NOTES
ABBREVIATIONS
Aida Aida Tsutomu, Kawashima Naniwa-ō: Denki Kawashima Naniwa (Tokyo: Ōzorasha, 1997)
Hiro Aishinkakura Hiro [Saga Hiro], Ruten no ōhi no Shōwa-shi (Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 1984)
Kamisaka Kamisaka Fuyuko, Onnatachi ga keiken shita koto: Shōwa josei-shi sambusaku (Tokyo: Chūō kōronsha, 2000)
Jin Moyu Aishinkakura Kenki [Jin Moyu], Shinchō no ōjo ni umarete: Nitchū no hazama de (Tokyo: Chūō kōronsha, 1986)
Niu Niu Shanseng, ed., Chuandao Fangzi de jingren miwen: Guomin zhengfu shenpan Jin Bihui mimi dang’an (Hong Kong: Jinjian zixun jituan youxian gongsi, 1994)
Shōfū essay Muramatsu Shōfū, “Dansō no reijin,” in Nanairo no jinsei (Tokyo: Mikasa shobō, 1958), 185–91
Shōfū novel Muramatsu Shōfū, Dansō no reijin (Tokyo: Ōzorasha, 1998)
Terao Terao Saho, Hyōden Kawashima Yoshiko: Dansō no etoranze (Tokyo: Bungei shunjū, 2008)
Yoshiko Kawashima Yoshiko, vol. 1, Dōran no kage ni: Watakushi no hanseiki; vol. 2, Hayashi Mokubē, ed., Kawashima Yoshiko gokuchūki (Tokyo: Ōzorasha, 1997)
1. BORN TO CHAOS
I don’t want to die: Yoshiko, vol. 2, 98.
On March 25: Niu, 600.
They’ll probably execute me: Yoshiko, vol. 2, 91.
I am truly calm: Ibid., 90.
For me: Ibid., 92.
Poor Yoshiko: Kawashima Shōko, Bōkyō: Nitchū rekishi no namima ni ikita Shinchō ōjo Kawashima Renko no shōgai (Tokyo: Shūeisha, 2002), 125.
2. LITTLE SISTER
I’m Chinese: Jin Moyu, 94–95, 98–99.
The Eighty-eight-Year-Old Princess: “Bashiba sui de Xiao Gege—Jin Moyu” (Hong Kong: Fenghuang weixing, 2007).
I never met Yoshiko: Jin Moyu, 32.
Yoshiko had her hair: Ibid., 33.
One day I went: Ibid., 33–34.
What’s this all about?: Ibid., 36.
Why, Chizuko: Ibid., 38.
Come back soon: Ibid.
Yoshiko invited me: Ibid., 8.
A little while later: Ibid., 8–9.
I looked at the newspaper: Ibid., 12.
3. ROYALTY IN EXILE
The clean, cool fragrance: Willa Lou Woods, Princess Jin, the Joan of Arc of the Orient (Wenatchee, Wash.: World Pub., 1937), 4–5.
Why are you crying: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 3–4.
My father wanted to go: Kamisaka, 44.
I will not tread: Niu, 201.
small, with dark skin: Jonjurjab, Su qinwang yijia (1964), 22ff.
At the time of the war: Marius B. Jansen, Japan and China: From War to Peace, 1894–1972 (Chicago: Rand McNally: 1975), 153.
The Japanese police: Aishinkakura Renshin [Aisin Gioro Lianshen], “Shuku shinnō-ke zakki,” in Tōhoku Ajia no rekishi to shakai, edited by Hatanaka Sachiko and Harayama Akira (Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku shuppankai, 1991), 41.
You can say: Jin Moyu, 24.
In the Lushun house: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 24.
Looking back: Ibid.
With the world: Ibid., 24–25.
All around it was quiet: Kawashima Shōko, Bōkyō, 38.
Our life in Lushun was simple: Ibid., 44.
The Kangxi emperor himself: Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 179.
Since ancient times: Watanabe Ryūsaku, Hiroku Kawashima Yoshiko: Sono shōgai no shinsō to nazo (Tokyo: Banchō shobō, 1972), 29.
They wore Japanese clothes: Harada Bairen, “Shuku shinnō-ke no hitobito,” privately printed, 1969, 5.
Prince Su’s home: Christopher Dewell, Ph.D. diss., University of California, Santa Barbara.
He told me: Aida, 199.
Yoshiko went up: Kamisaka, 51.
One day I was asleep: Kawashima Yoshiko, “Boku wa sokoku o aisu,” Fujin kōron, September 1933, 67.
4. CONTINENTAL ADVENTURER
Water, sky; sky and water: Miyazaki Tōten, My Thirty-three Years’ Dream, translated by Etō Shinkichi and Marius B. Jansen (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 52.
