5. The Artist: George Kennan

    1. Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 83.

    2. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 276–77.

    3. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 52.

    4. D’Este, Patton, 736.

    5. George F. Kennan to Charles E. Bohlen, January 26, 1945, GFKP, box 28.

    6. Ibid.

    7. Mayers, George Kennan, 96.

    8. Kennan to Bohlen, January 26, 1945.

    9. Congdon, George Kennan, 1.

  10. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 24.

  11. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 38.

  12. Hixson, George F. Kennan, 2.

  13. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 16, 9–10.

  14. Ibid., 18.

  15. George F. Kennan, May 26, 1929, KD, 59.

  16. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 69.

  17. Mayers, George Kennan, 338.

  18. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 130.

  19. Stephanson, Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, 225; Kennan, Democracy and the Student Left, 206.

  20. Kennan, diary entry, September 3, 1934, GFKP, box 230.

  21. Ibid., May 10, 1935, box 230.

  22. See Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 134.

  23. Kennan quoted in Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 122–23.

  24. Kennan, diary entry, March 21, 1940, GFKP, box 231.

  25. “Comments,” February 1945, GFKP, box 23.

  26. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 129. Mark Mazower’s fascinating and convincing Hitler’s Empire explains why Nazism failed as an imperial ideology.

  27. Kennan, diary entry, March 13, 1940, GFKP, box 230.

  28. Ibid., July 3, 1940.

  29. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 133–34.

  30. Quoted in Lukacs, George Kennan, 50.

  31. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 139.

  32. See Taylor, Stalin’s Apologist, and Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore.

  33. Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 45.

  34. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 178.

  35. On the Enlightenment and “inner life,” see Rothschild, The Inner Life of Empire.

  36. George Kennan to James E. Russell (Teachers College, Columbia University), October 11, 1950, GFKP, box 29.

  37. Urban, “From Containment to … Self-Containment.”

  38. Ibid.

  39. Tilman, Thorstein Veblen and His Critics.

  40. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 41.

  41. Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 69.

  42. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 218.

  43. Ibid., 211.

  44. Kennan, diary entry, August 1, 1944, GFKP, box 231.

  45. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 211–12.

  46. George Kennan to W. Averell Harriman, September 18, 1944, GFKP, box 28.

  47. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 232–33.

  48. Ibid., 241–43.

  49. Ibid., 243–45.

  50. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 105.

  51. Hamilton, American Caesars, 57.

  52. Sowell, Intellectuals and Society, 134.

  53. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 47.

  54. On Potsdam and the presidential transition, see Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman.

  55. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 259, 256.

  56. Maier, The Cold War in Europe, 22.

  57. Truman, Year of Decisions, 416.

  58. Zhukov, The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov, 674–75.

  59. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 593.

  60. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 454.

  61. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 42.

  62. Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 112.

  63. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 267.

  64. Kennan, diary entry, December 19 and 23, 1945, GFKP, box 231.

  65. Ibid.

  66. Truman, Year of Decisions, 551–52.

  67. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 292–94. The Long Telegram is reprinted in 1946, 6:696–709, and can be accessed at www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/documents/episode-1/kennan.htm.

  68. Lukacs, George Kennan, 74.

  69. See, for example, Hixson, George F. Kennan.

  70. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 60.

  71. Henry Norweb to George Kennan, March 25, 1946, GFKP, box 28.

  72. Walter Lippmann to Dwight D. Eisenhower, June 4, 1946, PP, 480.

  73. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 433.

  74. Lukacs, George Kennan, 78.

  75. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 63–64.

  76. Speech at Naval War College, “Measures Short of War (Diplomatic),” September 16, 1946, GFKP, box 16. See also Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 124–25.

  77. See Pedaliu, Britain, Italy and the Origins of the Cold War, 60–69.

  78. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 63.

  79. Harry S. Truman, Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, January 6, 1947. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1947, p. 12.

  80. Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism, 415.

  81. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 345–46.

  82. George Kennan to Dean Acheson, January 31, 1947, with attachment “The Framework of Policy Planning,” GFKP, box 1.

  83. George Kennan to Dean Acheson, February 13, 1947, ibid.

  84. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 326.

  85. Ibid., 320.

  86. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 438–39.

  87. Walter Lippmann, “Cassandra Speaking,” The Washington Post, April 5, 1947. Also Steel, Walter Lippmann, 441.

  88. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 441–42.

  89. See Hogan, The Marshall Plan. The full text of the speech can be accessed at www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgecmarshall.html.

  90. George Kennan to Hamilton Fish Armstrong, February 4, 1947, and Hamilton Fish Armstrong to George Kennan, March 7, 1947, GFKP, box 28.

  91. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 77–78.

  92. X, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs, July 1947, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23331/x/the-sources-of-soviet-conduct.

  93. Lippmann, The Cold War, 7.

  94. Ibid., 11, 14–16.

  95. Ibid., 36.

  96. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 359–61.

  97. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 78.

  98. See Isaacson, Henry Kissinger, 60.

  99. Kennan, diary entry, January 28, 1948, GFKP, box 231.

100. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 400–401.

101. Ibid., 361–62.

102. Carnes, Invisible Giants, 184.

103. See Stephanson, Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, 146.

104. Halper and Clarke, The Silence of the Rational Center, 71.

105. On Forrestal’s career, see Hoopes and Brinkley, Driven Patriot.

106. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 88.

107. Halper and Clarke, The Silence of the Rational Center, 71.

108. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 118.

109. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 42.

110. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 147–48.

111. Stephanson, Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, 143–44.

112. George Kennan to Dean Acheson, January 3, 1949, GFKP, box 1.

113. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 437.

114. Kennan, diary entries, November 19 and 22, 1949, GFKP, box 231.