2. Kant’s Best Hope: Woodrow Wilson

    1. On the election, see Gould, Four Hats in the Ring.

    2. Quoted in Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 154. On the arbitration dispute, see Campbell, “Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911.”

    3. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 157.

    4. Ibid., 208.

    5. Woodrow Wilson to Mary Allen Hulbert Peck, August 25, 1912, PWW, 25:55–56.

    6. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 168.

    7. See Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism in American Life, 207–22.

    8. Ibid., 209–10.

    9. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 16.

  10. Nordholt, Woodrow Wilson, 95.

  11. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 159.

  12. Freud and Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 4.

  13. See Widmer, The Ark of the Liberties, 169.

  14. Brands, Woodrow Wilson, 5.

  15. Raymond D. Fosdick, Personal Recollections of Woodrow Wilson, January 30, 1956, Henry Allen Moe Papers, 2.

  16. Ibid., 10.

  17. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist, 12.

  18. Freud and Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson.

  19. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 19.

  20. Samuel G. Blythe, “Mexico: The Record of a Conversation with President Wilson,” Saturday Evening Post, May 23, 1914, 4.

  21. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist, 15.

  22. Brands, Woodrow Wilson, 15.

  23. Woodrow Wilson to Charles A. Talcott, December 31, 1879, PWW, 5:267.

  24. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 35–36.

  25. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 44.

  26. Ibid., 53.

  27. Brands, Woodrow Wilson, 11.

  28. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 28.

  29. Quoted ibid., 27.

  30. Gunnell, The Descent of Political Theory, 82.

  31. Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States, 77–78.

  32. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 52.

  33. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 68.

  34. See Cowley and Williams, International and Historical Roots of American Higher Education, 35.

  35. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 43.

  36. Speech, March 22, 1906, PWW, 16:341.

  37. Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States, 59, 78.

  38. Wilson, “The Law and the Facts,” 8–11.

  39. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 49.

  40. Ibid., 50.

  41. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 221.

  42. White, Woodrow Wilson, 264.

  43. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 182.

  44. Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, 265.

  45. Wilson quoted in Lim, The Anti-Intellectual Presidency, 19.

  46. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 210.

  47. Halper and Clarke, The Silence of the Rational Center, 46.

  48. See Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 381.

  49. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 212.

  50. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 272.

  51. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 211.

  52. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 386.

  53. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 272.

  54. Ibid., 382.

  55. Widmer, Ark of the Liberties, 172.

  56. Quirk, An Affair of Honor, 77.

  57. Woodrow Wilson, remarks at a press conference, November 14, 1914, PWW, 31:351.

  58. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 395.

  59. See Katz, “Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico.”

  60. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 397.

  61. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 595–96.

  62. Woodrow Wilson, Address to Women in Cincinnati, October 26, 1916, PWW, 38:531, quoted in John A. Thompson, “Wilsonianism: The Dynamics of a Conflicted Concept,” International Affairs 86, no. 1 (2010):32.

  63. A fine recent history of the origins of the First World War is Clark, The Sleepwalkers.

  64. Russell, “Alfred Thayer Mahan and American Geopolitics,” 130.

  65. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 598–99.

  66. Woodrow Wilson to Lindley Miller Garrison, August 6, 1914, PWW, 30:352.

  67. Alfred Mahan to Josephus Daniels, August 15, 1914 (two letters), ATMLP, 3:540–42.

  68. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 600.

  69. Alfred Mahan to the Editor of The New York Times, August 31, 1914, ATMLP, 3:542.

  70. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 602.

  71. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 273.

  72. See Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 399.

  73. Woodrow Wilson, speech to joint session of Congress, December 8, 1914, PWW, 31:423.

  74. Herbert B. Brougham, Memorandum of Interview with the President, December 14, 1914, ibid., 458–59.

  75. Franklin D. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, August 3, 1914, quoted in Widmer, Ark of the Liberties, 197.

  76. See Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 277.

  77. See Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 401.

  78. Ibid., 402.

  79. Theodore Roosevelt to Hugo Münsterberg, October 3, 1914, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8:824–25.

  80. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 303.

  81. See Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 403.

  82. Figures cited in Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “Hello to All That,” The New York Review of Books, June 23, 2011.

  83. Knock, To End All Wars, 107.

  84. See, for example, Doyle, Ways of War and Peace.

  85. Woodrow Wilson, address to a joint session of Congress, April 2, 1917, PWW, 41:524.

  86. Woodrow Wilson, Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 7, 1915, PWW, 35:297.

  87. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 405.

  88. Ibid., 405–406.

  89. See Nichols, Promise and Peril.

  90. Ibid., 407.

  91. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 352.

  92. See www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/spotlights/blockade.htm.

  93. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 407–408.

  94. Mazower, Governing the World, 124.

  95. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 315.

  96. Ibid., 317.

  97. Woodrow Wilson, An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, April 2, 1917, PWW, 41:526–27.

  98. Ibid., 524, 525.

  99. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him, 256.

100. See Thompson, Reformers and War, 185–89.

101. See Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 28.

102. Ibid., 179–80.

103. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 320.

104. “Quits Columbia; Assails Trustees,” The New York Times, October 9, 1917, 1.

105. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 28, 29.

106. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 419.

107. Gelfand, The Inquiry, 41.

108. Shotwell, At the Paris Peace Conference, 6–8.

109. See Steel, Walter Lippmann, xiii.

110. Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, 1.

111. “A Memorandum by Sidney Edward Mezes, David Hunter Miller, and Walter Lippmann,” undated, PWW, 45:459–74.

112. “From the Diary of Colonel House,” January 9, 1918, ibid., 551.

113. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919, 28.

114. “The Final Draft of the Fourteen Points Address,” January 7, 1918, PWW, 45:519–31.

115. Kissinger, Diplomacy, 19–20.

116. Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith, 275.

117. Macmillan, Peacemakers, 41.

118. Ikenberry et al., The Crisis of American Foreign Policy, 42.

119. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 176.

120. Widmer, Ark of the Liberties, 32.

121. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 177.

122. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 334.

123. Edward J. Renehan Jr., The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 222.

124. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 178.

125. “Address in the Princess Theater in Cheyenne,” September 24, 1919, PWW, 24:469.

126. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 418.

127. Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 304.

128. Raymond D. Fosdick, Personal Recollections of Woodrow Wilson, January 30, 1956, Henry Allen Moe Papers, 18.

129. Wells, The Shape of Things to Come, 82.

130. Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, 34–35.

131. Macmillan, Peacemakers, 31, 35.

132. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 408.

133. Donald Edward Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography (London: Routledge, 1995), 328.

134. Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, 39–40, 44–45.

135. Drinkwater, Sir Harold Nicolson and International Relations, vii.

136. Kennan, American Diplomacy, 61.

137. Ikenberry et al., The Crisis of American Foreign Policy, 43.

138. Ibid., 30.

139. James Scott Brown, ed., Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1921), 381.

140. Manela, “Imagining Woodrow Wilson in Asia,” 1336. See also Manela, The Wilsonian Moment.

141. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 477.

142. “The League of Nations,” The New Republic, May 24, 1919, 102.

143. See Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 213.

144. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist, 130.

145. Speech by Woodrow Wilson, July 19, 1919, PWW, 61:436.

146. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 509.

147. Macmillan, Peacemakers, 13.

148. Charles T. Thompson, The Peace Conference: Day by Day (New York: Brentano’s, 1920), 190.

149. Ronald J. Pestritto, “The Perils of Progress,” The Claremont Review of Books 4, no. 3 (Summer 2004).

150. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 335–36.

151. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 435.