Kawashima’s idea in those days: Wada Chishū, “Kawashima Naniwa monogatari,” no. 8, Taun jōhō, 2000.
Manchuria is the very nerve center: Aida, 46.
By nature: Ibid., 11.
God can see: Ibid., 13.
You are a child: Ibid., 13–14.
Absolutely naked: Ibid., 15.
those gentlemen who are: “Japan’s Foreign Policy,” New York Times, November 9, 1919.
I imagined myself: Miyazaki, My Thirty-three Years’ Dream, 73.
Many in Asia: Aida, 17.
Those were the days: Ibid.
Swallows and sparrows: Kuzuu Yoshihisa, Tōa senkaku shishi kiden (Tokyo: Kokuryūkai shuppan-bu, 1935–1936), 2:217.
I was the rowdiest: Aida, 15–16.
I’ll show you how: Ibid., 18.
blessed with many children: Kuzuu, Tōa senkaku shishi kiden, 2:248.
Weeping blood: Aida, 25.
Yoshiko was outstandingly gifted: Kawashima Shōko, Bōkyō, 125.
If in the end: Kawashima Yoshiko, “Boku wa sokoku o aisu,” 69.
I don’t need your help: Kuzuu, Tōa senkaku shishi kiden, 2:228.
You just leave me here: Ibid., 247.
Leave the Forbidden City to me: Aida, 72.
The proper way: Wada Chishū, “Kawashima Naniwa monogatari,” no. 2, Taun jōhō, 2000.
China is like a wrecked car: Yomiuri shimbun, July 7, 1925.
[The Chinese people] are like sand: Aida, 175.
I often say: Kawashima Naniwa, “Shuku ō-ke naikō shinsō,” privately printed, 1928, 11.
5. A NEW LIFE IN JAPAN
When I was thirteen: Kawashima Yoshiko, “Boku wa sokoku o aisu,” 68.
They took away: Ibid., 67.
Naniwa was loose: Watanabe, Hiroku Kawashima Yoshiko, 73.
Once Fuku was back in Japan: Aida, 171–72.
What are you doing: Kawashima Shōko, Bōkyō, 73–74.
lost his balance: Kamisaka, 60.
In those days: Harada Tomohiko, “Kawashima Yoshiko o megutte,” in Harada Tomohiko chosakushū (Kyoto: Shimbunkaku shuppan, 1981–1982), 6:74.
I used to get: Ibid., 84–85.
6. MANCHU PRINCE, JAPANESE WIFE
The Kwantung Army hoped: Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi, From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi, translated by W. J. F. Jenner (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1989), 289–90.
I will leave the matter to you: Hiro, 32.
We refused the offer: Ibid., 23.
Unexpectedly, for both of us: Aishinkakura Fuketsu [Aisin Gioro Pujie], Fuketsu jiden: “Manshūkoku” kōtei o ikite, translated from the Chinese by Maruyama Noboru and Kin Jakusei [Jin Ruojing] (Tokyo: Kawade shobō shinsha, 1995), 74.
7. SCHOOL DAYS
In this world: Shōfū novel, 44.
Just tell me: A sentiment expressed by Kawashima Yoshiko’s nephew Aisin Gioro Lianshen, among others. I am grateful to Terao Saho for showing me the transcript of her interview with Lianshen.
quite a walk: Kamisaka, 53.
What country are you from?: Ibid.
The only person: Ibid., 54.
On a day: Watanabe, Hiroku Kawashima Yoshiko, 67–68.
Two student teachers: Tanaka Sumie, “Kawashima Yoshiko,” Rekishi to jimbutsu, June 1983, 26.
She would one moment: Ishikawa Rin, Akabane mukashigatari (Tokyo: Kindai bungeisha, 1988), 124.
It did not look: Ibid., 29.
It was as if a lustrous crane: Harada Bairen, “Shuku shinnō-ke no hitobito,” 8.
She really stood out: Nishizawa Michio, Shanhai e watatta onnatachi (Tokyo: Shinjimbutsu ōraisha, 1996), 141.
My clowning: Takeuchi Minoru, Kikō Nihon no naka no Chūgoku (Tokyo: Asahi shimbunsha, 1976), 60.
The teacher is so insulting: Ibid., 52.
Even though the Qing dynasty: Jin Moyu, 18.
I have a home: Kamisaka, 68.
disruptive to order: Harada Bairen, “Shuku shinnō-ke no hitobito,” 8.
That’s just a roundabout way: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 37.
Uncivilized Principal: Nishizawa, Shanhai e watatta onnatachi, 164.
rid the school: Ibid., 163.
discipline and stoicism: Aida, 297.
That day on the way home: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 32.
Little Dove: Takeuchi, Kikō Nihon no naka no Chūgoku, 56.
Tonight is a dark night: Ibid., 57.
Sacrifice: Ibid., 57–58.
I was hit today too: Ibid., 58.
