All page references refer to the 2017 print edition
Page references to illustrations are in italics. References in Sources and Resources are only cited in the index if they expand or qualify the main text.
Aboriginal art 113, 114
Abstract Expressionism 112, 146
abstract painting 22, 67, 80, 115, 133–4, 166, 179, 180
Abts, Tomma 115, 115
academies of art 122, 129, 157, 159, 189–91
acheiropoietai, ‘things made without hands’ 11
‘Action Painting’ 106–7, 169
actions 94
Adorno, Thoedor 111
aesthetic contemplation 37, 200, 201
‘Aesthetic Movement’ 94
aesthetics 38, 158, 160, 165, 192, 201
Alberti, Leon Battista 27, 48, 89, 121, 154, 187, 203
Albright, Ivan 75, 76
Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham) 50
Allais, Alphonse 35, 36, 163
Allan, David 10
anatomy 47
animal defence marks 40, 41
Anschütz, Ottomar 31, 34
anti-expressionism 148, 196
appropriation 195, 196
arbitration 35
architecture 153–4, 167, 176–7
Aristotle 12–13, 14, 19, 26, 206
art academies 14, 46–7
art criticism 61–2, 105–6, 122–3, 124, 150, 193–4, 198
art history 49, 168
Art Nouveau 138, 160
Arts & Crafts Movement 160
arts, the 19, 153, 156–9, 162, 178
atmosphere 62, 72, 100
attributes 86
Auerbach, Frank 146, 146, 148
Aurier, Albert 138
authenticity 124
authority 42
authorship 123–4
autonomy 165–6, 177
avant-garde 99, 130–1, 138, 159, 164–5, 166, 168, 176
Bacon, Francis 143, 188–9, 190, 193
‘bad’ painting 79, 146, 176, 196
Balla, Giacomo 102, 103, 104
Balzac, Honoré de 63, 65
Barbizon school 61–2
Barthes, Roland 186
Basquiat, Jean-Michel 176, 177
Baudelaire, Charles 59–61, 95–6, 98, 99, 101, 104, 128, 138, 155, 203
Baudrillard, Jean 195
Baumgarten, Alexander 158
beauty
ancient sculpture 46
the body 94
brain scans 192
line 16–17
modernity 96, 115
the sublime 135
Beckmann, Max 108
Bell, Clive 106
Bellini, Jacopo 180, 180, 181
Benjamin, Walter 166–7, 193
Berger, John 183, 196
Berkeley, George 52–3, 58, 65
Bible 8
Blake, William 18, 133, 134
blindness 81–2, 155
body, the 82–3, 94, 132, 139–45, 183, 201, 202
Bonnard, Pierre 72–4, 72
Bosch, Hieronymus 27
Boyd, Arthur 108
brain scans 192
Braque, Georges 67, 68, 102, 162, 165, 165
Breton, André 141
Brik, Osip 105
Brown, Glenn 147, 148
Bruegel the Elder, Pieter 16, 17, 27
Brunelleschi, Filippo 27, 48, 50, 154
Bryson, Norman 191
Buchon, Max 56
Burke, Edmund 135
Burney, Edward Francis 47
Burri, Alberto 143, 144
Bustos, Hermenegildo 22, 23, 75
Byzantine Empire 13
Cage, John 173
camera obscura 50–1, 50, 51, 54
Campin, Robert 49
Camus, Albert 143
capitalism 183, 194, 196
Caravaggio 83, 91
caricatures 16, 78, 174
Carrà, Carlo 77
cartoons 35, 78, 86
cave art 149, 211–12
Cézanne, Paul 62–7, 66, 71, 74, 102–4, 168
CGI 31
Chevreul, Michel-Eugène 128
Chia, Sandro 146, 196, 197
chiaroscuro 83
children 12, 40, 174
Chinese art 13, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 118, 119–20, 210
Chirico, Giorgio de 77
Christianity
church images 88–9, 120–1
iconoclasts 13
image-making 14
Mass 35
Orthodox 11
Puritans 13
symbolism 181
Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni
Battista 125, 126
Cimabue 120
cinema 102, 167
ciphers 86, 87
civilization 96
Clark, T.J. 183
classicism 94
collage 163, 175, 185
colour 83, 100, 125–31, 139, 168, 184–5
‘colour field painting’ 170, 186
communication 145–51, 174, 188, 201
composition 89
