NOTES

INTRODUCTION: US VS. THEM

1. Nina Martin and Renee Montagne, “U.S. Has the Worst Rate of Maternal Deaths in the Developed World,” May 12, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/05/12/528098789/u-s-has-the-worst-rate-of-maternal-deaths-in-the-developed-world; “Easing the Dangers of Childbirth for Black Women,” editorial, New York Times, April 20, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/opinion/childbirth-black-women-mortality.html. Also see the 2018 MBRRACE-UK report on maternal mortality (Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16, November 2018), which found “black women are five times more likely and Asian women are twice as likely to die” from complications of pregnancy and childbirth compared to white women.

2. Ashish Thakrar, “Child Mortality in the US and 19 OECD Comparator Nations,” Health Affairs, January 2018.

3. Alan B. Cibils et al., “Argentina Since Default: The IMF and the Depression,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, September 2002, http://cepr.net/documents/publications/argentina_2002_09_03.htm, accessed May 17, 2019.

4. Klaus Friedrich Veigel, “The Great Unraveling: Argentina 1973–1991,” in Governed by Emergency: Economic Policy-Making in Argentina, 1973–1991 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 2005).

5. Barry Glassner, The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things (orig. 1999; New York: Basic Books, 2018), xi–xii.

6. Umair Haque, “The Birth of Predatory Capitalism,” Medium, March 3, 2019, https://eand.co/the-birth-of-predatory-capitalism-6d443eda03.

7. John Anthony Powell, Racing to Justice: Transforming Our Conceptions of Self and Other to Build an Inclusive Society (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012). Quote is from his blog, http://www.johnapowell.org/blog.

8. Jason Stanley, How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them (New York: Random House, 2018). Quote from Sean Illing, “How Fascism Works,” Vox, December 15, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17847110/how-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley.

9. Lawson Fusao Inada and Patricia Wakida, Only What We Could Carry: The Japanese American Internment Experience (Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 2000).

10. “The U.S. has a staggering 2.3 million people behind bars, but even this number doesn’t capture the true scale of our correctional system. For a complete picture of our criminal justice system, it’s more accurate to look at the 6.7 million people under correctional control, which includes not only incarceration but also probation and parole.” From Alexi Jones, “Correctional Control 2018,” Prison Policy Initiative, December 2018, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/correctionalcontrol2018.html.

11. Cody Cain, “Taxing the Rich Was a Pillar of Our Modern Society,” Huffington Post, August 13, 2015, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/taxing-the-rich-was-a-pil_b_7977654. Data from “U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, 1862–2013 (Nominal and Inflation-Adjusted Brackets),” https://taxfoundation.org/us-federal-individual-income-tax-rates-history-1913-2013-nominal-and-inflation-adjusted-brackets.

CHAPTER 1: WHO AND WHAT HARMS US

1. Robert O. Self, American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 104.

2. Martin Ricard, “San Leandro Report Details Racist Past,” East Bay Times, August 17, 2016, https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2007/06/02/san-leandro-report-details-racist-past.

3. Ishmael Reed, Blues City: A Walk in Oakland (New York: Crown, 2003), 19.

4. Reed, Blues City, 20.

5. Self, American Babylon, 12.

6. Matthew Desmond, Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City (New York: Crown, 2016), 24.

7. Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, “California Youth Crime Decline: The Untold Story,” September 2006, 10, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/cjcj/CAYouthCrimeSept06.pdf.

8. Jeannette Wicks-Lim, “The Great Recession in Black Wealth,” Dollars & Sense/Truthout, February 14, 2012, http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2012/0112wicks-lim.html.

9. Lovemme Corazón, Trauma Queen: A Memoir (Toronto: Biyuti, 2013), 7.

10. MEY, “Trauma Queen: An Autostraddle Review and Interview,” Autostraddle, June 11, 2013, https://www.autostraddle.com/trauma-queen-an-autostraddle-book-review-and-interview-179954.

11. “22 Year Old Ohio Trans Woman Stabbed to Death by Father,” PghLesbian, February 15, 2015, http://www.pghlesbian.com/2015/02/22-year-old-ohio-trans-woman-stabbed-to-death-by-father.

12. National Center for Transgender Equality, https://transequality.org/issues/housing-homelessness.

13. Diana Tourjee, “The Murder of Keisha Jenkins and the Violent Reality for Trans Women of Color,” Vice, November 10, 2015, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9ae4yp/the-murder-of-keisha-jenkins-and-the-violent-reality-for-trans-women-of-color.

14. Janet Mock, Redefining Realness: My Path to Womanhood, Identity, Love & So Much More (New York: Atria, 2014), 213–14.

15. Mock, Redefining Realness, 207.

16. Peyton Goddard and Dianne Goddard (with Carol Cujec), I Am Intelligent: From Heartbreak to Healing—A Mother and Daughter’s Journey Through Autism (Guilford, CT: Skirt! Press, 2012). All biographical material in this vignette is from I Am Intelligent and Peyton’s personal website. All quotes from Peyton are accurate to her expression, despite sometimes being divergent from standard grammar, spelling, or vocabulary.

17. Peyton Goddard (website), http://peytongoddard.com. In fact, Peyton enrolled in college in 1998 and graduated four years later as the valedictorian with a nearly 4.0 GPA.

18. Goddard and Goddard, I Am Intelligent, xii.

19. Joseph Shapiro, “The Sexual Assault Epidemic No One Talks About,” NPR, January 8, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/01/08/570224090/the-sexual-assault-epidemic-no-one-talks-about.

20. Shapiro, “The Sexual Assault Epidemic No One Talks About.”

21. “Peyton’s Biography,” http://peytongoddard.com/index.php/peytons-biography.

22. Ursula Buffay, “For Women Restaurant Workers, Sexual Harassment Starts with the Day You’re Hired,” In These Times, November 9, 2017, http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/20680/for_women_in_restaurant_work_sexual_harassment_starts_with_hiring.

23. Buffay, “For Women Restaurant Workers.”

24. Restaurant Opportunities Centers United and Forward Together, The Glass Floor: Sexual Harassment in the Restaurant Industry (October 7, 2014), https://rocunited.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/REPORT_The-Glass-Floor-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Restaurant-Industry2.pdf.

25. Restaurant Opportunities Centers United and Forward Together, The Glass Floor.

26. Bryce Covert, “When Harassment Is the Price of a Job,” Nation, February 7, 2018, https://www.thenation.com/article/when-harassment-is-the-price-of-a-job.

27. Covert, “When Harassment Is the Price of a Job.”

28. Restaurant Opportunities Centers United and Forward Together, The Glass Floor.

29. Buffay, “For Women Restaurant Workers.”

30. Virginia Chamlee, “Teen Chipotle Worker Wins $7.65M in Sexual Harassment Suit,” Eater, September 29, 2016, https://www.eater.com/2016/9/29/13104528/chipotle-teen-7-million-judgment.

31. Covert, “When Harassment Is the Price of a Job.”

32. In prison, Madoff “cornered the hot chocolate market. He bought up every package of Swiss Miss from the commissary and sold it for a profit in the prison yard.” From Caroline Halleman, “What Life Is Like for Bernie Madoff in Prison,” Town & Country, January 13, 2017, https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/news/a9249/bernie-madoff-life-in-prison.

33. Paddy Hillyard and Steve Tombs, “Beyond Criminology,” in Criminal Obsessions: Why Harm Matters More Than Crime, ed. Hillyard et al. (London: Crime and Society Foundation, 2005), 13–14.

34. Haque, “Birth of Predatory Capitalism.”

35. Haque, “Birth of Predatory Capitalism.”

36. Emmie Martin, “Only 39% of Americans Have Enough Savings to Cover a $1,000 Emergency,” CNBC, January 18, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/18/few-americans-have-enough-savings-to-cover-a-1000-emergency.html.