This “patriot”: Ibid., 50.
They won’t let go: Ibid., 59–61.
8. THE BEAUTY IN MEN’S CLOTHING
I had the best of intentions: Muramatsu Shōfū, “Dansō no reijin wa ikite iru,” in Gin no mimikazari (Tokyo: Dai Nihon yūbenkai kōdansha, 1957), 232. The paragraphs that follow have been adapted from this essay.
I was with Kawashima Yoshiko: Ibid., 226.
So tell me: Ibid., 228.
I had been interested: Ibid., 230.
So you can say: Ibid., 232.
When it comes to historical fiction: Muramatsu Ei, Iro kigen: Onna, onna, mata onna: Muramatsu Shōfū no shōgai (Tokyo: Saiko shobō, 1989), 87.
The specialties of this place: Joshua A. Fogel, The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China, 1862–1945 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 260; from Kikuchi Hiroshi, Kubota Yoshitarō, and Sekiguchi Yasuyoshi, eds., Akutagawa Ryūnosuke kenkyū (Tokyo: Meiji shoin, 1981), 230.
Shanghai has everything: Muramatsu Ei, Iro kigen, 113.
Why on earth: Muramatsu Shōfū, Moeru Shanhai (Tokyo: Surugadai shobō, 1953), 6–7.
It’s a very important matter: Ibid., 18.
The driver was a handsome: Ibid., 19.
You’re a writer: Ibid., 24–25.
Why don’t you stop: Shōfū essay, 186.
I don’t want: Muramatsu Shōfū, Moeru Shanhai, 74.
As you know: Ibid., 76.
The author lived: Shōfū essay, 187.
model for the novel’s heroine: Fujin kōron, November 1932, 163.
She got her second bullet wound: Shōfū novel, 6–7.
Thus, before Mariko knew: Ibid., 41–42.
One day Mariko: Fujin kōron, October 1932, 375.
In other words: Aishinkakura Kenritsu [Aisin Gioro Xianli], “Kawashima Yoshiko wa doko ni iru?” Tokushū Bungei shunjū, February 1956, 221.
Prince Su’s treasure: Wada Chishū, “Kawashima Naniwa monogatari,” no. 35, Taun jōhō, 2001.
add a zero: Kamisaka Fuyuko, Watashi no jinsei, watashi no Shōwa-shi (Tokyo: Shūeisha, 2006), 207.
It is said that heroes: Harada Tomohiko, “Kawashima Yoshiko o megutte,” 83.
It is not impossible: Ibid., 85.
When Yoshiko’s brother Xianli: Ibid., 85–86.
There’s simply no truth to it: Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kamisaka Fuyuko no oi no ikkatsu (Tokyo: Sankei shimbun shuppan, 2009), 222.
These people: Muramatsu Tomomi, Watakushi puroresu no mikata desu (Tokyo: Kadokawa shoten, 1981), 9.
No doubt he clearly mapped: Muramatsu Tomomi, Dansō no reijin (Tokyo: Kōbunsha 21, 2002), 44.
I spent my youth: Ibid.
My grandmother: Ibid., 42.
Don’t look at: Shōfū novel, 61.
Isn’t the section: Muramatsu Tomomi, Dansō no reijin, 73.
9. EXTREME MEASURES
Moriyama is really: Shinano mainichi shimbun, September 10, 1925.
dangerous, foreign ideologies: Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa, Religion in Japanese History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 196.
could see a pure side: Shinano mainichi shimbun (chōkan), September 10, 1925.
I said to him: Ibid. (yūkan).
He only has to look: Ibid. (chōkan).
was murdered in a spectacular gesture: Jansen, Japan and China, 208.
I didn’t think: Kamisaka, 66.
Chinese the Catalyst: Shinano mainichi shimbun, November 21, 1925.
Story About Yoshiko’s Marriage: Ibid., November 22, 1925.
I’ve had all this trouble: Asahi shimbun, Tokyo, November 27, 1925.
I don’t want to talk now: Kawashima Yoshiko, “Boku wa sokoku o aisu,” 69.
my farewell to my life: Ibid.
Kawashima Yoshiko’s Beautiful Black Hair: Asahi shimbun, Tokyo, November 27, 1925.
Please forgive me: Ibid., November 29, 1925.
10. REPERCUSSIONS
I felt that I had to bow: Kamisaka, 22.
Now it is hard for me: Kawashima Shōko, Bōkyō, 334.
The troubled Kawashima Yoshiko: Asahi shimbun, Tokyo, February 18, 1927.
There have been various: Asahi shimbun, Osaka, March 7, 1927.
Yoshiko is abnormal: Yomiuri shimbun, March 7, 1927.
could not bear his loneliness: Asahi shimbun, Osaka, March 7, 1927.
She really became extremely knowledgeable: Kawashima Shōko, Bōkyō, 80.
