Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Aadi,
41–44; bonded labor persistence of,
107–8; interview with,
45Aanan,
1–3; on bonded labor relational strategies,
49–50abolitionist feminists,
150agriculture: burdens of,
94,
111; Green Revolution in,
85; Indian cash-crop production in,
85; Indian economic issues with,
84–88; postintervention in,
113–14Anti-Slavery Act in India,
125Anti-Slavery International (ASI),
6,
144–45;
Anti-Slavery Reporter from,
146Anti-Slavery Reporter (ASI),
146
Arthashastra (Chanakya),
124–25authoritarianism, right-wing,
170–71
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP),
193n12Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines on the Legal Parameters of Slavery,
10,
180n9Below Poverty Line Program (BPL),
74–75Blackwell Companion to Social Movements,
20,
182n5
bonded labor: of Aadi,
107–8; Aanan on relational strategies of,
49–50; bankruptcy from,
105; from caste system,
128,
139–40,
163; of Dalits,
44; family pressure in,
52–53; food and,
74–78; human rights violations from,
104; as independent social actors,
69–70; in India,
196n21; indifference towards,
128–29; investment approach to,
50–51; land attachment and,
114; persistence in,
110; preemptive tactics for,
49–54; public opinion of,
134,
137; relational approach to,
53; in South Asia,
124; wage fixing in,
51; year-to-year contract system of,
110bonded laborer,
9–10; Goral relationship with,
46–47; ideal social relations of slaveholder and,
45–46,
60–61,
68; mutual need with,
42; risk factors of,
42; and slaveholder as family,
46–49,
51–52; slaveholder care for,
68; slaveholder paternalism toward,
54–57; Tarun as,
42–43; working hours of,
41Bonded Labor Systems Act (BLA),
126brothels,
3,
129–30; children in,
160; human trafficking into,
160
caste system,
13,
15,
45; bonded labor from,
128,
139–40,
163; Brahmin caste in,
69; culture of,
133; dehumanization from,
128; discrimination in,
127–28; as divine,
188n22; ideal social relations from,
60,
68; Kol caste in,
62; laborers in,
48; legitimizing myth of,
46,
56; norms of,
72,
137; Other Backward Caste group in,
108; paternalism in,
68,
131; persistence in,
131–38; politicization of,
79; SCST for,
75–77,
82; servitude in,
131–32; slavery in,
125; structure from,
69–71; untouchability in,
129; value decrease of,
88,
95–97.
See also Dalit populationcivil rights movement,
6,
32,
140Coalition of Immokalee Workers,
148collective action,
6; antipoverty programs and,
77; repression of,
35; scholarship on,
17; from target, social movement perspective,
65commercial sex industry,
129–30community: debt bondage and,
52; mobilization for emancipation,
151–52costs: in social movements for human rights,
26; of Sonbarsa uprising,
63; of targeted incumbents,
26cultural framing,
58–59; of slaveholder,
97–99; by social-movement target,
60culture: of caste system,
133; dominant ideologies of,
163; human rights and,
139–40; of oppression,
197n3; of servitude,
132.
See also India
daily laborers,
41; slaveholder relationship with,
54–55Dalit: bonded labor of,
44; distance of,
68; elections of,
90; governments on,
81; on political rights,
135; terminology of,
193n11debt bondage,
8,
10; community and,
52; emergence of,
134–35; freedom from,
52; Goral on,
46–47; in India,
126; of Kol caste,
62; laborers opposition to,
72–73; as mutual aid,
47; reality of,
44; of Tarun,
44–45; UN on,
192n4
education: access to,
101; as awareness,
83; of laborers,
82–84; as slaveholder threat,
82–84emancipation: alternative approaches to,
154–56; community mobilization for,
151–52; complexity of,
138–39; economic uncertainty from,
109; human rights approach to,
153,
158; in India,
125–26,
138–40; influences on,
89–90; intervention approaches to,
153–54; nature of,
150–56; organizations for,
151; paths of,
155; as rescues,
151; slaveholder on,
7; social movements on,
114; social movement target on,
23–24; sustainability of,
161; of Tarun,
107–9; through rebellion,
152; vulnerability and,
128,
150.
See also antislavery movementexploitation,
7; commercial sexual,
129; by farmers,
86; in interviews,
106–7; social movement target on,
23–24
family: in bonded labor,
52–53; bonded laborer and slaveholder as,
46–49,
51–52; tactical resources in,
51–52female genital mutilation,
140Fligstein, Neil,
19,
57; on targeted incumbents,
89,
170food: bonded labor and,
74–78; India policies on,
74–76; as moderating desperation,
78Forced Labor Convention,
125Fortune 500 companies,
172
genetically modified seeds,
85government: adaptation to,
116–17; on Dalits,
81; SCST support from,
82; in Uttar Pradesh,
80–82.
