Notes

1 Joseph Fouché (1763-1820), Duc d’Otrante. Minister of Police under Napoleon, Fouché helped bring back the Bourbons in 1810.  An intriguer with few equals, he was the ultimate survivor, with no obvious morals.

2 Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, Duc d’Enghien (1772-1804). Executed by Napoleon on trumped up charges. Either Joseph Fouché or Tallyrand said of the execution: “It was more than a crime; it was a mistake.”

3 Comte d’Artois (1757-1836). Brother of Louis XVI, he reigned after his other brother, Louis XVIII, as Charles X.

4 Charles Angelique Huchet, Comte de Labedoyère (1786-1815). General convicted of treason for supporting Napoleon after his return from exile, he was executed on August 26, 1815.

5 Antoine Druot (1774-1847). Gunnery General under Napoleon, who followed the Emperor into exile to Elba.

6 Battle of Lutzen (May 2, 1813), in which Napoleon defeated the Prussians and the Russians, but was unable to follow up his victory.

7 After the fall of Napoleon, his Imperial Guard, not loyal to the Restoration, as well as the returning soldiers from Spain, Russia, etc., posed a serious problem for the government. Reducing officers to half-pay in time of peace was both an economic necessity and a way to reduce the influence of those still loyal to the Emperor.