She accompanied him: Ibid., 111.
They rowed and swam: Ibid., 79.
Yoshiko’s selfish character: Ibid., 122.
She made sure: Ibid., 126.
11. ON HER OWN
To put it briefly: Harada Tomohiko, “Kawashima Yoshiko o megutte,” 71.
I came to understand: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 36.
I was recovering: Kawashima Yoshiko, “Boku wa sokoku o aisu,” 71.
She told me: Kamisaka, 73.
Yoshiko really looked like a bride: Jin Moyu, 34.
If they could plant: Nishizawa, Shanhai e watatta onnatachi, 221.
My daily life: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 83–84.
as bright as the noontime sea: Ibid.
These Mongols liked: Ibid., 85.
maintaining law and order: Nishizawa, Shanhai e watatta onnatachi, 218.
My troops spent a half year: Zhongyang Dang’an Guan, ed., Wei Manzhouguo de tongzhi yu neimu-wei Man guanyuan gongshu (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2000).
Almost immediately after her marriage: Jonjurjab, Su qinwang yijia.
She was a small woman: Morita Hisako, “Shinchō ōjo to nisen-en,” Fujin saron, April 1932, 204–8.
12. POISONOUS DEVIL’S BREW
To appeal to the Chinese mind: Whitey Smith, I Didn’t Make a Million (Manila: Philippine Education Co., 1956), 25–26.
My great adventure: Ibid., 19.
Confucian morals: Andrew David Field, Shanghai’s Dancing World (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010), 59.
Competition for the foreign trade: Smith, I Didn’t Make a Million, 22.
Off to one side: Ibid., 25.
calmed down the Charleston: Ibid., 27–28.
brought more good will: Ibid., 28.
I can’t even: Muramatsu Shōfū, Mato (Tokyo: Yumani shobō, 2002), 11.
Before I had even: Ibid., 26.
From the bottom of my heart: “Watashi ga futatabi onna ni kaeru hi,” Fujin kurabu, September 1933, 287.
Grandfather … I’ve been chased: Kamisaka, 77.
That problem daughter: Shinano mainichi shimbun, May 14, 1931.
13. ADVANCE INTO MANCHURIA
The Pacific War began: Ienaga Saburō, The Pacific War, translated by Frank Baldwin (New York: Pantheon, 1978), 3.
purchased with the blood: Yamamuro Shin’ichi, Manchuria under Japanese Dominion, translated by Joshua A. Fogel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 261; from Sakurai Tadayoshi, Nikudan (Tokyo: Eibun shinshisha, 1906), 36.
Manchuria and Mongolia are not territories: Peter Duus, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 292.
The gunfire so frightened: Walla Walla Union Bulletin, July 5 1946.
a paradise of benevolent government: Duus, Cambridge History of Japan, 297.
price manipulations, coerced sales: Louise Young, Japan’s Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 402.
forced through mercilessly: Chong-Sik Lee, Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 271.
Miss Kawashima Yoshiko plunges: Asahi shimbun, November 16, 1931.
14. AN EMPEROR IN FLUX
I thought that the talks: Pu Yi, From Emperor to Citizen, 235.
rampageous: Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson, quoted in Sadako N. Ogata, Defiance in Manchuria: The Making of Japanese Foreign Policy, 1931–1932 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 72.
the tiger’s mouth: Edward Behr, The Last Emperor (New York: Bantam, 1987), 211.
As soon as I heard: Pu Yi, From Emperor to Citizen, 219.
I found a foreign-style house: Ibid., 208.
The economics of the Jingyuan Garden: Ibid., 209.
After I moved to Tianjin: Ibid., 209–10
A stick of Spearmint: Ibid., 210, 212.
I do not know: Ibid., 229.
acknowledge a bandit: Ibid., 228.
I was far too carried away: Ibid.
land where our ancestors arose: Ibid., 220.
Thus it was: Ibid., 247.
15. THE RELUCTANT EMPRESS
Twenty autumns later: Vera Schwarcz, Place and Memory in the Singing Crane Garden (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 70.
All Staff Officer Itagaki: Kamisaka, 84.
Their faces were very small: Pu Yi, From Emperor to Citizen, 117.
Few of the royal family: Wang Qingxiang, China’s Last Emperor as an Ordinary Citizen (Beijing: China Reconstructs, 1986), 18.
Puyi’s homosexuality: Kamisaka, 84.
I wore a black suit: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 129.
At 11 o’clock: New York Times, November 12, 1931.
Get the dog: Muramatsu Shōfū, Moeru Shanhai, 116.
In addition: http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/11804-eastern-jewel-kawashima-yoshiko-.
The central government: Ibid.
I didn’t know anything: Niu, 58.
She was a little over thirty: Hiro, 56.
The empress was seated: Ibid., 56–57.