37. Terry Gross, “First-Ever Evictions Database Shows: ‘We’re in the Middle of a Housing Crisis,’” Fresh Air, NPR, April 12, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/04/12/601783346/first-ever-evictions-database-shows-were-in-the-middle-of-a-housing-crisis.

38. “Each year, nearly 900,000 Americans die prematurely from the five leading causes of death—yet 20 percent to 40 percent of the deaths from each cause could be prevented, according to a 2014 study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, May 1, 2014, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0501-preventable-deaths.html.

39. Edgar Villanueva, Decolonizing Wealth: Indigenous Wisdom to Heal Divides and Restore Balance (Oakland: Berrett-Koehler, 2018), 26.

40. Robin DiAngelo, White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism (Boston: Beacon Press, 2018).

41. Mimi Kim, phone interview by the author, April 10, 2018.

42. P. R. Lockhart, “What Serena Williams’s Scary Childbirth Story Says About Medical Treatment of Black Women,” Vox, January 11, 2018, https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/1/11/16879984/serena-williams-childbirth-scare-black-women.

43. Villanueva, Decolonizing Wealth, 32.

44. bell hooks, The Will to Change: Men, Masculinity and Love (New York: Atria, 2004), 27.

45. “Women and the Law,” Harvard Business School, https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/wes/collections/women_law, accessed April 17, 2019.

46. Senator Kamala Harris pushed Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh to answer questions about abortion rights during his confirmation hearing on September 5, 2018. C-SPAN footage posted on YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6g-zycRv8Q, accessed April 3, 2019.

47. Annie Lowrey, “Women May Earn Just 49 Cents on the Dollar,” Atlantic, November 28, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/11/how-big-male-female-wage-gap-really/576877. The article cites research by social scientists Stephen Rose and Heidi Hartmann published by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, https://iwpr.org/women-earn-just-half-of-what-men-earn-over-15-years.

48. Lowrey, “Women May Earn Just 49 Cents on the Dollar.”

49. “Transgender Workers at Greater Risk for Unemployment and Poverty,” Human Rights Commission, September 26, 2013, in A Broken Bargain: Discrimination, Fewer Benefits, and More Taxes for LGBT Workers, https://www.hrc.org/blog/transgender-workers-at-greater-risk-for-unemployment-and-poverty.

50. Anna Aizer, “The Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence,” American Economic Review 100, no. 4 (September 2010): 1847–59.

51. Michael Paymar, Violent No More: Helping Men End Domestic Abuse (Nashville: Hunter House, 2000), 174.

52. John DeVore, “We Need to Start Seeing Powerful Men for What They Are,” Medium, December 21, 2018, https://medium.com/s/story/we-need-to-start-seeing-powerful-men-for-what-they-are-e5ce79a226a9.

53. “Intentional Homicide Victims,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, https://dataunodc.un.org/crime/intentional-homicide-victims, accessed August 20, 2018.

54. J. Pete Blair, M. Hunter Martaindale, and Terry Nichols, “Active Shooter Events from 2000 to 2012,” https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/active-shooter-events-from-2000-to-2012, cited in National Center for Victims of Crime Fact Sheet on Mass Casualty, https://ovc.ncjrs.gov/ncvrw2018/info_flyers/fact_sheets/2018NCVRW_MassCasualty_508_QC.pdf, accessed July 2, 2018.

55. Saeed Ahmed and Christina Walker, “There Has Been, on Average, 1 School Shooting Every Week This Year,” CNN, May 25, 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/02/us/school-shootings-2018-list-trnd/index.html.

56. Kashmira Gander, “More Children Were Shot Dead in 2017 Than On-Duty Police Officers and Active Duty Military, Study Says,” Newsweek, March 21, 2019, https://www.newsweek.com/kids-and-guns-alarming-rise-firearm-deaths-among-american-children-1370866.

57. US Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau, National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/resource/about-ncands, cited in the fact sheet “Child Maltreatment,” in the Child Trends DataBank, https://www.childtrends.org, accessed July 3, 2018.

58. Fact sheet “Child, Youth and Teen Victimization,” National Center for Victims of Crime, http://victimsofcrime.org/docs/default-source/ncvrw2015/2015ncvrw_stats_children.pdf?sfvrsn=2, accessed July 3, 2018.

59. David Finkelhor, Polyvictimization: Children’s Exposure to Multiple Types of Violence, Crime and Abuse (Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, 2011), 2, cited in the fact sheet “Child, Youth and Teen Victimization.”

60. generationFIVE, Ending Child Sexual Abuse: A Transformative Justice Report (June 2017), http://www.generationfive.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Transformative-Justice-Handbook.pdf.

61. generationFIVE, Ending Child Sexual Abuse.

62. generationFIVE, Ending Child Sexual Abuse.

63. Nicole S. Dahmen and Raluca Cozma, eds., Media Takes: On Aging (New York: International Longevity Center, 2009).

64. Matthew J. Breidling et al., Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization—National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011 (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).

65. Breidling et al., Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization.

66. Jen Christensen, “Killings of Transgender People in the US Saw Another High Year,” CNN, January 17, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/16/health/transgender-deaths-2018/index.html.

67. Danielle Sered, Until We Reckon: Violence, Mass Incarceration, and a Road to Repair (New York: New Press, 2019).

68. Sered, Until We Reckon, 14.

69. “The Practices We Need: #metoo and Transformative Justice Part 2,” How to Survive the End of the World Podcast, https://soundcloud.com/endoftheworldshow/the-practices-we-need-metoo-and-transformative-justice-part-2/s-CovZV, accessed November 9, 2018.

70. Bessel van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind and Body in the Healing of Trauma (New York: Viking, 2014), 210.

71. Jimmy Tobias, “US Official Reveals Atlantic Drilling Plan While Hailing Trump’s Ability to Distract Public,” Guardian, March 14, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/14/offshore-drilling-trump-official-reveals-plan-and-distractions-delight.

CHAPTER 2: THE FRAMEWORK OF FEAR

1. Jacob Soboroff, “Surge in Children Separated at Border Floods Facility for Undocumented Immigrants,” NBC, June 16, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/surge-children-separated-border-floods-facility-undocumented-immigrants-n883001.

2. “In part because it’s hard to collect data on them, undocumented immigrants have been the subjects of few studies, including those related to crime. But Pew Research Center recently released estimates of undocumented populations sorted by metro area, which the Marshall Project has compared with local crime rates published by the FBI.” From Anna Flagg, “Is There a Connection Between Undocumented Immigrants and Crime?,” Marshall Project, May 13, 2019, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2019/05/13/is-there-a-connection-between-undocumented-immigrants-and-crime?.

3. Michelle Mark, “‘My Son Is Traumatized’: Heartbreaking Video Shows a Young Immigrant Child Squirming Away from His Mother After Being Reunited After Months of Separation,” Insider, August 25, 2018, https://www.insider.com/family-reunification-heartbreaking-video-2018-8.

4. Video of Hillary Clinton speech at Keene State College, New Hampshire, January 25, 1996, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALXulk0T8cg.

5. John DiIulio Jr., “The Coming of the Super Predators,” Weekly Standard, November 27, 1995. Also see William J. Bennett, John P. Walters, and John DiIulio Jr., Body Count: Moral Poverty . . . and How to Win America’s War Against Crime and Drugs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).

6. John DiIulio Jr., “My Black Crime Problem, and Ours,” City Journal (Spring 1996), https://www.city-journal.org/html/my-black-crime-problem-and-ours-11773.html.

7. George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson, “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety,” Atlantic, March 1982.

8. John DiIulio Jr., “How to Stop the Coming Crime Wave,” Manhattan Institute, 1996.

9. Nathan J. Robinson, Superpredator: Bill Clinton’s Use and Abuse of Black America (West Somerville, MA: Current Affairs Press, 2016). Excerpted in “Bill Clinton, Superpredator,” Jacobin, September 2016, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/09/bill-clinton-hillary-superpredators-crime-welfare-african-americans.

