Worldmaking

3. Americans First: Charles Beard

1. Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, 324.

2. Thomas Bender, “Charles A. Beard,” in John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 403.

3. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 63.

4. Beard, The Making of Charles A. Beard, 22.

5. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 46.

6. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 11.

7. Ibid., 29.

8. Gruber, Mars and Minerva, 88.

9. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 29.

10. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 80.

11. Ibid., 73.

12. Ibid.

13. The New York Times, January 23, 1917, 2.

14. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 74.

15. See Gruber, Mars and Minerva, 111; and Charles A. Beard, “Political Science in the Crucible,” The New Republic, November 17, 1917.

16. Gruber, Mars and Minerva, 157.

17. Charles Beard, “A Call Upon Every Citizen,” Harper’s Magazine, October 1918, 655–56.

18. Quoted in Cowley and Williams, International and Historical Roots of American Higher Education, 174.

19. Quoted in Gruber, Mars and Minerva, 199.

20. See Beale, Charles A. Beard, 243.

21. See Nore, Charles A. Beard, 81.

22. Allan Nevins, Oral History, 145.

23. The New York Times, October 9, 1917, 1.

24. Ibid., October 10, 1917, 10.

25. See Charles A. Beard, “The Supreme Issue,” The New Republic, January 25, 1919, 343.

26. See Nore, Charles A. Beard, 83–84.

27. The New York Times, January 25, 1919, 1.

28. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 77.

29. Quoted in Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 39.

30. See Woodward, “The Age of Reinterpretation,” 2–8. For an insightful discussion of Beard’s foreign-policy views, see Craig, “The Not-So-Strange Career of Charles Beard,” 253.

31. Quoted in Craig, “Not-So-Strange Career of Charles Beard,” 262.

32. Beard, A Foreign Policy for America, 102.

33. Blower, “From Isolationism to Neutrality.”

34. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 1.

35. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 3.

36. Ibid., 15. On the important relationship between Beard and Powell, see Wilkins, “Frederick York Powell and Charles A. Beard.”

37. Fink, Progressive Intellectuals, 44.

38. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 15.

39. See Brands, What America Owes the World, 113.

40. Beard, The Making of Charles A. Beard, 15.

41. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 7.

42. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 24.

43. Ibid., 24–25.

44. Mark C. Smith, “A Tale of Two Charlies: Political Science, History and Civic Reform,” in Addock, Bevir, and Stimson, Modern Political Science, 129.

45. Barrow, More Than a Historian, 1.

46. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 36.

47. See Beale, Charles A. Beard, 233–34.

48. Ibid., 79.

49. William Appleman Williams, “Charles Austin Beard: The Intellectual as Tory-Radical,” in Williams, History as a Way of Learning, 229–42.

50. Garraty and Carnes, American National Biography, 402.

51. See Ranke, Theory and Practice of History; and Novick, That Noble Dream, 26–30.

52. See Beard, “That Noble Dream”; and Eric Goldman’s veneration of Beard, “Historians and the Ivory Tower,” Social Frontier, 2, no. 9 (1936).

53. Garraty and Carnes, American National Biography, 404.

54. Beale, Charles A. Beard, 139.

55. Beard, The Making of Charles A. Beard, 103.

56. Smith, “A Tale of Two Charlies,” 130.

57. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 133–34; Lippmann, The Phantom Public.

58. On America’s key role in shaping the economics of the interwar period, see Tooze, The Deluge.

59. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 439; “French Population Shows Little Gain,” The New York Times, February 26, 1922, 30.

60. Westad, The Global Cold War, 19.

61. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 451.

62. See Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 37.

63. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 442.

64. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 96.

65. See Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 47, 49–50, and Beard, Cross-Currents in Europe Today.

66. For a discussion of the Beards’ Rise of American Civilization, see Nore, Charles A. Beard, 112–26.

67. Charles A. Beard to Lewis Mumford, May 9, 1927, Papers of Lewis Mumford, folder 347.

68. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 439.

69. Charles A. Beard, “Bigger and Better Armaments,” Harper’s Magazine, January 1929, 133–43.

70. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 110.