16. POWERFUL CONNECTIONS
Yoshiko: What will you do: Kishida Risei, Tsui no sumika, kari no yado: Kawashima Yoshiko den (Tokyo: Jiritsu shobō, 2002), 59.
My expressions in the tribunal: R. John Pritchard and Sonia Magbanua Zaide, eds., The Tokyo War Crimes Trial (New York: Garland, 1981), 7:15916.
Much later he claimed: Tanaka Ryūkichi, “Kakute tennō wa muzai ni natta,” in “Bungei shunjū” ni miru Shōwa-shi (Tokyo: Bungei shunjū, 1988), 2:85.
gas intoxication: Tokyo War Crimes Trial, 2:2142.
Yes, I spent: Ibid., 165–66.
professional witness: Ibid., 14:34377–78.
He testified glibly: Ibid., 18:44904–5.
General, aren’t you known: Ibid., 6:14339.
We handled affairs: Ibid., 14341–42.
sybaritic and unsavory character: Life, January 26, 1948, 89.
To put it bluntly: Matsumoto Shigeharu, Shanhai jidai (Tokyo: Chūō kōron, 1974), 2:209; cited in Eri Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931–1945 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 152.
After that: Tanaka Ryūkichi and Tanaka Minoru, Tanaka Ryūkichi chosakushū (Tokyo: Tanaka Minoru, 1979), 454.
When I met him: Muramatsu Shōfū, Moeru Shanhai, 22.
Kawashima was imperious: Ibid., 27.
he had something big: Ibid., 50.
Her voice was shocking: Ibid., 96.
well-known perversion: Ibid., 99.
tragic: Tanaka Ryūkichi chosakushū, 570.
She was manipulated: Kamisaka, 90.
bought a house for Yoshiko: Tanaka Ryūkichi chosakushū, 454.
did not forget: Ibid.
While he was living: Ibid.
In other words: Ibid.
She never for a moment: Ibid.
Her talents: Ibid., 455.
expert at dancing the man’s role: Muramatsu Shōfū, “Dansō no reijin wa ikite iru,” 259–60.
basic beliefs: Kamisaka, 87.
Talk about being: Shōfū novel, 91.
At that time: Terebi Tōkyō, ed., Shōgen watakushi no Shōwa-shi (Tokyo: Bungei shunjū, 1989), 1:273.
Even so: Ibid., 275.
The important thing to remember: Ibid.
That incident occurred: Ibid.
The Chinese government in Shanghai: Ibid., 274.
The Chinese refugees: Frederic Wakeman Jr., Policing Shanghai 1927–1937 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 190.
While this fierce battle: Tanaka Ryūkichi chosakushū, 457.
With Staff Officer Itagaki: Ibid., 459.
Afterward Xianli remembered: Kamisaka, 86.
17. WOMAN OF INFLUENCE
As we sucked the luscious grapes: Woods, Princess Jin, 8.
There were two beds: Shōfū essay, 188.
After a late dinner: Ibid., 187–88.
Once I got dressed: Muramatsu Shōfū, “Dansō no reijin wa ikite iru,” 255–56.
Why did T: Ibid., 250.
At that time: Ibid., 251.
gave the military what they wanted: Ibid.
clever gift of providence: Shōfū novel, 352.
I am the one: Ibid., 309.
A woman must protect: Ibid., 308.
Kawashima Yoshiko put too much: Terao Saho interview.
Our hostess suggested: Woods, Princess Jin, 6.
disguised as a boy: Ibid., 3–4.
The present Nanking: Ibid., 24.
a little Japanese girl: Ibid., 6–7.
I am always lonely: “Watashi ga futatabi onna ni kaeru hi,” 286, 288.
When she went to Rehe: Ibid., 285.
What could be more chaotic: Woods, Princess Jin, 18.
She thought of the way: Ibid.
As for the Japanese: Ibid., 24.
She became intoxicated: Tanaka Ryūkichi chosakushū, 461.
From the start: Muramatsu Shōfū, “Dansō no reijin wa ikite iru,” 244.
I have definitely: Ibid.
Give us your life: Terebi Tōkyō, Shōgen watakushi no Shōwa-shi, 1:280.
I cannot live: Aishinkakura Kenritsu, “Kawashima Yoshiko wa doko ni iru?” 223.
money tree: Muramatsu Shōfū, “Dansō no reijin wa ikite iru,” 252.
18. A GROWING AWARENESS
One day a field officer: Aishinkakura Fuketsu, Fuketsu jiden, 62–63.
When I heard about this: Hiro, 42.
What did you come here for: Ibid., 72.
Hiro, don’t think about yourself: Ibid., 58.
During my first winter: Ibid.
The emperor sent over: Ibid., 66.
How can a mere: Ibid.
My contact with non-Japanese: Katō Toshiko interview.