computer simulation 31
Comte, Auguste 58
consciousness 123, 132–3, 184
Constructivism 105, 163, 166, 193
contours 83
Courbet, Gustave 56, 57, 58–9, 58, 61, 74, 95, 159
crafts 158–9
Crane, Diana 209
creativity 17–18, 37, 192–3
Crimp, Douglas 193–4
Csontváry, Tivadar 75, 135–8, 136
Cubism 67, 69–71, 78, 102, 162–3, 164–6, 168, 175, 185
cults 199
Dada 164, 175
Dadd, Richard 135
Daguerre, Louis-Jacques 51, 55
Dali, Salvador 140, 140
Danby, Francis 135, 137
Darwin, Charles 139
Daubigny, Charles-François 61
Daumier, Honoré 155, 157
David, Jacques-Louis 92, 93
De Kooning, Willem 106, 143
‘death of painting’ 55, 179, 193–200
deconstruction 189
Degas, Edgar 62, 65, 100–1, 101
Delacroix, Eugène 61, 94–5
Delaroche, Paul 55, 94, 193
Della Robbia, Luca 154
denotation 24 see also representation
Derrida, Jacques 188, 189
Descartes, René 52, 58, 184
desire 10–11, 13, 42, 62, 203
digital art 177–8
discourse 198
disengagement 37
divine inspiration 11, 17, 123, 133, 139
Dix, Otto 108, 141, 142
Donatello 154
Downes, Rackstraw 71, 73
Dubuffet, Jean 143
Duchamp, Marcel 163, 164, 170, 177, 178, 207
Dürer, Albrecht 16, 27, 156, 158
‘earth art’ 173
Egyptian art 9
emotions
attention 203
colour 125, 128
expression 121
image-making 13
Engels, Friedrich 97
engraving 155–6
evidence 85
excretion 117
expression
the body 139–45
colour 125–31, 139
communication 145–51
creativity 53, 54
as a joke 149–51
meaning 116–25
self 17–19
spirit 132–9
Eyck, Jan van 24, 25, 27, 49
‘eye-rests’ 94, 104, 109
fabricators 192–3
faces 40–1, 121
Fascism 143, 166
Fauves 131
feelings see emotions
Feininger, Lyonel 186
feminism 183, 196
‘field’ (in vision & painting) 71–2, 186
Fish, Janet 209
flatness 23, 65, 83, 126–7, 168
Flaubert, Gustave 94, 195
Flemish painting 49
folk religion 77–8
form
beauty 16–17
the body 82–3
compared to colour 125, 126–7, 128
contours 83
idea 16–17, 82
Impressionism 62
light 81
modernism 104
shape 83
Foucault, Michel 183, 189, 196
Fox Talbot, William Henry 51, 54
Frankenthaler, Helen 168, 170, 170
freedom 159–66
Frege, Gottlob 184, 201
French Revolution 13
fresco painting 12, 13, 156
Freud, Lucian 74, 146
Freud, Sigmund 139, 184, 188
Friedrich, Caspar David 18, 56, 57, 58, 135
Fry, Roger 106
fun 173–8, 200, 201
Furse, Charles Wellington 14, 15
Futurism 102, 104
galleries see museums and galleries
Gauguin, Paul 130
‘gaze, the’ 196
geometry 50
Géricault, Théodore 93, 93
Ghiberti, Lorenzo 154, 154
Giacometti, Alberto 143, 150
Giotto 27, 29, 46, 67, 89, 89, 153, 187
Gleizes, Albert 165–6
God
divine inspiration 11
Hebrew tradition 8–9, 26
idea theory 16–17
nature 15
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang 127–8
Gogh, Vincent van 130, 130
Goya, Francisco 93, 156
Greek painting, ancient 9–10, 12, 13, 27
Greenberg, Clement 106, 112, 167–8, 169, 174–5, 176, 185, 187, 194, 203
Gregory I, Pope 88
Grosse, Katharina 177, 178
grotesque 16, 78
Guston, Philip 78, 78, 176
Guys, Constantin 98
Halley, Peter 146
Hals, Frans 83, 85
Heath, Jennifer 175
Hegel, Friedrich 208
Helmholtz, Hermann von 128, 139, 184
Herriman, George 78
Hiroshige 101
Hirst, Damien 200
history painting 87–93, 94–5, 107–8
Hobbes, Thomas 31–5, 52
Hockney, David 49
holographs 31
hominid sculpture 40, 40
Hooke, Robert 50
Horace 90
Houghton, Georgiana 133–4, 135
Hugo, Victor 134
humanism 144–5, 146
humanities 191–2, 198