71. Charles A. Beard and William Beard, The American Leviathan, 732–36.

72. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 39.

73. Badger, FDR, 6.

74. See Sobel, The Great Bull Market, 73–74, and Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 41.

75. David Burner, Herbert Hoover: A Public Life (New York: Knopf, 1979), 298.

76. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 287–88.

77. Schwartz, The Interregnum of Despair, 6.

78. Badger, The New Deal, 11.

79. Ibid.

80. Sowell, Intellectuals and Society, 130.

81. Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition, 283.

82. See Sowell, Intellectuals and Society, 130–34.

83. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 62.

84. Beard, America Faces the Future, 137.

85. See Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 57–60.

86. Badger, The New Deal, 6.

87. Rofe, “‘Under the Influence of Mahan,’” 732.

88. Roosevelt, My Boy Franklin, 15.

89. Cumings, Dominion from Sea to Sea, 305.

90. See Franklin D. Roosevelt “Our Foreign Policy: A Democratic View,” Foreign Affairs 6, 1928, quoted in Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 37.

91. Cohen, The American Revisionists, 135.

92. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 144.

93. Beard, The Open Door at Home, 135–54. For a discussion of the book, see Nore, Charles A. Beard, 144–47.

94. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 144.

95. See Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 66–69.

96. Beard, The Open Door at Home, 273–74.

97. Ibid., 318.

98. See Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 72.

99. Ibid., 73–74.

100. Ibid., 74–77, Nore, Charles A. Beard, 147.

101. Chang, The Rape of Nanking; Fogel, The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography.

102. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 502.

103. Casey, Cautious Crusade, 23.

104. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 521.

105. See Hull, Memoirs, 1:544–45; and Beale, Charles A. Beard, 176.

106. Burns, The Lion and the Fox, 318.

107. Ibid.

108. Hull, Memoirs, 1:545.

109. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 65.

110. Quoted in Beard, A Foreign Policy for America, 113.

111. Brands, What America Owes the World, 124–25.

112. Charles A. Beard, “National Politics and the War,” Scribner’s Magazine, February 1935, 65–70.

113. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 82.

114. Ibid., 84.

115. Charles A. Beard, “War—If, How, and When?” Events 2, August 1937, 81–86.

116. Brands, What America Owes the World, 126.

117. Charles A. Beard, “A Reply to Mr. Browder,” The New Republic, February 2, 1938, 357–59.

118. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 88–89.

119. Howe, England Expects Every American to Do His Duty, 86.

120. Charles A. Beard, “We’re Blundering into War,” The American Mercury, April 1939, quoted in Brands, What America Owes the World, 127.

121. Beard, “Education Under the Nazis,” 437–52.

122. H. L. Mencken to Charles A. Beard, May 20, 1939; Charles A. Beard to H. L. Mencken (May 1939?); Charles A. Beard to H. L. Mencken, August 14, 1940; H. L. Mencken to Charles A. Beard, August 15, 1940, Papers of Charles and Mary Beard, folder 27.

123. Brick, “Talcott Parsons’s ‘Shift Away from Economics,’” 502.

124. Josephson, Infidel in the Temple, 413–14.

125. Beard, A Foreign Policy for America, 39–47.

126. Ibid., 68.

127. Ibid., 101–103.

128. Ibid., 104.

129. Ibid., 149.

130. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 98.

131. See Reinhold Niebuhr, “Review of A Foreign Policy for America,” The Nation, May 25, 1940, 656–58.

132. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 182.

133. Mumford, “The Corruption of Liberalism,” 618–23. Also see Nore, Charles A. Beard, 183.

134. Brands, What America Owes the World, 129.

135. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 185.

136. http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odllpc2.html.

137. Brands, What America Owes the World, 137.

138. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 102. For a full transcript, see “Statement of Charles A. Beard,” To Promote the Defense of the U.S.: Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, on Senate [Bill] 275, 77th Cong., 1st sess., February 4, 1941, 307–12.

139. Brands, What America Owes the World, 138.

140. Haufler, Codebreaker’s Victory, 127.