The children were open: Hiro, 70.
slave mentality: Aishinkakura Fuketsu, Fuketsu jiden, 151.
severely punished: Ibid.
Your tenure: Ibid., 153.
This episode preyed: Ibid., 95.
With much emotion: Ibid., 96.
traitor: Ibid. 97.
I understood why: Ibid.
19. COMMANDER JIN
[Rehe] is all mountainous: Edgar Snow, Far Eastern Front (New York: Smith and Haas, 1933), 295.
“Gen. Su,” reads a vivid: Straits Times, November 17, 1932.
Glittering Joan of Arc: Asahi shimbun, Tokyo, February 28, 1933.
I don’t mind dying: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 246.
nervous ailment: Ibid., 248.
He was her supervisor: Hirano Mineo, “Josōshirei Kawashima Yoshiko to sono bakka,” Hanashi, April 1933, 243.
I must go forward now: Aishinkakura Kenritsu, “Kawashima Yoshiko wa doko ni iru?” 224.
Tada adopted me: Chiya Michio, “Gokusō no Kawashima Yoshiko,” in Shi no kōseki (Tokyo: Hokuyōsha, 1977), 50.
When she caused him trouble: Ibid., 49.
I was living: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 254.
lessen the spiritual debt: Ibid.
uncharacteristically quiet: Ibid., 255
They were all men: Ibid., 258.
There she was: Hirano, “Josōshirei Kawashima Yoshiko to sono bakka,” 246–47.
Although the exact number: Terao, 169–70.
a bunch of toy soldiers: Shōfū essay, 189.
She has no special rank: Hirano, “Josōshirei Kawashima Yoshiko to sono bakka,” 243.
I created the Ankoku Army: Watanabe, Hiroku Kawashima Yoshiko, 139.
In those days: Terao Saho interview with Aisin Gioro Lianshen.
Perhaps not since the Crusades: Snow, Far Eastern Front, 294.
[Rehe] was a debacle: Ibid., 293.
chill, bleak, mountainous: Time, January 23, 1933.
The Master of Jehol: Time, February 27, 1933.
about as fast: Time, March 13 1933.
seemed to be in: Ibid.
20. STARTING OVER IN MANCHUKUO
No matter how much: Aa Manmō kaitaku-dan, Equipe de Cinema, no. 171 (Tokyo: Iwanami Hall, 2008), 8.
Immigration to Manchuria: Ibid., 10–11.
An officer from the military: Ibid., 21.
I was ten years old: Ibid., 22.
My father taught students how to sew: Ibid., 18.
My little sister: Takarabe Toriko, Takarabe Toriko shishū (Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 1997), 11.
My father gave off: Ibid., 85.
Yamamoto had always: Takarabe Toriko, Tempu, meifu (Tokyo: Kōdansha, 2005), 41.
They passed by: Ibid., 14.
21. IN THE BRIGHT LIGHT
An ordinary person: Watanabe, Hiroku Kawashima Yoshiko, 265.
My whole life has been formed: Niu, 453.
Perhaps, as these words: Kawashima Shōko, Bōkyō, 120.
Up to now: Kawashima Yoshiko, “Boku wa sokoku o aisu,” 64.
I led these troops: Ibid., 65.
happiness to the thirty million: Ibid.
the good kind: Ibid., 66.
They are suffering in hell: Ibid., 75.
I speak to you: Ibid., 76.
It was a time: Thomas Abe, “Dansō no reijin Kawashima Yoshiko hiwa,” Jimbutsu ōrai, December 1955, 74–78.
22. WILD CHILD
No, rather than saying: Kamisaka, 117.
I complained to my father: Shinano mainichi shimbun, August 11, 1933.
She had no ideals and no ideology: Harada Tomohiko, “Kawashima Yoshiko o megutte,” 75.
Yoshiko had no ideals: Kamisaka, 20.
Behaving in a rowdy fashion: Shinano mainichi shimbun, August 30, 1933.
genius of speculation: Hugh Byas, Government by Assassination (Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2010), 249.
messiah: Kasai Yoshiharu, Shōwa no ten’ichibō: Itō Hanni den (Tokyo: Ronsōsha, 2003), 202.
Rescue all Japanese citizens: Ibid., 200–201.
You have returned: Ibid., 200.
The Commander’s Room: Kamisaka, 104.
I never have the foggiest idea: Shinano mainichi shimbun, January 9, 1935.
You only have to imagine: Ibid.
a pink Yūzen kimono: “Gokuchū ni utau Kawashima Yoshiko no ‘Kimigayo’” Nihon shūhō, August 1959, 166.
glucose: Tokyo nichi nichi shimbun, Nagano Shinshū, June 11, 1937.
At this rate: Fukunaga Kenji, “Joketsu Kawashima Yoshiko,” Nihon keizai shimbun, May 9 1984.