10. Howard N. Snyder and Melissa Sickmund, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report (National Center for Juvenile Justice, September 1999), http://www.ncjj.org/pdf/1999%20natl%20report.pdf.

11. Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators, Toolkit: Reducing the Use of Isolation, March 2015, http://cjca.net/index.php/resources/cjca-publications/107-toolkit/751-cjca-toolkit-for-reducing-the-use-of-isolation.

12. Human Rights Watch, Branded for Life: Florida’s Prosecution of Children as Adults Under Its ‘Direct File’ Statute (April 10, 2014), https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/04/10/branded-life/floridas-prosecution-children-adults-under-its-direct-file-statute.

13. Rachel Barth, “Prisons Want to Rebrand Solitary Confinement,” Business Insider, April 11, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/prisons-want-to-rebrand-solitary-confinement-2014.

14. Barth, “Prisons Want to Rebrand Solitary Confinement.”

15. Jennifer Gonnerman, “Kalief Browder, 1993–2015,” New Yorker, June 7, 2015, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/kalief-browder-1993-2015.

16. Selena Teji, “Goodbye Preston,” Center on Juvenile & Criminal Justice, June 10, 2011, http://www.cjcj.org/news/5374.

17. Brief of Jeffrey Fagan, et al., Miller v. Alabama, Np. 10-9646, 63 So. 3d 676.

18. In 2001, as the newly appointed director of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Issues under George W. Bush, DiIulio conceded “that he wished he had never become the 1990’s intellectual pillar for putting violent juveniles in prison and condemning them as “superpredators.’ . . . ‘I’m sorry for any unintended consequences,’ Mr. DiIluio said today. ‘But I am not responsible for teenagers’ going to prison.’” Elizabeth Becker, “As Ex-Theorist on Young ‘Superpredators,’ Bush Aide Has Regrets,” New York Times, February 9, 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/us/as-ex-theorist-on-young-superpredators-bush-aide-has-regrets.html.

19. Inada and Wakida, Only What We Could Carry, xix.

20. Children of the Camps: Internment History, PBS, 1999, https://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history.

21. Michi Weglyn, Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps (New York: Morrow, 1976).

22. Ann Binlot, “Japanese Internment Camp Survivors Reflect on America’s Dark Past 75 Years Later,” Document, May 24, 2017, http://www.documentjournal.com/2017/05/japanese-internment-camp-survivors-reflect-on-americas-dark-past-75-years-later.

23. “Children of the Camps: Internment History,” PBS.

24. Inada and Wakida, Only What We Could Carry, xix.

25. Donna K. Nagata, Legacy of Injustice: Exploring the Cross-Generational Impact of the Japanese American Internment (New York: Springer, 1993). Cited in “Children of the Camps: Internment History,” PBS.

26. Vanessa Rancano, “‘We’ve Been There’: Native Americans Remember Their Own Family Separations” PRI, August 14, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-08-14/we-ve-been-there-native-americans-remember-their-own-family-separations.

27. US Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for the Year 1891, part 1 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1891), http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.AnnRep91p1.

28. Rancano, “‘We’ve Been There.’”

29. Charla Bear, “American Indian Boarding Schools Haunt Many,” NPR, May 12, 2008, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16516865.

30. Vinnie Rotondaro, “Boarding Schools: A Black Hole of Native American History,” Indian Country Today, September 19, 2015, https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/boarding-schools-a-black-hole-of-native-american-history-dD8_Heerg0umF_IDjvkyUA.

31. Villanueva, Decolonizing Wealth, 30.

32. Michael Tadman, Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).

33. Dylan Matthews, “23 Charts and Maps That Show the World Is Getting Much, Much Better,” Vox, October 17, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2014/11/24/7272929/global-poverty-health-crime-literacy-good-news. Citing “Crime in the United States,” US Department of Justice, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2016/crime-in-the-u.s.-2016/tables/table-1.

34. “Assault Death Rates 1960–2013,” Kieran Healy, October 1, 2015, https://kieranhealy.org/blog/archives/2015/10/01/assault-death-rates-1960-2013.

35. Andrew Dugan, “In U.S., 37% Do Not Feel Safe Walking at Night Near Home,” Gallup, November 24, 2014, https://news.gallup.com/poll/179558/not-feel-safe-walking-night-near-home.aspx.

36. Betsy Cooper et al., “How Immigration and Concerns about Cultural Change Are Shaping the 2016 Election,” PRRI, June 23, 2016, https://www.prri.org/research/prri-brookings-poll-immigration-economy-trade-terrorism-presidential-race.

37. Daniel Sullivan, Mark J. Landau, and Zachary K. Rothschild, “An Existential Function of Enemyship,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, no. 3 (2010): 434–49, http://lemmalab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Sullivan_enemyship_JPSP-2010.pdf.

38. Kate M. McQuade, “Victim-Offender Relationship,” The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (New York: Springer, 2014), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj131.

39. “Expanded Homicide Data: Crime in the United States 2011,” US Department of Justice, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded/expanded-homicide-data.

40. Julia Ainsley and Robert Windrem, “New Report Says Most U.S. Terrorists Foreign Born, but Check the Fine Print,” NBC, January 16, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-report-says-most-u-s-terrorists-foreign-born-check-n838041.

41. Sered, Until We Reckon.

42. Brian Thompson, “The Racial Wealth Gap: Addressing America’s Most Pressing Epidemic,” Forbes, February 18, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianthompson1/2018/02/18/the-racial-wealth-gap-addressing-americas-most-pressing-epidemic/#3ff2b4c7a48a.

43. Thompson, “The Racial Wealth Gap.”

44. Historians point out that the interest deduction for home mortgages was not intended to encourage home ownership. The deduction was created with the birth of the income tax in 1913—a tax designed explicitly to hit only the richest individuals, a group for whom homeownership rates were not a social concern. In 1913, when interest deductions started, Congress “certainly wasn’t thinking of the interest deduction as a stepping-stone to middle-class home ownership, because the tax excluded the first $3,000 (or for married couples, $4,000) of income; less than 1 percent of the population earned more than that.” United States National Educational and Social Development Policy Handbook, Vol. 2: Social Policy: Important Programs and Regulations (Washington, DC: Global Investment Center, 2015), 121. Moreover, during that era, most people who purchased homes paid up front rather than taking out a mortgage. Rather, the reason for the deduction was that in a nation of small proprietors, it was more difficult to separate business and personal expenses, and so it was simpler to just allow deduction of all interest. See Bruce Bartlett, “The Sacrosanct Mortgage Interest Deduction,” New York Times, August 6, 2013.

45. “Quarterly Residential Vacancies and Homeownership, First Quarter 2019,” US Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/currenthvspress.pdf, accessed May 23, 2019.

46. Jarrid Green and Thomas M. Hanna, “Community Control of Land and Housing,” Democracy Collaborative, August 20, 2018, https://democracycollaborative.org/content/community-control-land-and-housing-exploring-strategies-combating-displacement-expanding.

47. Maya Brennan and Martha Galvez, “Housing as a Platform,” Urban Institute, September 2017.

48. Emily Ekins, Policing in America: Understanding Public Attitudes Toward the Police; Results from a National Survey, Cato Institute, December 7, 2016, chapter 3, “Personal Contact with the Police and Justice System,” https://www.cato.org/policing-in-america/chapter-3/personal-contact-police-and-justice-system.

49. “Factsheet: The NYPD Muslim Surveillance Program,” ACLU.org, https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program.

50. Scott Shane, “Amid Details on Torture, Data on 26 Who Were Held in Error,” New York Times, December 12, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/13/us/politics/amid-details-on-torture-data-on-26-held-in-error-.html.

51. Niaz Kasravi et al., Born Suspect: Stop-and-Frisk Abuses & the Continued Fight to End Racial Profiling in America, NAACP, 2014, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/naacp/Born_Suspect_Report_final_web.pdf.