See also politicsGovernment of India Planning Commission,
112,
126
human rights: approach to emancipation,
158; cultural practices and,
139–40; in emancipation interventions,
153; model of,
196n22Human Rights Commission,
127human trafficking: advocacy on,
141,
159–60; antitrafficking,
141; bias in,
157; into brothels,
160; new approach to,
156–58; perpetrators of,
129–31; police in,
130; in United States,
156,
195n19; visas for,
156.
See also emancipation
ideal social relations: of bonded laborer and slaveholder,
45–49,
60–61,
68; from caste system,
60,
68ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labor,
145incumbency: consideration of,
170–71; utility of concept,
171–72.
See also targeted incumbents
incumbent,
24; change in,
197n2; contention episode resolution of,
30; costs of,
26; Fligstein on,
89,
170; individual,
184n17; insurgents with,
167; interpretation by,
57; lessons from,
172–73; McAdam on,
89,
170; persistence response of,
36–37; preemption response of,
33–34,
186n25; process-oriented explanation of,
25; in public opinion,
25; reactive tactics of,
28–29,
164,
166–67; repression response of,
35; resignation response of,
35–36; resource inventory of,
27–28; response factors of,
37–38; responses of,
32–39,
96; tactical response assessment of,
27; tactic choice of,
169; threats to,
89; voices of,
168; worldview of,
176–77India: agriculture economic issues in,
84–88; bonded labor in,
196n21; British in,
134; colonial era of,
125; debt bondage in,
126; democracy quality in,
90; economy of,
111,
135–36; emancipation in,
125–26,
138–40; empathy in,
136–37; food policies in,
74–76; heterodoxy of,
123; identity-based party mobilization in,
79–80; market liberalization in,
85–86; middle-class of,
136–37; overview of,
122–23; slaveholders in,
129–34; slavery in,
124–29,
180n12; social movements in,
168; trade policy of,
84; two Indias concept of,
122.
See also Bangalore;
caste system;
Uttar Pradeshinequality: in sharecropping,
112–13; slaveholder on,
55; slavery and,
173; Tilly on,
112injustice: framing of,
59,
65–72; as laborer empowerment,
72–73International Labour Organization (ILO),
145International Monetary Fund,
84interpretative processes,
57–60
King, Martin Luther, Jr.,
169Kshantu,
56,
88; cultural practices of,
99; lawsuit of,
97–98
laborer: in caste system,
48; in city,
82–84; communication of,
71; debt bondage opposition of,
72–73; disposition of,
67; education of,
82–84; example of,
133; expectations of,
48; experience of,
190n32; injustice in empowerment of,
72–73; insubordination of,
73; land-owning of,
105–6; leisure activities of,
71; mentality of,
2; mobilization of,
3,
61; public policy issues of,
73; repression of,
97–101; slaveholder relations with,
45–49,
60–61,
68; vulnerability of,
43; work ethic of,
67–68.
See also bonded laborer;
daily laborerslegitimizing myth,
38,
133; of caste system,
46,
56; paternalism as,
55–56lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) movement,
6loss: of Mayawati in election,
90; slaveholder sense of,
66–67
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA),
64,
75,
77,
80–81; funds from,
115–16; wage increase from,
87; worker support from,
81manumission, voluntary,
154Mayawati,
80,
116; election loss of,
90McAdam, Doug,
7,
19,
24,
26,
57,
161,
168; on targeted incumbents,
89,
170mobilization: cognitive liberation for,
58–59; of community for emancipation,
151–52; as identity-based in Indian parties,
79–80; of laborer,
3,
61; in political-process theory,
88–89; process of,
119; puzzle of,
118; reasoning for,
16; resignation from,
103; slaveholder resignation from,
103.
See also countermobilizationMobilization, journal,
20
Mobilizing for Change,
119
1926 Slavery Convention,
1451998 Global March Against Child Labor,
145
Other Backward Caste group,
108
paternalism: for bonded laborer,
54–57; in caste system,
68,
131; as legitimizing myth,
55–56; of Paratapa,
94; power dynamics in,
54; rhetoric of love in,
57; of slaveholder,
12,
47–48,
54–57,
165; tactic of,
165police,
21–22; repression by,
100; scrutiny of,
81; in trafficking,
130political-process theory,
185n18; components of,
24–29; movement mobilization in,
88–89; reattribution in,
30–31; social movement outcomes from,
29–30.