All of you: Shinano mainichi shimbun, March 25, 1937.
23. A DAUGHTER LOOKS BACK
After the defeat of Japan: Aixin-Jiaoluo Pu Jie [Aisin Gioro Pujie], “My Family and Myself,” China Pictorial, no. 8, 1979, 39.
My mother had a strong sense: Fukunaga Kosei interview.
My Father, Pujie: “Waga chichi Fuketsu: Rasuto emperā no otōto—Haran no shōgai,” NHK kyōiku, January 21, 2006.
Though the Japanese made much: Hiro, 74.
We work hard: Ibid., 100.
We people of Manchukuo: Ibid., 114.
But when I thought about it: Ibid., 106.
It was very difficult: Ibid., 116.
I was confused: “Fukunaga Kosei: Aishinkakura-ke saigo no tenshi,” Fujin kōron, February 7, 2009, 138–39.
24. CHINA NIGHTS
Her songs came to express: Yamaguchi Yoshiko and Fujiwara Sakuya, Ri Kōran: Watakushi no hansei (Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 1990), 446.
She smiled: Ibid., 91.
When I was little: Ibid., 93.
In China: Ibid., 92.
My father felt: Washington Post, November 30, 1991.
Those doing the serving: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 264.
Kawashima Yoshiko gave me: Yamaguchi and Fujiwara, Ri Kōran, 94.
In Kawashima’s life: Ibid.
I gradually realized: Ibid., 95.
Later I found out: Ibid., 98.
A fondness for Kawashima Yoshiko: Ibid., 99.
I’ll never forget: Ibid.
It was about eleven o’clock: Yoshiko, vol. 1, 268–69.
The ancients proclaim: Ibid., 260–61.
25. EMERGENCY HELP
Sasakawa began his career: Richard J. Samuels, Machiavelli’s Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 243.
I have something: Yamaoka Sōhachi, Hatenkō: Ningen Sasakawa Ryōichi (Tokyo: Yūhōsha, 1978), 178–79, 187.
What a cruel story: Ibid., 188.
Thank you so much: Ibid., 189.
Pale and listless: Ibid.
Sensei, you have a look: Ibid., 190.
No one understands: Ibid., 191.
She’d use her troops: Ibid., 185.
The Japanese go around: Watanabe, Hiroku Kawashima Yoshiko, 173.
Hold me: Yamaoka, Hatenkō, 195.
Don’t get so angry: Ibid., 196.
I can only depend: Ibid.
Sasakawa was the first: Ibid., 197.
She would promise: Ibid.
I’m thinking of going: Ibid., 199.
Sasakawa supplied: Ibid. 201.
26. AN OLD LOVE
I wonder what Yamaga-san: Yamaguchi Yoshiko, Ri Kōran o ikite: Watakushi no rirekisho (Tokyo: Nihon keizai shimbunsha, 2004), 128.
The Chinese people seem: Ibid., 125.
I found out much later: Ibid., 40–41.
I never knew: Yamaguchi and Fujiwara, Ri Kōran, 227.
Better not to have: Ibid., 97.
When she was a schoolgirl: Ibid., 227–28.
She wrote letters: Ibid., 230–31.
Yamaga certainly had traits: Yamaguchi, Ri Kōran o ikite, 125–26.
This is how I’ve suffered: Yamaguchi and Fujiwara, Ri Kōran, 233.
She didn’t know: Ibid.
I am planning: Ibid.
It was wonderful: Ibid, 234–35.
27. ADRIFT IN FUKUOKA
The Japanese scare me: Kotone Sonomoto, Kodoku no ōjo Kawashima Yoshiko (Tokyo: Tomo shobō, 2004), 114.
running dog: Terao, 187.
I visited the hospital: Kamisaka, 113.
Since I couldn’t open: Ibid., 112.
She wasn’t a bad person: Ibid., 113.
Yoshiko really had: Ibid.
If we go to China: Kotone, Kodoku no ōjo, 108.
The room was somewhat dark: Ibid., 13.
Japanese and Chinese: Ibid., 121.
Beijing is a big city: Ibid., 97.
destruction of Japan: Satoshi Hattori, “Japan’s Gamble for Autonomy: Rethinking Matsuoka Yōsuke’s Diplomacy,” in Tumultuous Decade: Empire, Society, and Diplomacy in 1930s Japan, edited by Masato Kimura and Tosh Minohara (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013), 215–16.
28. HOPEFUL TO THE END
She didn’t have anything: Kamisaka, 119–20.
I would like to serve: Watanabe, Hiroku Kawashima Yoshiko, 172.
immediately realized that Japan would lose: Yoshiko, vol. 2, 25.
If I am arrested: Asahi shimbun, Tokyo, February 8, 1932.
I know a way to escape: Kamisaka, 125.
I came back because: Yoshiko, vol. 2, 97.
