
Newbury Magistrates’ Court 282–3
Newcastle, child sexual grooming in 4, 299
Newspaper Society 169
New Zealand legal system 108
niqab/burka, wearing in court 209
999 calls, recordings of 62, 91–2, 93, 95
‘no’, women’s right to say 114, 116, 117, 122, 134, 136, 186
North Eastern Circuit 34
Oakley, Ann 200
Oerton, Sarah: Illegal and Illicit: Sex Regulation and Social Control 175–6
Office of National Statistics 86, 118
Old Bailey 18, 42, 166, 168, 184, 207, 236, 240, 267, 272, 280; bombing of (1973) 284
online dating 11, 19, 138, 154–5
Orbach, Susie 305
organised crime 170, 171, 300, 313–14
Our Culture is Porn Culture 158
out-of-court settlements/non-disclosure agreements 185–6
Oxfam 3
Oxford sex-grooming scandal 4, 174, 298
parental leave 37, 38; see also maternity leave
Parkinson, Cecil 54
Parliament 2–3, 4, 9, 35, 36, 40, 150, 184, 189, 222, 243, 250, 296, 318
‘pass-around’ girls 5
past convictions, revealing 176–7
pay, equal 3, 15, 36, 178, 319, 320, 322
Paying the Price (Home Office prostitution consultation paper) 176
Pence, Mike 9
personal, social, health and economic education (PSHE) 312
Peterborough: child exploitation in 299; ditch murders 272
Phillips, Lord 150
Phoenix, Joanna: Illegal and Illicit: Sex Regulation and Social Control 175–6
photographic evidence 11, 91, 92, 154, 265, 306
photographing up skirts/down blouses 187
Pimenta, José 107
Pistorius, Oscar 6
police: caution 73, 201; child exploitation cases and 4–5, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299–300; digital devices used in evidence by 119–20, 154, 207; domestic violence and 7, 86, 87, 88, 89–90, 91–8, 99, 104, 106; evidence-gathering 92– 3, 98, 121, 213, 325; failure to disclose evidence 11, 120, 325; ‘good wife’ idea and 55, 56, 59, 61, 62, 63; interviews 111, 201, 202–3; murder and 237, 257–8, 264–5, 266, 270, 271, 274, 276, 279, 286, 289; political correctness and 299–300; prostitution and 154, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 177, 178; race and 192, 195–6, 197, 198, 199, 201–2, 203, 204, 208, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 226; rape and 117–18, 119, 120, 121, 123– 4, 129, 132, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 325; relationships with women for intelligence-gathering purposes 188–90; sexual harassment and 184, 188, 189; women officers 40
Policing and Crime Act (2009) 166, 172
Pornhub 158
pornography 7, 11, 139, 154, 156–9, 180, 305, 306
post-natal depression 236
poverty 72, 75, 173, 174, 175, 176, 204, 320
pregnancy 312; domestic abuse and 102, 103; equality and 16; immigration detention and 221, 222; mental state and 42; prison/sentencing and 79; prostitution and 173; rape and 137–8; shame and 64–5, 66–7
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) 67
pre-sentencing reports 59
prison: austerity/cuts to budgets and 81–2; children/mothers and 70–80; conditions of women in 74–6, 81–4; Corston Report (2007) and 81, 83; drug trafficking and number of foreign nationals in UK 218–20; false rape allegations and 130; gender identity and 230–3; inappropriate detention in 229–30; liaison and diversion service 76–7; numbers of women in 69, 218–19; race and 193–4, 196, 197–9, 202, 203–4, 206, 218; self-harming in 70, 75, 77, 81; sentencing of women and 69–74, 80–1; suicide of women in 76, 77, 81, 231–2; Women’s Centres and 73, 81–3; young girls in 302–3
Prison Reform Trust 72–3, 220, 302–3
Prison Service, The 77
Probation Service, The 82, 223
pro bono work 32
Profumo, John 54
proof, burden of 59, 130, 136, 324