See also targeted incumbents
politics: adaptation to,
117–18; Indian identity-based party mobilization in,
79–80; in Uttar Pradesh,
79–80Posani, Balamuralidhar,
79poverty,
4–5; antipoverty programs and,
77; in public opinion,
136; in slavery,
173power,
33; in paternalism,
54; of slaveholder,
117–18; in social movements for human rights,
166prostitution,
150; as choice,
153public opinion,
21; of bonded labor,
134,
137; poverty in,
136; targeted incumbents in,
25public policy: laborer issues with,
73; as slaveholder hindrance,
79–82
repression: by police,
100; by slaveholder,
97–101; in slavery,
102–3; of targeted incumbents,
35; threats as,
99–100resignation: as emotional state,
106; forms of,
105; from mobilization,
103; of slaveholder,
103–7; as targeted incumbents response,
35–36rhetoric of love: in paternalism,
57; rhetoric of contract as replacement for,
49
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Act (SCST),
75; government support of,
82; issues with,
76–77SCST. See Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste Act
servitude: in caste system,
131–32; culture of,
132sharecropping: adaptation through,
112–14; inequality in,
112–13slaveholder (employer; farmer; landlord),
2; Aadi as,
41–45; accounts of,
12; adaptation of,
111–18; in American South,
132; care for bonded laborer,
68; challenges of,
120; changes for,
162; cognitive barrier of,
162; continued work of,
106; cultural practices of,
97–99; daily laborers relationship with,
54–55; diminished resources of,
84–88; education threat to,
82–84; on emancipation,
7; Goral as,
46; increasing challenges to,
74–79; in India,
129–34; inequality preference of,
55; as overlooked,
148–49; paternalism of,
12,
47–48,
54–57,
165; perception of,
97,
173–74; persistence of,
107–11; power of,
117–18; public policy hindrances to,
79–82; reality of,
129,
132; relations of laborer and,
45–49,
60–61,
68; repression by,
97–101; resignation of,
103–7; resources for,
118–19; respect of,
48,
53–54,
68; scholarship on,
149; self-reinforcing worldview of,
58–59; sense of loss of,
66–67,
120; on slavery,
43; social movement response of,
7,
13,
90–91; in society,
132; terminology of,
4; threats of,
102; villainy and,
174–76; violence of,
44,
103; vulnerability identification of,
43–44.
See also targetslavery,
3–4; advocacy on,
141; in caste system,
125; countermobilization in,
102–3; definitions of,
10–11; freedom and,
124–25; historical theme of,
157; as human rights violations,
143; in India,
124–29,
180n12; inequality and,
173; international law on,
43; overview of data and study on,
8–10; poverty in,
173; repression in,
102–3; scholarship on,
5,
160,
195n21; slaveholder on,
43; terminology of,
176; Western-centric view of,
194n3.
See also antislavery movement;
debt bondage;
emancipation“Slavery and the Human Right to Evil” (Bales),
179n2social movement scholarship,
6–7,
11; culture, politics, and agency stages for,
165; definitions in,
19–22; early research of,
19–22; episode of contention onset,
24; factors in,
18,
165; founding of,
16–17; impact of,
17–18.
See also targeted incumbents
social movements for human rights,
5–6,
182n5; costs in,
26; in India,
168; institutions as targets for,
184n12; political-process theory outcomes of,
29–31; on postemancipation,
114; power in,
166; process-based approach to,
162–68; slaveholder response to,
7,
13,
90–91; social dominance focus in,
186n30; success of,
16; sustainable victories for,
169–70.
See also mobilizationsocial movement theory: interpretive processes in,
57–60; threats and opportunities in,
88–89,
187n32Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade,
144Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr,
177Sonbarsa uprising,
62; cost of,
63; debt liberation in,
65; outcomes of,
104; themes in,
64Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour,
145Study of the Popular Mind (LeBon),
17
target,
12,
19,
181n4; activists on,
184n15; behavior of,
21,
107; collective action perspective from,
65; countermobilization and co-optation response of,
34; on exploitation and emancipation,
23–24; framing by,
60; framing significance of,
23–24; Gamson on,
32–33,
182n5; human rights violations and,
23; interpretative processes of,
57–60,
94–95; as static,
89; strategic interaction with,
164; tactics and outcomes theory of,
24–31; tactics of,
22; terminology of,
20.
See also incumbentthreats: cultural,
38–39; of death,
99; of education to slaveholder,
82–84; Luders on,
184n11; as repression,
99–100; of slaveholder,
102; in social movement theory,
88–89,
187n32; to targeted incumbents,
89Trafficking in Persons Office, U.S.,
158trust,
109–10; importance of,
70; loss of,
109–10; perpetrator testimony and,
14
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),
145United Nations (UN),
192n4UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery,
192n4Uttar Pradesh: carpet-weaving industry in,
119; government in,
80–82; human rights violations in,
4; politics in,
79–80; quarry work in,
62; women’s self-sufficiency group in,
4–5
vulnerability,
195n14; abuse of position of,
11,
43,
150; emancipation and,
128,
150; of laborer,
43; slaveholder identification of,
43–44
Wilberforce, William,
146