29. NARROW ESCAPES
This morning we made: Derk Bodde, Peking Diary: A Year of Revolution (New York: Schuman, 1950), 12–13; cited in Odd Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 223.
In an instant: Jin Moyu, 7, 10.
A few of the puppets: John F. Melby, The Mandate of Heaven: Record of a Civil War, China 1945–49 (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 152.
Even if Japan loses: Nakanishi Rei, Akai tsuki (Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 2001), 2:145.
After the war ended: Yamamoto Takeo interview.
Chang Ching-hui and Takebe Rokuzo: Pu Yi, From Emperor to Citizen, 319.
The next day: Ibid., 320.
Outside, the rioters: Hiro, 140.
Once we realized: Ibid., 138.
The empress: Motooka Noriko, Ruten no ko: Saigo no kōjo Aishinkakura Kosei (Tokyo: Chūō kōron shinsha, 2011), 112.
The traitorous imperial family: Hiro, 168.
We’ll put her on trial: Ibid., 183.
My life has been threatened: Ibid., 187.
30. POSTWAR JUSTICE
Question: State your, name: Niu, 24.
Is Jin Bihui here?: Kamisaka, 125.
I was taking a nap: Niu, 1–2.
Ogata is a secretary: Kamisaka, 126.
completely different: Xinminbao, July 9, 1947, 18.
Please help me: Zhongyang Tongxunshe Zhengjibu, Chuandao Fangzi panchu jingguo (Taipei: Zhengda shezi zhongxin, n.d.), 3.
Okamura Yasuji: John Dower, Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq (New York: Norton, 2010), 385.
palace of horrors: Frederic E. Wakeman Jr., The Shanghai Badlands: Wartime Terrorism and Urban Crime, 1937–1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 85.
Wang’s Himmler: Masui Kōichi, Kankan saiban-shi: 1946–1948 (Tokyo: Misuzu shobō, 1977), 251.
Little Devil Ding: Wakeman, Shanghai Badlands, 86.
With her assistance: Shishi xinbao, July 11, 1947, 2.
The court official told me: Niu, 519.
The next day: Ibid., 530–31.
I thought that since: Ibid., 532–33.
I piloted the plane myself: Ibid., 39–40.
They say that novels: “Mokugeki-sha ga kataru: Supai no joō Kawashima Yoshiko shokei no shinsō,” Shūkan sankei, March 1, 1971, 44.
My father taught me: Niu, 29.
I couldn’t understand: Ibid., 30.
I’ve worked as a secretary: Ibid., 32.
Asia Mata Hari: Indiana Evening Gazette, October 16, 1947.
The flood of local citizens: Shijie ribao, October 16, 1947, 30.
After she was arrested: Ibid.
like watermelons: Heping ribao, October 23, 1947.
Since the judicial staff: Zhongyang Tongxunshe Zhengjibu, Chuandao Fangzi panchu jingguo, 32.
Novels and movies: Niu, 430.
My father is of Chinese blood: Ibid., 386, 389.
I have many brothers and sisters: Ibid., 390.
The accused, Jin Bihui: Ibid., 384–85.
I don’t understand why: Ibid., 385.
The accused is a descendant: Ibid., 405.
The prosecution concludes: Xinminbao, October 19, 1947, 42.
As scholar Dan Shao points out: Dan Shao, “Princess, Traitor, Soldier, Spy: Aisin Gioro Xianyu and the Dilemma of Manchu Identity,” in Crossed Histories: Manchuria in the Age of Empire, edited by Mariko Tamanoi (Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 2005), 98–99.
I am Manchu: Shishi xinbao, July 11, 1947, 2.
The indictment states: Niu, 413.
Finally, we ask: Niu, 419.
Apparently a newspaper: Yoshiko, vol. 2, 103.
31. GO WITH A SMILE
I’d rather die soon: Yoshiko, vol. 2, 102.
I feel that it’s truly a good thing: Ibid., 90.
The racket created: Ibid., 78.
I received the death penalty: Ibid., 95.
I have received neither letters: Dagongbao, November 20, 1947, 47.
Even today my heart: Yoshiko, vol. 2, 96–97.
It was really a shame: Ibid., 72.
How are you?: Ibid., 67.
Since her youth: Yoshiko, vol. 2, 106–8.
You’ve made a mistake: Ibid., 115–16.
After I finished writing: Ibid., 122–23.
Penniless and bereft: Long Beach Press Telegram, March 19, 1948.
Nonetheless, she had little: The official who feared the spilling of his secrets was Sun Fo, then president of the Legislative Yuan.
Arguments are just: Kawashima Yoshiko, Shinjitsu no Kawashima Yoshiko: Himeraretaru nihyakushu no shiika (Matsumoto: Kawashima Yoshiko kinenshitsu setsuritsu jikkō iinkai, 2001), 95; cited in Terao, 218.