52. Kasravi et al., Born Suspect.

53. “Stop and Frisk Data,” New York Civil Liberties Union, https://www.nyclu.org/en/stop-and-frisk-data, accessed April 27, 2018.

54. Center for Constitutional Rights, “Landmark Decision: Judge Rules NYPD Stop and Frisk Practices Unconstitutional, Racially Discriminatory,” August 12, 2013, https://ccrjustice.org/home/press-center/press-releases/landmark-decision-judge-rules-nypd-stop-and-frisk-practices.

55. Janine Jackson, “The FBI Appears to Be Engaged in a Modern-Day Version of COINTELPRO,” Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, April 19, 2019, https://fair.org/home/the-fbi-appears-to-be-engaged-in-a-modern-day-version-of-cointelpro.

56. Juan Del Toro et al., “The Criminogenic and Psychological Effects of Police Stops on Adolescent Black and Latino Boys,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 17 (2019): 8261–8, cited in Tom Jacobs, “‘Proactive Policing’ Could Be Creating Criminals,” Pacific Standard, April 9, 2019, https://psmag.com/social-justice/proactive-policing-could-be-creating-criminals.

57. Michelle Alexander, “The Newest Jim Crow,” New York Times, November 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/opinion/sunday/criminal-justice-reforms-race-technology.html.

58. Jessica McCrory Calarco, “‘Free Range’ Parenting’s Unfair Double Standard,” Atlantic, April 3, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/04/free-range-parenting/557051.

59. Diane Redleaf, letter to the editor, “Legalizing ‘Free-Range’ Parenting Is a Step in the Right Direction,” Atlantic, April 12, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/letters/archive/2018/04/letters-free-range-parenting/557558.

60. Alexi Jones, Correctional Control 2018 (Prison Policy Initiative, December 2018), https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/correctionalcontrol2018.html; Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner, Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2019 (Prison Policy Initiative, March, 2019), https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2019.html.

61. National Research Council, The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014), 33.

62. Beth Griffith, “Return of Military Equipment Causes Frustration Among Some Officers,” The 109, February 9, 2016, https://m.the109.org/2016/02/09/recall-of-military-equipment-causes-frustration-among-some-officers.

63. Eli Hager, “When ‘Violent Offenders’ Commit Nonviolent Crimes,” Marshall Project, April 3, 2019, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2019/04/03/when-violent-offenders-commit-nonviolent-crimes.

64. John Pfaff, Locked In: The True Causes of Mass Incarceration—and How to Achieve Real Reform (New York: Basic Books, 2017), 6.

65. “No Safe Place: The Criminalization of Homelessness in U.S. Cities,” National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, February 2019, https://nlchp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/No_Safe_Place.pdf.

66. Sawyer and Wagner, “Mass Incarceration.”

67. Interview with john a. powell, On Being, May 10, 2018, https://onbeing.org/programs/john-a-powell-opening-the-question-of-race-to-the-question-of-belonging.

68. Rhitu Chatterjee, “Americans Are a Lonely Lot, and Young People Bear the Heaviest Burden,” NPR, May 1, 2018, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/01/606588504/americans-are-a-lonely-lot-and-young-people-bear-the-heaviest-burden.

69. “Most common” means the highest number of Americans has zero confidants. The average number of confidants is thrown off by those highly social folks who have many confidants, making the average number two confidants per person. Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew E. Brashears, “Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades,” American Sociological Review (June 1, 2006), https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100301.

70. J. Wesley Boyd, “Solitary Confinement: Torture, Pure and Simple,” Psychology Today blog, January 15, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/almost-addicted/201801/solitary-confinement-torture-pure-and-simple.

71. Christopher Uggen, Ryan Larson, and Sarah Shannon, “6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement, 2016,” Sentencing Project, October 6, 2016, http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/6-million-lost-voters-state-level-estimates-felony-disenfranchisement-2016.

72. Uggen, Larson, and Shannon, “6 Million Lost Voters.”

73. So-called “good character” provisions in occupational licensing rules block potential applicants even if they’ve been out prison for years and even if their criminal history has little or nothing to do with the licensed profession. See Ashley Nerbovig, “License to Clip,” Marshall Project, July 10, 2018, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2018/07/10/license-to-clip.

74. Nick Sibilla, “Inmates Who Volunteer to Fight California’s Largest Fires Denied Access to Jobs on Release,” USA Today, August 20, 2018, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/08/20/californias-volunteer-inmate-firefighters-denied-jobs-after-release-column/987677002.

75. Bryan Stevenson, Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2014), 290.

CHAPTER 3: ADDRESSING HARMS

1. Micah Uetricht, “Accused Torturer Jon Burge Died Last Week, but His Legacy of Brutal, Racist Policing Lives On in Chicago,” Intercept, September 25, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/09/25/jon-burge-chicago-police-torture.

2. Natalie Y. Moore, “Payback,” Marshall Project, October 30, 2018, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2018/10/30/payback.

3. Katara Patton, “I Lived Through Hell: Ronald Kitchen Shares His Story of Surviving Jon Burge’s Torture Ring,” Chicago Defender, August 1, 2018, https://chicagodefender.com/i-lived-through-hell-ronald-kitchen-shares-his-story-of-surviving-jon-burges-torture-ring.

4. Students for Human Rights, “Chicago Police Torture Ring Timeline,” based on information from the People’s Law Office, https://www.stetson.edu/law/studyabroad/netherlands/media/Trk2-Week4-Scully-1_Chicago-Police-Torture-Timeline.pdf. See also G. Flint Taylor, “Federal Appeals Court Rejects Torture Survivor’s Case,” In These Times, June 26, 2014, http://inthesetimes.com/article/16881/federal_appeals_court_rejects_torture_survivors_case.

5. Office of Professional Standards, Burge Investigation (Goldston) Report, November 2, 1990, document available at https://peopleslawoffice.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Goldston-Report-with-11.2.90-Coversheet.pdf, accessed July 23, 2019.

6. Uetricht, “Accused Torturer Jon Burge Died Last Week.”

7. Students for Human Rights, “Chicago Police Torture Ring Timeline.”

8. Uetricht, “Accused Torturer Jon Burge Died Last Week.”

9. Moore, “Payback.”

10. Yana Kunichoff and Sarah Macaraeg, “How Chicago Became the First City to Make Reparations to Victims of Police Violence,” Yes, May 21, 2017, https://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/science/how-chicago-became-the-first-city-to-make-reparations-to-victims-of-police-violence-20170321.

11. Moore, “Payback.”

12. Kunichoff and Macaraeg, “How Chicago Became the First City to Make Reparations to Victims of Police Violence.”

13. Max Gluckman, “The Ideas in Barotse Jurisprudence,” Yale Law Journal (1967), https://www.jstor.org/stable/795040?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, accessed August 20, 2018.

14. Robert Yazzie, “Navajo Justice,” Yes, September 30, 2000, https://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/is-it-time-to-close-the-prisons/navajo-justice.

15. “He Hïnätore ki te Ao Mäori: A Glimpse into the Maori World: Maori Perspectives on Justice,” New Zealand Ministry of Justice, March 2001, https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/he-hinatora-ki-te-ao-maori.pdf.

16. Michael McCullough, “The Forgiveness Instinct,” Greater Good, March 1, 2008, https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/forgiveness_instinct.

17. McCullough, “The Forgiveness Instinct.”

18. sujatha baliga, Sia Henry, and Georgia Valentine, Restorative Community Conferencing (Impact Justice, Summer 2017), https://impactjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/CWW_RJreport.pdf.

19. Melissa Jeltsen, “Joe Biden’s Proudest Achievement Looks a Lot More Complicated in 2020,” Huffington Post, April 7, 2019, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/joe-biden-violence-against-women-act_n_5c7d4097e4b0614614dd02b8.