Hume, David 43, 52
humour 35
Hunt, William Holman 56, 94
hyperreality 195
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) 50
iconoclasts 13
iconography 11
icons 11, 88–9, 94, 109, 207
idea
form 82
as theoretical term 16, 18 see
also form
idealism 55–6, 58
identification 41–2
idolatry 9, 31
illusionism 27, 58, 59, 168, 170–2
images
desire 10–11, 13, 42
Greek philosophy 9–10, 12–13, 26
idolatry 31
likenesses 8, 10, 12, 40–2, 65
see also ‘imitation of nature’
projection 50
Second Commandment 8–9, 15
imaginatio 16, 17
imagination 54, 134, 158
‘imitation of nature’ 14–19, 22, 24, 30
Impressionism 62, 72, 100, 130, 138, 159, 183
Indian painting 69, 70
infinity 45, 56, 133
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique 62, 64, 94, 95, 159
inspiration, divine 11, 17, 123, 133, 139
installations 177
intertextuality 189
intuition 13, 128
Irigaray, Luce 189
Islam 13
Japanese art 78, 101, 120
Jefferys, James 17
Johns, Jasper 145, 148
jpeg 152
Judaism 8–9, 10, 13
Judd, Donald 146, 172, 173, 173, 193, 194, 199
Kahlo, Frida 77–8
Kandinsky, Vasily 134, 137, 138, 139
Kant, Immanuel 53, 58, 133, 135, 184
Kaprow, Allan 107
Kennedy, John M. 81
Kepler, Johann 51–2, 183–4
Kiefer, Anselm 112, 112, 114, 146
Kippenberger, Martin 177
‘kitsch’ 167, 174
Klee, Paul 139, 186
Kline, Franz 143
Klint, Hilma af 134
knowledge
attention 203
contemplation 201
observation 44–5, 75
perception 52–3
power relations 196
representation 184
sensation 62
Koons, Jeff 146, 148, 175–6
Krauss, Rosalind 191
Kristeva, Julia 189
Lacan, Jacques 43, 187–8, 189, 196
Laforgue, Jules 100
‘land art’ 173
landscape 39, 43, 46, 62, 67, 74–5, 80, 129 see also ‘imitation of nature’
language 24, 26, 85–6, 179, 181, 182, 184, 187
Lanyon, Peter 71, 73
Le Brun, Charles 121, 121, 122, 125
Leighton, Frederic 94
Leonardo da Vinci 27, 121, 154–5
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 93–4, 102, 167, 203
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 185–6
Levine, Sherrie 195
Lichtenstein, Roy 78, 109, 175
light
form 81
geometry 50
scientific accounts of 127
line 16–17, 100, 133 see also form
Lissitzky, El 104–5, 106
Locke, John 52
logic 13, 172
Louis, Morris 168, 170, 186
Lyotard, Jean-François 185, 192
Magritte, René 140
Malevich, Kazimir 138
Manet, Edouard 98–9, 159, 160, 162, 168, 183
Manzoni, Piero 117, 117
Mao Sung 30, 32
Marey, Jules- Etienne 102, 103
Marin, Louis 206
mark-making 23–4
markets 48, 122, 156–7, 159, 200, 201
Marx, Karl, Marxism 97, 100, 166, 183, 184
Masaccio 154
mass culture 167, 175
materiality 170
matière 143
Matisse, Henri 104, 105, 106, 131, 138, 160, 168
Maulbertsch, Franz Anton 83, 84
meaning 24, 149–51, 174, 180–3, 188, 191 see also representation; semiotics
medium 166–73
Mehretu, Julie 113, 114
memory 71–4
Menzel, Adolph von 56, 73, 74, 97, 98, 99, 101
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 144–5
metaphor 116, 125, 181
Metzinger, Jean 165–6
Michelangelo Buonarroti 27, 125, 127, 155
Millais, John Everett 56
Millet de Charlieu 55
mimesis 12, 14, 19, 26–7, 31, 180, 206
mind, the 117, 123, 132–9, 201–2, 202
miniatures 54, 198
Minimalism 145–6, 148, 172–3, 175, 194
Miró, Joan 140, 141
mirrors 49
modernism 87, 100, 104, 168, 185, 193
modernity 87, 96–100, 101, 104, 109, 159
Moholy-Nagy, László 193
Mondrian, Piet 67, 69, 138, 165, 166, 166, 168, 180