prostitution 3, 26, 158, 159–78, 253, 273, 302; advertising 169–70; anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs) and 165; child prostitution 174–5, 297, 298, 299, 302, 304; class and 163–4; decriminalisation of street offences and legalisation of brothels 177–8; ‘good wife’ and 53–4; internet and 169–70; kerb-crawling, crime of 160, 166; living off immoral earnings charge 169, 178; men who engage in, attitudes towards 166–7; murder and 117, 167–8; past convictions, law forcing women to reveal 176–7; poverty and 161–2, 176; purchase of sex to be criminalised, calls for 162–5; rape and 162; sex trafficking and 161, 169–75; soft law/social policy responses to 175–6; soliciting a person, crime of 166; Wolfenden Report (1957) and 159–60
Pryce, Vicky 57–8; Prisonomics 57
Public Accounts Committee (PAC) 324–5
pupillage (apprenticeship to a member of the Bar) 28, 30, 31, 34, 38
Queen’s Counsels (QCs) 29, 32, 36, 39, 42–3, 44–51
race 12, 191–233; arrest rates and 193, 196, 197, 201–2, 203, 219, 226; barristers and 26, 28–9, 35, 224–7; black women, justice system and 5, 26, 146, 193, 198– 205, 321; court appearances and 194–7, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205; criminal justice system treatment of BAME people 191–227; cultural relativism/non-intervention on cultural grounds 209–10; domestic violence and 198, 202–3, 210, 211, 213, 216–18; feminism and 321; forced marriage and 214–16; ‘honour’ killing and 210–14; judges and 49, 193, 197, 199, 204, 211, 218, 224–5, 226–7; juries and 196, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 219, 223, 224, 225, 226; Lammy Review (2017) 193, 196, 199; language problems in court 208–9; moment that brings awareness of racism into lives (‘encounter’) 304–5; niqab or burka in court, wearing 209; police and 192, 195–6, 197, 198, 199, 201–2, 203, 204, 208, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 226; prison and 193, 198–9, 202, 203, 206, 226, 303; Race Disparity Audit (2017) 196; racism 5, 12, 155, 189–90, 192, 193, 196, 198, 201, 204–5, 210, 211, 214, 223, 226, 227, 296, 299, 300, 304, 305, 321; rape and 145–6, 198, 202; sentencing and 193–4, 196–200, 202, 203, 207, 217; stop and search 195–6, 203, 205, 299; ‘sus’ laws and 195; ‘suspected person’ charge 194–5; terrorism and 203, 205, 206–8; young girls in prison and 303
Race Disparity Audit (2017) 196
rape 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 43, 44, 65, 113–48; abuse of intimacy, as an 135–6; blaming the victim 114, 123, 181–2, 183; burden of proof and 130, 136, 324; changing attitudes towards sex and 116–17; class and 145; conviction rates 113, 114, 118, 119; corroboration and 129, 130–1; courtroom trauma 140–1; credibility/character of victim, attacks upon 113–14, 119, 122–8, 131–2, 138, 140, 144; cross-examination and 113–14, 121–3, 124, 125, 127–8, 131, 132–3, 134–5, 137–9, 142, 317–18; date rape 136–7; degrees of seriousness in 136–7; digital devices and 119; domestic violence and 90, 102; drinking and 122–3, 124, 136; false claims of 128–30; female barristers and 141–2; fighting back and 132–3; identification of defendants 144–5; Independent Sexual Violence Advisors (ISVAs) 146–7; internet and 155; Irish national rugby team and 126–8; judges and 90, 99–100, 104, 105, 107, 109–10, 115, 116, 122–3, 125, 129, 130–1, 132, 133–4, 135, 126, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 147–8, 150; lack of prosecutions 120–1; legal profession attitudes towards 114–15; men suffering 147; mental health and 119, 125–6; myths 115–16, 124, 130, 133–4, 145, 146, 147; ‘no’, right to say 114, 116, 117, 122, 134, 136; numbers of 113, 118–19; online dating and 155; Parole Board and 143–4; police and 117–18, 119, 120, 121, 123–4, 129, 132, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 