20. Angelina Chapin, “Why Would a Woman Want to Talk with the Man Who Abused Her?,” Cut, May 2017, https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/a-better-man-film-restorative-justice-and-domestic-abuse.html.

21. generationFIVE, Ending Child Sexual Abuse.

22. Audrey Carlsen et al., “#MeToo Brought Down 201 Powerful Men. Nearly Half of Their Replacements are Women,” New York Times, October 29, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/23/us/metoo-replacements.html.

23. “A Brief History of PBIS with Rob Horner,” Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps (TASH) podcast, January 27, 2016, https://tash.org/news/a-brief-history-of-pbis-with-rob-horner.

24. “PBIS/RJ Integration at School Sites,” University of Vermont, http://www.uvm.edu/~cdci/best/pbswebsite/RJandPBIS.pdf.

25. Human Rights Watch, Truth and Partial Justice in Argentina (April 1990), https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/argen914full.pdf.

26. David Smith et al., “Special Report: Truth, Justice and Reconciliation: An Examination of How Countries Around the World Affected by Civil War or Internal Conflict Have Approached Justice,” Guardian, June 24, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/24/truth-justice-reconciliation-civil-war-conflict.

27. Bilal Qureshi, “From Wrong to Right: A U.S. Apology for Japanese Internment,” NPR, August 9, 2013, https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/09/210138278/japanese-internment-redress.

28. “History,” Japanese American Citizens League, https://jacl.org/about/history, accessed December 28, 2018.

29. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case for Reparations,” Atlantic, June 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631.

CHAPTER 4: PREVENTING HARMS

1. David Debolt, “Richmond City Manager Bill Lindsay to Retire,” East Bay Express, March 8, 2018, https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2018/03/08/richmond-city-manager-bill-lindsay-to-retire.

2. Bill Lindsay, interview by the author, May 18, 2018.

3. Lindsay, interview.

4. DeVone Boggan, interview by the author, March 20, 2018. All information in this story is derived from the interviews with Lindsay and Boggan.

5. Jason Motlagh, “A Radical Approach to Gun Crime: Paying People Not to Kill Each Other,” Guardian, June 9, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/09/richmond-california-ons-gun-crime.

6. Julius Thibodeaux, “Want to Prevent Gun Violence in Hard-Hit Communities? Invest in Peace,” Sacramento Bee, May 12, 2019, https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/california-forum/article230231924.html.

7. Rachel Huget et al., “Cost Benefit Analysis: Operation Peacemaker,” University of Southern California, Sol Price School of Public Policy, 2016, https://www.advancepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/6-USC_ONS_CBA.pdf.

8. Brett Samuels, “Poll: Most NRA Members Support Comprehensive Background Checks,” Hill, March 8, 2018, https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/377455-poll-most-nra-members-support-comprehensive-background-checks.

9. Ian Urbina, “A Look at California Gun Laws, Among the Toughest in the Nation,” New York Times, November 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/us/california-gun-laws.html.

10. Patrick Sharkey, Uneasy Peace: The Great Crime Decline, the Renewal of City Life, and the Next War on Violence (New York: W. W. Norton, 2018), 162.

11. To be exact, Prop. 13 rolled back assessments for homes and businesses to 1976 levels and capped annual tax increases at 2 percent.

12. Joe Garofoli, “Proposition 13 Is No Longer Off Limits in California,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 27, 2018, https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Proposition-13-is-no-longer-off-limits-in-13492400.php.

13. “The Lock-In Effect of California’s Proposition 13,” National Bureau of Economic Research, https://www.nber.org/digest/apr05/w11108.html, accessed July 23, 2019.

14. “State Spending on Corrections and Education,” University of California, https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/infocenter/california-expenditures-corrections-and-public-education, accessed May 18, 2019.

15. Additionally, the president of the CCPOA at the time, Mike Jimenez, had had a personal awakening after his teenage son went through the criminal legal system. See Sasha Abramsky, “When Prison Guards Go Soft,” Mother Jones, July/August 2008, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2008/07/when-prison-guards-go-soft.

16. $80B: In 2014 the Hamilton Project, part of the centrist think tank the Brookings Institution, reported total corrections expenditures as “more than $80 billion in 2010. When including expenditures for police protection and judicial and legal services, the direct costs of crime rise to $261 billion. . . . More than 57% of direct cash outlays for corrections came from state governments, compared to 10% from the federal government and nearly 33% from local governments. . . . Each U.S. resident on average contributed $260 to corrections expenditures in 2010, which stands in stark contrast to the $77 each resident contributed in 1980.” From Melissa S. Kearney and Benjamin H. Harris, “Ten Economic Facts about Crime and Incarceration in the U.S.,” Brookings Institution, May 1, 2014, https://www.brookings.edu/research/ten-economic-facts-about-crime-and-incarceration-in-the-united-states. $1.2T: A 2016 report from Washington University in St. Louis came up with an even more devastating price tag, maintaining that corrections spending figures ignore the costs borne by incarcerated persons, families, children, and communities. For example, prisoners’ absence from employment resulted in an average annual $23,286 ($33,066 in 2014 dollars) in lost productivity, yielding $24.6 billion in lost wages per year nationwide. The injuries people sustain while incarcerated have further costs, as do their higher mortality rates, which lead to lifelong lost wages. The study concluded that for “every dollar in corrections spending, there’s another 10 dollars of other types of costs to families, children and communities,” yielding a grand total “annual economic burden” in the amount of $1.2 trillion. From Michael McLaughlin et al., “The Economic Burden of Incarceration in the U.S.,” Concordance Institute for Advancing Social Justice, Washington University in St. Louis, July 2016, https://joinnia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Economic-Burden-of-Incarceration-in-the-US-2016.pdf.

17. David Roodman, “Reasonable Doubt: A New Look at Whether Prison Growth Cuts Crime,” Open Philanthropy Project, September 25, 2017, https://www.openphilanthropy.org/blog/reasonable-doubt-new-look-whether-prison-growth-cuts-crime.

18. Steven Brill, “Is America Any Safer?,” Atlantic, September 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/09/are-we-any-safer/492761.

19. Cody Cain, “Taxing the Rich Was a Pillar of Our Modern Society,” Huffington Post, August 13, 2015, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/taxing-the-rich-was-a-pil_b_7977654. Data from “U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, 1862–2013 (Nominal and Inflation-Adjusted Brackets),” https://taxfoundation.org/us-federal-individual-income-tax-rates-history-1913-2013-nominal-and-inflation-adjusted-brackets, accessed April 14, 2019.

20. Matthew Yglesias, “Elizabeth Warren’s Proposed Tax on Enormous Fortunes, Explained,” Vox, January 24, 2019, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/24/18196275/elizabeth-warren-wealth-tax.

21. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@AOC), Twitter, March 13, 2019, https://twitter.com/AOC.

22. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@AOC), Twitter, March 16, 2019, https://twitter.com/AOC.

23. DeVone Boggan, interview by the author, March 20, 2018.

24. MEY, “Trauma Queen: An Autostraddle Review and Interview.”

25. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961).

26. Cindy Martinez, conversation with the author, March 2018.

27. Van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score, 95.

28. Robert D. Putnam, “The Strange Disappearance of Civic America,” American Prospect, no. 24 (Winter 1996), http://epn.org/prospect/24/24putn.html. The essay is one of two that led to Putnam’s 2000 book Bowling Alone.

29. Thomas Sander and Robert Putnam, “Still Bowling Alone? The Post 9/11 Split,” Journal of Democracy 21, no. 1 (January 2010): 9–16, https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/ocpa/pdf/still%20bowling%20alone.pdf.

30. Based on the May 2014 Allstate/National Journal Heartland Monitor Poll, cited in “Only One Percent of Americans,” Atlantic, May 9, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/05/only-one-percent-of-americans-are-really-politically-active/425286.

31. Eric M. Uslaner and Mitchell Brown, “Inequality, Trust and Civic Engagement,” American Politics Research 31 (2003), https://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/u4/Uslaner%20and%20Brown.pdf.