Monet, Claude 62, 63, 72, 100, 101, 168
Morandi, Giorgio 75
Morris, Robert 145–6, 194
Mulvey, Laura 196
Murakami Kagaku 119, 120
murals 27, 152, 169 see also fresco painting
Murdoch, Rupert 174
museums and galleries 176–7, 178, 187, 198, 200
musical analogies 128–9
Muybridge, Eadweard 102
myth 87–8, 90, 108–9, 110, 112–15, 143, 191, 200
Napangati, Pansy 113, 114
narrative 85–7, 90, 94, 100, 108–9, 112–14
Nasmyth, James 96–7, 97
nature see also ‘imitation of nature’
Baudelaire on 95–6
God 15–16
infinity 37
realism 59
representation 27, 204
Taoism 119
Neel, Alice 79, 79
Neo-expressionism 146, 196
‘Neo-geo’ 146
Neue Sachlichkeit, Die 74
neuroaesthetics 192
neutrality 39
Newman, Barnett 112, 170
Newton, Isaac 127
Newton, William 54
Ni Zan 212
Niépce, Joseph-Nicéphore 51
Nietzsche, Friedrich 199
Nolan, Sidney 108
non-expressionism 148
Novalis 132
nude, the 16, 183
objectivity 74, 191
objects 43–4, 52–3, 56, 62, 69, 74, 94, 165, 170, 173, 179–80, 201
observation 40–7, 56, 63–5
O’Doherty, Brian 176
oil paint 83, 133, 183
optics 51–2, 53
Orth, Viktor 150, 151
Owens, Craig 196
painting
compared to other arts 41, 152–5, 167, 199, 204
compass 204
conclusion 200–4
as a practice 22, 38
Wikipedia 116
paintings, concept of 22–3, 39
paleolithic art 40, 149, 211–12
Palermo, Blinky 148
paragone 154
patriarchy 196
Peirce, Charles S. 184, 207
Pélerin, Jean 49
perception 52–3, 184–5, 187
performance art 107
person
Christian concepts 123, 132
as expression 116–18, 124–5
persona 42, 141
perspective 27, 29, 30, 47, 48, 69–71, 100
photography
compared to painting 39, 54, 55–6, 62, 100–1, 105–6
composition 101
as criticism 194–5
early developments 54–5
ID photos 42
invention of 51
mass production 167
neutrality 39
‘photo-painting’ 110–11, 188
realism 54–5, 59
representation 31
time-lapse 102
Picasso, Pablo 67, 68, 78, 102, 108, 108, 143, 159, 160–3, 161, 162, 164
pigment 126, 170
Piles, Roger de 125
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista 156
Plato 12, 16, 26, 125, 199, 207
play 12, 174, 175, 201
Pliny the Elder 9
poetry 26
pointillism 131
political aspects of painting 42, 104–6, 159–60, 174, 183
Polke, Sigmar 114
Pollock, Jackson 106, 107, 112, 143, 168–9, 169, 180
Pop Art 78, 109–10, 145, 175, 176, 194
pornography 13
portraiture 39, 51
portrayal 40–3, 47, 54, 62, 79, 86, 109
‘Positivists’ 58
post-medium 177
post-structuralism 189
postmodernism 87, 111–12, 114, 146, 195–6
Poussin, Nicolas 91, 91
primalness 75–7
Prince, Richard 195
prints 152, 155–6, 174
Puritans 13
Raphael 15, 27, 156
rationality 99, 102, 128
Rauch, Neo 114–15, 114
Rauschenberg, Robert 107, 169, 170, 171, 173, 187
realism 22, 27, 42–3, 55, 56–8, 74, 179–80, 209
Realism (movement) 56, 58–61, 138
recording 43–4
Redon, Odilon 138
reference 184, 201
Reinhardt, Ad 194, 195
Relyea, Lane 198
Rembrandt van Rijn 18, 20, 83, 156
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste 129
reportage 55, 59
reports 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 108–9, 110, 143
representation see also meaning
belief 35–7
imitation 26–7
mark-making 24
modernism 168
myth of 191
pictoral 24, 179–80
Plato 12
as political concept 31–5
portrayal 40–3
realism 22, 42–3, 61
structure 183–6
style 30–1
substitution 35
symbolic 24, 180–2
systems 182–3
theories 27, 187–93, 201