325; pornography and 157–8; prostitution and 162; protective anonymity 3, 10, 128, 144–5; protective products 115–16; race and 145–6, 198, 202; rape trauma syndrome 140; respectability and 122; Rotherham child exploitation case and 297–8; sadomasochism and 122; sentencing 114, 124, 130, 136–7, 142–4, 148, 149, 150; sexual assault referral centres and 146; sexual history and 125, 134, 138–9, 317–18; socialisation of women and 117; specialist prosecutors 146; Stern Review (2010) 137, 147; transgender people and 230–1; under-recording of 119; within marriage 116; ‘victim of his libido’ 115; violence and power, as an of offence of 137; withdrawal of cases 113
Rape Crisis Centres 202
Reade, Pauline 270
‘reasonable man’ (legal concept) 258–9, 317
Reclaiming the Night 282
Reed, Sarah 76
Regina v. Massey (2007) 161
Reid, Kirk 118
relationships and sex education (RSE) 312
Rice, Anthony 14
Robertson QC, Geoffrey 250
Robinson, Mary 51
Rotherham child exploitation case 4–5, 14, 295–8, 299
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 61
Royal College of Pathology 61
Royal Courts of Justice 41
Saatchi, Charles 99
Save the Children 3
Scotland Act, The (1998) 14
Scotland Yard 267
Scottish Executive 105
Scottish Socialist Party 55
Scrivener QC, Anthony 34
Sedley, Sir Stephen 34
self-employment 28, 37, 38, 39, 170, 185, 186, 325
self-harm 70, 75, 77, 81, 231, 232, 272, 307
sentencing 16–17, 68–72, 193–4, 196, 198–200, 298; domestic violence and 99–100, 108–9, 111; equality and 16–17, 72; ‘good woman’/’good wife’/’good mother’ idea and 58–9, 60, 63, 64, 67, 68–84; mothers and 70–84; murder and 242, 248, 249, 253, 257, 260–1, 266, 272, 275, 276, 279, 285, 288; pre-sentencing reports 59; prostitution and 163, 165, 169, 172; race/ethnicity and 193–4, 196– 9, 202, 203, 207, 211, 212, 213, 217, 219, 220; rape 114, 124, 130, 136–7, 142–4, 148, 149, 150
serial killers 85, 268, 271–6, 318
Serious Crime Act (2015) 88, 104
7/7 289
sex trafficking 158, 161, 169–75, 219, 298, 299, 313–15
sexual abuse 2, 3, 4–5, 120, 134, 145, 147, 155, 161, 173–4, 175, 221, 231, 275, 295– 300, 302, 303, 307, 313–15, 318; see also rape; sexual assault and sexual harassment
sexual assault 3, 6, 18–19, 117, 118, 119, 124, 130, 134, 142, 146, 147, 187, 198, 305, 323; see also rape
sexual exploitation/grooming cases 4–5, 14, 155, 161, 173–4, 295–300, 313–15
sexual harassment: advice-line proposal 187; cost of discrimination cases 185, 186; definition of 179–80; industrial tribunals and 180, 184–5, 188; internet and 156–7, 306–7; legal profession and 39, 183–4; lesbians and 230; men as victims of 318; #MeToo campaign 2–3, 9–10, 11, 182, 323; out-of-court settlements/non-disclosure agreements and 185–6; photographing up skirts/down blouses 187; self-employment and 185, 186; as a means of social control 320; social proof and 182; via text or phone 187–8; transgender people and 232; Weinstein and 180–2, 185–6
sexual history, legal cases and 125, 134, 138, 139, 317–18
sexual life, right to 323
Sexual Offences Act (2003) 43, 134–5, 161, 162, 172, 176
Shahid, Samia 214
Sheridan, Gail 55
Sheridan, Tommy 55
Shmyrova, Tatiana 174
shoplifting 25, 70, 221, 304–5
Skuse, Dr Frank 285
slavery, modern-day 171, 172, 313–15, 320
Smith, Jacqui 87
Smith, Joan: Misogynies 167
Snapchat 11
Snyder, Ruth 278
social housing 89
social media 2, 11, 128, 154, 155, 159, 290, 318, 320, 323; see also individual social media site name
‘social proof’, sexual harassment and 182
social services 4, 5, 14, 63, 87, 161, 295, 297, 298, 302
socialisation of women 41, 106, 117, 183, 213
Society of Black Lawyers, The 197
‘soft law’/social policy responses 175–6
soliciting laws 159, 160, 166, 176, 177