32. Uggen, Larson, and Shannon, “6 Million Lost Voters.”

33. Union of Concerned Scientists, “To Defend Public Health, Protect Voting Rights,” October 2, 2018, https://www.ucsusa.org/news/press-release/voting-rights-healthy-democracy.

34. Sean Kates, Jonathan M. Ladd, and Joshua A. Tucker, “New Poll Shows Dissatisfaction with American Democracy, Especially Among the Young,” Vox, October 31, 2018, https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2018/10/31/18042060/poll-dissatisfaction-american-democracy-young, citing the 2018 American Institutional Confidence Poll, sponsored by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and Georgetown University’s Baker Center for Leadership & Governance, conducted in June and July 2018. This is a large sample poll (5,400 respondents), which asked a series of questions about support for American national institutions and for democratic norms and principles.

35. Sharkey, Uneasy Peace, 53–54. Based on Patrick Sharkey et al., “Community and the Crime Decline: The Causal Effect of Local Nonprofit Formation on Violent Crime,” American Sociological Review (2018).

CHAPTER 5: ALLEN AND DURRELL

1. Allen Feaster, interviews by the author in September 2018. All information in this story is provided by these interviews.

2. Teji, “Goodbye Preston.”

3. Teji, “Goodbye Preston.”

4. Dwyer Gunn, “Non-White School Districts Get $23 Billion Less Funding Than White Ones,” Pacific Standard, February 26, 2019, https://psmag.com/education/nonwhite-school-districts-get-23-billion-less-funding-than-white-ones. Based on research by EdBuild, a nonprofit analyzing school funding. “Non-White School Districts Get $23 Billion Less than White Districts Despite Serving the Same Number of Students,” EdBuild, https://edbuild.org/content/23-billion, accessed July 23, 2019.

5. Katy Tur, “Principal Fires Security Guards to Hire Art Teachers—and Transforms Elementary School,” NBC News, May 1, 2013, http://dailynightly.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/01/18005192-principal-fires-security-guards-to-hire-art-teachers-and-transforms-elementary-school?lite.

6. James Vaznis, “City Unveils Plan for Schools,” Boston Globe, November 19, 2009, http://archive.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2009/11/19/city_unveils_plan_for_schools.

7. Orchard Gardens website, https://www.bostonpublicschools.org/school/orchard-gardens-k-8-school.

8. Sarah Spinks, “Adolescent Brains are Works in Progress,” Frontline, PBS, January 31, 2002, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/work/adolescent.html.

9. Taryn Ishida, executive director of Californians for Justice, interview by author, May 15, 2019, citing findings of the organization’s youth-led action research that surveyed two thousand students and sixty-five school leaders across California, Californians for Justice Relationship Centered Schools, https://caljustice.org/our-work/rcs, accessed January 25, 2018.

10. Stephanie Chen, “Girl’s Arrest for Doodling Raises Concerns About Zero Tolerance,” CNN, February 18, 2010, http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/18/new.york.doodle.arrest/index.html?hpt=C1.

11. ‘Pop Tart Suspension Should Be Upheld, School Official Says,” CBS News, July 1, 2014, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/examiner-recommends-school-board-uphold-pop-tart-suspension.

12. Jessica Chasmar, “10-Year-Old Pennsylvania Boy Suspended for Pretend Bow-and-Arrow Shooting,” Washington Times, December 11, 2013, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/11/10-year-old-pennsylvania-boy-suspended-imitating-b.

13. Stacy Teicher Khadaroo, “Restorative Justice: One High School’s Path to Reducing Suspensions by Half,” Christian Science Monitor, March 31, 2013, https://www.minnpost.com/christian-science-monitor/2013/04/restorative-justice-one-high-schools-path-reducing-suspensions-hal.

14. “Civil Rights Data Collection: Revealing New Truths About Our Nation’s Schools,” US Department of Education, March 12, 2012, http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/crdc-2012-data-summary.pdf.

15. Angel Jackson, Repairing the Breach: A Brief History of Youth of Color in the Justice System (Oakland, CA: W. Haywood Burns Institute for Justice Fairness & Equity, 2016), https://www.burnsinstitute.org/publications/repairing-the-breach-pdf.

16. Sometimes also called multisystemic therapy (MST).

17. “No Place for Kids,” Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011, https://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-NoPlaceForKidsFullReport-2011.pdf, 17.

18. Van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score, 170.

19. Joe VerValin, “The Case for Universal Child Allowance in the United States,” Cornell Policy Review, October 5, 2018, http://www.cornellpolicyreview.com/universal-child-allowance.

20. US Department of Labor, Apprenticeship Toolkit, Frequently Asked Questions, https://www.dol.gov/apprenticeship/toolkit/toolkitfaq.htm, accessed May 3, 2019.

21. “No Place for Kids,” Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011, https://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-NoPlaceForKidsFullReport-2011.pdf.

22. “Sticker Shock: Calculating the Full Price Tag for Youth Incarceration,” Justice Policy Institute, December 9, 2014, http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/sticker_shock_final_v2.pdf.

23. Justice for Families, “Families Unlocking Futures: Solutions to the Crisis in Juvenile Justice,” May 2013, http://www.justice4families.org//wp-content/uploads/2013/05/J4F-Families-Unlocking-Futures.pdf.

24. “Momentum Builds in States to End the Youth Prison Model,” Annie E. Casey Foundation, January 25, 2018, https://www.aecf.org/blog/momentum-builds-in-states-to-end-the-youth-prison-model; Don Thompson, “California Governor Seeks to Transform Youth Prisons,” AP News, January 23, 2019, https://apnews.com/7306ab2ee9384aca81c97eff9a3b15df.

25. Youth Correctional Leaders for Justice, “Statement on Ending Youth Prisons,” April 7, 2019, https://yclj.org/statement.

26. Allen Feaster, interview by the author, September 10, 2018.

27. As I write, the agency is up for another rebranding and new name, a surefire sign of a failing institution.

28. Carolyn McClanahan, “People Are Raising $650 Million on GoFundMe Each Year to Attack Rising Healthcare Costs,” Forbes, August 13, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolynmcclanahan/2018/08/13/using-gofundme-to-attack-health-care-costs/#a167e4228598.

29. Scott D. Ramsey and Veena Shankaran, “Financial Toxicity: 1 in 3 Cancer Patients Have to Turn to Friends or Family to Pay for Care,” Stat News, November 2, 2016, https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/02/cancer-treatment-financial-toxicity.

30. Dan Witters, “U.S. Uninsured Rate Rises to Four-Year High,” Gallup, January 23, 2019, https://news.gallup.com/poll/246134/uninsured-rate-rises-four-year-high.aspx.

31. Kaiser Family Foundation, “New Kaiser/New York Times Survey Finds One in Five Working-Age Americans With Health Insurance Report Problems Paying Medical Bills,” January 5, 2016, https://www.kff.org/health-costs/press-release/new-kaisernew-york-times-survey-finds-one-in-five-working-age-americans-with-health-insurance-report-problems-paying-medical-bills.

CHAPTER 6: MARLENA AND JAMES

1. Marlena Henderson, interview by the author, May 17, 2018. All information in this story is derived from this interview unless otherwise noted.

2. Saneta deVuono-powell, Chris Schweidler, Alicia Walters, and Azadeh Zohrabi, Who Pays? The True Cost of Incarceration on Families (Oakland, CA: Ella Baker Center, Forward Together, Research Action Design, 2015), https://ellabakercenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/who-pays.pdf.

3. Prior to the sixty-day hunger strike in the summer of 2013, people in SHU got one-fourth the maximum monthly canteen draw, telephone calls on an emergency basis only, limited yard access and no other recreational activities, and receipt of one package of thirty pounds maximum weight per year.

4. James Ridgeway and Jean Casella, “America’s 10 Worst Prisons: Pelican Bay,” Mother Jones, May 18, 2013, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/05/10-worst-prisons-america-pelican-bay.