time 81, 83, 106
vision 52
reproductions 124, 167
reverence 15–16
Reynolds, Joshua 53–4, 55, 91, 133
Ribera, Jusepe de 155, 156
Richter, Gerhard 110, 110, 188, 189, 193
Riley, Bridget 80, 80
Rivera, Diego 77, 108
Rodchenko, Alexandr 105–6, 173, 193
Rodin, Auguste 160, 163
Rodler, Hieronymous 49
Roman art, ancient 27, 28, 42–3, 44
Romanticism 17, 53, 56, 58, 63, 123, 128, 132
Rong, Chen 118
Rosenberg, Harold 106, 112, 169
Rothko, Mark 143, 145, 150, 180, 194
Rousseau, Henri 75–7, 77, 138
Rubens, Peter Paul 124, 125, 127
Runge, Philipp Otto 123, 181–2, 182
Ruskin, John 124, 126–7, 130
Russian Revolution 104
Ryman, Robert 148, 149
Sartre, Jean-Paul 143, 144
Saussure, Ferdinand de 184
scepticism 183
Scheiner, Christopher 53
Schelling, Friedrich 132
Schjeldahl, Peter 114–15
Schlegel, Friedrich 123
Schnabel, Julian 146, 196
Schoefft, Theodor 69, 70
sculpture
compared to painting 41, 152–5
Egyptian art 9
Greek, ancient 15, 46
modernity 160
paleolithic 40, 40
Peruvian 42–3, 45
Roman, ancient 42–3, 44, 46
solidity 152
secularism 13, 14
self 117–19, 123–4, 132, 141, 150, 201, 202
semiotics 24, 184, 207
sensation 62, 64, 82, 184–5
sense 184
sensibility 71–4, 100, 122–3
Sérusier, Paul 130, 131
Seurat, Georges 99, 128, 185, 185
shade 83, 167
Shakespeare, William 16, 206–7
shamanism 149, 211
shape 83
Sherman, Cindy 195
sight see vision
silhouettes 9, 51, 52
simplification 130
social media 176
Sokal, Alan 192
solidity 69
Soroka, Grigory 204, 205
soul 123
Soutine, Chaim 74–5, 75
space 69, 71
spirit 123, 132–9
Spiritualism 133–4
Sserulyo, Ignatius 59, 60
Stallabrass, Julian 146–8
Stella, Frank 170–2, 172
Stelzner, Carl Ferdinand 55
still life 94, 102
Stockholder, Jessica 177
stories see narrative
structuralism 183–6, 187, 189
Stubbs, George 30, 33
style 30–5, 82
subjectivity 189, 191
sublime, the 135 see also divine inspiration
substitution 10–12, 13, 31–5, 42, 181, 206
surface 22–3, 39, 125
Surrealism 139–43, 164, 166
symbola 181
Symbolism 138, 140
symbolism 24, 112–14, 126, 180–2
synecdoche 181
Taoism 119
taste see aesthetics
Tatlin, Vladimir 163
theories of representation 187–93
therapy 148–9
Thomassin, Simon 18
Thoré, Théophile 61–2
time 72, 81, 83, 85–7, 101–2, 107
Titian 27, 90, 90, 183, 193
Tobey, Mark 186
tonal modelling 83
tone 168
topography 55
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 100
trompe l’oeil 27
Trump, Donald 174
truth 12, 43, 54, 85, 87–8, 94, 106
Turner, Joseph Mallord William 128
Tuymans, Luc 111, 111
unconscious, the 139–40, 184
universities 192, 196, 198
Vallotton, Félix 77
Vásárely, Victor 186
Velázquez, Diego 193
Velde, Henry van de 138
velum 48, 49
Vermeer, Johannes 18, 21, 50
Vianen, Paulus van 46
video 194–5
Vieira da Silva, María Elena 186, 186
vision
blindness 81–2
light geometry 50
objects 208
perspective 27, 30
scientific accounts of 51–2, 53, 127, 128, 132–3, 183–4
Walker, Tom 24, 26
Warhol, Andy 109–10, 109, 148, 175
West, Benjamin 91, 92, 92
Whistler, James Abbott McNeill 94, 129, 129
Wikipedia 116
Wisdom of Solomon 9
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 184, 187
words see language
Wordworth, William 17
World War One 108, 141, 164
World War Two 111
Wright, Richard 177
writing
communication 188
origins of 86, 87
‘yBas’ (young British artists) 146
Young, Thomas 128
Zeki, Semir 192
Zen 173
Zola, Émile 62, 72