solicitor 3, 25, 26, 30, 33, 35–6, 38, 39, 46, 141, 149, 184, 196, 242, 243, 260, 286, 325
Sollecito, Raffaele 277
Soubry, Anna 318
Southall Black Sisters 3, 211, 214, 215, 218
Special Branch 188
Special Immigration Appeal Court (SIAC) 189
Spilsbury, Sir Bernard 280
St Clair, Lindy 178
Stafford Hospital 14
stalking 85, 88, 96, 97, 157, 268, 318
Stephen Lawrence Inquiry 189
stereotyping 11, 44, 54, 56, 75, 97, 99, 104, 115, 121, 146, 198, 205, 206, 216, 223–4, 317
Stevenson, Mr Melford 236–8, 240, 242
Stevenson, Prue 229
stop and search 195–6, 203, 205, 299
Stop Enabling Traffickers Act, proposed US 170
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique 6
Straw, Jack 44
Street Offences Act (1959) 160, 176
sudden infant death syndrome 60, 61
suicide: British Army and 14; prison and 76, 77, 81, 231–2; rates among women 216; revenge porn and 157, 307; South Asian women and 216
Supreme Court 16, 29, 36, 47, 71, 181, 185, 310
Suratan, Darren 149
‘sus laws’ 195
‘suspected person’ charge 194–5
Sutcliffe, Judge 129
Swift, Jenny 231
Syria 270, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293
Taylor, Lord 250
Telford, child prostitution in 298
terrorism 12, 56, 120, 189, 194, 203, 205, 206–8, 250, 266, 267, 284–93
text messages 11, 96, 102, 116–17, 120, 122, 126–7, 154, 180, 187–8
Thames Valley Police 95
Thomas, Clarence 181
Thompson, Vikki 231
Throssell, Claire 107
Throssell, Jack 107
Throssell, Paul 107
Thurman, Uma 10
Tinning, Mary Beth 273
Toner, Barbara: Facts of Rape 139
Tottenham riots (1985) 204
trade unions 24, 180, 184, 185, 322
trafficking, human 7, 155, 158, 161, 169–75, 219, 296, 298, 299, 313–15
transgender people 192, 230–3, 307
tribunals: fees 185; sexual harassment and 180, 184–5, 188
Troubles, Northern Ireland 188
tuition fees 30
Turner, Master Robert 41
TV licence evasion 70
UK Human Trafficking Centre 172
UNICEF 171
University College London 304
‘up-tariffing’ offences 73
USA: criminal courtrooms in 42; female prisoners and their children in 78–9; human trafficking in 170; race and 145, 181, 205; sexual harassment in 2, 3, 10, 119, 180, 181–2, 185–6, 321; terrorism and 56, 205, 207, 291
Victoria, Queen 227
Virgin Mary (biblical character) 21, 54
Wahid, Habib 289
Walby, Professor Sylvia 87
Waplington, Diana 76
Weather Underground 287
Weinstein, Harvey 2, 3, 10, 119, 180, 181–2, 185–6, 321
Wells, Holly 275
Wells, Ione 3
Westfield Mall bombing, Nairobi (2013) 289
West, Heather 274
West Mercia Police 298
wickedness, women and ideas of 263–93; Evil and 269; child-killers 264–7, 270–1, 273, 274–7, 278, 279; children, women committing crimes against their own 274, 276–7; Greenham Common/political action and 282–4, 288; madness and 267–9; moral panic about women and crime coincide with periods where women make strides towards equality (Ann Jones theory) 278–82; serial killers and 271–6; sexual depravity and 263, 264, 265–6, 269, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279; terrorism and 284–93
Wilkinson, Mark Paul 149
Willoughby, M. J. 250
Wilson, Brad 107
Wilson, Brett 107
Wilson, Stuart 107
wives see good wife and mother and marriage
Wolfenden Report (1957) 159–60
Woman’s Hour 45
Women for Refugee Women 221
Women in Secure Hospitals (WISH) 229
Women’s Right to Choose 282
Woodley QC, Len 32
Worboys, John 6, 117–18, 143, 144, 321
Wrenn, Michaela 254, 255–6, 257
Wuornos, Aileen 273
XLP 300
Yarl’s Wood (immigration removal centre) 221
Yones, Abdalla 212
Yones, Heshu 212
Yorkshire Ripper case (1981) 117, 167, 264, 268–9, 273
Young, Baroness Lola 206
Young, Toby 187
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) 122, 138
youth justice system, girls and 301–4