5. Van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score, 210.

6. Christopher Emdin, For White Folks Who Teach in the Hood . . . and the Rest of Y’all Too: Reality Pedagogy and Urban Education (Boston: Beacon Press, 2016).

7. Christopher Emdin, “Teach Teachers How to Create Magic,” TEDx talk, October 2013, https://www.ted.com/talks/christopher_emdin_teach_teachers_how_to_create_magic.

8. Joseph A. Durlak et al., “The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emotional Learning,” Child Development, January/February 2011, http://www.casel.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/meta-analysis-child-development-1.pdf.

9. Clive Belfied et al., “The Economic Value of Social and Emotional Learning,” Center for Benefit-Cost Studies in Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, February 2015 (revised), 46, http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/rulesforengagement/SEL-Revised.pdf.

10. See Monique Morris, Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools (New York: New Press, 2016). In Chapter 5, “Repairing Relationships, Rebuilding Connections,” Morris argues for a collaborative approach to establishing school norms and discipline that includes student voices.

11. Angela Y. Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete? (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003), 39.

12. Doris A. Fuller et al., “Overlooked in the Undercounted: The Role of Mental Illness in Fatal Law Enforcement Encounters,” Treatment Advocacy Center, December 2015, https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/overlooked-in-the-undercounted.pdf.

13. “Crisis Intervention Team Programs,” National Alliance on Mental Illness, https://www.nami.org/Get-Involved/Crisis-Intervention-Team-(CIT)-Programs, accessed July 7, 2018.

14. “Mental Health by the Numbers,” fact sheet from National Alliance on Mental Illness, https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-By-the-Numbers, based on data from the National Institute of Mental Health, accessed May 22, 2019.

15. “Mental Health Facts in America,” National Alliance on Mental Illness, https://www.nami.org/NAMI/media/NAMI-Media/Infographics/GeneralMHFacts.pdf.

16. Jenny Gold, “A Dearth of Hospital Beds for Patients in Psychiatric Crisis,” Kaiser Health News, April 12, 2016, https://khn.org/news/a-dearth-of-hospital-beds-for-patients-in-psychiatric-crisis. Data in the article drawn from Doris A. Fuller et al., “Going, Going, Gone: Trends and Consequences of Eliminating State Psychiatric Beds,” Treatment Advocacy Center, 2016, https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/going-going-gone.pdf.

17. Tala Al-Rousan et al., “Inside the Nation’s Largest Mental Health Institution: A Prevalence Study in a State Prison System,” BioMed Central Public Health, April 20, 2017, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5397789.

18. “Incarceration and Mental Health,” Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, https://www.prisonerhealth.org/educational-resources/factsheets-2/incarceration-and-mental-health, accessed September 25, 2018.

19. “Incarceration, Substance Abuse, and Addiction,” Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, https://www.prisonerhealth.org/educational-resources/factsheets-2/incarceration-substance-abuse-and-addiction, accessed September 25, 2018.

20. Suchitra Rajogopalan, “United Nations and World Health Organization Call for Drug Decriminalization,” Drug Policy Alliance, June 29, 2017, http://www.drugpolicy.org/blog/united-nations-and-world-health-organization-call-drug-decriminalization.

21. Drug Policy Alliance, “One Year Later and the Experts Agree: California’s Landmark Criminal Justice Reform Measure, Proposition 47 Is a Success,” November 2, 2015, http://www.drugpolicy.org/news/2015/11/one-year-later-and-experts-agree-californias-landmark-criminal-justice-reform-measure-p.

22. Maritza Perez et al., “Using Marijuana Revenue to Create Jobs,” Center for American Progress, May 20, 2019, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/criminal-justice/reports/2019/05/20/470031/using-marijuana-revenue-create-jobs.

23. Nazgol Ghandnoosh and Casey Anderson, “Opioids: Treating an Illness, Ending a War,” Sentencing Project, December 13, 2017, https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/opioids-treating-illness-ending-war.

24. Erick Trickey, “‘The Police Aren’t Just Getting You in Trouble. They Actually Care,’” Politico, June 2, 2018, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/06/02/the-police-arent-just-getting-you-in-trouble-they-actually-care-218586.

25. Rinku Sen, “Can 9-1-1 Protocols Protect Us from ‘Barbecue Beckys’?,” Maven, February 8, 2019, https://mavenroundtable.io/rinkusen/should-i-call-the-cops/can-9-1-1-protocols-protect-us-from-barbecue-beckys-QiUNFDCtp0-mqGp8zbsbPw.

26. Sen, “Can 9-1-1 Protocols Protect Us From ‘Barbecue Beckys’?”

27. “What Is 211?,” Helpline Center, https://www.helplinecenter.org/2-1-1-community-resources/what-is-211, accessed July 23, 2019.

28. “2-1-1,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-1-1, accessed July 23, 2019.

29. Sigal Samuel, “Calling the Cops on Someone Can Go Terribly Wrong. Here’s a Better Idea. What If We Sent Mental Health Experts Instead of Police?,” Vox, July 1, 2019, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/7/1/20677523/mental-health-police-cahoots-oregon-oakland-sweden.

30. Michelle Chen, “The Formerly Incarcerated Are Becoming Opioid-Overdose First Responders,” Nation, April 3, 2018, https://www.thenation.com/article/the-formerly-incarcerated-are-becoming-opioid-overdose-first-responders.

31. DeVuono-powell et al., Who Pays?

32. Lior Gideon and Hung-En Sung, eds., Rethinking Corrections: Rehabilitation, Reentry, and Reintegration (Los Angeles: SAGE, 2010), 332.

33. Sarah Kliff, “Elizabeth Warren’s Universal Child Care Plan, Explained,” Vox, February 22, 2019, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/2/22/18234606/warren-child-care-universal-2020.

34. Aqeela Sherrills’s tweet posted by Crime Survivors for Safety and Justice (@CSSJustice), “When someone gets shot in our neighborhoods we deploy law enforcement in force but we don’t deploy healers, therapists & counselors in force to help folks deal with the after-effects of violence in our communities. #Survivors-Speak,” Twitter, https://twitter.com/CSSJustice/status/981740311650037762.

35. “Crime Survivors Speak,” Alliance for Safety and Justice, 2016, https://www.allianceforsafetyandjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/Crime%20Survivors%20Speak%20Report.pdf.

36. Danielle Sered, Young Men of Color and the Other Side of Harm: Addressing Disparities in Our Response to Violence (New York: Vera Institute of Justice, December 2014), https://storage.googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/Publications/young-men-of-color-and-the-other-side-of-harm-addressing-disparities-in-our-responses-to-violence/legacy_downloads/men-of-color-as-victims-of-violence-v3.pdf.

CHAPTER 7: ANITA

1. Anita De Asis Miralle, interview by the author, April 17, 2019. All information in this story is from this interview unless otherwise noted.

2. Dawn Phillips et al., “Development Without Displacement,” Causa Justa::Just Cause, April 7, 2015, https://cjjc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/development-without-displacement.pdf.

3. Phillips et al., “Development without Displacement.”

4. Zach Friedman, “Student Loan Debt Statistics in 2018: A $1.5 Trillion Crisis,” Forbes, June 13, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackfriedman/2018/06/13/student-loan-debt-statistics-2018/#2dbbdf37310f.

5. “Rent Trend Data in Oakland, California,” Rent Jungle, https://www.rentjungle.com/average-rent-in-oakland-rent-trends, accessed May 1, 2019.

6. Based on data from RealPage, a real estate analytics firm, cited in Julie Littman, “Rents in Bay Area Major Metros Increased by About 50% Since 2010,” Bisnow, April 3, 2018, https://www.bisnow.com/san-francisco/news/multifamily/rents-in-bay-area-major-metros-increased-by-about-50-since-2010-86847.

7. “Alameda County Renters in Crisis: A Call for Action,” California Housing Partnership, May 2017, http://1p08d91kd0c07rlxhmhtydpr.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Alameda-County-2017.pdf.

8. Eviction Lab, Princeton University, https://evictionlab.org/national-estimates.

9. Eviction Lab.

10. “EveryOne Counts! 2017 Alameda County’s Homeless Persons Point-In-Time Count,” EveryOneHome, http://everyonehome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Homeless-Count-Notes-5-22-17-w-EdC-edits-1.pdf.

11. Lisa Fernandez, “UN Report Singles Out Homeless Conditions in Oakland, San Francisco as ‘Cruel and Inhumane,’” KTVU.com, October 24, 2018, http://www.ktvu.com/news/un-report-singles-out-homeless-conditions-in-oakland-san-francisco-as-cruel-and-inhumane-.

12. “California’s New Vagrancy Laws: The Growing Enactment and Enforcement of Anti-Homeless Laws in the Golden State,” Berkeley Law Policy Advocacy Clinic, University of California, June 2016, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2794386.

13. “California’s New Vagrancy Laws.”

14. “California’s New Vagrancy Laws.”

15. Anita De Asis Miralle, interview by the author, April 17, 2019.

16. Anita De Asis Miralle, “Criminalizing the Unsheltered Is Not the Solution to Oakland’s Housing Crisis,” Medium, May 8, 2019, https://medium.com/ellabakercenter/https-medium-com-ellabakercenter-criminalizing-the-unsheltered-3a7f12209aa5.

17. Marisa Kendall, “Homeless Greet Oakland’s Tuff Sheds with Hesitation, Hope,” Mercury News, May 8, 2018, https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/08/homeless-greet-new-tuff-sheds-with-hesitation-hope.

18. Suzanne Ito, “New Report Shows 95% of Campus Rapes Go Unreported,” ACLU, February 25, 2010, https://www.aclu.org/blog/smart-justice/mass-incarceration/new-report-shows-95-campus-rapes-go-unreported?redirect=blog/speakeasy/new-report-shows-95-campus-rapes-go-unreported.

19. Katie J. M. Baker, “UCSB Is One of Four New Schools Accused of Mishandling Rape Cases,” BuzzFeed News, September 3, 2014, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katiejmbaker/ucsb-is-one-of-four-new-schools-accused-of-mishandling-rape.

20. Campus PRISM Project Briefing Paper, December 2017, https://www.skidmore.edu/campusrj/documents/Next-Steps-for-RJ-Campus-PRISM.pdf.

21. Tovia Smith, “After Assault, Some Campuses Focus on Healing over Punishment,” NPR, July 25, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/07/25/539334346/restorative-justice-an-alternative-to-the-process-campuses-use-for-sexual-assault.

22. “Effects of Sexual Violence,” RAINN, https://www.rainn.org/effects-sexual-violence, accessed February 27, 2019.

23. Kelly Field, “A New Challenge for Colleges: Opioid-Addicted Students,” Hechinger Report, September 13, 2018, https://hechingerreport.org/a-new-challenge-for-colleges-opioid-addicted-students.

24. Charlotte Alter, “‘Change Is Closer Than We Think.’ Inside Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s Unlikely Rise,” Time, March 21, 2019, http://time.com/longform/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-profile.

25. Andy Kroll, “Elizabeth Warren Wants to Wipe Out Student Debt for 42 Million Americans,” Rolling Stone, April 22, 2019, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/elizabeth-warren-wants-to-wipe-out-student-debt-for-42-million-americans-825006.

26. Margery Eagan, “‘Extremists’ Like Warren and Ocasio-Cortez Are Actually Closer to What Most Americans Want,” Boston Globe, January 10, 2019, https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2019/01/10/extremists-like-warren-and-ocasio-cortez-are-actually-closer-what-most-americans-want/JgoFtRMY5IbMMaDZld7wnK/story.html.

27. Desmond, Evicted.

28. Vanessa Moses, email exchange with the author, April 29, 2019.

29. Patrick Butler, “‘Housing Should Be Seen as a Right. Not a Commodity,’” Guardian, February 28, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/28/luxury-real-estate-housing-crisis-un-homelessness.

30. Desmond, Evicted.

31. Alana Semuels, “How Housing Policy Is Failing America’s Poor,” Atlantic, June 24, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/06/section-8-is-failing/396650.

32. Semuels, “How Housing Policy Is Failing America’s Poor.”

33. Jake Blumgart, “What an Affordable Housing Moonshot Would Look Like,” Slate, July 1, 2016, https://slate.com/business/2016/07/its-time-for-universal-housing-vouchers.html.

34. Blumgart, “What an Affordable Housing Moonshot Would Look Like.”

35. Michael Novogradac, “Final Tax Reform Bill Would Reduce Affordable Rental Housing Production by Nearly 235,000 Homes,” Tax Reform Resource Center, Novogradac, December 19, 2017, https://www.novoco.com/notes-from-novogradac/final-tax-reform-bill-would-reduce-affordable-rental-housing-production-nearly-235000-homes.

36. Jarrid Green and Thomas M. Hanna, “Community Control of Land and Housing,” Democracy Collaborative, August 20, 2018, https://democracycollaborative.org/content/community-control-land-and-housing-exploring-strategies-combating-displacement-expanding.

37. “Community Benefits Ordinance,” City of Detroit, https://detroitmi.gov/departments/planning-and-development-department/citywide-initiatives/community-benefits-ordinance, accessed May 23, 2019.

38. Kathleen Pender, “Oakland’s Vacant-Property Tax Takes Effect, Sparking Hope—and Alarm,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 26, 2019, https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/networth/article/Oakland-s-vacant-property-tax-takes-effect-13563273.php.

39. Pender, “Oakland’s Vacant-Property Tax Takes Effect.”

40. Desmond, Evicted, 303.

41. Rebecca Boone, “Court: Cities Can’t Prosecute People for Sleeping on Streets,” AP News, September 5, 2018, https://www.apnews.com/3964861076af417a9734bfc4aa1eefdd.

42. Terence McCoy, “The Surprisingly Simple Way Utah Solved Chronic Homelessness and Saved Millions,” Sydney Morning Herald, April 18, 2015, https://www.smh.com.au/world/the-surprisingly-simple-way-utah-solved-chronic-homelessness-and-saved-millions-20150418-1mnrvh.html.

CONCLUSION: WE THE PEOPLE

1. Mark Ramirez, “Punitive Sentiment,” Criminology 52, no. 2 (2013): 338, http://www.public.asu.edu/~mdramir/punitive-sentiment-project.html.

2. Nazgol Ghandnoosh, “Can We Wait 75 Years to Cut the Prison Population in Half?,” Sentencing Project, March 2018, https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/can-wait-75-years-cut-prison-population-half.

3. Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete?, 9–10.

4. See Challenging E-Carceration: The Voice of the Monitored, https://www.challengingecarceration.org, accessed July 23, 2019. See also James Kilgore and Emmett Sanders, “Ankle Monitors Aren’t Humane. They’re Another Kind of Jail,” Wired, August 4, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/opinion-ankle-monitors-are-another-kind-of-jail.

5. Alexander, “The Newest Jim Crow.”

6. “Electronic Monitoring Is a Form of Incarceration,” Center for Media Justice, https://centerformediajustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/electronic-monitoring-infographic-final.pdf, accessed November 15, 2018.

7. Eric Markowitz, “Chain Gang 2.0,” International Business Times, September 21, 2015, https://www.ibtimes.com/chain-gang-20-if-you-cant-afford-gps-ankle-bracelet-you-get-thrown-jail-2065283.

8. Myaisha Hayes, “#NoMoreShackles: Why Electronic Monitoring Devices Are Another Form of Prison,” Colorlines, December 5, 2018, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/nomoreshackles-why-electronic-monitoring-devices-are-another-form-prison-op-ed.